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Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report

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ALBERTA HAIL SUPPRESSION PROJECT FINAL REPORT 2004


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%err& W# 'rauss *ditor

A Program !or the Seeding o! +on,ecti,e +louds -ith .laciogenic /uclei to itigate 0rban Hail 1amage in the Pro,ince o! Alberta2 +anada

b& Weather odi!ication "nc# 3402 5 20th Street /orth Fargo2 /orth 1a(ota 0#S#A# 64102 ---#-eathermod#com !or Alberta Se,ere Weather anagement Societ& 78002 904 5 11th A,e# S# W# +algar&2 Alberta +anada %2R 0*4 $ctober 2004

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
%his report summari:es the acti,ities and data collected during the 2004 !ield operations o! the Alberta Hail Suppression Project# %his -as the ninth &ear o! operations b& Weather odi!ication "nc# ;W "< o! Fargo2 /orth 1a(ota under contract -ith the Alberta Se,ere Weather anagement Societ& o! +algar&2 Alberta# %he program continues to be !unded entirel& b& pri,ate insurance companies in Alberta -ith the sole intent to mitigate the damage to propert& b& hail# %his cloud5seeding project started a second !i,e5&ear term in 2001 because the insurance losses due to hail -ere appro=imatel& 60> less than e=pected !or the !irst !i,e5&ear project 1??852000# %he project design has remained the same# %he project area e=tends !rom High Ri,er in the south to @acombe in the north2 -ith priorit& gi,en to the t-o largest cities o! +algar& and Red 1eer# %he operational period -as Aune 1 st to September 16th2 2004# Hail !ell -ithin the project area on 36 da&s# @arger than gol! ball si:e hail !ell on Aul& 1? th -est o! Sundre# .ol! ball si:e hail -as reported on !i,e da&s ;Aune 13B Aul& 12 162 30B Aug 24<# Walnut si:e hail -as reported on 3 da&s ;Aul& 102 112 20<# %he most damaging storms occurred on Aul& 16 th in +algar&2 and August 24th in @angdon# ost cities and to-ns -ithin the project area remained !ree o! damaging hail2 and the preliminar& estimates o! propert& insurance claims !or the project area this summer are once again lo-er than the pre,ious 105&ear non5seeded a,erage# For the entire Pro,ince o! Alberta2 the Alberta Agriculture Financial Ser,ices +orporation reported hail damage to crops on 89 da&s ;2 da&s in a&2 10 da&s in Aune2 29 da&s in Aul&2 18 da&s in August2 and 12 da&s in September<# .ol! ball si:e hail -as reported on ? da&s ;Aune 13B Aul& 12 22 112 162 192 30B August 42 24< this summer in Alberta# Preliminar& data !rom crop insurance claims indicates that crop damage -as abo,e a,erage this &ear# %he most damaging storm o! the &ear in terms o! propert& damage occurred in *dmonton on Aul& 11 th# .ol! ball si:e hail and hea,& rain caused e=tensi,e !looding damage to south and -est *dmonton and a section o! the roo! o! West *dmonton all collapsed# Preliminar& damage estimates !or the *dmonton storm -ere C134 illion# Pro,ince -ide2 2004 -as an abo,e5a,erage &ear !or the number o! hail da&s# %his summer -as cool and -et2 compared -ith the dr& conditions o! the pre,ious !e- &ears and so there -ere no complaints about a drought# A total o! 106 aircra!t !lights totaling 229#6 hrs too( place on 39 operational da&s# %here -as one da& -ith onl& test !lights# A total o! ?0 storms -ere seeded during 43 seeding !lights ;1?6#9 hrs< on 2? da&s on -hich seeding too( place# %here -ere 1? patrol !lights ;2?#6 hrs< and 3 test !lights ;2#3 hrs<# %he amount o! sil,er5iodide nucleating agent dispensed during the 2004 !ield season totaled 290#? (g: consisting o! 8613 ejectable ;cloud5top< !lares ;130#28 (g seeding agent<2 499 end5burning ;cloud5base< !lares ;131#66 (g seeding agent<2 and 132#9 gallons o! Ag"5acetone solution ;?#1 (g Ag"<# %he procedures used in 2004 remained the same as !or the pre,ious eight &ears# %hree speciall& eDuipped cloud seeding aircra!t -ere dedicated to the project# $ne Piper +he&enne "" -as based in +algar& and one +340 -as based in +algar& as in the pre,ious si= &ears# /e- this &ear -as a Eeechcra!t +?0 'ing Air that -as based in Red 1eer# %he +algar& o!!ice and aircra!t -ere located at the *SS$ A,itat Flight +enter at the +algar& "nternational Airport# A W " Red 1eer o!!ice -as set up in the A,%ech Flight +enter that houses Hillman Air at the Red 1eer Regional Airport# %he aircra!t and cre-s pro,ided a 245hr ser,ice2 se,en da&s a -ee( throughout the period# /ine pilots and !our meteorologists started the project this &ear2 allo-ing e,er&one to !ollo- a -or( schedule and recei,e some scheduled time5o!! during the summer# %here -ere some minor changes in project personnel this season# Alan Ste-art ;pilot< -as called a-a& to !l& on the "ndia project on Aul& 14 th# Re= Watson ;pilot< -as also called a-a& to !l& on the "ndia project on August 16 th# %he remaining 9 pilots !inished the season# %his &ear all but one pilot had pre,ious e=perience on the Alberta program# %-o recent graduates in eteorolog& !rom the 0ni,ersit& o! 'ansas -ere hired and trained as -eather !orecasters and cloud seeding mission controllers# %he& per!ormed ,er& -ell# $,erall2 the personnel and eDuipment per!ormed e=ceptionall& -ell# An upgraded %"%A/ radar displa& and anal&sis computer s&stem -as installed this &ear# %he ne%"%A/ -as able to displa& se,eral ne- hail parameters that ga,e the meteorologists additional in!ormation to impro,e identi!ication o! hailstorms and impro,ed the direction o! the aircra!t to the most important hail gro-th regions o! the storm# "n addition2 a ne- +on!igurable "nteracti,e 1ata 1ispla&
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;+"11< computer s&stem -as installed# %he ne- +"11 s&stem -as routinel& set to displa& an animated 15hour mo,ie loop o! the higher resolution polar radar data2 super5imposed on a terrain map bac(ground# Radar images -ere sent to the "nternet at 65min inter,als# %he radar per!ormed ,er& -ell and there -ere no major interruptions during the season# High speed "nternet -as installed !or the pilots in +algar& and Red 1eer so that the pilots could monitor the storm e,olution and motion -ith 65 min updates# %his ga,e the pilots better (no-ledge o! the storm situation the& -ere going to encounter -hen the& -ere launched# W " -as a collaborator once again this &ear2 along -ith scientists !rom *n,ironment +anadaFs climate research branch in Sas(atoon and the 0ni,# o! Alberta2 in a special research project led b& 1r# Susan S(one ;Facult& o! .eomatics *ngineering2 0ni,# o! +algar&< called A.A * ;Alberta .PS Atmospheric oisture *,aluation<# As part o! the research project2 W " meteorologists conducted 30 radiosonde releases ;-eather balloon measurements< at $lds51idsbur& during the period Aul& 10 th to August 8th2 collecting ,aluable meteorological measurements be!ore and a!ter storm e,ents# %he radiosonde data !rom $lds51idsbur& -ere sent dail& to *n,ironment +anada to be used !or both the public !orecasts and numerical -eather prediction input# %hese scienti!ic acti,ities ha,e helped to establish and maintain scienti!ic credibilit& and positi,e local public support !or the project# Se,eral positi,e public relations acti,ities occurred this &ear# School (ids !rom 1idsbur& elementar& school toured the radar !acilit& in Aune# %he manager o! the ne- radio station +'F ?9#9 in $lds ,isited the radar and arranged to recei,e the dail& con,ecti,e !orecast sheet !or their agriculture and public sa!et& ad,isor& purposes# Aim Renic( -as inter,ie-ed b& 1a,e Ruther!ord o! GR99 radio on Aul& 6th# %he $lds .a:ette ran a !eature article about the project entitled HStorm EustersI on Aul& 9 th# A!ter the big storm hit +algar& on Aul& 16th2 +F+/ %J inter,ie-ed %err& 'rauss at the radar2 the +algar& Sun inter,ie-ed Aim Renic( b& telephone2 and +atherine %agg -as inter,ie-ed b& F 103# "n August2 +F+/ inter,ie-ed Aim Renic( at the Red 1eer Airport2 a /ational Film Eoard cre- inter,ie-ed Aim Renic( and %err& 'rauss at the radar2 and a +E+ !ilm cre- !ilmed operations in +algar& as part o! a !orthcoming documentar& on se,ere -eather# Finall& on September 2 nd2 +'F in $lds inter,ie-ed %err& 'rauss about the unusuall& cool and -et -eather conditions that had persisted !or most o! the summer# %here -ere also se,eral ,isits to the radar site b& meteorologists -or(ing !or *n,ironment +anada and the 0ni,ersit& o! Alberta# All o! the publicit& -as positi,e this &ear# All o! the projectFs radar data2 meteorological data2 and reports ha,e been recorded onto +15R$ !or the Alberta Se,ere Weather anagement Societ&# %hese data include radar maps2 aircra!t !light trac(s2 as -ell as meteorological upper5air charts !or each da&# %hese data can be made a,ailable !or research purposes through a special reDuest to the Alberta Se,ere Weather anagement Societ&# W " continues to support research to-ards the de,elopment o! numerical models that -ill hope!ull& be able to simulate both the natural storms and be able to simulate the e!!ects o! the seeding# Research is also ongoing !or the de,elopment o! radar parameters that are more closel& related to hail !all at the ground2 so that the radar ma& be used as an e,aluation tool# an& more opportunities no- e=ist !or !uture collaboration and co5operation -ith uni,ersities and research organi:ations# A !ormal e,aluation o! the hail suppression program is still not possible -ithout recei,ing more comprehensi,e propert& insurance claim data# Preliminar& assessments using the a,ailable2 published data sho- a reduction in urban and agricultural losses a!ter nine &ears2 and there is no doubt that the program has been a !inancial success# %he e,idence is consistentl& positi,e2 but the lac( o! Hscienti!ic proo!I is largel& a measurement problem2 since accurate temporal and spatial measurement o! hail and hail5damage is either not a,ailable or e=tremel& di!!icult to obtain# %he bottom5line !inancial indicators are all su!!icientl& positi,e !or the !inancial ris( managers associated -ith the project# %here are no reasons to change the scienti!ic seeding h&potheses2 methodologies2 or design o! the program# %he Alberta Hail Suppression Project continues to be a model operational program2 using cloud seeding as a ,iable technolog& !or reducing the economic impact o! hailstorms#

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
W " -ishes to ac(no-ledge the (ind support o! Robin Seacombe ;President<2 Aim Renic( ;Project 1irector<2 +atherine %agg ;+hie! Financial $!!icer<2 and the entire Eoard o! 1irectors o! the Alberta Se,ere Weather anagement Societ& ;ASW S<# %heir continued understanding2 support2 and cooperation is greatl& appreciated# A number o! agencies and people deser,e recognition and than(s# %he cooperation o! Erian Wilson2 'en Soad&2 Ron 1uncombe2 and +hris Eroadbent o! the Air %ra!!ic +ontrol ;A%+< /a,5+anada !acilities at +algar& and *dmonton2 are grate!ull& ac(no-ledged# %he e=cellent cooperation b& the A%+ once again2 pla&ed a ,er& important role in allo-ing the project pilots to treat the threatening storms in an e!!icient and timel& manner as reDuired2 o!ten directl& o,er the cit& o! +algar&# 1r# Sid Selirio2 Senior anager -ith the Agriculture Financial Ser,ices +orp# in @acombe is than(ed !or pro,iding the hail claim in!ormation# +raig Smith o! the +limate Research Eranch o! *n,ironment +anada in Sas(atoon is grate!ull& than(ed !or pro,iding radiosondes2 balloons2 and helium !or the -eather balloon releases at $lds51idsbur&# %he !inancial support o! .ar& Eur(e o! the eteorological Ser,ice o! +anada in *dmonton is also grate!ull& ac(no-ledged !or helping co,er some o! the costs o! e=tra radiosondes and also pro,iding some helium# 1r# .eo!! Strong ;Adjunct Pro!# 0ni,# o! Alberta< is than(ed !or his support o! our project and !or acti,el& in,ol,ing us in his research acti,ities# Aulian Erimelo- ;0ni,ersit& o! Alberta< is than(ed !or his support and !or installing the latest ,ersion o! Hailcast on the meteorologistFs computer at the radar# $nce again2 special than(s also goes to Eob Aac(son !or sharing his o!!ice and hangar at the $lds51idsbur& airport2 used !or the radar and communications control center# %he cooperation o! all these people helped ma(e the project a success and much more enjo&able# W " -ishes to ac(no-ledge the contributions o! the sta!! -ho ser,ed the project during the summer o! 2004: meteorologists ;1ar&l $F1o-d2 Wesle& Ho,or(a2 %imoth& Reith and And& +lausen<2 electronics technicians ;Earr& and Ae!! Robinson<2 pilots in command ; ac cGuarrie2 .a,in @ange2 .abriel .arcia2 AacDueline Schar!!2 and Re= Watson<B the co5pilots ;+raig @ee2 Alan Ste-art2 Aoel Kimmer2 and Aohn Aohnston<2 and the aircra!t maintenance engineers ;.ar& Hillman2 1ale +ampbell2 and organ Air<# %he sta!! per!ormed e=ceptionall& -ell as a team# %he support o! Patric( and Aames S-eene&2 Rand& Aenson2 Hans Ahlness2 Eruce Eoe2 1ennis A!seth2 i(e Aohnson2 +ind& 1obbs2 1eanne 1ostal2 and Jance *merson in the Fargo head o!!ice is also grate!ull& ac(no-ledged# As al-a&s2 the author -ishes to than( Aim Renic( !or his continued dedication2 cooperation2 support2 and guidance during the !ield operations as -ell as his contributions to this !inal report#

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Figure 1: Robin Seacombe (President ASWMS) and Jim Renick (Project Director).

Figure : !at"erine #agg (!F$ ASWMS) and %ob Mac&a' (ASWMS %oard member).

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Figure (: Dan Munroe (ASWMS %oard Member) and #err' &rauss (Project Manager).

Figure ): Mac Mc*uarrie (!"ie+ Pi,ot) and Dar', $-Do.d (Meteoro,ogist).

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Figure /: Meteoro,ogists: #imot"' Reit" and Wes,e' 0o1orda.

Figure 2: Pi,ots: Re3 Watson and !raig 4ee.

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Figure 5: Pi,ots: 6a1in 4ange and Jac7ue,ine Sc"ar++.

Figure 8: Pi,ots: 6abrie, 6arcia and A,an Ste.art.

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Figure 9: Pi,ots: Jo"n Jo"nston and Joe, :immer.

Figure 1;: Je++ Robinson (<,ectronics) and 6ar' 0i,,man (Aircra+t Maintenance).

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................................................... 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................................... LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................... ! INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................... " THE 2004 FIELD PROGRAM................................................................................................................. 20 PROJECT OBJECTIVES....................................................................................................................... 2 PR"$R"%"*S###################################################################################################################################### 22 CONCEPTUAL HAIL MODEL ............................................................................................................... 22 HA"@ S0PPR*SS"$/ HLP$%H*S"S######################################################################################################## 23 PR*+"P"%A%"$/ *FF"+"*/+L############################################################################################################### 26 CLARIFICATION OF CLOUD SEEDING GUIDELINES........................................................................2# $/S*% $F S**1"/.########################################################################################################################## 28 "1*/%"F"+A%"$/ $F HA"@ PR$10+"/. S%$R S####################################################################################28 +@$01 S**1"/. *%H$1$@$.L####################################################################################################### 29 /".H% %" * S**1"/.######################################################################################################################## 24 S%$PP"/. S**1"/.########################################################################################################################## 24 S**1"/. RA%*S############################################################################################################################### 24 S**1"/. A%*R"A@S######################################################################################################################## 2? F@AR* *FF*+%"J*/*SS %*S%S########################################################################################################### 30 PROGRAM ELEMENTS AND INFRASTRUCTURE..............................................................................33 GROUND SCHOOL................................................................................................................................ 33 PUBLIC RELATIONS............................................................................................................................. 34 FLIGHT OPERATIONS.......................................................................................................................... 34 A"R5%RAFF"+ +$/%R$@##################################################################################################################### 34 +@$01 S**1"/. A"R+RAF%############################################################################################################### 38 Piper Cheyenne II........................................................................................................................... 36 Beechcraft King-Air C90................................................................................................................. 37 C340A Aircraft .............................................................................................................................. 37 Meteorological Aircraft Instr !entation.......................................................................................... 3" RADAR CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS CENTER....................................................................3! RADAR .................................................................................................................................................. 40 RA1AR +A@"ERA%"$/ +H*+'S############################################################################################################ 41 AIRCRAFT TRACKING GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM $GPS%......................................................44 SUMMARY OF SEEDING OPERATIONS.............................................................................................. 45 A"R+RAF% F@".H%S A/1 A $0/% $F S**1"/.####################################################################################46 S**1"/. A $0/%S########################################################################################################################## 48 COMPARISON OF 2004 WITH PREVIOUS YEARS.............................................................................4&
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STORM TRACK MAPS.......................................................................................................................... 4! METEOROLOGICAL DATA................................................................................................................... 4" W *A%H*R F$R*+AS%"/.################################################################################################################### 60 +$/J*+%"J* 1AL +A%*.$RL ;+1+<################################################################################################# 60 +$$R1"/A%*1 0/"J*RSA@ %" * ######################################################################################################## 61 1A"@L ER"*F"/.S############################################################################################################################## 61 *%*$R$@$."+A@ S%A%"S%"+S ########################################################################################################## 62 FORECASTING PERFORMANCE......................................................................................................... 54 THE HAILCAST MODEL........................................................................................................................ 5# HA"@ .R$W%H +L+@* ###################################################################################################################### 68 PERFORMANCE OF THE HAILCAST MODEL IN 2004.......................................................................5# ANALY'ING THE ROLE OF WET BULB 'ERO...................................................................................5& ALBERTA GPS ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE EVALUATION $A(GAME% RESEARCH STUDY $ADAPTED FROM SKONE) SMITH) AND STRONG 2003%...................................................................#0 DRY(LINE STUDIES ASSOCIATED WITH A(GAME $BY GEOFF STRONG%......................................#2 %H0/1*RS%$R S%01"*S 10R"/. A5.A *######################################################################################82 EXPLICIT PREDICTION OF HAIL USING A TRIPLE(MOMENT BULK MICROPHYSICS SCHEME $JASON A. MILBRANDT AND M. K. YAU) MCGILL UNIV.%.................................................................#4 "/%R$10+%"$/################################################################################################################################# 84 A/A@LK"/. %H* R$@* $F %H* SHAP* PARA *%*R#############################################################################86 S*1" */%A%"$/############################################################################################################################### 88 "+R$PHLS"+A@ S$0R+*MS"/' %*R S############################################################################################### 89 HA"@ PR*1"+%"$/ 0S"/. A %R"P@*5 $ */% S+H* *##########################################################################89 JULY 5TH) 2004* THE CALGARY STORM......................................................................................... #"
*%*$R$@$."+A@ S"%0A%"$/############################################################################################################ 8? S%$R A+%"J"%L############################################################################################################################## 94 S%$R %RA+'S############################################################################################################################### 98 S**1"/. $P*RA%"$/S###################################################################################################################### 94

AUGUST 24TH) 2004* THE LANGDON STORM..................................................................................!0


*%*$R$@$."+A@ S"%0A%"$/############################################################################################################ 40 S%$R %RA+'S############################################################################################################################### 41 S**1"/. $P*RA%"$/S###################################################################################################################### 41

JULY

TH) 2004* THE EDMONTON STORM....................................................................................!4 S"%0A%"$/############################################################################################################ 46

*%*$R$@$."+A@

CLIMATE PERSPECTIVES................................................................................................................... "0 PR*+"P"%A%"$/ A++0 0@A%"$/S F$R +A@.ARL A/1 R*1 1**R###########################################################?1 PR*+"P"%A%"$/ A/1 %* P*RA%0R* 1*PAR%0R*S F$R +A/A1A############################################################?1 ALBERTA CROP HAIL INSURANCE RESULTS.................................................................................."3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................................................"4 REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING................................................................................"# APPENDICES....................................................................................................................................... 00 A#$R.A/"KA%"$/ +HAR% ######################################################################################################### 101 1A"@L W*A%H*R A/1 A+%"J"%"*S S0 ARL %AE@*############################################################102
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+# A"R+RAF% $P*RA%"$/S F@".H% S0 ARL 2004###########################################################################123 1#F@".H% S0 ARL %AE@* 2004############################################################################################# 126 *#F$R S##################################################################################################################################### 124 F#SP*+"F"+A%"$/S F$R P"P*R +H*L*//* "" A"R+RAF%#######################################################132 .#SP*+"F"+A%"$/S F$R +*SS/A +5340 A"R+RAF%###############################################################133 H#SP*+"F"+A%"$/S F$R E**+H+RAF% '"/. A"R +?0 A"R+RAF%#########################################134 "#.R$0/1 S+H$$@ A.*/1A#################################################################################################### 136 A#1A"@L *%*$R$@$."+A@ F$R*+AS% S%A%"S%"+S 2004####################################################138 '#PR$A*+% P*RS$//*@ A/1 %*@*PH$/* @"S%####################################################################140

