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INTRODUCTION

Torpa is the capitol of the Indian state of Kerla .Torpa has a hilly topography and it has dense tropical forest which produces high moderate climate compared to rest of the state. Rapid growth of population and industrialization has caused a weather change and increase in temperature. Kerla, a forest and mineral rich state lies between latitude 22 00 and 24 37N and longitude 83 15 and 87 01E. Total area covered by the Torpa city and surrounding is about 141km2 and average elevation of the city is 657m above sea level..It has an area of 79,714km2 which constitute 2.42% of the geographical area of India. Its geographical area is marked by the plateau of Chotanagpur and which is also eastern section of deccan plateau and three major rivers i.e The Son, The Koel and The Damodar. Torpa is also famous for no of waterfalls, it is also known as city of wayerfalls. The Subarnrekha River and its tributaries constitute the local river system Kerla has a tropical climate with an annual rainfall of about 900m and temperature varies between 4 C - 47 C.Rainfall pattern is monsoonal covering the period from middle of june to middle of October with an average annual rainfall of about 1530mm.Kerla accounts .4% of the total forest cover of the country and ranks 10th among all states. Land use and land cover change has been recognized as an important environmental change as well as emerging as an important environmental issues .Change may involve the nature or time. Forest cover change may also involve the modification, either direct or indirect of natural habitat and their impact on the ecology. Forests in Kerla offers a rich bio-diversity .In Kerla forests form an integral part of social economic set-up and forms an important contribution towards the development of the state. Forest in Kerla cover an area of 23605 km2 which constitute about 26.9% of the total area of Kerla. Out of 23605km2 of forest 82% of forest falls under protected forest, whereas 17.5% of the land falls under reserve forest. There are number of parks in torpa which also constitue in the land cover area, such as sidhu kano park, nakshatra van, Krishna park, bhagwan birsa biological park. The state has five forest types which belong to two forest types i.e Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest and Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest. Important trees found in Kerla are- sal, mahua.babul, bahera, palas, gamhar, karam, kend, kusum, mahua, piar, teak, khair, semal, salai, bamboo, jamun, karang, imli etc.

DATA BASE
1

Datas required for my project has been collected from Department Of Forest And Environment and also from jsac.kerla.gov.in

METHODOLOGY

Simple analysis method has been used to prepare this report. Report has been prepared with the help of maps, chat, diagrams etc Primary data- Forest cover data has been collected from Department Of Forest And Environment

SUBJECT MATTER
Forest cover in the state is based on interpretation of satellite data of November 2008-January 2009 is 22,977km2 which is 28.82% of the state is geographical area. In terms of forest canopy density ,the state has 2,590km2 area under very dense forest,9917km2 area under moderately dense forest and 10,470km 2 area under open forest .The forest cover of the state is shown in table no.1.The state has five forest types which belong to two forest types groups, i.e Tropical Moist Deciduous and Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest. Percentage-wise distribution of forest cover in different forest type groups found in the state is given I the pie diagram .Table no.1.1 The estimated tree cover in the state is 2,914km 2 which is 3.66% of its geographical area .forest and tree cover has been shown in table no 1.2. Main objective is to study the changing pattern of forest area and land cover of Torpa city by remote sensing satellite data and GIS and by forest survey data, as well as to identify the main factors behind this changes. Land use refers to main activities on land which r directly related to the land cover, on the other hand it describes the vegetation and artificial construction covering the land surface .It is linked between land cover and actions of people in the environment. Forest in Kerla extend over 23,605sq.km,representing 29.61% of the total geographical area of the state. Classification of forest are as follows : Reserved Forests(RFs) : 4387sq.km.(18.83% of total forest area) Protected Forests(PFs) : 19185sq.km.(81.14% of total forest area) Unclassed Forests : 33sq.km.(0.03% of total forest area)

As per the State of Forest Report (SFR) 2005, prepared and published by Forest Survey Of India (FSI) on the basis of satellite data, the forest cover of Kerla is 2,591sq.km, which is 28.34% of the total geographical araea, out of which 2,544sq.km. has been classified as Very Dense Forest with canopy density of 70% and above, 9078s.km. as Moderately Dense Forest with 40-70% canopy density and 10,969 sq.km. as Open Forest with 10-40% canopy density. Planning commission, Government of India has fixed targets for the forest and tree cover. The states have been directed to bring % of their geographical area under forest and tree cover. Emphasis has been laid on the planting activities, so that there is no deterioration in present forest cover.