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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE * ROBIN SEACOMBE $PRESIDENT ASWMS% AND JIM RENICK $PROJECT DIRECTOR%. .................................................................................................................................................................. # FIGURE 2* CATHERINE TAGG $CFO ASWMS% AND BOB MACKAY $ASWMS BOARD MEMBER%..# FIGURE 3* DAN MUNROE $ASWMS BOARD MEMBER% AND TERRY KRAUSS $PROJECT MANAGER%............................................................................................................................................... & FIGURE 4* MAC MC+UARRIE $CHIEF PILOT% AND DARYL O,DOWD $METEOROLOGIST%...........& FIGURE 5* METEOROLOGISTS* TIMOTHY REITH AND WESLEY HOVORDA.................................! FIGURE #* PILOTS* REX WATSON AND CRAIG LEE.........................................................................! FIGURE &* PILOTS* GAVIN LANGE AND JAC+UELINE SCHARFF..................................................." FIGURE !* PILOTS* GABRIEL GARCIA AND ALAN STEWART........................................................." FIGURE "* PILOTS* JOHN JOHNSTON AND JOEL 'IMMER........................................................... 0 FIGURE 0* JEFF ROBINSON $ELECTRONICS% AND GARY HILLMAN $AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE%..................................................................................................................................... 0 FIGURE * THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF HAIL DAYS PER YEAR) BASED ON THE "5 - "!0 CLIMATE NORMALS OF ENVIRONMENT CANADA $ "!&% AND TAKE FROM ETKIN AND BRUN $ """%...................................................................................................................................................... " FIGURE 2* MAP OF SOUTHERN ALBERTA SHOWING THE PROJECT AREA AND THE RADAR LOCATION AT THE OLDS(DIDSBURY AIRPORT. FIGURE COURTESY STEVE FICK) CANADIAN GEOGRAPHIC $SHERMATA) ""!%...................................................................................................... 2 FIGURE 3* THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF HAILSTONE FORMATION AND HAIL MITIGATION PROCESSES FOR ALBERTA $ADAPTED FROM WMO) ""5%. THIS SCHEMATIC FIGURE SHOWS THE CLOUD SEEDING METHODOLOGY AT CLOUD(TOP AND CLOUD(BASE FOR A MATURE HAILSTORM.......................................................................................................................... 24 FIGURE 4* A THREE(DIMENSIONAL SCHEMATIC FIGURE OF AN ALBERTA HAILSTORM) SHOWING THE CLOUD SEEDING METHODOLOGY WITHIN THE NEW GROWTH 'ONE.............25 FIGURE 5* PRECIPITATION EFFICIENCY FOR HIGH PLAINS CONVECTIVE STORMS. KNOWN SUPERCELL HAILSTORMS ARE LABELED S. STORMS THAT PRODUCED RAIN ONLY ARE LABELED R $BROWNING) "&&%. ........................................................................................................ 2# FIGURE #* A PHOTO OF A CLOUD SEEDING PLANE DROPPING EJECTABLE FLARES DURING A CLOUD SEEDING PENETRATION $PHOTO COURTESY JOHN ULAN%.........................2! FIGURE &* PILOTS CRAIG LEE AND REX WATSON ATTACHING THE EJECTABLE FLARE RACKS ON THE BELLY OF A CHEYENNE SEEDING AIRCRAFT.....................................................2" FIGURE !* HAIL STOP 2) C340 AIRCRAFT SHOWN SEEDING WITH ACETONE SOLUTION BURNERS AND BURN(IN(PLACE $BIP% FLARES. .............................................................................30 FIGURE "* YIELD OF ICE CRYSTALS $CORRECTED% PER GRAM PYROTECHNIC VERSUS CLOUD TEMPERATURE. OPEN DIAMOND SYMBOLS ARE FOR EXPERIMENTS WITH CLOUD LWC $LI+UID WATER CONTENT% OF .5 G M(3) WHILE THE FILLED SYMBOLS ARE FOR EXPERIMENTS WITH LWC E+UAL TO 0.5 G M(3..............................................................................3
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FIGURE 20* TIMES FOR #3. $DIAMOND SYMBOLS% AND "0. $S+UARE SYMBOLS% ICE FORMATION VERSUS SUPERCOOLING FOR THE ICE PYROTECHNIC AEROSOLS. OPEN AND FILLED SYMBOLS ARE FOR CLOUD LWC $LI+UID WATER CONTENT% OF .5 AND 0.5 G M(3) RESPECTIVELY..................................................................................................................................... 32 FIGURE 2 * A SCHEMATIC OF THE OPERATIONAL ELEMENTS OF THE ALBERTA HAIL SUPPRESSION PROJECT.................................................................................................................... 33 FIGURE 22* SCHEMATIC FIGURE SHOWING AIRCRAFT CLOUD SEEDING BLOCK ALTITUDES RE+UIRED FOR AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL $ATC%...............................................................................35 FIGURE 23* PIPER CHEYENNE II AIRCRAFT $N&4&RE% DESIGNATED AS HAIL(STOP SHOWN AT THE CALGARY AIRPORT............................................................................................................... 3# FIGURE 24* BEECHCRAFT KING(AIR C"0 AIRCRAFT $N" FG% DESIGNATED AS HAIL(STOP 3 SHOWN AT THE RED DEER REGIONAL AIRPORT. .......................................................................3& FIGURE 25* C340A AIRCRAFT $N"!5#0% DESIGNATED AS HAIL(STOP 2 AND CONFIGURED TO SEED WITH DROPPABLE FLARES) END(BURNING FLARES) AND AGI ACETONE BURNERS....3! FIGURE 2#* TIM REITH IN THE COMMUNICATIONS CONTROL ROOM) SHOWING THE CIDD) TITAN) AND METEO/AIRLINK COMPUTERS......................................................................................3" FIGURE 2&* TITAN DUAL(DISPLAY SHOWING THE VARIOUS RADAR PICTURES AND SATELLITE PHOTO AVAILABLE TO THE RADAR CONTROLLER ON 3 (JULY(2004....................3" FIGURE 2!* WMI(NCAR CIDD DISPLAY SHOWING RADAR REFLECTIVITY DATA) TOPOGRAPHY) AIRCRAFT TRACKS AND THE SIMULTANEOUS DISPLAY OF SATELLITE AND SYNOPTIC DATA................................................................................................................................... 40 FIGURE 2"* WMI C(BAND RADAR AT THE OLDS(DIDSBURY AIRPORT........................................4 FIGURE 30* RADAR CALIBRATION OF RDAS DIGITAL COUNTS TO E+UIVALENT RADAR REFLECTIVITY POWER $DB'% FOR THE WMI RADAR AT OLDS(DIDSBURY DURING THE 2004 FIELD SEASON...................................................................................................................................... 43 FIGURE 3 * AIRCRAFT GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM $GPS% FLIGHT TRACKS) AND REAL( TIME INFORMATION VIA THE AIRLINK TELEMETRY SYSTEM ON JULY 5) 2004........................45 FIGURE 32* THE FRE+UENCY OF OCCURRENCE AND CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONS OF AIRCRAFT TAKE(OFF AND LANDING TIMES FOR ALL FLIGHTS AS A FUNCTION ON TIME DURING 2004......................................................................................................................................... 4# FIGURE 33* AMOUNT OF AGI DISPENSED PER OPERATIONAL DAY IN 2004..............................4& FIGURE 34* STORM TRACK MAP FOR 2004 $COURTESY JIM RENICK%.........................................4" FIGURE 35* THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WB' HEIGHT AND DAILY CDC FOR 3 DAYS OF JULY 2004.............................................................................................................................................. 5! FIGURE 3#* THE FRE+UENCY HISTOGRAM OF CALGARY WB' HEIGHT $FT AGL% FOR NO( HAIL. ...................................................................................................................................................... 5" FIGURE 3&* THE FRE+UENCY HISTOGRAM OF CALGARY WB' HEIGHT $FT AGL% FOR ANY( HAIL........................................................................................................................................................ 5" FIGURE 3!* THE FRE+UENCY HISTOGRAM OF CALGARY WB' HEIGHT $FT AGL% FOR LARGE( HAIL $GRAPE SI'E AND LARGER%...................................................................................................... #0

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FIGURE 3"* COMPARISON BETWEEN RADIOSONDE AND GPS DERIVED INTEGRATED PRECIPITABLE WATER MEASURED AT CEA3 $OLDS(DIDSBURY% DURING JULY 2003 $FIGURE COURTESY CRAIG SMITH%.................................................................................................................. # FIGURE 40* SCATTERGRAM BETWEEN PRECIPITABLE WATER MEASURED BY THE RADIOSONDE COMPARED WITH PRECIPITABLE WATER MESURED BY THE GPS NETWORK $FIGURE COURTESY CRAIG SMITH%.................................................................................................. # FIGURE 4 * DR. GEOFF STRONG AND LESLEY HILL $UNIV. ALBERTA% AND THE MOBILE METEOROLOGICAL AUTOSTATION USED FOR AGAME TO CONDUCT MORNING AND AFTERNOON SURFACE TRANSECTS OF PRESSURE) TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY IN SEARCH OF THE DRYLINE OVER THE FOOTHILLS DURING JULY 2004......................................#3 FIGURE 42* REPRESENTATIONS OF A PARTICLE SI'E DISTRIBUTION BY VARIOUS BULK SCHEMES.............................................................................................................................................. ## FIGURE 43* VERTICAL PROFILES OF +H) NTH) 'EH) AND DMH AFTER 40 MIN CALCULATED BY THE INDICATED BULK SCHEMES AND THE ANALYTIC BIN MODEL $ANA%............................## FIGURE 44* VERTICAL PROFILE OF THE RATIOS OF M$2.#% COMPUTED BY VARIOUS BULK SCHEMES TO M$2.#% FROM THE ANALYTIC MODEL AFTER ! MIN OF SEDIMENTATION THROUGH A CONSTANT UPDRAFT OF 0 M S( .............................................................................#& FIGURE 45* HORI'ONTAL CROSS(SECTION $&00 MB% FROM THE TM SIMULATION SHOWING TOTAL E+UIVALENT RADAR REFLECTIVITY $SHADING INTERVAL 5 DB'%0 HAIL MASS CONTENT $LIGHT CONTOURS) INTEVAL IS G M(3%0 RAIN MASS CONTENT $DARK CONTOURS) INTERVAL IS G M(3%.................................................................................................... #! FIGURE 4#* ETA MODEL ANALYSIS OF 250 MB WIND SPEED AT 00') # JULY 2004................&0 FIGURE 4&* ETA MODEL ANALYSIS OF 500 MB VORTICITY AT 00' # JULY 2004......................&0 FIGURE 4!* SURFACE ANALYSIS AT 00' # JULY 2004..................................................................& FIGURE 4"* ETA 2 HR FORECAST ATMOSPHERIC SOUNDING FOR CALGARY AT # PM $00UTC% ON JULY 5TH 2004. ALSO SHOWN IS A LIFTED PARCEL WITH TEMPERATURE 2#C AND DEW POINT 3C AS REPORTED IN CALGARY AT 23'............................................................&2 FIGURE 50* ATMOSPHERIC PROFILE FROM OLDS(DIDSBURY AT 2 ') 5 JULY 2004) OVERLAID WITH THE CALGARY ETA 2 HR FORECAST SOUNDING FOR 24'............................&3 FIGURE 5 * MAP OF SURFACE STREAMLINES AND E+UIVALENT POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE $THETA(E% AT 22' ON JULY 5TH) 2004............................................................................................. &3 FIGURE 52* SURFACE MOISTURE(FLUX DIVERGENCE AND WIND GUST MAP AT 22' $4 PM% ON JULY 5TH) 2004............................................................................................................................. &4 FIGURE 53* SATELLITE WATER VAPOR IMAGE AT 23' ON JULY 5TH) 2004.............................&5 FIGURE 54* VISIBLE SATELLITE IMAGE AT 23 0' ON JULY 5TH) 2004......................................&5 FIGURE 55* MAXIMUM REFLECTIVITY MAP FOR JULY 5TH) 2004...............................................&# FIGURE 5#* MAXIMUM VERTICAL(INTEGRATED LI+UID $VIL% MAP FOR JULY 5TH) 2004.......&& FIGURE 5&* MAXIMUM KINETIC ENERGY FLUX MAP FOR JULY 5TH) 2004................................&& FIGURE 5!* A SERIES OF RADAR IMAGES DURING THE CRITICAL TIME PERIOD ON JULY 5TH) 2004 $003&' TO 0332'% WHEN STORM MOVED OUT OF THE FOOTHILLS AND TRACKED
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ACROSS SOUTH CALGARY $GRAPHIC PROVIDED BY JIM RENICK%. THE SEEDING TRACKS OF HS $GREEN%) HS2 $YELLOW%) AND HS3 $BLUE% ARE SHOWN. THE CELL TOP HEIGHTS $KM% ARE ALSO INDICATED................................................................................................................ &! FIGURE 5"* AIRCRAFT TRACKS ON JULY 5TH 2004.....................................................................&" FIGURE #0* ETA MODEL 2 HR FORECAST 250 MB MAP AT 00') AUGUST 24TH) 2004.............!0 FIGURE # * ETA MODEL 2 HR FORECAST OF 500 MB MAP AT 00') AUGUST 24TH) 2004......!0 FIGURE #2* ETA FORECAST SOUNDING FOR CALGARY AT 00' WITH ACTUAL SURFACE CONDITIONS AT 23' $TEMPERATURE & C) DEW POINT 0 C%......................................................! FIGURE #3* MAXIMUM REFLECTIVITY MAP FOR AUGUST 24TH) 2004.........................................!2 FIGURE #4* MAXIMUM VERTICAL INTEGRATED LI+UID $VIL% MAP FOR AUGUST 24TH) 2004.. !2 FIGURE #5* MAXIMUM KINETIC ENERGY FLUX MAP FOR AUGUST 24TH) 2004..........................!3 FIGURE ##* AIRCRAFT TRACKS ON 24(AUGUST12004..................................................................!3 FIGURE #&* HAIL PHOTO TAKEN IN GRANDVIEW HEIGHTS SW EDMONTON BETWEEN &30( !20 MDT ON JULY ) 2004 BY JULIAN BRIMELOW. .....................................................................!4 FIGURE #!* WHITEMUD DR AND 5" ST. JULY 2004 $PHOTO REFERENCE HTTP*//GROUPS.MSN.COM/VE LV/EDMONTONJULYHAILSTORM.MSNW%...................................!4 FIGURE #"* ETA MODEL 2 HR FORECAST OF 250 MB MAP AT 00') JULY FIGURE &0* ETA MODEL 2 HR FORECAST OF 500 MB MAP AT 00') JULY FIGURE & * TH) 2004.............!5 TH) 2004.............!5

2' SOUNDING WITH 20' SFC CONDITIONS $T22 C) TD2 # C%..............................!#

FIGURE &2* MAP OF SURFACE STREAMLINES AND E+UIVALENT POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE $THETA(E% AT 20' ON JULY TH) 2004............................................................................................. !# FIGURE &3* SURFACE MOISTURE(FLUX DIVERGENCE AND WIND GUST MAP AT 22' $4 PM% ON JULY TH 2004.................................................................................................................................... !& FIGURE &4* PHOTO OF FUNNEL CLOUD TAKEN BY TERRY KRAUSS AT 200#' $2*0# MDT% ON (JULY(2004 FROM THE FRONT STEP OF THE RADAR.................................................................!& FIGURE &5* RADAR CAPPI FROM THE CARVEL RADAR AT 2 50') JULY FIGURE &#* IR SATELLITE PICTURE AT 00' $# PM% ON JULY FIGURE &&* 500 MB MAPS AT 2' $# AM MDT% ON JULY TH 2004..................!!

TH 2004......................................!!

TH AND 2' ON JULY 5TH) 2004...!"

FIGURE &!* PACIFIC OCEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES AND TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES FOR THE PERIOD OCTOBER 200 TO AUGUST 2004................................................"0 FIGURE &"* DAILY AND ACCUMULATED RAINFALL FOR CALGARY FROM OCTOBER ) 2003 TO SEPTEMBER 2&) 2004..................................................................................................................... " FIGURE !0* DAILY AND ACCUMULATED RAINFALL FOR CALGARY FROM OCTOBER ) 2003 TO SEPTEMBER 2&) 2004..................................................................................................................... " FIGURE ! * DEPARTURES FROM NORMAL PRECIPITATION DURING THE SUMMER OF 2004 IN CANADA................................................................................................................................................. "2
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FIGURE !2* DEPARTURES FROM NORMAL TEMPERATURE DURING THE SUMMER OF 2004 IN CANADA................................................................................................................................................. "2 FIGURE !3* NORTH AMERICA DROUGHT MONITORING MAP AT THE END OF AUGUST 2004. "3 FIGURE !4* ALBERTA AGRICULTURE FINANCIAL SERVICES CORP HAIL INSURANCE LOSS( TO(RISK AND CLAIMS STATISTICS FROM "&! TO 2004................................................................"4

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE * CENSUS FIGURES FOR THE TOWNS AND CITIES IN THE PROJECT AREA...............22 TABLE 2* YIELD RESULTS OF ICE FLARES.% ...................................................................................3 TABLE 3* RATE DATA $LWC 2 .5 G M(3 POINTS ARE AVERAGE VALUES% ................................32 TABLE 4* RADAR PARAMETER CALIBRATION VALUES FOR THE ALBERTA(WMI WR 00.........42 TABLE 5* RADAR TRANSMITTED POWER CALIBRATION VALUES MEASURED DURING THE 2004 SEASON........................................................................................................................................ 42 TABLE #* OPERATIONAL STATISTICS FOR THE PAST " YEARS...................................................4! TABLE &* CLOUD SEEDING FLARE USAGE COMPARISON BY AIRCRAFT...................................4! TABLE !* DESCRIPTION OF CONVECTIVE DAY CATEGORY $CDC% INDEX ..................................50 TABLE "* SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT DAILY ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS USED AS INPUTS FOR THE DAILY FORECAST THE CDC DURING 2004......................................................................52 TABLE 0* SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT DAILY ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS USED AS INPUTS FOR THE DAILY FORECAST OF THE CDC DURING 2004................................................................53 TABLE * TABLE OF THE OBSERVED VERSUS FORECAST DAYS WITH HAIL AND NO(HAIL FOR THE SUMMER OF 2004................................................................................................................ 54 TABLE 2* TABLE OF FORECAST VERSUS OBSERVED CDC DAILY VALUES 2004...................54 TABLE 3* ANNUAL SUMMARY OF CONVECTIVE DAY CATEGORIES $CDC%..............................55 TABLE 4* TABLE OF FORECAST VERSUS OBSERVED CDC DAILY VALUES USING HAILSCAST DURING THE PERIOD JUNE 3 TO SEPTEMBER 5) 2004.........................................5& TABLE 5* PROBABILITY OF DETECTION $POD%. FALSE ALARM RATIO $FAR% AND CRITICAL SUCCESS INDEX $CSI% PERFORMANCE OF HAILCAST AND WMI IN 2002) 2003) AND 2004........5& TABLE #* LIST OF SOUNDINGS FROM CEA3 $OLDS(DIDSBURY AIRPORT% AS PART OF THE A(GAME STUDY.................................................................................................................................... #4 TABLE &* LIST OF SYMBOLS USED TO REFER TO THE BULK SCHEMES TESTED..................#5

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INTRODUCTION
Hailstorms pose a serious threat to propert& and crops in the pro,ince o! Alberta# Historicall&2 claims !or agricultural hail damage are recei,ed on an a,erage o! 60 da&s each &ear bet-een 1 Aune and 10 September ;Summers and Wojti-2 1?91<# %he most recent climatolog& o! hail in +anada -as published b& *t(in and Erun ;1???< in the "nternational Aournal o! +limatolog&# %he a,erage number o! hail da&s per &ear2 based on the 1?61N1?40 climate normals ;*n,ironment +anada2 1?49< is sho-n in Figure 11# %he contours -ere hand dra-n2 based primaril& upon about 360 -eather stations# %he highest !reDuenc& o! hail in +anada occurs in Alberta bet-een the /orth Sas(atche-an Ri,er and the Eo- Ri,er2 immediatel& do-n-ind o! the Roc(& ountain !oothills# %his region is re!erred to as Hhail alle&I#

Figure 11: #"e a1erage number o+ "ai, da's =er 'ear> based on t"e 19/1?198; c,imate norma,s o+ <n1ironment !anada (1985) and take +rom <tkin and %run (1999). *t(in and Erun ;1???< point out that the period 1?99N1??3 -as associated -ith substantial increases in hail5obser,ing stations# As the 1?61N1?40 hail climatolog& -as mostl& based on pre51?99 data2 it had a relati,el& coarse resolution in comparison# An updated Alberta hail climatolog& !or 1?99N1??3 has been completed# "t has a greater resolution than the national climatolog&2 and sho-s the importance o!
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some topographical !eatures2 such as the Roc(& ountains# %he in!luence o! local topographical !eatures on mesoscale hail !reDuenc& is a major control# A!ter 1?422 hail !reDuencies in Alberta sho-ed a signi!icant increase# %he +it& o! +algar& is in a region that normall& gets bet-een 3 and 4 hailstorms each &ear# E& o,erla&ing the hail !reDuenc& map -ith the population densit& map2 the region o! greatest !inancial ris( to insurance companies co,ers the area !rom +algar& to Red 1eer and Roc(& ountain House# For this reason2 this is the region that has been selected as the target area !or the hail suppression program# "nsurance claims due to hailstorms in urban areas in man& parts o! the -orld ha,e escalated o,er the past 10 &ears# 1en,er +olorado -as pounded b& gol!5ball to tennis5ball si:ed hail on Aul& 112 1??02 and damages reached a record ;!or the 0#S#A# at that time< C826 million# "n +anada2 the damages associated -ith a se,ere hailstorm that struc( +algar& on September 92 1??1 -ere estimated at C400 million ;+harlton et al#2 1??6<# "nsured claims !rom the hailstorm that struc( S&dne& Australia on April 142 1??? -ere appro=imatel& C1#6 billion2 ma(ing it the most damaging e,ent in Australian insurance histor&# A stud& b& Her:og ;2002< compiled and summari:ed the hailstorm damages in the 0SA !or the period 1??452000 !or the "nstitute !or Eusiness and Home Sa!et& ;"EHS<# Jeri!ied hail losses amounted to C2#6 Eillion per &ear2 -ith the actual amount possibl& being 60> higher# Personal building losses totalled C11#6 Eillion ;88><2 commercial building losses totalled C2#9E ;16><2 and ,ehicles accounted !or C3#3E ;1?><# And most recentl&2 the most damaging hailstorm e,er recorded in the 0SA mo,ed !rom eastern 'ansas to southern "llinois on 10 April 20012 depositing 2#65 to 9#65cm5diameter hailstones along a 6465(m path2 o,er portions o! the St# @ouis and 'ansas +it& urban areas collecti,el& created C1#? billion in damage claims !rom a 25da& period2 becoming the ninth most costl& -eather catastrophe in the 0nited States since propert& insurance records began in 1?4? ;+hangnon and Eurroughs2 2003<# *stimates o! the a,erage annual crop loss to hail ha,e also continued to increase -ith time2 !rom C60 million annuall& in 1?96 ;Renic(2 1?96< to more than C160 million annuall& during the period 1?40 5 1?46 ;Alberta Research +ouncil2 1?48<# Actual insured crop losses are t&picall& in the C40 range annuall&# %he ne- Alberta Hail Suppression Project -as initiated in 1??8 as a result o! the increased !reDuenc& o! damaging hailstorms in Alberta2 compounded b& an increasing population inside an area o! high storm !reDuenc&# "t is the !irst project o! its (ind in the World to be entirel& !unded b& pri,ate insurance companies -ith the sole objecti,e o! reducing the damage to propert& b& hail# At this time2 Alberta +rop "nsurance and the Pro,incial and Federal .o,ernments do not contribute !inanciall& to the project2 although the& stand to bene!it !rom the seeding# Weather odi!ication "nc# ;W "< has been a leader in the !ield o! hail suppression since the earl& 1?80Os# With e=tensi,e (no-ledge and e=perience in the cloud seeding industr&2 W " is best (no-n !or its success!ul hail suppression operations in the northern great plains and other cloud modi!ication ser,ices around the -orld2 most recentl& and notabl& in Argentina# W " -as a-arded the !irst contract to conduct the Alberta Hail Suppression Project in April 1??8 b& the Alberta Se,ere Weather anagement Societ&# %he project -as made an ongoing program o! the Alberta insurance industr& in 2001 because o! the drop in hail insurance costs in Alberta2 counter to the trend in the rest o! the countr& and the World# %he contract calls !or the pro,ision o! all personnel and eDuipment !or a turn5 (e& s&stem o! cloud seeding and related ser,ices !or the purpose o! reducing hail damage to propert& in south5central ;+algar& to Red 1eer< Alberta# %he organi:ation chart o! the project is sho-n in Appendi= A#

THE 2004 FIELD PROGRAM


"n 20042 W " conducted the operational cloud5seeding program !rom Aune 1st to September 16th# %he project is based upon the techniDues2 methods2 and results o! the long5term hail research project conducted b& the Alberta Research +ouncil !rom the late 1?80Fs through 1?46 ;Alberta Research +ouncil2 1?48< and b& W " in /orth 1a(ota ;Smith et al2 1??9<# %he present program utili:es the latest cloud seeding technolog& a,ailable2 incorporating se,eral notable impro,ements o,er pre,ious projects in the pro,ince# %hese impro,ements include:

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/e- !ast5acting2 high5&ield mi=tures !or the sil,er5iodide !lares and acetone solution# %he !lares are manu!actured b& "ce +r&stal *ngineering ;"+*< o! /orth 1a(ota# %he ne- generation "+* p&rotechnics produce P1011 ice nuclei per gram o! Ag" at 54Q+2 and produce bet-een 10 13 and 1014 ice nuclei per gram o! p&rotechnic bet-een 58Q+ and 510Q+# +S0 isothermal cloud chamber tests indicate that at a temperature o! 58#3Q+2 83> o! the nuclei are acti,e in R1 min2 and ?0> acti,e in 1#12 minutes# %his high &ield and !ast acting agent is important !or hail suppression since the time5-indo- o! opportunit& !or success!ul inter,ention o! the hail gro-th process is o!ten less than 10 minutes# 0se o! the latest .PS trac(ing and ad,anced %"%A/ ;%hunderstorm "denti!ication %rac(ing Anal&sis and /o-casting< computer so!t-are to accuratel& displa& the aircra!t locations on the radar displa&s to impro,e the controlling o! aircra!t and !acilitate the direction o! seeding operations to the most critical regions o! the storms# "njection o! the seeding material directl& into the de,eloping cloud turrets as the most !reDuent seeding method# 0se o! e=perienced meteorological and a,iation sta!! to direct the seeding aircra!t as -ell as to accuratel& identi!& the proper regions o! storms !or seedingB

%he target or SprotectedS area is sho-n in Figure 12 and !ocuses on the area !rom @acombe in the north2 to High Ri,er in the south2 -ith priorit& gi,en to the cities o! +algar& and Red 1eer# %hree aircra!t speciall& eDuipped to dispense sil,er iodide -ere used# %-o aircra!t ;one Piper +he&enne "" and one +340< -ere based in +algar& and ne- this &ear2 one Eeechcra!t 'ing Air +?0 based in Red 1eer# %he radar -as located at the $lds51idsbur& airport# %he project area dimension is appro=imatel& 220 (m ;/5S< b& 120 (m ;*5W< or 282000 sD (m#

Figure 1 : Ma= o+ sout"ern A,berta s"o.ing t"e =roject area and t"e radar ,ocation at t"e $,ds@Didsbur' air=ort. Figure courtes' Ste1e Fick> !anadian 6eogra="ic (S"ermata> 1998).

PROJECT OBJECTIVES
%he project has t-o main objecti,es: +onduct cloud seeding using 3 aircra!t -ith e=perienced cre-s to suppress hail !or the purpose o! reducing damage to propert&B

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$perate a +5band -eather radar and collect -eather in!ormation b& s(illed pro!essional meteorologists and engineers !or purposes o! storm identi!ication2 accurate storm trac(ing2 optimal direction o! aircra!t to conduct cloud seeding !or hail suppression purposes2 and the collection o! a data archi,e that ma& be used !or the scienti!ic assessment o! the programOs e!!ecti,eness#

Priorities
%able 1 lists the most recent census !igures obtained ,ia the internet !or the cities and to-ns -ithin the project area# Priorit& is gi,en according to population2 -hich is related to the ris( o! propert& damage# %his list -as posted in the radar control room as a constant reminder to the meteorologists o! the priorit& -hen allocating resources to storms on an& gi,en da&# %he biggest increase in population recentl& has occurred in +ochrane2 Airdrie2 S&l,an @a(e2 and $(oto(s# Project meteorologists made special note o! the !act that the combined population o! %urner Jalle& and Elac( 1iamond is almost as large as Elac(!alds or 1idsbur&# Storms that do not threaten a to-n or cit& are not li(el& to be seeded# Also2 most storms are no longer seeded -hen the& cross High-a& 22 e=cept !or storms east o! Airdrie and +algar& that might threaten Strathmore# #ab,e 1: !ensus +igures +or t"e to.ns and cities in t"e =roject area.

R345 2 3 4 5 # & ! " 0 2 3 4 5 # & ! " 20 2 22 23 24 25

POPULATION C3;<38= M9>8?@?;A>34 A893 C3;<38= R9B D998 AA8B8A9 C?7C8349 O5?>?5: L37?DE9 HA<C RAF98 S>83>CD?89 S=;F34 L359 I44A:G3A; O;B: R?75= M?H4>3A4 H?H:9 DAB:EH8= B;375G3;B: TH8498 V3;;9=/B;375 DA3D?4B C8?::GA9;B SH4B89 C38:>3A8: P94C?;B B?IB94 I88A7343 E75FA;;9 C38?;A49 C89D?43

)""# !2 )#2! &#!)000 #0)000 5)"00 &)400 !)5 0 &)400 5)200 #) 00 5)!00 5)!00 3)#00

2)00 "5 )3"5 !&")2&& #&)&0& 20)3!2 )&"! )##4 ")3!4 ")345 &)#2 &)!!4 #)"54 #)#0& #)20! 3)"32 3)042 2)3!" 2)2#& 2)254 )&2" )03!

)"00 2)000 )"00 )#25 )000 !20 "00 4&0 3!0

20036 I47893:9. "53)000 #. "33)4"5 22. &2)#" 2 . 23)#!0 4". 2)0&4 #3. )##4 3&. ")"4# #. ")345 2#. !)#40 3. &)4"3 44. #)"5! 4. #)#0& 4. #)20! &. 3)"32 ". 3)! 2 25. 3)4&4 2)2!! 20. 2)2#& 3. 2)254 ". )&2" #. ) &4 &. )043 2&. )0 " 3. 55# !. 4 5 ".

CONCEPTUAL HAIL MODEL

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%he hail suppression conceptual model is based on the e=perience o! W " in the 0SA2 +anada2 Argentina2 and .reece# "t in,ol,es the use o! sil,er5iodide reagents to seed the de,eloping !eeder clouds near the 510Q+ le,el in the upshear2 ne- gro-th HpropagationI region o! hailstorms# %he sil,er5 iodide reagents initiate a condensation5!ree:ing process and produce enhanced concentrations o! ice cr&stals that compete !or the a,ailable2 super5cooled liDuid -ater in a storm and help pre,ent the gro-th o! large damaging hail# %he seeding also initiates the precipitation process earlier in a cloud ;cell< to speed up the gro-th o! cloud h&drometeors ,ia an ice5phase ;graupel< to rain mechanism instead o! continuing to gro- to damaging hail#

0ai, Su==ression 0'=ot"esis


%he cloud seeding h&pothesis is based on the cloud microph&sical concept o! Sbene!icial competitionS# Eene!icial competition is based upon the documented de!icienc& o! natural ice nuclei in the en,ironment and that the injection o! sil,er iodide ;Ag"< -ill result in the production o! a signi!icant number o! Sarti!icialS ice nuclei# %he natural and arti!icial ice cr&stals ScompeteS !or the a,ailable super5 cooled liDuid cloud -ater -ithin the storm# Hence2 the hailstones that are !ormed -ithin the seeded cloud ,olumes -ill be smaller and produce less damage i! the& should sur,i,e the !all to the sur!ace# "! su!!icient nuclei are introduced into the ne- gro-th region o! the storm2 then the hailstones -ill be small enough to melt completel& be!ore reaching the ground# +loud seeding alters the microph&sics o! the treated clouds2 assuming that the present precipitation process is ine!!icient due to a de!icienc& o! natural ice nuclei# %his de!icienc& o! natural ice has been documented in the ne- gro-th :one o! Alberta storms ;'rauss2 1?41<# +loud seeding does not attempt to compete directl& -ith the energ& and d&namics o! the storm# An& alteration o! the storm d&namics occurs as a conseDuence o! the increased ice cr&stal concentration and initiation o! riming and precipitation si:ed ice particles earlier in the cloudFs li!etime# %he cloud seeding is based on the conceptual model o! Alberta hailstorms -hich e,ol,ed !rom the e=periments and studies o! +hisholm ;1?90<2 +hisholm and Renic( ;1?92<2 ar-it: ;1?92a2b2c<2 Earge and Eerg-all ;1?98<2 'rauss and ar-it: ;1?44<2 and *nglish ;1?48<# 1irect obser,ational e,idence !rom the instrumented aircra!t penetrations o! +olorado and Alberta storms in the 1?90Os and earl& 1?40Fs indicates that hail embr&os gro- -ithin the time e,ol,ing SmainS updra!t o! single cell storms and -ithin the updra!ts o! de,eloping S!eeder cloudsS or cumulus to-ers that !lan( mature Smulti 5cellS and Ssuper5cellS storms ;see e#g# Foote2 1?44B 'rauss and ar-it:2 1?44<# %he computation o! hail gro-th trajectories -ithin the conte=t o! measured storm -ind !ields pro,ided a po-er!ul ne- tool !or integrating certain parts o! hail gro-th theories2 and illustrated a stri(ing comple=it& in the hail gro-th process# Some o! this comple=it& is re,ie-ed in the paper o! Foote ;1?46< that classi!ies a broad spectrum o! storm t&pes according to both d&namical and microph&sical processes thought to be critical to hail production# Hail embr&o sources identi!ied b& Foote ;1?46< include the !ollo-ing: *mbr&os !rom !irst5ice in a time5de,eloping updra!t *mbr&os !rom !irst5ice in the core o! a long5li,ed updra!t *mbr&os !rom !lan(ing cumulus congestus *mbr&os !rom a merging mature cell *mbr&os !rom a mature cell positioned up-ind *mbr&os !rom the edges o! the main updra!t *mbr&os created b& melting and shedding *mbr&os !rom entrainment o! strati!orm cloud *mbr&os !rom embedded small5scale updra!ts and do-ndra!ts Recirculation o! embr&os that ha,e made a !irst pass through the updra!t core %he gro-th to large hail is h&pothesi:ed to occur primaril& along the edges o! the main storm updra!t -here the merging !eeder clouds interact -ith the main storm updra!t ;W $2 1??6<# %he mature hailstorm ma& consist o! complicated air!lo- patterns and particle trajectories2 there!ore2 the cloud5 seeding cannot hope to a!!ect all embr&o sources but attempts to modi!& the primar& hail !ormation process. An ot"er .ords> t"e c,oud seeding cannot attem=t to e,iminate a,, o+ t"e "ai,> but can reduce t"e siBe and amount o+ "ai,. Studies o! the internal structure o! large hailstones in Alberta and else-here ha,e sho-n that hailstones can ha,e either a graupel hail embr&o or a !ro:en drop hail embr&o# %he di!!erent hail embr&os
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indicate di!!erent gro-th histories and trajectories and illustrate the comple=it& -ithin a single hailstorm# %he present seeding methodolog& attempts to compete -ith the graupel embr&o process# 1rop hail embr&os are thought to originate !rom secondar& sources ;shedding !rom large e=isting hail stones2 or ,ia a recirculation process at the edge o! the main updra!t<# %he seeding can onl& reduce the hail -ith drop embr&os i! the liDuid -ater can be reduced to limit their gro-th2 or i! the d&namics o! the storm can be a!!ected to eliminate the recirculation processes that !ormed the drop embr&o in the !irst place# A schematic diagram o! the conceptual storm model sho-ing the hail origin and gro-th processes -ithin a se,ere Alberta hailstorm is sho-n in Figure 13# A three5dimensional schematic !igure o! an Alberta hailstorm is sho-n in Figure 142 sho-ing the cloud seeding methodolog& in the ne- gro-th :one#

Figure 1(: #"e conce=tua, mode, o+ "ai,stone +ormation and "ai, mitigation =rocesses +or A,berta (ada=ted +rom WM$> 199/). #"is sc"ematic +igure s"o.s t"e c,oud seeding met"odo,og' at c,oud@to= and c,oud@base +or a mature "ai,storm.

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Figure 1): A t"ree@dimensiona, sc"ematic +igure o+ an A,berta "ai,storm> s"o.ing t"e c,oud seeding met"odo,og' .it"in t"e ne. gro.t" Bone. As mentioned pre,iousl&2 cloud seeding cannot pre,ent or completel& eliminate the occurrence o! damaging hail# We presentl& do not ha,e the abilit& to predict -ith an& certaint& e=actl& the amount and si:e o! hail that -ould occur i! cloud seeding did not ta(e place# %here!ore2 -e do not ha,e the abilit& to predict -ith certaint& the net e!!ect o! the seeding# $ur purpose is to seed the ne- gro-th :one o! hailstorms and obser,e the amount and t&pe o! precipitation at the sur!ace2 as -ell as the radar re!lecti,it& characteristics o! the storm be!ore2 during2 and a!ter seeding# We e=pect that the success!ul application o! the technolog& -ill &ield a decrease o! damaging hail b& appro=imatel& 60> o! the amount that -ould ha,e occurred i! seeding had not ta(en place# %his goal is consistent -ith the results reported in /orth 1a(ota ;Smith et al2 1??9< and in .reece ;Rudolph et al2 1??4<# %he decrease in hail can onl& be measured as an a,erage o,er time ;e#g# 6 &ears< and o,er an area and then compared -ith the historical ,alues !or the same areas# Eecause o! these uncertainties2 the e,aluation o! an& hail mitigation program reDuires a statistical anal&sis# Eoth seeded storms and unseeded storms ha,e ,ariabilit& and populations o! seeded and unseeded storms o,erlap in all measurements o! their characteristics#

Preci=itation <++icienc'
A common Duestion about cloud seeding concerns the e!!ect on the rain!all# %here is a general ;&et !alse< assumption b& the public and some scientists that thunderstorms operate at near 100> e!!icienc& in producing rain!all2 there!ore2 an& modi!ication o! the hail2 or causing the rain!all to start earlier2 ma& limit the amount o! precipitation that can !all later in a stormFs li!etime2 do-n -ind o! the project area# %here ha,e been numerous studies o! the !lu=es o! air and -ater ,apor through con,ecti,e clouds and these are summari:ed in Figure 16# Precipitation e!!iciencies can ,ar& -idel& !rom as little as 2> !or storms studied b& ar-it: ;1?92< and 1ennis et al# ;1?90< to near 100># ar-it: ;1?92< and Foote and Fan(hauser ;1?93< sho- that in the case o! High Plains storms there is an in,erse relation bet-een the precipitation e!!icienc& and the en,ironmental -ind shear in the cloud5bearing la&er# %he least e!!icient storms tend to be supercell hailstormsB the highl& e!!icient storms tend not to produce hail# %he a,erage -ind shear on hail da&s in

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Alberta is appro=imatel& 2#6 = 1053 sec51 # %his shear ,alue corresponds to precipitation e!!icienc& near 60># "t is logical that the production o! large2 damaging hail is a result o! the natural ine!!icienc& o! the storm to produce rain# %here!ore2 the introduction o! more precipitation embr&os earlier in a clouds li!etime is highl& ad,antageous to the initiation o! precipitation earlier2 ma(ing the cloud more e!!icient as a rain producer2 and in the process reducing the amount and si:e o! the hail# "ncreasing the rain!all !rom a hailstorm b& 20> due to the seeding is a ,er& achie,able goal2 and means that less -ater is lost either ,ia the entrainment o! dr& en,ironmental air through the sides and top o! the cloud2 or -ater lost to ice cr&stals that are e=hausted out o! the an,il at the top o! the troposphere and -hich e,entuall& sublimate bac( to the ,apor phase at high altitudes#

Figure 1/: Preci=itation e++icienc' +or 0ig" P,ains con1ecti1e storms. &no.n su=erce,, "ai,storms are ,abe,ed S. Storms t"at =roduced rain on,' are ,abe,ed R (%ro.ning> 1955).