Remote sensing techniques have been used to monitor land use changes; this has an important role in urban and rural development and the determination of natural resources. Remote sensing is very useful for the production of land use and land

cover statistics which can be useful to determine the distribution of land uses .In Torpa city and surrounding the land use has been changing, every day new developments such as urban, industrial, commercial and agriculture are emerging .The purpose of this work is to develop the land use of Torpa and its surrounding area that is an important natural resources. Important land use features i.e. forest area, waste land, settlement, agricultural land are extracted on the basis of pixel variation and compare the results with the result came after on screen digitization. The land use are classified as follows and detail of land cover of the study area for the year 1997,2004 and 2009 are given in 2.1and overall units are shown in table 2.2 for year 2004 and 2009 respectively. area under land cover was calculated for the year 1997,2004 & 2009 ,approx 36% of total area have changed from 1997 to 2009 where land cover part is decreasing while land use is part is increasing year by year. Forest the most important part of land cover is decreasing year by year and shows negative change in search of agricultural land just because of increasing human population needs as well as to generate more income. in this study it was found that there is approx 5% decrease of forest cover since last 12 years i.e. from 1997 to 2009,but this change is more from 1997 to 2004 but from year 2004 to 2009 there is slow rate of change showing awareness of environment in people living nearby the forest area. This shows that there is about more than 10% increase of settlement area from 1997-2009, it also shows rhe increasing trend of settlement. In 1997, the area under settlement was 15.78% of the total covered area, which was further increased to 24.09 in year 2004 to 29.1 in year 2009 of the total area. The main reason behind this change is increasing human population year by year .The settlement area increased from 16.5% in year 1997 to 30.0% in year 2009. With the help of remote sensing and GIS techniques it clearly shows that the total forest cover is continuously degrading and transforms into various land use. The forest get degraded due to various biotic pressures like overgrazing, fire, forest fire is 1 major reason behind the depleting forest cover in the state. But there is enough root stock which are capable of growing into trees, these trees are protected. Special effort have been made to plant fruits, trees are planted along the State/National Highways and other roads to provide pollution-free healthy environment for the city dwellers. New work of roadside plantation ,greening of hills, plantation in institutional premises ,such as schools, colleges, universities, hospitals, government offices, Institutions etc as well as industrial area has been taken out in the city .Special attention has been paid to the greenery needs of the capital city of Torpa.

SUMMARY

The overall result of the study indicate that the result will follow the same trend, either we will adopt any of the method to analysis change detection of land cover and the accuracy of the result not only depends on software but also on individual accuracy level. remote sensing and GIS technique gives a fairly good understanding of land cover changes for a period of two decades, which in turn will be very helpful for local administrative bodies, decision makers, regional planners and stakeholders .With the help of this study it proves that this technology has the capability to provide the necessary tool during the implementation, as a result of this study also shows efficient effect of this tool in analyzing land cover change detection. There was a tremendous reduction in forest cover area by 766.75 hectares within a period of 12 years between 1997 and 2009.So it is equivalent to 10.76% decrease in the forest area .With the help of remote sensing and GIS techniques it clearly shows that the total forest cover is continuously degrading and transforming into various land cover category .Land cover detection is very essential for better understanding of landscapes during a known period of time having sustainable management. Land use and land cover has been recognized as an important environmental change on all scales, as well as emerging as a key environmental issues and on a regional scale ia one of the major global change. Change detection often involves comparing aerial photographs or satellite imagery of the area taken at different times. Changes may involve the nature or intensity of change but may also include time aspects. Land cover changes also involve the modification ,either direct or indirect ,of natural habitat and their impact on the ecology of the area Remote sensing technology for capturing the spatial data, Geographical Information System for undertaking integrated analysis, presentation of spatial data are found to be much more effective to known the change detection of land cover. more plants should be planted such as bamboo, kaju ,sisal which yield important minor forest produce

SUGGESTIVE MEASURES
. Special effort should be done in planting more trees ,trees should be planted along the State/National Highways and other roads to provide pollution-free healthy

environment for the city dwellers .New work of roadside plantation ,greening of hills, plantation in institutional premises ,such as schools, colleges, universities, hospitals, government offices, institutions etc as well as industrial area has been taken out in the city .Special attention has been paid to the greenery needs of the capital city of Torpa.

APPENDIX
EVALUATION OF 1999 DENSE FOREST OPEN FOREST TOTAL FOREST

11,051

10,593

21,644

Source: Annual Administrative Report 1999

EVALUATION OF 2001 DENSE FOREST


11,787

OPEN FOREST
10,850

TOTAL FOREST
22,637

Source: Annual Administrative Report 2001

EVALUATION OF 2003
DIFFERENCE

DENSE FOREST
11,681

OPEN FOREST
11.035

TOTAL FOREST
22,716

DIFFERENCE
+79

Source: Annual Administrative Report 2003

EVALUATION OF 2005 DENSE FOREST


11,622

OPEN FOREST
10,969

TOTAL FOREST
22,591

Source :Annual Administrative Report 2005

FOREST AND TREE COVER


CATEGORY TREE COVER FOREST COVER FOREST AND COVER AREA 2,914 22,977 TREE 25,891 % OF GEOGRAPHICAL AREA 3.66 28.82 2.48

BIBLIOGRAPHY
MAJID HUSSAIN - SYSTEMATIC AGRICULTURE GEOGRAPHY RAWAT PUBLICATION

R.S DUBEY AGRICULTURE GEOGRAPHY

GYAN BOOKS PUBLICATION

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