CLARIFICATION OF CLOUD SEEDING GUIDELINES


%he !ollo-ing guidelines represent the current state o! the science o! hail suppression operations being applied b& Weather odi!ication "nc#

$nset o+ Seeding
"n order !or cloud seeding to be success!ul2 it is the goal o! the program to seed ;inject ice nucleating agents< the de,eloping Sne- gro-thS cloud to-ers o! a hail producing storm2 at least 20 minutes be!ore the damaging hail !alls o,er a to-n or cit& -ithin the target :one# For the Alberta project2 the principle targets are the to-ns and cities -ithin the project area# Since 20 min is the minimum time reasonabl& e=pected !or the seeding material to nucleate2 and ha,e the seeded ice cr&stals gro- to su!!icient si:e to compete !or the a,ailable super5cooled liDuid -ater in order to &ield positi,e results2 a 30 min lead time is generall& thought to be ad,isable#

Adenti+ication o+ 0ai, Producing Storms


%he height o! the 46 dEK contour -as a criterion tested in the S-iss hail suppression program# %he S-iss research indicated that all hailstorms had 46 dEK contours that e=ceeded the N6Q+ temperature le,el ;Wald,ogel2 Federer2 and .rimm2 1?9?<# %here -as a False Alarm Rate ;FAR< o! 60>2 largel&
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because some strong rainstorms also met the criterion# Ho-e,er2 it is pre!erable to ma(e an error and assume that a hea,& rainstorm is going to produce hail than to mista(enl& belie,e that a hailstorm is onl& going to produce hea,& rain# Studies o! Alberta hailstorms also indicated that 60> o! all Alberta hail storms had a ma=imum radar re!lecti,it& greater than 46 dEK2 higher than the 56Q+ le,el ;Humphries2 *nglish2 and Renic(2 1?49<# %he Russian criteria !or hail identi!ication stated that the height o! the 46 dEK contour had to e=ceed the height o! the 0Q+ isotherm b& more than 2 (m ;Abshae,2 1???<# Similarl&2 the /ational Hail Research *=periment in the 0SA 1?9251?94 criteria !or a declared hail da& -as de!ined b& radar ma=imum re!lecti,it& greater than 46 dEK abo,e the 56Q+ le,el ;Foote and 'night2 1?9?<# $ur e=perience suggests that the S-issMAlbertaMRussianM0SA criterion is reasonable ; a(ito,2 1???<# %he ph&sical reasoning behind it is simpl& that high radar re!lecti,it& implies that signi!icant supercooled liDuid -ater e=ists at temperatures cold enough !or large hail gro-th# "n Alberta2 the %"%A/ cell identi!ication program -as changed in 2004 to Htrac(I an& cell ha,ing P10 (m3 o! 36 dEK re!lecti,it&2 e=tending abo,e 3 (m altitude ; S@<# *ach cell trac(ed b& %"%A/ -as then considered to be a HpotentialI hail threat2 there!ore2 this represents our seeding criteria# A storm is a seeding candidate i! the storm cell ;as de!ined b& %"%A/< is mo,ing to-ards2 and is e=pected to reach2 a to-n or cit& -ithin the target area in less than 30 min#

!,oud Seeding Met"odo,og'


Radar meteorologists are responsible !or ma(ing the SseedS decision and directing the cloud seeding missions2 incorporating the obser,ations o! the pilots into their decisions# Patrol !lights are o!ten launched be!ore clouds -ithin the target area meet the radar re!lecti,it& seeding criteria2 especiall& o,er the cities o! +algar& and Red 1eer# %hese patrol !lights pro,ide a Duic(er response to de,eloping cells# "n general2 a patrol is launched in the e,ent o! ,isual reports o! ,igorous to-ering cumulus clouds or -hen radar cell tops e=ceed 26 (!t height o,er the higher terrain along the -estern border on da&s -hen the !orecast calls !or thunderstorms -ith large hail potential# @aunches o! more than one aircra!t are determined b& the number o! storms2 the lead time reDuired !or a seeder aircra!t to reach the proper location and altitude2 and projected o,erlap o! co,erage and on5station time !or multiple aircra!t missions# "n general2 onl& one aircra!t can -or( sa!el& at cloud top and one aircra!t at cloud base !or a single storm# %he operation o! three aircra!t is used to pro,ide uninterrupted seeding co,erage at either cloud5base or cloud5top andMor to seed three storms simultaneousl& i! reDuired# Factors that determine cloud top or cloud base seeding are: storm structure2 ,isibilit&2 cloud base height2 or time a,ailable !or aircra!t to reach seeding altitude# +loud base seeding is conducted b& !l&ing at cloud base -ithin the main in!lo- o! single cell storms2 or the in!lo- associated -ith the negro-th :one ;shel! cloud< located on the upshear side o! multi5cell storms# +loud top seeding can be conducted bet-een 54+ and 516+# %he 20 g pencil !lares !all appro=imatel& 1#6 (m ;appro=imatel& 10+< during their 36540 s burn time# Figure 18 sho-s a cloud seeding plane dropping !lares# %he seeding aircra!t penetrate the up5shear edges o! single con,ecti,e cells meeting the seed criteria# For multi5cell storms2 or storms -ith !eeder clouds2 the seeding aircra!t penetrate the tops o! the de,eloping cumulus to-ers on the upshear sides o! con,ecti,e cells2 as the& gro- up through the 510+ !light le,el#

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Figure 12: A ="oto o+ a c,oud seeding =,ane dro==ing ejectab,e +,ares during a c,oud seeding =enetration (="oto courtes' Jo"n C,an).

Dig"t #ime Seeding


$ccasionall&2 -ith embedded cells or con,ecti,e comple=es at night2 there are no clearl& de!ined !eeder turrets ,isible to the !light cre-s or on radar# "n these instances2 a seeding aircra!t -ill penetrate the storm edge at an altitude bet-een 56Q+ and 510+2 on the upshear side ;region o! tight radar re!lecti,it& gradient< and seed b& igniting an end5burner !lare and injecting droppable pencil !lares -hen updra!ts are encountered# "! ,isibilit& is good belo- cloud base2 night time seeding at base is also per!ormed# @ightning can o!ten help pro,ide illumination at the cloud base#

Sto==ing Seeding
Strictl& spea(ing2 i! the radar re!lecti,it& criteria are met2 seeding o! all cells is to be continued# Ho-e,er2 seeding is e!!ecti,e onl& -ithin cloud updra!ts and in the presence o! super5cooled cloud -ater2 i#e# the de,eloping2 and mature stages in the e,olution o! the classic thunderstorm conceptual model# %he dissipating stages o! a storm should be seeded onl& i! the ma=imum re!lecti,it& is particularl& se,ere and there is e,idence ;,isual cloud gro-th2 or tight re!lecti,it& gradients< indicating the possible presence o! embedded updra!ts# Storm cells being trac(ed b& %"%A/ ma& not be seeded i! there are no other indications o! updra!t or super5cooled liDuid -ater2 or i! the storm does not threaten a to-n or cit&#

Seeding Rates
A seeding rate o! one 20 g !lare e,er& 6 sec is t&picall& used during cloud penetration# A higher rate is used ;e#g# 1 !lare e,er& 2 to 3 sec< i! updra!ts are ,er& strong ;e#g# greater than 2000 !tMmin< and the storm is particularl& intense# A cloud seeding pass is repeated immediatel& i! there are ,isual signs o! ne- cloud gro-th or i! radar re!lecti,it& gradients remain tight ;indicati,e o! persistent updra!ts<# "! not2 a 6 to 10 min -aiting period ma& be used2 to allo- !or the seeding material to ta(e e!!ect and the storm to dissipate2 or !or ,isual signs o! glaciation to appear or radar re!lecti,it& ,alues to decrease and gradients to -ea(en# %his -aiting period precludes the -aste o! seeding material and assures its optimum usage# +alculations sho- that the seeding rate o! one !lare e,er& 6 sec -ill produce P1300 ice cr&stals per litre a,eraged o,er the plume -ithin 2#6 min# %his is more than su!!icient to deplete the liDuid -ater content produced b& updra!ts up to 10 mMs ;2000 !tMmin<2 thereb& pre,enting the gro-th o! hailstones -ithin the seeded cloud ,olumes ;+ooper and ar-it:2 1?40<# For e!!ecti,e hail suppression2 su!!icient dispersion o! the particles is reDuired !or the Ag" plume !rom consecuti,e !lares to o,erlap b& the time the cloud particles reach hail si:e# %he -or( b& .randia et al# ;1?9?< based on turbulence measurements -ithin Alberta !eeder clouds indicated that the time !or the diameter o! the di!!using line
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o! Ag" to reach the integral length scale ;200 m< in the inertial subrange si:e scales o! mi=ing2 is 140 seconds# %his is insu!!icient time !or ice particles to gro- to hail si:e2 there!ore2 dropping !lares at 6 sec ;assuming a true5airspeed o! 40 mMs< inter,als should pro,ide su!!icient nuclei and allo- adeDuate dispersion to e!!ecti,el& deplete the super5cooled liDuid -ater and pre,ent the gro-th o! hail particles# %he use o! the 20 gm !lares and a !reDuent drop rate pro,ides better seeding co,erage than using larger !lares -ith a greater timeMdistance spacing bet-een !lare drops# "n !act2 the abo,e calculations are conser,ati,e -hen one considers that the center o! the ice cr&stal plume -ill ha,e a greater concentration o! ice cr&stals# For cloud base seeding2 a seeding rate using t-o acetone generators or one end5burner !lare is t&picall& used2 dependent on the updra!t ,elocit& at the cloud base# For an updra!t P600 !tMmin2 generators and consecuti,e !lares per seeding run are t&picall& used# +loud seeding runs are repeated until no !urther in!lo- is !ound# Acetone burners are used to pro,ide continuous sil,er iodide seeding i! e=tensi,e regions o! -ea( updra!t are !ound at cloud base and in the shel! cloud region# Ease seeding is not conducted i! do-ndra!ts onl& are encountered at cloud base2 since this -ould -aste seeding material#

Seeding Materia,s
W " e=clusi,el& uses sil,er5iodide !ormulation !lares manu!actured b& "ce +r&stal *ngineering ;"+*< o! 1a,enport2 /1# %he ejectable !lares contain 20 gm o! seeding material and burn !or appro=imatel& 39 sec and !all appro=imatel& 4000 !t# %he end5burning !lares ;E"P< contain 160 gm o! seeding material2 and burn !or appro=imatel& 8 min# Sil,er5iodide is dispensed using droppableMejectable ;sho-n in Figure 19< andMor end5burning p&rotechnics andMor acetone burners ;sho-n in Figure 14<# "n 2004 the W " acetone generators per!ormed ,er& -ell and the le,el o! reDuired maintenance decreased signi!icantl&# +re-s still (ept a close -atch o! igniter rods2 ,al,es2 no::les2 and seals in order that the generators operated reliabl&# 1etails o! the sil,er5iodide acetone solution recipe used in 2004 are gi,en in the $perations anual# Arrangements -ere once again made -ith Solution Elend Ser,ices2 a +algar& chemical compan& to pre5mi= the acetone seeding solution# All reDuired handling2 mi=ing2 storage2 and labelling reDuirements -ere satis!ied#

Figure 15: Pi,ots !raig 4ee and Re3 Watson attac"ing t"e ejectab,e +,are racks on t"e be,,' o+ a !"e'enne seeding aircra+t.

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Figure 18: 0ai, Sto= > !(); aircra+t s"o.n seeding .it" Acetone So,ution burners and %urn@An@ P,ace (%AP) +,ares.

F,are <++ecti1eness #ests


%he +loud Simulation and Aerosol @aborator& at +olorado State 0ni,ersit& has per!ormed routine testing o! the ice nucleating abilit& o! aerosols produced !rom cloud seeding !lares !or man& &ears ;.ar,e&2 1?96<# /ote: %he +S0 laborator& has no- stopped this ser,ice and a ne- testing !acilit& to conduct these standardi:ed tests is desperatel& needed !or the cloud seeding industr&# %he ne- "+* p&rotechnics -ere tested at +S0 in 1??? and the results are reported in 1e ott ;1???<# Aerosols -ere collected and tested at nominal temperatures o! 542 58 and 510 +# At least t-o tests at -ere done at each temperature2 -ith greater emphasis placed on -armer temperatures# @iDuid -ater content ;@W+< -as 1#6 g m 53 in most tests2 but -as altered to 0#6 g m 53 in a !e- other e=periments# "n this -a&2 in!ormation concerning the rate5dependence on cloud droplet concentration -as obtained# %he primar& product o! the laborator& characteri:ation is the Se!!ecti,eness plotS !or the ice nucleant -hich gi,es the number o! ice cr&stals !ormed per gram nucleant as a !unction o! a range o! cloud temperatures# Lield results !or the "+* !lares at ,arious sets o! conditions are sho-n in Figure 1? and are tabulated in %able 2#

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ICE P=8? JH;= """

1#00*T16

1#00*T14

YA9;B $K <( @=8?%

1#00*T13

1#00*T12

1#00*T11
UUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUU

1#00*T10 0 6 10 16

SH@987??;A4< $JC%

Figure 19: Eie,d o+ ice cr'sta,s (corrected) =er gram ='rotec"nic 1ersus c,oud tem=erature. $=en diamond s'mbo,s are +or e3=eriments .it" c,oud 4W! (,i7uid .ater content) o+ 1./ g m @(> ."i,e t"e +i,,ed s'mbo,s are +or e3=eriments .it" 4W! e7ua, to ;./ g m @(.

#ab,e : Eie,d resu,ts o+ A!< +,ares.)

P&ro t&pe "+*

%emp ;+< 53#4 54#0 54#2 54#3 58#1 58#3 58#4 510#6 510#6 54#2 58#0 510#6

@W+ ;g m53< 1#6 1#6 1#6 1#6 1#6 1#6 1#6 1#6 1#6 0#6 0#6 0#6

Ra- Lield ;g51 Ag"< 3#92=10 11 ?#42=10 11 1#88=10 12 2#16=10 12 8#01=10 13 6#44=10 13 8#22=10 13 2#41=10 14 2#34=10 14 1#41=10 12 9#42=10 13 2#34=10 14

+orr# Lield ;g51 Ag"< 3#49=10 11 ?#83=10 11 1#90=10 12 2#21=10 12 8#13=10 13 6#68=10 13 8#34=10 13 2#46=10 14 2#39=10 14 1#46=10 12 9#93=10 13 2#41=10 14

Ra- Lield ;g51 p&ro< 4#01=10 10 1#02=10 11 1#40=10 11 2#32=10 11 8#4?=10 12 6#49=10 12 8#92=10 12 3#03=10 13 2#49=10 13 1#63=10 11 4#01=10 12 2#?1=10 13

+orr# Lield ;g51 p&ro< 4#14=10 10 1#04=10 11 1#44=10 11 2#3?=10 11 8#82=10 12 8#00=10 12 8#46=10 12 3#09=10 13 2#?1=10 13 1#69=10 11 4#34=10 12 2#?8=10 13

Lield ;per p&ro< 4#38=10 11 2#04=10 12 3#89=10 12 4#99=10 12 1#32=10 14 1#20=10 14 1#39=10 14 8#16=10 14 6#41=10 14 3#14=10 12 1#89=10 14 6#?2=10 14

%ests -ere also per!ormed using the method o! 1e ott et al#2 ;1?43< to determine the characteristic times !or e!!ecti,e ice nuclei depletion2 and these are summari:ed in Figure 20 and %able 3#

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10 ? 4 9 8 6 4 3 2 1 0 0 2
& V 4#923= 2 R V 0#4662 63%
51#1482

UUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUU & V 69#443= 2 R V 0#42?4 90%


51#?863

TAD9 $DA4H>9:%

SH@987??;A4< $C%

10

12

Figure ;: #imes +or 2(F (diamond s'mbo,s) and 9;F (s7uare s'mbo,s) ice +ormation 1ersus su=ercoo,ing +or t"e A!< ='rotec"nic aeroso,s. $=en and +i,,ed s'mbo,s are +or c,oud 4W! (,i7uid .ater content) o+ 1./ and ;./ g m@(> res=ecti1e,'.

#ab,e (: Rate Data (4W! G 1./ g m@( =oints are a1erage 1a,ues)

P&ro t&pe W "

%emp ;+< 54#0 54#2 58#3 58#0 510#6 510#6

@W+ ;g m53< 1#6 0#6 1#6 0#6 1#6 0#6

( ;min51< 1#0?3 0#913 1#996 0#924 3#200 2#444

(dil ;min51< 0#023 0#01? 0#034 0#024 0#046 0#040

(act ;min51< 0#?36 0#8?4 1#939 0#8?8 3#166 2#444

%1Me ;min< 0#?4 1#44 0#44 1#43 0#32 0#41

t?0> ;min< 4#32 6#91 1#12 6#21 0#93 0#?4

Lield +orr# 1#023 1#024 1#020 1#041 1#014 1#018

SUMMARY ?G CSU T9:>:


%he primar& results obtained in this series o! tests o! ne- "+* !lares ma& be summari:ed as !ollo-s ;1e ott2 1???<:

1. %he aerosol particles produced b& the ne- "+* p&rotechnics -ere highl& e!!icient ice
nucleating aerosols# Lield ,alues -ere appro=imatel& 1=10 122 6=1013 and 3=1014 ice cr&stals per gram p&rotechnic at 542 58 and 510+ in 1#6 g m 53 clouds in the +S0 isothermal cloud chamber# "mpro,ement compared to the pre,ious p&rotechnic !ormulation used b& "+* -as modest at 58+2 but most signi!icant ;!actor o! 3 increase in Lield< at 54 +#

2. %he "+* p&rotechnics burned -ith a !ine smo(e and a highl& consistent burn time o! W39 s#

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3. Rates o! ice cr&stal !ormation -ere ,er& !ast2 suggesti,e o! a rapid condensation !ree:ing
process# %he balance o! obser,ations sho-ed no signi!icant di!!erence in the rate data obtained at ,aried cloud densities2 supporting a conclusion that particles acti,ate ice !ormation b& condensation !ree:ing#

%he +S0 isothermal cloud chamber tests indicate that2 on a per gram basis o! p&rotechnic2 these ,alues are comparable to the best product a,ailable -orld-ide in the p&rotechnic !ormat# High &ield and !ast acting agents are important !or hail suppression since the time5-indo- o! opportunit& !or success!ul inter,ention o! the hail gro-th process is o!ten less than 10 minutes# ore in!ormation about the "+* !lares can be !ound on the internet at ---#ice!lares#com #

PROGRAM ELEMENTS AND INFRASTRUCTURE


A schematic diagram o! the operational elements !or the hail suppression project is sho-n in Figure 21# 1etails o! the indi,idual elements are described in more detail in the !ollo-ing sections# %he radiosonde ;-eather balloon< depicted in Figure 21 -as part o! the s&stem this &ear on a limited basis during Aul& and earl& August ;discussed in more detail in a later section under A5.A *<# All meteorological in!ormation -as recei,ed ,ia the internet# W " no longer needed a commercial agreement -ith *n,ironment +anada# "n addition2 temperature measurements !rom the aircra!t cloud ph&sics data s&stem supplied real time en,ironmental data !or the project meteorologists in some cases#

Figure 1: A sc"ematic o+ t"e o=erationa, e,ements o+ t"e A,berta 0ai, Su==ression Project.

GROUND SCHOOL
A ground school -as conducted !or all project personnel on a& 24 th2 2004 in the board room at Ro&al5 Sun Alliance "nsurance in +algar& prior to the commencement o! the project !ield operations# $perational procedures2 general conduct2 and reporting reDuirements -ere presented and re,ie-ed at the ground school# %-o representati,es o! /AJ +anada in +algar& and *dmonton participated in the ground school# A cop& o! the .round School Program2 as -ell as copies o! the Flight @og and Radar @og !orms2 are included in the Appendices# %he ground school training topics included:
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# # # # # # # # # # # # # #

program o,er,ie- and design2 project area2 target areas2 and priorities o,er,ie- o! operations and procedures cloud seeding h&potheses !or hail suppression cloud seeding theor& and techniDues a,iation -eather problems and special procedures aircra!t controlling techniDues and procedures seeding aircra!t eDuipment and characteristics -eather radar eDuipment and basic principles basic meteorological concepts and se,ere -eather !orecasting -eather phenomena2 !ronts2 and storms dail& routines and procedures communications procedures computers2 documentation2 and reporting procedures sa!et&2 securit& precautions and procedures

PUBLIC RELATIONS
Se,eral positi,e public relations acti,ities occurred this &ear# School (ids !rom 1idsbur& elementar& school toured the radar !acilit& in Aune# %he manager o! the ne- radio station +'F ?9#9 in $lds ,isited the radar and arranged to recei,e the dail& con,ecti,e !orecast sheet !or their agriculture and public sa!et& ad,isor& purposes# Aim Renic( -as inter,ie-ed b& 1a,e Ruther!ord o! GR99 radio on Aul& 6th# %he $lds .a:ette ran a !eature article about the project entitled HStorm EustersI on Aul& 9 th# A!ter the big storm hit +algar& on Aul& 16th2 +F+/ %J inter,ie-ed %err& 'rauss at the radar2 the +algar& Sun inter,ie-ed Aim Renic( b& telephone2 and +atherine %agg -as inter,ie-ed b& F 103# "n August2 +F+/ inter,ie-ed Aim Renic( at the Red 1eer Airport2 a /ational Film Eoard cre- inter,ie-ed Aim Renic( and %err& 'rauss at the radar2 and a +E+ !ilm cre- !ilmed operations in +algar& as part o! a !orthcoming documentar& on se,ere -eather# Finall& on September 2 nd2 +'F in $lds inter,ie-ed %err& 'rauss about the unusuall& cool and -et -eather conditions that had persisted !or most o! the summer# %here -ere also se,eral ,isits to the radar site b& meteorologists -or(ing !or *n,ironment +anada and the 0ni,ersit& o! Alberta# All o! the publicit& -as positi,e this &ear#

FLIGHT OPERATIONS
%hree speciall& eDuipped cloud seeding aircra!t -ere dedicated to the project# %he aircra!t and cre-s pro,ided 24 hr co,erage2 se,en da&s a -ee( throughout the period# %-o aircra!t -ere stationed in +algar& and one aircra!t in Red 1eer# %his permitted close pro=imit& to storms and !ast response to launch decisions# 1ela&s in launching !rom +algar& -ere minimi:ed than(s to the co5operation o! /a,5+anada air tra!!ic control in +algar&# When con,ecti,e clouds -ere detected b& radar2 the seeding aircra!t -ere placed on standb& status# Aircra!t on standb& status are able to launch and reach a target cloud -ithin 80 min a!ter the reDuest to launch has been made b& the controlling meteorologist# When seedable clouds are imminent2 the seeding aircra!t are placed on alert status# Aircra!t on alert status are able to launch and reach a target cloud -ithin 26 min a!ter the reDuest to launch# Aircra!t -ere a,ailable and prepared to commence a seeding mission at an& time and the seeding o! a storm o!ten continued a!ter dar(ness -ith due regard to sa!et&#

Air@#ra++ic !ontro,
Prior to the start o! !ield operations2 arrangements -ere made -ith /AJ +anada managers o! Air %ra!!ic Ser,ices in +algar& and *dmonton to coordinate the cloud seeding aircra!t operations# Permission -as granted to !ile pre5de!ined !light plans !or the project aircra!t2 -ith special designations and !i=ed transponder codes# %he designated aircra!t -ere as !ollo-s: Hail5Stop 1 !or the +he&enne "" airplane ;/949R*< based in +algar&2 Hail5Stop 2 !or the +340 aircra!t ;/?4680< based in +algar&2 and Hail5Stop 3 !or the Eeechcra!t 'ing5Air +?0 aircra!t ;/?11F.< stationed in Red 1eer# 1irect5line telephone numbers -ere used to noti!& air tra!!ic controllers o! cloud seeding launches# Aircra!t -ere launched to a speci!ic location identi!ied b& J$R and 1 * coordinates2 or to-n# 1istinct
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air tra!!ic clearance -as gi,en to project aircra!t -ithin a 10 nautical mile radius o! the speci!ied storm location# +loud top aircra!t -ere gi,en 22000 !t clearances abo,e their altitude and 92000 !t belo- their altitude# +loud base aircra!t -ere gi,en a TM5 12000 !t altitude clearance# %his procedure -or(ed ,er& -ell in general# $n a !e- occasions2 seeding aircra!t -ere as(ed to climb to a higher altitude o,er the cit& o! +algar& or to suspend seeding !or a !e- minutes ;R10 minutes< to allo- other commercial aircra!t to pass belo- them# %he A%+ clearances and codes are sho-n in Figure 22#

BE"L

Figure

: Sc"ematic +igure s"o.ing aircra+t c,oud seeding b,ock a,titudes re7uired +or Air #ra++ic !ontro, (A#!).

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!,oud Seeding Aircra+t Piper Cheyenne II


%he +he&enne "" is a high per!ormance t-in5engine turboprop aircra!t that has pro,en itsel! during single5pilot operations# %he +he&enne "" stationed in +algar&2 Hail Stop 1 ;/949R*<2 is sho-n in Figure 23# "n Alberta2 t-o pilots are used at all times !or impro,ed communications and sa!et&# Standard eDuipment includes !ull dual JFRM"FR instrumentation2 pressuri:ed cabin2 and emergenc& o=&gen# %he +he&enne "" has !ull de5ice eDuipment and is particularl& -ell suited !or !l&ing in icing conditions !or e=tended periods o! time# %hese conditions are common at seeding altitudes -ithin the thunderstorms o! Alberta# %he longer mission times o! this aircra!t can pro,ide co,erage o! the entire project area i! reDuired2 allo-ing signi!icant sa,ings in aircra!t2 !uel and personnel costs# %he added per!ormance o! the +he&enne "" means that it has su!!icient po-er to climb sa!el& abo,e the dangerous icing :one ;510+ to 516+< i! reDuired2 or descend to lo-er and -armer altitudes to de5ice and Duic(l& climb bac( up to cloud5top seeding altitude# "t can also pro,ide accurate measurements o! cloud conditions and cloud top temperature# A third seat -as pro,ided !or training or obser,ing purposes# %he major ad,antages o! the +he&enne "" are as !ollo-s: 4 hour duration or more !or longer seeding missions and better seeding co,erageB lo-er Aet !uel price per literB reser,e po-er !or se,ere icing conditionsB e=ceptional speed !or rapid response or !err& bet-een target areasB and higher margin o! sa!et&B %he speci!ications o! the +he&enne "" are gi,en in the Appendi=# All three aircra!t -ere eDuipped -ith !lare rac(s carr&ing 308 droppable !lares containing 20 grams o! Ag" and also 24 end5burning !lares containing 160 grams o! Ag" !or seeding at cloud base# %he +he&enne "" -as also eDuipped -ith .PS na,igation s&stem2 onboard -eather a,oidance radar2 and a JHF radio s&stem !or direct contact -ith operational personnel at the communications and control center#

Figure (: Pi=er !"e'enne AA aircra+t (D5)5R<) designated as 0ai,@Sto= 1 s"o.n at t"e !a,gar' Air=ort.

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Beechcraft King-Air C90

Figure ): %eec"cra+t &ing@Air !9; aircra+t (D911F6) designated as 0ai,@Sto= ( s"o.n at t"e Red Deer Regiona, Air=ort. A 'ing5Air +?0 -as used in Red 1eer this &ear instead o! a +he&enne "" due to lac( o! a,ailabilit&# %he speci!ications o! the 'ing5Air +?0 are gi,en in an Appendi=# %he 'ing5Air +?0 is also a high per!ormance t-in5engine turboprop aircra!t that has pro,en itsel! during single5pilot operations# A photo o! the Eeechcra!t 'ing5Air +?0 aircra!t designated as Hail Stop 3 ;/?11F.< is sho-n in Figure 24 at the Red 1eer Regional Airport# %he 'ing5Air is a larger aircra!t but -ith slightl& less po-er!ul engines and slightl& less per!ormance in icing conditions during cloud5top seeding# Ho-e,er2 it has an ad,antage o! ha,ing longer !light duration# %he longer !light duration pro,ed to be an ad,antage on se,eral da&s -hen missions -ere close to 4 hours or longer# %he seeding strateg& e,ol,ed o,er time to ma(e the 'ing5Air a !irst5out cloud5top seeder !ollo-ed b& base seeding2 or as a bac(5up cloud5top seeder -hile the +he&enne "" -as re!laring and re!ueling# Although the 'ing5Air per!ormed -ell2 the general consensus among the pilots and !or contractual and insurance purposes is that a +he&enne "" is pre!erred ne=t &ear i! a,ailable#

C340A Aircraft
+loud seeding -as also conducted using one +essna 340A aircra!t eDuipped -ith ejectable !lare bell& rac(s2 -ing mounted !lare rac(s2 and acetone burners# %he aircra!t registered as /?4680 -as designated as Hail5Stop 2 ;sho-n in Figure 26<# %he +340A aircra!t is a pressuri:ed2 t-in5engine2 si= c&linder2 turboNcharged and !uel5injected all -eather aircra!t# %he +340 aircra!t also has a -eather a,oidance radar and .PS na,igation s&stem# +omplete speci!ications !or the +340 are gi,en in an Appendi=# %he +340 aircra!t carried 308 205g pencil !lares and 24 1605g end5burning !lares and t-o 9 0S gallon acetone burners# Although the +340 can seed at cloud top2 its per!ormance is rather limited in (no-n icing conditions# %here!ore2 the +340 is used primaril& as a cloud5base seeder# 1uring 20042 the +340 -as used e=clusi,el& as a cloud5base seeder and did not conduct an& seeding at cloud top#

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Figure /: !();A aircra+t (D98/2;) designated as 0ai,@Sto= and con+igured to seed .it" dro==ab,e +,ares> end@burning +,ares> and AgA acetone burners. All three aircra!t per!ormed ,er& reliabl& -ith no seeding opportunities -ere missed due to maintenance issues#

Meteorological Aircraft Instr !entation


*ach o! the cloud seeding aircra!t had a temperature and liDuid -ater sensor to help assure that the cloud penetration seeding runs -ere conducted at (no-n temperature le,els and to document the presence o! supercooled liDuid cloud -ater# A radio telemetr& s&stem -as used to transmit the aircra!t data to the radar communications and control center -here it -as displa&ed in real time and recorded at 1 sec inter,als# %hese measurements2 combined -ith the recorded radar data2 helped assure that the project is conducted on a sound scienti!ic basis#

RADAR CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS CENTER


%he projectFs radar control room consists o! the Airlin( computer -ith radio telemetr& modem !or .PS trac(ing in!ormation2 as -ell as the %"%A/ computer and displa&2 and the meteorological data acDuisition ;+ompaD< computer# +ontrollers communicated -ith the seeding aircra!t using a JHF radio at 122#?6 H: !reDuenc&# %he WR5100 radar ser,o console and the R1AS radar acDuisition computer -ere relocated to the outside radar shed this &ear2 ma(ing the control room much more Duiet and roomier# %he controlling duties -ere shared b& %err& 'rauss2 1ar&l $F1o-d2 Wesle& Ho,or(a2 and %imoth& Reith ;sho-n in Figure 28<# An upgraded %"%A/ radar displa& and anal&sis computer s&stem -as installed this &ear ;sho-n in Figure 29<# %he ne- %"%A/ -as able to displa& se,eral ne- hail parameters that ga,e the meteorologists additional in!ormation to impro,e identi!ication o! hailstorms and impro,ed the direction o! the aircra!t to the most important hail gro-th regions o! the storm# Radar images -ere sent to the "nternet at 65min inter,als# %he radar per!ormed ,er& -ell and there -ere no major interruptions during the season# High speed "nternet -as installed !or the pilots in +algar& and Red 1eer so that the pilots

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could monitor the storm e,olution and motion -ith 65min updates# %his ga,e the pilots better (no-ledge o! the storm situation the& -ere going to encounter -hen the& -ere launched#

Figure 2: #im Reit" in t"e communications contro, room> s"o.ing t"e !ADD> #A#AD> and MeteoHAir,ink com=uters.

Figure 5: #A#AD dua,@dis=,a' s"o.ing t"e 1arious radar =ictures and sate,,ite ="oto a1ai,ab,e to t"e radar contro,,er on (1@Ju,'@ ;;).

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"n addition2 a ne- +on!igurable "nteracti,e 1ata 1ispla& ;+"11< computer s&stem -as installed# %he ne- +"11 s&stem -as routinel& set to displa& an animated 15hour mo,ie loop o! the higher resolution polar radar data2 super5imposed on a terrain map bac(ground# An e=ample o! the W "5/+AR +"11 ;+on!igurable "nteracti,e 1ata 1ispla&< s&stem used this &ear is sho-n in Figure 24#

Figure 8: WMA@D!AR !ADD dis=,a' s"o.ing radar re+,ecti1it' data> to=ogra="'> aircra+t tracks and t"e simu,taneous dis=,a' o+ sate,,ite and s'no=tic data.

RADAR
%he W " +5band -eather radar is located at the $lds51idsbur& Airport Hangar 74 ;Aac(son hangar<# An upgraded +5band -eather radar -as installed last &ear# %he ne- radar -as ,er& reliable and more sensiti,e than the pre,ious2 older unit2 and -as able to detect clouds earlier in their de,elopment c&cle# "n !act2 the radar displa& threshold -as increased abo,e the minimum detectable signal in order to reduce the amount o! echo produced b& clear air phenomena such as smo(e2 ha:e2 and insects# Radar monitoring -as conducted -ithout an& signi!icant interruptions !or the entire season# %he radar is an *nterprise *lectronics +orporation WR51002 +5band radar -ith an 45!t antenna# A picture o! the radar is sho-n in Figure 2?# %he W " +5band ;6 cm -a,elength< radar is to-er mounted and enclosed in a radome to pro,ide sa!e2 all -eather operation# %he nominal speci!ications o! the + 5band radar are: pea( po-er V 260 (-2 minimum detectable signal V 5104 dEm2 circular beam -idth V 1#86 deg# %he minimum detectable corresponds to appro=imatel& 10 dEK at 100 (m range# A complete list o! speci!ications !or the +5band radar is gi,en in the !ollo-ing section# An uninterruptable po-er suppl& ;0PS< is used to assure there -ere no losses o! ser,ice# A gas5po-ered generator -as used to pro,ide emergenc& bac(5up po-er in the case o! a po-er !ailure# @ine po-er -as ,er& reliable at the airport during the summer and there -ere onl& a !e- momentar& lapses in line5po-er during particularl& bad lightning storms# %he 0PS and emergenc& generator -or(ed ,er& -ell# $n September 18th the radar -as shut o!! !or the seasonB ho-e,er2 the to-er and radar transmitter and displa& eDuipment ha,e remained in place until ne=t &ear#
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%he radar antenna -as raised 4 !t 2 three ago in order to pro,ide more clearance abo,e nearb& buildings that ha,e been constructed o,er the last t-o &ears at the $lds51idsbur& Airport# %he base ele,ation radar scan -as set to 0#4 degrees ele,ation in order reduce the amount o! ground clutter2 &et still pro,ide a good ,ie-ing angle o! the lo-5le,el precipitation at !ar ranges2 especiall& o,er +algar& and Red 1eer# %he ne- radar transmitter -as located inside the shed built directl& under the radar to-er ;sho-n in Figure 2?<# %he radar shed -as insulated and air5conditioned last &ear# As a result o! these impro,ements2 the radar -or(ed !la-lessl& and -ithout interruption !or the entire season#

Figure 9: WMA !@band radar at t"e $,ds@Didsbur' air=ort. %he radar data acDuisition computer HR1ASI is programmed to control the radar antenna such that a complete ,olume scan o! 14 ele,ation steps2 up to 46 ele,ation2 -as per!ormed about e,er& 4#4 min# %he R1AS computer sends the polar coordinate radar data to the %"%A/ computer ,ia a local area net-or( and the %"%A/ computer per!orms the +artesian trans!ormation and records a permanent archi,e o! all o! the scans# %he polar data -ere stored and displa&ed on the +"11 computer# All o! the %"%A/ ,olume5scan radar data collected during 2004 ha,e been recorded on +15R$ # %he ."F PP" picture !iles created e,er& 6 min2 ha,e been archi,ed onto +15R$ #

Radar !a,ibration !"ecks


%he Duantitati,e use o! radar reDuires that ,arious parameters o! the s&stem be measured and calibrated# %he W " WR100 +5band radar located at the $lds51idsbur& Airport is used to direct seeding aircra!t in the Alberta Hail Suppression Project# As such2 it needs to pro,ide accurate ,alues o! radar re!lecti,it& along -ith range2 a:imuth and ele,ation#

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"! -e assume that all the terms relating to the electrical components and propagation o! the radar beam are constants and i! -e al-a&s assume -e are loo(ing at -ater2 a simpli!ied radar eDuation ta(es the !orm ;Rinehart2 1??9<:

# $ C pr r %
%hus2 calculating radar re!lecti,it& !actor : is simpl& a matter o! getting the po-er !rom a target o! (no-n range ;times a constant<# %he WR100 parameters and calibration ,alues are sho-n in %able 4# %he R1AS radar acDuisition so!t-are per!orms digital signal processing to simulate a Duadratic response o! the recei,er output ;%erblanche2 1??8< and uses a re!erence range o! 100 (m# #ab,e ): Radar =arameter ca,ibration 1a,ues +or t"e A4%<R#A@WMA WR1;;. Pulse PRF FreD 1ut& c&cle V Pulse X PRF ,alue 0.000003 260 5.64E+09 @og -5.522879 2.4149733 9.7512791 1b -55.22879 24.149733 97.512791 -31.079 5104 516?#?8 0nits Sec Sec51 Sec51

inimum detectable signal V /ominal Radar +onstant !or range in nmi ;in the R1AS5%"%A/ con,ention<

1E 1E

%he radar -as !ound to be stable !rom da& to da& and the radar transmitted po-er ,aried b& no more than 1 dE o,er the operational period !rom Aune 1 to September 16# %he WR100 transmitted po-er ,alues measured during the summer are sho-n in %able 6# #ab,e /: Radar transmitted =o.er ca,ibration 1a,ues measured during t"e ;;) season. Date 145 a&504 035Aun504 2?5Aun504 015Aul504 0?5Aul504 165Aul504 145Aul504 285Aul504 2?5Aul504 015Aug504 045Aug504 105Aug504 185Aug504 245Aug504 025Sep504 105Sep504 PAD 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 !ou=,er 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 Dut' !'c,e 31#1 31#1 31#1 31#1 31#1 31#1 31#1 31#1 31#1 31#1 31#1 31#1 31#1 31#1 31#1 Sca,e 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Meter (d%) uMs 53#4 53 53#2 53#2 53#2 53#2 53#2 53#2 53#4 53#4 Po.er (d%m) Y 43#9 44#1 43#? 43#? 43#? 43#? 43#? 43#? 43#9 43#9 234#4 269#0 246#6 246#6 246#6 Replace 246#6 a:imuth motor 246#6 246#6 234#4 234#4 Replace main po-er !use 246#6 Replace 246#6 a:imuth motor 246#6 Signal generator unser,iceable Po.er (k.) Po-er meter unser,iceable

53#2 53#2 53#2

43#? 43#? 43#?

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Figure (;: Radar ca,ibration o+ RDAS digita, counts to e7ui1a,ent radar re+,ecti1it' =o.er (d%:) +or t"e WMA radar at $,ds@Didsbur' during t"e ;;) +ie,d season.

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When a radar is modi!ied or repaired2 it is important to chec( andMor recalibrate the R1AS computer -hich con,erts the ra- radar ,ideo signal into a digital ,alue ;i#e#B number o! R1AS counts< representing a (no-n po-er ;i#e#B eDui,alent dEK ,alue at 100 (m range<# %he radar did not reDuire an& maintenance to the transmitter or recei,er during the summer and the output po-er o! the transmitter -as measured -ee(l&# %he R1AS calibration cur,e -as chec(ed !or accurac& at the start2 mid5season2 and again at the end o! the season# %he calibration tests measured during the summer o! 2004 are sho-n in Figure 30# %he calibrations sho- a change o! appro=imatel& 6 dE !rom the start o! the season a& 13th to Aul& 1st2 2004# $n Aul& 1st2 the losses in po-er -ere measured at the bottom and top o! the -a,e guide going to the antenna dish# As a result o! these measurements2 the loss ,alue -as increased b& 3 dE on Aul& 1 st# %he calibration then remained the same to the end o! the season# %he initial calibration -as either lo-2 or else the radar needed some time to settle5do-n# %he storm measurements prior to Aul& 1st are thought to be lo- b& appro=imatel& 6 dEK# %he titan cell threshold -as set to 36 dEK this &ear rather than 40 dEK used the last !e- &ears due to this uncertaint& in the absolute po-er ,alues2 Practicall& spea(ing2 the di!!erence in calibration o! 3 to 6 dE -ould not a!!ect man& decisions regarding the seeding o! storms o,er the major cities or to-ns in the project area# %he !inal calibration chec( !or a radar s&stem is a measurement o! the pointing accurac& o! the antenna# %o chec( the antenna alignment and accurac&2 the dish is pointed at the sun and its position coordinates in a:imuth and ele,ation are cross5re!erenced to the accurate2 (no-n position o! the sun at that e=act time o! da&# %he e=act position o! the sun can be determined using a computer program designed !or that speci!ic purpose# A solar calibration -as per!ormed at the beginning o! the season# %he pointing accurac& o! the s&stem -as also ,eri!ied numerous times b& con!irming the position o! the aircra!t relati,e to the position o! an isolated echo#

AIRCRAFT TRACKING GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM $GPS%


%he W " -eather radar control and communications center -as eDuipped to recei,e and record data !rom the aircra!t .PS position telemetr& s&stem# %he .PS s&stem displa&s the e=act position o! the aircra!t superimposed on the radar PP" displa& to enable the controller to accuratel& direct the seeding aircra!t to optimum seeding locations -ithin the storm s&stem# %he colour coded aircra!t position on the PP" displa& enabled radar controllers to discriminate bet-een each project aircra!t# %he Airlin( trac(ing s&stem -as -ith its o-n P+ as a dedicated aircra!t trac(ing s&stem# %he real5time aircra!t .lobal Positioning S&stem ;.PS< !light trac( displa& o! A"R@"/' on Aul& 16 th2 2004 is sho-n in Figure 31#

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Figure (1: Aircra+t 6,oba, Positioning S'stem (6PS) +,ig"t tracks> and rea,@time in+ormation 1ia t"e AAR4AD& te,emetr' s'stem on Ju,' 1/> ;;). Airlin( also displa&s -hen seeding e,ents ta(e place2 but not all o! the locations o! !lare drops and location o! the acetone generator usage are displa&ed on the trac( in Figure 31# "n addition2 Airlin( displa&s the a,ailable in5situ measurements that are also sent ,ia the telemetr& !or displa& to the controller# %his allo-ed the controller to monitor the temperature and concentration o! supercooled liDuid -ater encountered b& this seeding aircra!t during cloud penetrations#

SUMMARY OF SEEDING OPERATIONS


A brie! summar& o! each da& indicating the -eather and operational acti,ities is gi,en in Appendi= E# Further details regarding !light times2 and the amount o! seeding are gi,en in the Flights and $perations Summar& tables in the Appendices#

Aircra+t F,ig"ts and Amount $+ Seeding


A total o! 106 aircra!t !lights totaling 229#6 hrs too( place on 39 operational da&s# %here -as one da& -ith onl& test !lights# A total o! ?0 storms -ere seeded during 43 seeding !lights ;1?6#9 hrs< on 2? da&s on -hich seeding too( place# %here -ere 1? patrol !lights ;2?#6 hrs< and 3 test !lights ;2#3 hrs<# %he amount o! sil,er5iodide nucleating agent dispensed during the 2004 !ield season totaled 290#? (g: consisting o! 8613 ejectable ;cloud5top< !lares ;130#28 (g seeding agent<2 499 end5burning ;cloud5base< !lares ;131#66 (g seeding agent<2 and 132#9 gallons o! Ag"5acetone solution ;?#1 (g Ag"<#

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%he distribution o! ta(e5o!! and landing times as a !unction o! time o! da& is sho-n in Figure 32# ost o! the !lights -ere bet-een 2 pm and ? pm# %he 60> percentile !or ta(e5o!!s -as 4 pm and the 60> percentile !or landings -as just a!ter 8 pm# %he con,ecti,e storms in Alberta ha,e a strong diurnal c&cle associated -ith the period o! dail& ma=imum temperature# "n Alberta2 -hen the sun goes do-n the temperature usuall& cools o!! su!!icientl& to pre,ent an&more deep con,ection# $ccasionall&2 ho-e,er2 a passing cold5!ront or upper5le,el disturbance is strong enough to (ic(5o!! e,ening con,ection2 there!ore2 nocturnal storms cannot be ruled out but the& are rare# %his is in contrast to the storms and e=periences o! W " in endo:a2 Argentina -here hal! the storms occur a!ter sunset#

Figure ( : #"e +re7uenc' o+ occurrence and cumu,ati1e distributions o+ aircra+t take@o++ and ,anding times +or a,, +,ig"ts as a +unction on time during ;;).

Seeding Amounts
%he amount o! Ag" dispensed on each da& o! operations in 2004 is sho-n in Figure 33# %here -ere 18 da&s on -hich P10(g o! seeding material -as dispensed# "n comparison2 there -ere onl& 8 da&s last &ear on -hich P10 (g -as dispensed# %he !i,e largest seed da&s -ere: Aul& 2 nd ;28#4 (g<2 Aul& 30th ;23#0 (g<2 August 4th ;21#? (g<2 Aul& 10th ;1?#6 (g<2 and Aul& 16th ;19#4 (g<# %he storms this &ear -ere on a,erage bigger and longer5li,ed#

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Figure ((: Amount o+ AgA dis=ensed =er o=erationa, da' in ;;).

COMPARISON OF 2004 WITH PREVIOUS YEARS


%able 8 lists the operational statistics !or the past nine &ears o! the Alberta Hail Suppression Project# %his summer -as ,er& bus& -ith respect to the number o! storm da&s# Also2 -hen storms !ormed2 the& tended to be large and se,ere2 reDuiring substantial !light time and seeding material# A total o! 106 aircra!t !lights totaling 229#6 hrs too( place on 39 operational da&s# %here -as one da& -ith onl& test !lights# A total o! ?0 storms -ere seeded during 43 seeding !lights ;1?6#9 hrs< on 2? da&s on -hich seeding too( place# %here -ere 1? patrol !lights ;2?#6 hrs< and 3 test !lights ;2#3 hrs<# %he amount o! sil,er5iodide nucleating agent dispensed during the 2004 !ield season totaled 290#? (g: consisting o! 8613 ejectable ;cloud5top< !lares ;130#28 (g seeding agent<2 499 end5burning ;cloud5base< !lares ;131#66 (g seeding agent<2 and 132#9 gallons o! Ag"5acetone solution ;?#1 (g Ag"<# %he brea(do-n o! the !lare usage according to aircra!t during the past 6 &ears is gi,en in %able 9# %he 'ing5Air ;Hailstop 3< per!ormed in a comparable role this &ear to the +he&enne "" ;Hailstop 3< o! the pre,ious 4 &ears because the& -ere all turbine5prop aircra!t# Hailstop 1 continued to be the primar& cloud5top aircra!t as indicated b& the high usage o! ejectable !lares# Hailstop 3 -as primaril& a cloud5 base seeder this &ear but also per!ormed capabl& as a cloud5top seeder -hen called upon# %he +340 ;Hailstop 2< -as onl& used as a cloud5base seeder this &ear2 e,en though it has the capabilit& to seed at cloud top# %he a,erage amount o! seeding material dispensed per hour ;1#2 (gMhr<2 and a,erage amount o! seeding material dispensed per storm ;3#0 (gMstorm< -as slightl& greater than the ?5&ear a,erage amounts# %he amount o! seeding material dispensed this &ear -as second onl& to the &ear 2000#

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#ab,e 2: $=erationa, Statistics For #"e Past 9 Eears.


2004 STORM DAYS AIRCRAFT MISSIONS TOTAL FLIGHT TIME S%$R S S**1*1 FLARES T?@ B3:9 A79>?49 SEEDING M3:: 34 ;? patrol< 106 229#6 HRS 2003 2? ;3 patrol< ?2 183#8 HRS 2002 40 ;13 patrol< ?2 169#4 HRS 200 43 ;9 patrol< 10? 204#3 HRS 2000 48 ;13 patrol< 130 286#2 HRS """ 46 ;8 patrol< 114 261#3 HRS ""! 38 ;6 patrol< ?8 14?#? HRS ""&L 43 ;6 patrol< ?2 144#1 HRS ""#L 30 ;1 patrol< 91 16?#1 HRS

?0

9?

64

?4

138

182

163

104

96 ;appro=#< 3419 642 32#2 HRS ;40#6 0S gallons< 183#3 'g

8613 499 63#1 HRS ;132#90S gallons< 290#? 'g

4486 614 39#1 HRS ;?2#8 0S gallons< 193#4 'g

3104 399 32#1 HRS ;40#3 0S gallons< 124#2 'g

6226 633 68#3 HRS ;140#4 0S gallons< 1?6#0 'g

?863 ?40 68#6 HRS ;141#3 0S gallons< 343#4 'g

443? 8?0 11?#0 HRS ;2?9#6 0S gallons< 212#9 'g

2023 4?8 99#6 HRS ;1?3#4 0S gallons< 111#1 'g

2398 368 69#9 HRS ;144#3 0S gallons< 110#4 'g

L JH49 5>C >? S9@>9DE98 5 >C BH8A4< ""# 34B ""&. MP3>8?;N 2 B3=: IA>C @3>8?; ?G >9:> G;A<C>: ?4;= 34B 4? :99BA4<

#ab,e 5: !,oud seeding +,are usage com=arison b' aircra+t.

Y938

H3A;:>?@ C3;<38= CC9=9449


F@".H% hrs F@AR*S

H3A;:>?@ 2 C3;<38= C340


F@".H% hrs F@AR*S A+*%$/*

H3A;:>?@ 3 R9B D998 C"0 KA4< AA8


F@".H% hrs F@AR*S

2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

43#2 6694 top2 36? base 83#? 36?4 top2 260 base 69#1 1??4 top2 183 base 82#4 3194 top2 218 base 4?#6 4966 top2 39? base

82#2 0 top2 1?8 base 63#1 hr 64#2 0 top2 130 base 39#1 hr 4?#3 2 top2 93 base 32#1 hr 94#4 4 top2 216 base 68#3 hr 99#4 184 top2 1?3 base 68#6 hr

42#1 ?3? top2 322 base 46#6 489 top2 134 base 61#0 1112 top2 141 base 84#1 20?3 top2 102 base ?9#4 4934 top2 384 base

STORM TRACK MAPS

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Storm trac( maps ha,e been produced b& Aim Renic( !or each &ear since 1??4 using the ma=5 re!lecti,it& maps produced b& %"%A/# %he map o! all hailstorm trac(s during 2004 is sho-n in Figure 34# Aul& and August -ere ,er& bus& months and the number o! long5li,ed storms or Hsuper cellsI -as greater than a,erage# At least nine storms trac(ed across or -ithin the cit& o! +algar&2 and se,eral others -ere near misses# %here -ere considerabl& more storms than last &ear#

Figure (): Storm track ma= +or ;;) (courtes' Jim Renick).

METEOROLOGICAL DATA

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High Dualit&2 near real5time -eather in!ormation !rom a ,ariet& o! sources is no- readil& and !reel& a,ailable ,ia the "nternet# W " did not subscribe to the special merchant account ser,ice o! *n,ironment +anada ;*+< in 2004 because all o! the important data is no- !reel& a,ailable on the "nternet# %he biggest impro,ement to the *n,ironment +anada and /AJ +anada -eb sites in 2004 -as !ree access to the Strathmore and +ar,el radar data at 10 min inter,als in near real5time# Access to the *+ radar data pro,ided e=panded radar co,erage both north and south o! the project area and complemented the W " radar data# %he upper5air soundings obtained ,ia the "nternet are ,aluable !or !orecasting purposes2 ho-e,er2 the use!ulness is decreasing because the !orecast soundings !rom the 0S *%A model are pro,ing to be ,er& accurate and reliable# A special ac(no-ledgement must be gi,en once again to the +ollege o! 1u Page ;+$1<2 in .len *ll&n2 "@ ;just -est o! +hicago<2 !or pro,iding e=cellent meteorological in!ormation in near real5time ,ia their -eb site at http:MM-eather#cod#eduM!orecastM# $! particular interest and use -as the displa& -indo- o! the +anadian prairies !or the *%A model and the displa&s and anal&ses o! the hourl& sur!ace obser,ations# Some e=amples o! the +$1 data products are sho-n in the later sections o! storm case studies#

Weat"er +orecasting
%he dail& !orecast !or the hail project -as routinel& prepared each morning2 either b& 1ar&l $F1o-d in +algar& or b& Wes Ho,or(a and %im Reith at the Radar2 and presented at 12 noon# %he !orecast time period !or ,eri!ication -as considered to be 24 hrs2 spanning the period !rom ?am to ? am# %he primar& input data used !or the !orecast included the !ollo-ing: Regional anal&ses at 260 mb2 600 mb2 900 mb# 0pper air sounding data !rom *dmonton or 'elo-na *%A model !orecast soundings !or +algar&2 Red 1eer2 Sundre2 and Roc(& tn# House# Public and A,iation Forecasts Se,ere -eather charts /umerical model !orecasts ;.* 2 *ta< Satellite pictures Radar pictures !rom *n,ironment +anada !acilities at Strathmore and +ar,el# !or !uture

All o! the meteorological data collected during the !ield season ha,e been stored on +15R$ re!erence purposes#

!on1ecti1e Da' !ategor' (!D!)


A!ter the -eather !orecast is produced2 a +on,ecti,e 1a& +ategor& ;+1+< is selected that best describes the conditions that are e=pected !or the da&# %he +1+ ;Strong2 1?9?< is an inde= that gi,es the potential !or hailstorm acti,it& and seeding operations# A description o! the -eather conditions !or each +1+ is gi,en in %able 4# %he distinction bet-een the 52 and 51 categor& -as the same as last &ear so that an& scattered rain sho-ers -ere categori:ed as a 51# "n addition2 the radar Jertical "ntegrated @iDuid ;J"@< -as used as an indicator o! hail si:e# %his ma& ha,e increased the number o! hail da&s !rom the earl& &ears2 -hich relied on a human report o! hail!all at the sur!aceB ho-e,er2 it is belie,ed to be a more realistic measure o! hail# %here -ere a !e- da&s -hen pea si:e hail -as reported and the J"@ -as R 10 (gMm 2# %hese cases -ere classi!ied as T1 da&s2 and sur!ace reports supersede the radar criterion# %he T1 categor& minimum hail si:e -as changed to 6 mm since this is a common minimum si:e !or hail# Smaller ice particles R 6mm diameter are generall& called snopellets or graupel particles#

#ab,e 8: Descri=tion o+ !on1ecti1e Da' !ategor' (!D!) Ande3

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CDC 53

S>83>9<= /o Seed

D9:78A@>A?4 +lear s(ies2 !air -eather cumulus2 or stratus ;-ith no rain<# /o deep con,ection# $,ercast stratus producing rain !or prolonged periods2 or to-ering cumulus# Scattered rain sho-ers but no threat o! hail# lightning# /o reports o!

52

/o Seed

51

/o Seed

Patrol !lights and potential seeding# Seed Seed Seed Seed Seed

%hunderstorms ;at least one< but no hail# J"@ R 10 (gMm 2 -ithin the project area or bu!!er :ones on north2 east2 and south sides# %hunderstorms -ith pea or shot si:ed hail ;0#6 to 1#2 cm diameter<# 10 (gMm 2 R J"@ R 20 (gMm 2 %hunderstorms -ith grape si:ed hail ;1#3 to 2#0 cm diameter<# 20 (gMm 2 R J"@ R 60 (gMm 2 %hunderstorms -ith -alnut si:ed hail ;2#1 to 3#2 cm diameter<# 60 (gMm 2 R J"@ R 100 (gMm 2 %hunderstorms -ith gol!ball si:ed hail ;3#3 to 6#2 cm diameter<# J"@ P 100 (gMm 2 %hunderstorms -ith greater than gol!ball si:ed hail ;P6#2 cm diameter<#

T1 T2 T3 T4 T6

Jarious meteorological parameters are also !orecast in addition to the +1+# %hese parameters are used in de,eloping a seeding strateg& and are passed on to pilots during the -eather brie!ing# %he meteorological parameters are recorded each da& and archi,ed !or !uture anal&sis# A summar& o! the dail& meteorological parameters is gi,en in a later section and the !ull table o! parameters is gi,en in an Appendi=#

!oordinated Cni1ersa, #ime


%he standard re!erence time chosen !or the project !ield operations is coordinated uni,ersal time ;0%+<# %his time -as !ormerl& called H.reen-ich ean %imeI ;. %< and is the accepted international standard o! time !or general a,iation and meteorological obser,ations2 reporting2 and communication# "n Alberta2 0%+ is 8 hrs ahead o! local ountain 1a&light time# For e=ample2 12 noon local is eDual to 1400 0%+2 and 8 pm local is eDual to 2400 or 00 0%+# %his causes some con!usion since man& o! the thunderstorms occurred late in the da& and span the 8 pm local time -hich is midnight or 00 hrs# 0%+# %he standard con,ention incorporated b& the Alberta project is to e=press all aircra!t2 radar2 and meteorological times in 0%+2 ho-e,er2 !or con,enience2 the summar& tables are all organi:ed according to the local calendar HstormI da&#

Dai,' %rie+ings

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All project sta!! and the ASW S 1irector participated in a telephone con!erence Hbrie!ing sessionI each da& at 12 noon sharp# %eam-or( depends on good communications2 and all sta!! -ere reDuired to attend the dail& noon brie!ing# %his brie!ing session included a summar& o! the pre,ious da&Fs operations ;i! an&<2 discussion o! the -eather situation2 presentation o! the -eather !orecast and operational meteorological statistics2 predicted hail threat2 cloud base heights and temperatures2 upper le,el -inds2 storm motion etc#2 eDuipment status reports2 and operational plans !or the da&# A!ter the brie!ing2 cre-s -ere put on telephone stand5b& or as(ed to remain at the airport on stand5b&# All sta!! -ere eDuipped -ith either pagers or cell telephones to allo- Duic( access and constant communications da& or night#

Meteoro,ogica, Statistics
A complete listing o! the dail& meteorological statistics is gi,en in Appendi= A# A summar& o! the important dail& atmospheric parameters used as inputs !or the dail& !orecast o! the +1+ and threat o! hail is gi,en in %able ?# #ab,e 9: Summar' o+ im=ortant dai,' atmos="eric =arameters used as in=uts +or t"e dai,' +orecast t"e !D! during ;;).

Parameter

A,erage

A;; D3=: $ 0&% Std1e, a= Jalue

in Jalue

F+S% +1+ 50#04 1#2? 3 53 Precip# Water ;in< 0#90 0#20 1#64 0#36 0Q+ @e,el ;(!t< 11#13 1#99 14#? 9#6 56Q+ @e,el ;(!t< 13#49 1#?1 19#1 ?#1 510Q+ @e,el ;(!t< 18#13 1#?8 1?#? 11#4 +loud Ease Height ;(!t< 4#99 1#99 13#1 4#6 +loud Ease %emp ;Q+< 4#83 3#43 12#9 54 a=imum +loud %op Height ;(!t< 29#19 9#44 40 13 %emp# a=imum ;Q+< 20#19 4#?9 30 4 1e- Point ;Q+< 4#38 3#34 16 0 +on, %emp ;Q+< 1?#90 4#?? 31 10#? +AP* ;AM(g< 492#2? 3?4#44 1414 0 %otal %otals 62#?9 3#39 6?#4 40 @i!ted "nde= 51#80 2#12 9#4 56#6 Sho-alter 51#10 2#23 9#6 56#? +ell 1irection ;deg< 243#01 68#48 380 4 +ell Speed ;(nots< 20#19 9#66 43 4 Storm 1irection ;deg< 240#?9 46#14 36? 2 Storm Speed ;(nots< 16#40 8#39 43 6 @o- @e,el Wind 1irection ;deg< 290#40 90#06 366 2 @o- @e,el Wind Speed ;(nots< 16#09 9#00 40 2 id @e,el Wind 1irection ;deg< 294#04 69#48 363 6 id @e,el Wind Speed ;(nots< 26#00 10#34 60 6 High @e,el Wind 1irection ;deg< 269#34 90#?? 349 4 High @e,el Wind Speed ;(nots< 44#39 20#24 ?1 1 $bser,ed +1+ 0#02 1#99 6 53 Hail !ell -ithin the project area on 36 da&s# @arger than gol! ball si:e hail !ell on Aul& 1? th -est o! Sundre# .ol! ball si:e hail -as reported on !i,e da&s ;Aune 13B Aul& 12 162 30B Aug 24<# Walnut si:e hail -as reported on 3 da&s ;Aul& 102 112 20<# %he most damaging storms occurred on Aul& 16 th in +algar&2 and August 24th in @angdon# ost cities and to-ns -ithin the project area remained !ree o!
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damaging hail2 and the preliminar& estimates o! propert& insurance claims !or the project area this summer are once again lo-er than the pre,ious 105&ear non5seeded a,erage# A summar& o! the important dail& atmospheric parameters on the 36 da&s on -hich hail -as reported is gi,en in %able 10# %hese ,alues represent t&pical conditions !or hail da&s in Alberta# %hese statistics help put the Alberta project clouds in conte=t -ith other hail suppression projects around the -orld# Furthermore2 these ,alues can be used to initiali:e numerical models !or research purposes# #ab,e 1;: Summar' o+ im=ortant dai,' atmos="eric =arameters used as in=uts +or t"e dai,' +orecast o+ t"e !D! during ;;).

Parameter
F+S% +1+ Precip# Water ;in< 0Q+ @e,el ;(!t< 56Q+ @e,el ;(!t< 510Q+ @e,el ;(!t< +loud Ease Height ;(!t< +loud Ease %emp ;Q+< a=imum +loud %op Height ;(!t< %emp# a=imum ;Q+< 1e- Point ;Q+< +on, %emp ;Q+< +AP* ;AM(g< %otal %otals @i!ted "nde= Sho-alter +ell 1irection ;deg< +ell Speed ;(nots< Storm 1irection ;deg< Storm Speed ;(nots< @o- @e,el Wind 1irection ;deg< @o- @e,el Wind Speed ;(nots< id @e,el Wind 1irection ;deg< id @e,el Wind Speed ;(nots< High @e,el Wind 1irection ;deg< High @e,el Wind Speed ;(nots< $bser,ed +1+

A,erage
0#48 0#99 11#49 13#94 18#36 4#9? 6#?3 31#63 21#03 ?#43 20#3 906#2? 66#0 53#04 52#4? 294#31 21#39 300#69 16#23 294#91 16#61 284#2? 26#31 268#0? 48#19 2#03

H3A; D3=: $35% Std1e, a= Jalue


1#08 0#19 1#89 1#40 1#?1 1#29 3#34 6#84 4#26 2#?9 4#3 400#03 2#6 1#32 1#81 36#86 8#46 38#?1 6#84 34#?9 4#8? 38#?8 11#20 63#2? 20#89 1#14 3#00 1#10 14#20 18#80 1?#40 10#40 12#90 40#00 2?#00 14#00 2?#0 1414#00 6?#4 50#10 50#10 321#00 34#00 364#00 32#00 316#00 23#00 328#00 4?#00 331#00 ?1#00 6#00

in Jalue
51#00 0#39 9#60 ?#40 11#40 4#60 52#00 14#00 11#00 2#00 11#0 ?4#00 4?#6 56#60 56#?0 142#00 10#00 1?0#00 6#00 198#00 2#00 149#00 9#00 90#00 1#00 1#00

For the entire Pro,ince o! Alberta2 the Alberta Agriculture Financial Ser,ices +orporation reported hail damage to crops on 89 da&s ;2 da&s in a&2 10 da&s in Aune2 29 da&s in Aul&2 18 da&s in August2 and 12 da&s in September<# .ol! ball si:e hail -as reported on ? da&s ;Aune 13B Aul& 12 22 112 162 192 30B August 42 24< this summer in Alberta# Preliminar& data !rom crop insurance claims indicates that crop damage -as more than a,erage this &ear# %he most damaging storm o! the &ear in terms o! propert& damage occurred in *dmonton on Aul& 11 th# .ol! ball si:e hail and hea,& rain caused e=tensi,e !looding damage to south and -est *dmonton and a section o! the roo! o! West *dmonton all collapsed# Preliminar& damage estimates !or the *dmonton storm -ere C134 illion# Pro,ince -ide2 2004 -as an abo,e5a,erage &ear !or the number o! hail da&s# %he summerFs -eather can be characteri:ed as cool and -et#
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FORECASTING PERFORMANCE
%he !ollo-ing tables indicate the !orecasting per!ormance !or the summer season -ith respect to the !orecast and obser,ed -eather conditions as de!ined b& the H+on,ecti,e 1a& +ategor&I or +1+ -ithin the project area# A +1+ greater than :ero indicates HhailI# %he !orecasts -ere ,eri!ied b& the -eather obser,ations as reported b& *n,ironment +anada2 crop insurance reports recei,ed !rom the Agriculture Financial Ser,ices +orp# in @acombe2 and also b& public reports o! hail in the press2 radio2 and tele,ision2 as -ell as b& the reports !rom project personnel# %he Jertical "ntegrated @iDuid ;J"@< radar parameter -as also used as a ,eri!ication tool2 but secondar& to actual hail reports# Re!erring to %able 11: Hail !ell -ithin the project area on 36 o! 109 da&s ;33><2 lea,ing 92 da&s -ithout hail ;89><# %he !orecast -as correct in !orecasting Hno5hailI on 83 o! 92 obser,ed no5hail da&s ;44>< and correctl& !orecast HhailI da&s on 21 o! 36 da&s ;80><# %he !orecast !ailed to correctl& !orecast hail on 14 o! 36 da&s ;40>< and incorrectl& !orecast hail ;!alse alarm< on ? o! the 30 da&s -hen !orecasting hail ;30><# %he Heid(e S(ill Score ;HSS< !or W " this past &ear ;!rom %able 11< is 0#4?# %he HSS ,aries !rom N1 !or no s(ill to T1 !or per!ect !orecasts# %he s(ill is considered signi!icant i! HSSP0#4# %he !orecasting o! hail seemed to be more di!!icult this &ear due to the abundant sur!ace moisture that persisted throughout the summer because o! the abo,e a,erage rain!all during the spring and summer# Although the HSS !or the W " !orecasters indicated signi!icant s(ill2 this -as the lo-est HSS !or the last 6 &ears# %he +ritical Success "nde= ;+S"< is the ratio o! the success!ul hail !orecasts di,ided b& the sum o! all hail !orecasts plus the busts# %he +S" does not incorporate the null e,ent ;no5hail !orecast and no5hail obser,ed<2 and is also a popular measure o! the s(ill o! !orecasts# %he +S" !or W " this past &ear -as 0#442 also the lo-est o,er the last !e- &ears# Re!erring to %able 12: %he e=act !orecast -eather t&pe ;+1+< -as obser,ed on 46 o! 109 da&s or 42> o! the time# %he !orecast -as correct to -ithin one +1+ categor& on 42 da&s or 99> o! the time# 0n!ortunatel&2 there -ere three da&s -hen grape si:ed hail !ell and hail -as not !orecast2 and t-o da&s -hen gol!5ball si:e hail !ell and no hail -as !orecast# 1amaging hail da&s had not been missed the last !e- &ears and this -as undoubtedl& due to the relati,e ine=perience o! the !orecasters this &ear# %hese HbustI !orecasts didnFt impact the operations since the dail& !orecast is used onl& as a general guide and all the cre-s and eDuipment -ere at the read& to conduct operations on each o! the hail da&s# "n !act2 the undergroundMuno!!icial !orecast among cre- members called !or hail on all the hail da&s2 there!ore2 there -ere no surprises# #ab,e 11: #ab,e o+ t"e $bser1ed 1ersus Forecast da's .it" 0ai, and Do@0ai, +or t"e summer o+ ;;).

OE:98F9B D3=: N? H3A; H3A; FCST D3=: N? H3A; FCST D3=: H3A; %otals 83 Z44>[ ? Z13>[ 92 Z89>[ 14 Z40>[ 21 Z80>[ 36 Z33>[

%otals 99 Z92>[ 30 Z24>[ 109

#ab,e 1 : #ab,e o+ Forecast 1ersus $bser1ed !D! dai,' 1a,ues ;;).

OE:98F9B C?4F97>AF9 D3= C3>9<?8= $CDC% W93>C98 2004 (3 (3


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(2 ( 0
F?8973:>

1 3 1 1

1 1 2 19 ? 1

2 4 18 4 3 1 4 3 3 1 2 4 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4 24 3? 19 11 2 0

CDC 2 3 4 5

11

24

2?

16

11

0 109

Percent correct e=act +1+ categor& V 46M109 V 42> Percent correct -ithin one +1+ categor& V 42M109 V 99> /umber o! times no5hail obser,ed -hen no5hail -as !orecast V 83M93 ;44>< /umber o! times hail obser,ed -hen hail !orecast V 21M36 Percentage +orrect !or Hail \ /o Hail !orecasts V 44M109 ;9?>< Eust !orecast: i#e# hail obser,ed -hen no hail -as !orecast V 14M36 ;40>< False alarm: i#e# hail !orecast and none obser,ed V ?M30 ;30>< A table sho-ing the brea( do-n o! +1+ ,alues !or each o! the pre,ious ? seasons is sho-n in %able 13# a=imum ,alues in each categor& are highlighted# %his &ear had an abo,e a,erage number o! -alnut and larger hail da&s2 and abo,e a,erage number o! thunderstorm and sho-er da&s# %here also -as a belo- a,erage number o! sunn&2 -arm2 and clear ;+1+V53< da&s or to-ering5cumulus da&s ;52<# #ab,e 1(: Annua, Summar' o+ !on1ecti1e Da' !ategories (!D!) 53 1??8 1??9 1??4 1??? 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Weather

;80><

52 21 1? 24 14 21 4 4 9 4

51 12 8 2 4 4 1? 20 20 24

$bser1ed !D! 0 1 2 11 24 2? 24 28 14 18 24 2? 6 1? 23 22 14 1? 16 4 16 12 11 4 10 ? 14 19 12 11

3 3 3 2 2 2 6 3 2 3

4 1 0 4 1 ? 4 1 6 6

6 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1

%otals ?3 ?3 109 109 109 109 109 109 109


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%otals A,erage a= in

184 14#2 29 9

128 14#0 24 4

123 13#9 24 2

20? 23#2 2? 11

144 18#0 23 6

104 12#0 14 4

26 2#4 6 2

30 3#3 ? 0

8 0#9 1 0

?36

THE HAILCAST MODEL


An updated ,ersion o! the HA"@+AS% model ;Erimelo-2 1???< -as again used this summer to objecti,el& !orecast the ma=imium hail si:e o,er the project area# HA"@+AS% consists o! t-o components2 namel& a stead&5state one5dimensional cloud model and a 15dimensional2 time dependent hail model -ith microph&sics# %he reader is re!erred to Erimelo- ;1???< !or a detailed e=planation o! the model# %he main !eatures include the !ollo-ing:

0ai, 6ro.t" !'c,e


Follo-ing Poolman ;1??2<2 the gro-th c&cle o! a hailstone in the hail model can be described as !ollo-s: A dri::le5si:ed drop ;300 m in diameter< is introduced into the updra!t at cloud base# %his particle acts as a hail embr&o and is assumed to originate !rom the shedding o! -ater b& melting hail alread& present in the cloud ;Rasmussen et al#2 1?44b<# %he hail embr&o initiall& consists entirel& o! -ater ;Fraction5Water V F-V1< and has the same temperature as the updra!t air# %he hail embr&o gro-s b& coalescence at it rises through the lo-er parts o! the cloud# When the embr&o passes through the N4Q+ le,el2 it is assumed to !ree:e spontaneousl& ;F-V0< and enters the dr& gro-th regime# Abo,e N20Q+ the hail embr&o enters the mi=ed5phase :one o! the cloud and gro-s b& accreting both supercooled -ater and ice cr&stals# As the hail embr&o intercepts supercooled -ater droplets2 its temperature ;%s< increases due to the latent heat o! !ree:ing associated -ith the accreted -ater# "! the hailstone is unable to remo,e the heat added through accretion o! -ater droplets !ast enough2 it enters the -et5gro-th regime ;%sV 0+ and F-R1<# "! the heat transport is su!!icientl& large2 the hailstone remains in the dr& gro-th regime ;%sR 0+ and F-V0<# A!ter each time step ;0#1s< the hailstoneFs increase in mass and ne- diameter are calculated# 1epending on the heat trans!er and gro-th regime2 the changes in %s or F- are determined# "! the hailstone is in the -et gro-th regime2 e=cess -ater is shed i! it e=ceeds the critical limit# %he hailstoneFs ne- diameter is then adjusted accordingl&# %he hailstone continues to gro- and rise ,erticall& until its !all speed e=ceeds that o! the updra!t or the updra!t collapses a!ter a !inite time that is dependent on the amount o! -ind shear# %he greatest increase in diameter occurs as the hailstone descends through the supercooled region o! the cloud2 since it no- has a large cross5sectional area# 1uring its descent2 the calculations outlined abo,e are repeated a!ter each time step# /o more gro-th occurs a!ter the hailstone descends belo- the 0Q+ le,el2 due to the shedding o! melt -ater on the hailstoneOs sur!ace# Some hailstones melt completel& be!ore reaching the ground2 and since no drop brea(5up mechanism is included in the model2 drops as large as ? mm in diameter are sometimes produced# %he Hailcast model -as modi!ied to reduce the minimum time o! updra!t to 16 min !rom 20 min2 and this helped to reduce the si:e o! hail !or short5li,ed2 simple cellular con,ection# Also2 the melting computation belo- cloud base -as changed to use the -et5bulb temperature pro!ile instead o! the en,ironmental temperature pro!ile#

PERFORMANCE OF THE HAILCAST MODEL IN 2004


*%A !orecast soundings !or 0000K !or Red 1eer2 +algar& ;and occasionall& Roc(& ountain House< -ere do-nloaded dail& !rom the Storm achine -ebsite# A decision tree scheme -as used to determine -hether or not the soundings should be used to initiali:e the model# %he decision tree is
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based on the -or( o! ills and +olDuhoun ;1??4<# %he decision tree logic -as described in detail in the 2003 !inal report# Easicall&2 the Hailcast model -as not run i! the atmospheric pro!ile sho-ed signi!icant inhibition at 900 mb ;appro=imatel& 10 (!t< or -arming alo!t during the da&# %able 14 sho-s the Hailcast Forecast ,ersus $bser,ed table o! 1ail& +1+ ,alues !or the period Aune 13 th to September 16th 2004# Hailcast -as not run prior to Aune 13th# #ab,e 1): #ab,e o+ Forecast 1ersus $bser1ed !D! dai,' 1a,ues using 0AA4S!AS# during t"e =eriod June 1( to Se=tember 1/> ;;). Hailcast +1+ 53 /o Run or /o Hail T1 T2 T3 T4 T6 9 2 52 1 $bser,ed +1+ 51 0 T1 18 2 4 1 ? 2 23 4 8 6 3 4 28 2 3 3 4 3 16 T2 T3 T4 T6 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 6 1 36 19 16 19 11 0 ?6

2 2 8 1 11

%he probabilit& o! detection ;P$1<2 !alse alarm ratio ;FAR<2 Heid(e S(ill Score ;HSS<2 and +ritical Success "nde= ;+S"< per!ormance o! HA"@+AS% and W " in 20022 20042 and 2004 are sho-n in %able 16# #ab,e 1/: Probabi,it' o+ detection (P$D). +a,se a,arm ratio (FAR) and !ritica, Success Ande3 (!SA) =er+ormance o+ 0AA4!AS# and WMA in ;; > ;;(> and ;;). P$1 5 HA"@+AS% P$1 N W " FAR 5 HA"@+AS% FAR N W " HSS 5 HA"@+AS% HSS 5 W " +S" 5 HA"@+AS% +S" 5 W " 2002 0#41 0#43 0#34 0#33 0#68 0#6? 0#69 0#6? 2003 0#98 0#48 0#68 0#18 0#33 0#83 0#3? 0#6? 2004 #?1 #80 #49 #30 #3? #61 #61 #4?

%he per!ormance o! the HA"@+AS% model in 2004 -as good but not great# %he probabilit& o! detection o! hail e,ents -as 0#?1 -hich -as ,er& good2 and better than the W " !orecaster# Ho-e,er2 the !alse alarm ratio o! HA"@+AS% in 2004 -as #49 indicating that hail -as !orecast on 24 o! 80 da&s -hen hail -as not reported# Perhaps the hail !ell onl& in the !oothills and not -ithin the project area2 ho-e,er2 the reliabilit& o! the Hailcast !orecast su!!ered since it seemed that it -anted to ma(e hail e,er& da& during Aul& and August# Hailcast missed one gol!5ball si:e da&2 and t-o pea si:e hail da&s# %he HSS !or Hailcast -as onl& 0#3? due to the man& !alse5alarms2 -hich is just belo- the ,alue o! 0#4 -hich is generall& considered to be the threshold le,el o! s(ill# %he +S" !or Hailcast -as slightl& greater than the +S" !or the W " !orecaster# %hese results demonstrate that -hile HA"@+AS% is a use!ul tool it has -ea(nessF similar to man& models and the results need to be interpreted -ithin the conte=t o! the o,erall meteorological situation2 ta(ing into consideration other s&noptic2 meso5scale2 or d&namical aspects that are not included in the one5dimensional model#

ANALY'ING THE ROLE OF WET BULB 'ERO


Wet5bulb temperature is the temperature an air parcel -ould ha,e i! cooled adiabaticall& to saturation at constant pressure b& e,aporation o! -ater into the air2 all latent heat being supplied b& the parcel ;.lossar& o! eteorolog& 1?6?<# Wet5bulb5:ero ;WEK< height is the height abo,e the sur!ace in -hich the air parcel -et5bulb temperature becomes 0+# id-estern 0SA studies o! thunderstorms indicate that o,er ?0> o! reported sur!ace hail occurred -here the WEK height -as bet-een 62000 and 122000 !t# "n those cases in -hich large hail -as reported2 the WEK heights -ere clustered around an a,erage o! ?2000 !t abo,e the sur!ace# When WEK heights -ere abo,e 112000 !t and belo- 92000 !t2 the
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!reDuenc& and si:e o! hail diminished rapidl& ; iller 1?92<# 1ar&l $F1o-d routinel& used the WEK height as a !orecasting parameter2 there!ore2 an assessment o! its relationship to hail in Alberta -as anal&:ed !or the month o! Aul& 2004# %he relationship bet-een WEK height2 as determined b& the *%A model 12 hr !orecast sounding !or +algar& and Red 1eer2 and dail& +1+ !or 31 da&s o! Aul& 2004 is sho-n in Figure 36#

Figure (/: #"e re,ations"i= bet.een W%: "eig"t and dai,' !D! +or (1 da's o+ Ju,' ;;) Although there is a ,er& -ea( trend to-ards increasing WEK heights -ith hail si:e2 the WEK ,alues do not discriminate -ell bet-een da&s -ith onl& sho-ers ;51< or thundersho-ers ;0<2 and da&s -ith small or large hail# %he higher WEK ,alues at Red 1eer are mostl& a re!lection o! the lo-er station ele,ation at Red 1eer# +algar& is higher abo,e sea5le,el and2 there!ore2 tends to ha,e lo-er WEK heights abo,e ground le,el b& appro=imatel& 1000 !eet# %he !reDuenc& histogram o! +algar& WEK height ,alues according to /$5HA"@2 HA"@2 and @AR.*5 HA"@ are sho-n in Figures 382 392 and 34 respecti,el&# Although the mean ,alues o! WEK increase -ith hail si:e2 there is considerable o,erlap in the ?0> con!idence le,el o! the mean2 there!ore2 there is little predicti,e ,alue in using WEK !or hail si:e in +algar&# Furthermore2 large hail !ell on 8 o! 11 da&s -ith WEK R9000 !t there!ore2 this should not be used as a !orecast parameter !or large hail in Alberta#

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Descriptive Statistics
Jariable: /o Hail
Anderson51arling /ormalit& %est A5SDuared: 0#241 P5Jalue: 0#646 ean St1e, Jariance S(e-ness 'urtosis / inimum 1st Guartile edian 3rd Guartile a=imum 82?4#14 1483#?6 2143139 53#4*501 2#?4*502 14 2?36#00 6642#00 8116#60 9410#26 ?004#00

3000

4000

6000

8000

9000

4000

?000

?0> +on!idence "nter,al !or u

?0> +on!idence "nter,al !or u 6801#26 8?49#03


6600 8000 8600 9000

?0> +on!idence "nter,al !or Sigma 1118#20 2194#66 ?0> +on!idence "nter,al !or edian 6901#46 9194#?0

?0> +on!idence "nter,al !or edian

Figure (2: #"e +re7uenc' "istogram o+ !a,gar' W%: "eig"t (+t A64) +or D$@0AA4.

Descriptive Statistics
Jariable: L+ Hail
Anderson51arling /ormalit& %est A5SDuared: 0#398 P5Jalue: 0#390 ean St1e, Jariance S(e-ness 'urtosis / inimum 1st Guartile edian 3rd Guartile a=imum 864?#63 1246#68 186286? 58#9*501 4#38*502 19 3364#00 6?64#00 84?4#00 96?4#60 44?6#00

3000

4000

6000

8000

9000

4000

?0> +on!idence "nter,al !or u

?0> +on!idence "nter,al !or u 8006#19 90?3#4?


8000 8600 9000 9600

?0> +on!idence "nter,al !or Sigma 1002#94 1422#43 ?0> +on!idence "nter,al !or edian 8160#84 94??#82

?0> +on!idence "nter,al !or edian

Figure (5: #"e +re7uenc' "istogram o+ !a,gar' W%: "eig"t (+t A64) +or an'@0AA4.

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Descriptive Statistics
Jariable: @arge Ha
Anderson51arling /ormalit& %est A5SDuared: 0#2?1 P5Jalue: 0#640 ean St1e, Jariance S(e-ness 'urtosis / inimum 1st Guartile edian 3rd Guartile a=imum 8422#00 1163#16 132?960 52#2*501 51#1??44 11 4890#00 819?#00 8684#00 9444#00 44?6#00

4600

6600

8600

9600

4600

?0> +on!idence "nter,al !or u

?0> +on!idence "nter,al !or u 81?1#43 9462#19


8200 8900 9200 9900

?0> +on!idence "nter,al !or Sigma 462#29 1439#06 ?0> +on!idence "nter,al !or edian 8204#?2 9929#44

?0> +on!idence "nter,al !or edian

Figure (8: #"e +re7uenc' "istogram o+ !a,gar' W%: "eig"t (+t A64) +or 4AR6<@0AA4 (gra=e siBe and ,arger). $ne e=planation !or the lo-er WEK heights in +algar& on hail da&s is the generall& colder atmosphere at the higher latitudes in Alberta compared to the mid5-estern 0S# Another e=planation that -ould a!!ect the WEK height is dr&er air at the mid5le,els ;92000 to 112000 !t< due to -esterl& !lo- o,er the Roc(& ountains# %his -ould lo-er the -et5bulb temperature as the de-5point depression increases# %he 900 mb dr& intrusion has been an indicator !or the classic conceptual model !or se,ere thunderstorm !orecasting# %his appears to be an important ingredient !or man& signi!icant outbrea(s o! se,ere thunderstorms ; iller 1?92<# 0nder this condition large hail -ould be more li(el& as the WEK height lo-ers# While lo- echo top thunderstorms during the cooler seasons andMor 900 mb dr& intrusion can e=plain a lo-er WEK height2 Figs# 36 to 34 still sho- a trendB as the WEK height increases the +1+ increases# $ne can onl& sa& that there is a -ea( relationship bet-een WEK and hail si:e in Alberta#

ALBERTA GPS ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE EVALUATION $A(GAME% RESEARCH STUDY $3B3@>9B G8?D S5?49) SDA>C) 34B S>8?4< 2003%
%he .eomatics *ngineering 1epartment at the 0ni,ersit& o! +algar& and the Sas(atoon +limate Research Eranch ;+RE< o! the eteorological Ser,ice o! +anada ; S+< ha,e independentl& been in,estigating using .PS ;.lobal Positioning S&stem< recei,ers to obtain ,erticall& integrated moisture2 or precipitable -ater ;PW<# Smith ;2001< presented some encouraging results comparing .PS and radiosonde PW estimates as illustrated in last &earFs !inal report# %he 0 o! + group has installed a net-or( o! .PS recei,ers -ith a,erage baselines o! 605(m2 radiating north2 east2 and south !rom +algar&# A !ield in,estigation using three radiosonde s&stems located at $lds51idsbur&2 Airdrie2 and Sundre -as conducted during Aul& 2003 to e,aluate PW estimates !rom the 0o!+ .PS net-or(# A smaller program -as again run this &ear during Aul& using radiosonde releases at $lds51idsbur& ;b& W "< and at Airdrie ;b& +RE2 Sas(atoon<# %he choice o! Aul& coincides -ith the climatological ma=ima in precipitation2 atmospheric moisture2 and thunderstorm !reDuenc&# %he .PS moisture e,aluation stud& compliments the on5going meteorological research programs b& Smith ;!oothills orographic precipitation< and Strong ;thunderstorm boundar& la&er processes<# "n addition2 this stud& had the acti,e collaboration o! Prairie and /orthern Region ;P/R< o! S+ ;through .ar& Eur(e<2 and Weather odi!ication "ncorporated ;W "2 through 1r# %err& 'rauss o! Red 1eer<# Results !rom the !ield program conducted in 2003 are sho-n in Figures 3? and 40# A time5series plot bet-een radiosonde and .PS deri,ed integrated precipitable -ater measured at +*A3 ;$lds51idsbur&< during Aul& 2003 is sho-n in Figure 3?# A scattergram bet-een radiosonde and .PS deri,ed
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integrated precipitable -ater measured at +*A3 ;$lds51idsbur&< during Aul& 2003 is sho-n in Figure 40#

GPS F:. EA3 R3BA?:?4B9


25 20 O $DD% 5 0 5 0 20(00 2 (00 22(00 23(00 24(00 25(00 2#(00 2&(00 2&(24 4(00 !(00 #(00 5(00 &(00 "(00

TAD9
T C899 HA;;: GP S O;B : GPS S H4 B89 EA3

Figure (9: !om=arison bet.een radiosonde and 6PS deri1ed integrated =reci=itab,e .ater measured at !<A( ($,ds@Didsbur') during Ju,' ;;( (Figure courtes' !raig Smit").

GPS F:. O;B:(DAB:EH8= R3BA?:?4B9 $EA3% PWV 25

20 GP S O $DD%

5 5 0 5 R3BA?:?4B9 O $DD%
%hree Hills Sundre $lds 1 to 1 line

20

25

Figure );: Scattergram bet.een Preci=itab,e Water measured b' t"e radiosonde com=ared .it" Preci=itab,e Water mesured b' t"e 6PS net.ork (Figure courtes' !raig Smit").

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%he current A.A * research team includes: 1# Principal "n,estigator: P8?G. SH:34 S5?492 Assoc# Pro!#2 .eomatics *ngineering2 0ni,ersit& o! +algar&2 +algar&2 AE 5 ss(one)geomatics#ucalgar&#ca 2# +o5"n,estigator: C83A< SDA>C2 S+M+RE2 Sas(atoon2 S' 5 +raig#Smith)ec#gc#ca 3# +o5"n,estigator: D8. G9?GG S>8?4< 2 Adjunct Pro!# *arth \ Atmospheric Sciences2 0ni,ersit& o! Alberta2 *dmonton2 AE 5 geo!!#strong)sha-#ca %he !ollo-ing students -ere participants in the !ield stud&2 and -ill li(el& use some o! the collected data in their thesis research: 4# Jictoria Ho&le2 #Sc student2 .eomatics *ngineering2 0ni,ersit& o! +algar&2 +algar&2 AE 6# /atal&a /icholson2 Ph#1 student2 .eomatics *ngineering2 0ni,ersit& o! +algar&2 +algar&2 AE 8# @esle& Hill2 #Sc student2 *arth \ Atmospheric Sciences2 0ni,ersit& o! Alberta2 *dmonton2 AE ajor collaborators in the !ield-or( -ere: 9# D8. T988= K83H::2 Weather odi!ication "ncorporated ;W "<2 Red 1eer2 AE 5 (rausst)telusplanet#net# 4# G38= BH8592 S+MP/R2 *dmonton2 AE 5 .ar&#Eur(e)ec#gc#ca# ?# P3>8A75 KA4<2 S+M RE2 %oronto2 $/ 5 Patric(#'ing)ec#gc#ca# "n addition2 se,eral other researchers ha,e indicated their interest in one or more aspects o! the research2 and -ill pro,ide other datasets and anal&sis in the research# %hese include Eob 'ochtubajda o! S+MP/R2 -ho -ill pro,ide lightning data anal&ses and data !rom the +anadian @ightning 1ata /et-or( ;+@1/<2 Aulian Erimelo-2 -ho ma& be in,ol,ed in the ;+ +5.* and *%A< model simulation e,aluations2 /eil %a&lor o! S+MP/R2 -ho -ill conduct storm chases on speci!ic da&s and pro,ide manual and photographic summaries2 and Arjen and Aerrine Jer(ai( o! S(&Art Productions2 -ho conducted ground5based storm chase and photographic documentation o! storms#

DRY(LINE STUDIES ASSOCIATED WITH A(GAME $E= G9?GG S>8?4<%


For the past t-o &ears W " has participated in a lo-5budget stud& on Alberta thunderstorms associated -ith A5.A * ;Alberta .PS oisture *,aluation<# A5.A * is !unded b& +F+AS through the 0ni,ersit& o! +algar& .eomatics *ngineering 1epartment# %he P" ;Principal "n,estigator< is Pro!essor Susan S(one2 -ith co5"s +raig Smith ; S+M+RE2 Sas(atoon< and .eo!! Strong ;Adjunct Pro!#2 0ni,ersit& o! Alberta and !ree5lance researcher<# As the name implies2 the main objecti,e o! A5.A * is to e,aluate the ,alidit& o! .PS precipitable -ater ;PW< estimates retrie,ed !rom .PS recei,ers# Atmospheric moisture is a major source o! signal noise in .PS communications and is t&picall& !iltered out# Ho-e,er2 the !iltered noise can be con,erted to PW -ith surprisingl& good correlation -ith radiosonde computations ;re!erences a,ailable upon reDuest<# E& earl& 20032 0 o! + .eomatics *ngineering had alread& installed a net-or( o! 18 such recei,ers in a non5uni!orm 605(m ;a,erage< grid around +algar&2 and -ere loo(ing !or meteorological uses !or the data# %he spatial and temporal resolution o! sounding data in +anada ;a,erage 8005(m2 -ith onl& one operational site in Alberta2 and just 2 soundings per da&< does not pro,ide detailed e,aluation data# Hence2 A5.A * -as initiated o,er the Alberta .PS net-or( in Aul& 2003 using three sounding s&stems ;Sundre2 $lds51idsbur&2 and Airdrie Airports< !or e,aluation# A small operating budget -as pro,ided through a +F+AS grant2 -ith collaborati,e !unds and technical assistance !rom S+M+RE2 S+MP/R2 and W " ;Weather odi!ication "ncorporated<# %he +F+AS !unds are being used primaril& to support !i,e graduate students ;4 at 0o!+2 1 at 0o!A<#

#"understorm Studies During A@6AM<


A5.A * pro,ided an unprecedented opportunit& to carr& out limited mesoscale studies o! con,ecti,e storm en,ironments2 especiall& since a signi!icant number o! .PS recei,ers2 as -ell as the sounding sites2 lie o,er or along the Alberta !oothills -here the majorit& o! se,ere Alberta thunderstorms !orm# For this2 .eo!! Strong and grad student @esle& Hill concentrated on the pre5storm and storm initiation boundar& la&er o,er the !oothills2 -ith speci!ic emphasis on interactions bet-een s&noptic !orcing2 the capping lid2 and the dr&line# "n addition to .PS PW data and 153 soundings per da& at the t-o special sites ;$lds51idsbur& and Airdrie<2 .eo!! Strong used a mobile meteorological autostation ;sho-n in Figure 41< to conduct
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morning and a!ternoon sur!ace transects o! pressure2 temperature and humidit& in search o! the dr&line o,er the !oothills# Preliminar& transects carried out during A5.A *52003 re,ealed that the dr&line o,er the !oothills can be a sharp discontinuit& across distances o! onl& a !e- 10s o! meters] %he dr&line stud& -ill be the subject o! @esle& HillFs #Sc thesis at 0o!A2 and these and other results during A5 .A * -ill be incorporated into the multi5scale conceptual model o! Alberta thunderstorms h&pothesi:ed during the 1?40s#

Figure )1: Dr. 6eo++ Strong and 4es,e' 0i,, (Cni1. A,berta) and t"e mobi,e meteoro,ogica, autostation used +or A6AM< to conduct morning and a+ternoon sur+ace transects o+ =ressure> tem=erature and "umidit' in searc" o+ t"e dr',ine o1er t"e +oot"i,,s during Ju,' ;;). We are no- engaged in a second scaled5do-n A5.A *52004 !ield stud&2 -ith t-o sounding s&stems ;$lds51idsbur&2 and Airdrie Airports<2 but additional .PS recei,ers2 including one on @imestone ountain in the ^dr& :oneF -here dr&line discontinuities !orm# 1uring signi!icant capping lid episodes under a south-est !lo- alo!t2 !or-ard dr&line mo,ement during da&time enhances con,ergence o,er the !oothills through the process o! do-n-ard transport o! momentum2 con,erging -ith boundar& la&er !lo- at the -estern edge o! the lid ;dr&line<# Additional transects are made across storms as time permits2 -ith a second mobile s&stem a,ailable -hen -e can !ind ,olunteers -ith a ,ehicle and time# We obtained e=cellent transect datasets during the +algar& hailstorm ;16 Aul& 2004<2 and e=perienced the jo& o! a close encounter -ith a rotating cell2 as -ell as 8595cm diameter hail] For the sur!ace transects2 one5second pressure2 temperature2 and humidit& data -ere collected and a,eraging o,er one minute2 as -ell as archi,ing one5minute .PS position data# As !ar as -e (no-2 this is the !irst project carried out to speci!icall& map the dr&line -ith high5resolution data in +anada# %his region o! the !oothills is also monitored b& t-o S+ radar s&stems at Strathmore and +ar,el2 and the W " radar at $lds51idsbur& Airport# "n addition to all o! these data2 S+M+ + has also agreed to pro,ide special 2#65(m runs o! the .* model !or speci!ic A5.A * cases2 -hich -ill be in,aluable in testing the multi5scale model#

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%he research program ran primaril& !rom Aul& 12 th to 18th 2 20042 plus W " released a !e- other sondes outside the research time period2 speci!icall& !rom Aul& 10 th to August 8th 2004# %he program -as ,er& success!ul due to the ,ariet& o! -eather conditions that -ere obser,ed# A listing o! the soundings and (e& parameters !rom +*A3 ;$lds51idsbur& Airport< is gi,en in %able 18# #ab,e 12: LA:> ?G :?H4BA4<: G8?D CEA3 $O;B:(DAB:EH8= AA8@?8>% 3: @38> ?G >C9 A(GAME :>HB= . #ime (C#!) 14 24 14 14 24 14 23 14 14 21 14 22 14 18 24 1? 14 24 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 23 21 20 1? Sur+ace S+c #em= De.=oin 6PS P(mb) I t (!) Winds 4?6#4 19#9 11#6 L 4?3#3 20#? 6#9 L 4?3#1 16#1 4#8 / ?01#1 14#3 9#9 / telemetr& !ailure telemetr& !ailure 4?4#8 22#9 11#4 L ?02#0 1?#9 11#9 L ?02#6 21#4 16#0 L ?01#8 23#2 16#3 L 4??#9 22#9 19#0 L 4??#2 28#? 14#4 / 4?9#4 26#0 16#8 / 4?4#6 20#0 18#3 L 4?6#9 24#4 16#9 / 4?8#1 20#4 18#4 L 4?3#1 1?#? 13#4 / 4?3#4 19#8 11#0 L ?00#4 19#2 ?#? / ?04#4 19#4 10#9 / ?09#0 20#? 9#? L ?02#0 24#? 10#4 / 4?4#2 26#2 11#4 / 4?4#4 18#4 4#? L 4?3#4 14#? 12#0 L 4?8#8 14#3 14#8 / 4?6#? 24#6 18#3 L 4?9#4 19#4 14#1 L 4?4#4 23#2 14#4 L 4?9#0 18#8 11#1 L Preci= Water (in) 0#4 0#4 0#8 0#6 4A @ 4i+ted ## @ #ota, Ande3 #ota,s 1#3 44#8 4#1 42#8 0#0 63#4 9#4 34#8

Do. 1 2 3 4 6 8 9 4 ? 10 11 12 13 14 16 18 19 14 1? 20 21 22 23 24 26 28 29 24 2? 30

Date 105Aul504 105Aul504 115Aul504 125Aul504 125Aul504 135Aul504 135Aul504 145Aul504 165Aul504 165Aul504 185Aul504 185Aul504 195Aul504 145Aul504 145Aul504 1?5Aul504 205Aul504 205Aul504 215Aul504 225Aul504 235Aul504 245Aul504 265Aul504 285Aul504 305Aul504 35Aug504 35Aug504 45Aug504 65Aug504 85Aug504

0#8 0#8 0#4 0#4 0#9 0#4 0#8 0#4 0#4 0#? 0#9 0#9 0#8 0#9 0#8 0#4 0#6 0#9 0#9 0#9 0#? 0#4 0#8 0#6

51#1 3#0 51#3 51#? 50#3 54#4 1#6 0#0 51#6 1#4 51#2 2#1 2#8 4#4 2#0 0#4 2#9 8#1 0#3 0#8 52#4 1#1 52#8 0#?

4?#2 44#4 62#0 62#8 44#0 64#2 42#0 44#8 60#8 44#2 4?#2 48#0 49#8 44#4 48#0 48#0 43#8 41#2 40#4 44#1 63#4 44#4 62#4 43#4

EXPLICIT PREDICTION OF HAIL USING A TRIPLE(MOMENT MICROPHYSICS SCHEME $Jason A. Milbrandt and M. K. Yau, McGill Univ.) Antroduction

BULK

W " has been in,ol,ed -ith a research project conducted at c.ill 0ni,ersit& b& Aason ilbrandt and 1r# Peter Lau in,ol,ing model simulations o! con,ecti,e storms# Aason -or(ed as a meteorologist !or on the Alberta Hail Project in 1???52000# %his research has been !unded in part b& an "PS2 scholarship !rom /S*R+2 o! -hich W " has been an industrial partner and !inancial contributor# %he research is also !unded b& the +anadian Weather Research Program# With increasing computer po-er2 e=plicit microph&sics schemes are pla&ing an increasingl& important role in atmospheric models# Eecause o! the prohibiti,e computational cost o! bin5resol,ing schemes2
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the bul( method continues to be used !or parameteri:ing cloud microph&sics in /WP models# an& schemes use a 'essler5t&pe parameteri:ation in -hich one moment o! the h&drometeor si:e distribution N proportional to the mass content ;G< N is predicted# ore recentl&2 the t-o5moment method has been used in -hich both the mass content and the total number concentration ;/%< o! the h&drometeor categories are independentl& predicted# %he si:e spectrum o! each h&drometeor categor& is o!ten described b& a three5parameter gamma distribution !unction o! the !orm

N x ( D) = N 0 x D x e x D 2
-here /0=2 =2 and = are distrubtion parameters o! categor& =# %-o5moment schemes generall& treat /0= and = as the prognostic ,ariables -hile holding the shape parameter2 =2 constant# "n this stud&2 the role o! the shape parameter in bul( schemes is in,estigated and its e!!ects on sedimentation and microph&sical gro-th rates are e=amined# +omparisons are made bet-een ,arious bul( approaches N a one5moment2 a t-o5moment2 and a three5moment scheme N and an anal&tic bin model# A method is proposed to e=tend the double5moment approach b& allo-ing the shape parameter to ,ar& as a diagnostic parameter# Results !rom 31 simulations o! the se,ere hailstorm on Aul& 14th2 2000 using ,arious ,ersions o! a ne- bul( scheme2 including a triple5moment ,ersion2 are discussed#

Ana,'Bing #"e Ro,e $+ #"e S"a=e Parameter


The shape parameter affects the prediction of the various moments in two ways. First, affects the redistribution of the predicted moments in the vertical due to hydrometeor sedimentation since the momentweighted fall velocities used to compute sedimentation rates depend on all of the size distribution parameters. Second, the microphysical growth rates also depend on the values of the distribution parameters. We examine the role of in the bulk method by comparing below the following approaches: a single-moment scheme (SM), a double-moment scheme with a constant = 0 (FIX0), a double-moment scheme with a constant = 3 (FIX3), a double-moment scheme with a diagnosed value of (DIAG), and a triple-moment scheme (TM). In DIAG, is diagnosed as a monotonically increasing function of the massweighted mean diameter, Dm, which is proportional to the ratio of the predicted moments, Q/NT. In TM, the radar reflectivity Z (the sixth moment of the particle distribution) is predicted in addition to Q and NT, thus making a prognostic parameter. For details on the formulations in DIAG and TM, see Milbrandt and Yau (2003). For the analysis in this section, the schemes are compared to an analytic (Lagrangian) bin model (ANA). The schemes are summarized in Table 17.

#ab,e 15: 4ist o+ s'mbo,s used to re+er to t"e bu,k sc"emes tested.
Symbol SM FIX0 FIX3 DIAG TM ANA Predicted moments Q Q and NT Q and NT Q and NT Treatment =0 of

Q, NT and Z Analytic bin model

=0 =3 = f (Dm) prognostic

1i!!erences bet-een the methods in the computation o! the !all ,elocities and gro-th rates2 are due to the abilit& o! the schemes to represent the particle si:e distribution# Fig# 42 sho-s an e=ample o! the si:e distribution !rom the di!!erent schemes# Jalues o! &2 NT and Z are computed from the number of particles in each size bin from the analytic model for the size spectrum of hail shown in Fig. 42. From these moments, the appropriate distribution parameters ( N0, , and ) are computed for each of the schemes and the size distributions are plotted. With different treatments of , there are obvious differences in the abilities of the various schemes to match the distribution of ANA. In this example, the FIX0 distribution (which is inverseexponential) is clearly unable to capture the narrowness of the ANA distribution. The distribution of FIX3 is somewhat closer while those of DIAG and TM are much better. Note that the DIAG distribution is quite similar to the TM distribution which implies that in this particular example, the value of diagnosed from Q and NT by DIAG is similar to the value computed from Q, NT, and Z by TM.

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Figure ) : Re=resentations o+ a =artic,e siBe distribution b' 1arious bu,k sc"emes.


To investigate the role of in a bulk scheme and assess the importance of treating appropriately, we examine independently in the following subsections the effects of on hydro-meteor sedimentation and on the instantaneous growth rates.

Sedimentation
A 1D model is used to investigate pure sedimentation in bulk schemes. In the bulk method, the predicted moments of the size distribution sediment at the appropriate moment-weighted bulk fall velocities. For the following calculations, hail is used to avoid confusion regarding particle coalescence and breakup, but the same conclusions apply to all sedimenting hydrometeor categories. An initial population of hail particles is defined by specifying the hail mass content Qh to vary sinusoidally between heights ( z) of 8 and 10 km above ground with a maximum value of 5 g m -3 at z = 9 km. Values of N0h = 4 104 m-4 and h = 0 are used to compute the initial values of NTh and Zh at each level. A constant updraft of 10 m s -1 is imposed throughout the column. Fig. 43 shows profiles of Qh, NTh, Zeh (the equivalent radar reflectivity of hail) and Dmh after 40 min. These profiles can be interpreted as the results of pure sedimentation of particles starting near the top of a deep convective system with the cloud base and top at 0 and 12 km respectively. For all parameters, the predicted profiles of TM are the closest to those of the analytic model. The profiles of DIAG are all closer than those of FIX3.

Figure )(: Jertica, =ro+i,es o+ *"> D#"> :e"> and Dm" a+ter ); min ca,cu,ated b' t"e indicated bu,k sc"emes and t"e ana,'tic bin mode, (ADA).
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Based on the results of these and other experiments, we conclude that the shape parameter does indeed play a significant role in affecting the prediction of the various moments by sedimentation. For a doublemoment scheme, introducing a diagnostic relation for based on the mean particle size represents a distinct improvement over holding constant at even the optimal value (which we deemed to be 3 based on our calculations of sedimentation). Including a prognostic equation for (the triple-moment method) yields the best results.

Micro="'sica, SourceHSink #erms


For the microphysical processes, collection, diffusional growth/decay, and melting have the greatest impact on the prediction of the moments of the hydrometeor size spectra. It can be readily shown that the mass growth rates of a given particle type are proportional to certain moments of its size spectrum. For example, for a frozen hydrometeor category x growing by continuous collection of cloud water, the accretion rate is proportional to Mx(2 + bx), the 2+bxth moment of Nx(D), where bx is the fall velocity parameter in the relation

V x ( D ) = a x D bx .

Thus for hail ( x = h) with bh = 0.6, the continuous accretion rate is pro-portional to

Mh(2.6). [For stochastic collection, the mass growth rate is directly proportional to Mx(2+bx) as well as to Mx(1+bx) and Mx(bx).] Examining the role of in determining the instantaneous growth rates is therefore equivalent to examining the sensitivity of specific moments (those on which the growth rates depend) on the value of .

Figure )): Jertica, =ro+i,e o+ t"e ratios o+ M( .2) com=uted b' 1arious bu,k sc"emes to M( .2) +rom t"e ana,'tic mode, a+ter 8 min o+ sedimentation t"roug" a constant u=dra+t o+ 1; m s@1.
Figure 44 depicts the ratio M(2.6)bulk/M(2.6)ana. M(2.6)ana is computed from the analytic bin model after 8 min of sedimentation. The moments M(2.6)bulk for the various bulk schemes are computed from N0, , and determined from the values of Q, NT, and Z in the analytic bin model at this time. As indicated in the figure, all schemes underestimate the growth rate (except for TM above 11 km and SM below that level). FIX0 underestimates the rate by 20% for most of the column and FIX3 by nearly 10%. There is considerable improvement for DIAG for a deep part of the column (below ~9 km) and TM is within a few percent of the analytic growth rate everywhere. Similar under/over-predictions exist for other moments important to growth rates. We conclude, therefore, that the shape parameter also plays a significant role in affecting the instantaneous microphysical growth rates.

0ai, Prediction Csing A #ri=,e@Moment Sc"eme


A new bulk microphysics scheme has been developed and implemented into the fully compressible, nonhydrostatic Canadian MC2 mesoscale model (Benoit et al., 1997). The scheme consists of six hydrometeor categories: cloud, rain, ice, snow, graupel and hail. Various versions of the scheme have been
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implemented. The fully double-moment (for all categories) version combines the warm-rain scheme of Cohard and Pinty (2000a) with aspects of the ice-phase schemes of Ferrier (1994), Meyers et al. (1997), and others. A single-moment version of the scheme was also implemented for comparison. The doublemoment version includes separate diagnostic relations for x of all sedimenting categories (rain and all frozen categories). The triple-moment version includes predictive equations for Zx for these five hydrometeor categories. (See Milbrandt and Yau, 2003 for a full description of the scheme).

Figure )/: 0oriBonta, cross@section (5;; mb) +rom t"e #M simu,ation s"o.ing tota, e7ui1a,ent radar re+,ecti1it' (s"ading inter1a, / d%:)K "ai, mass content (,ig"t contours> inte1a, is 1 g m@()K rain mass content (dark contours> inter1a, is 1 g m@().
Using only synoptic data (with no nudging or thermal perturbations), the model has been used to conduct high-resolution (1-km) simulations of a high-precipitation supercell storm which produced large hail (14 July 2000 in Alberta, Canada). The control run, using the triple-moment scheme, does remarkably well in reproducing a realistic, long-lived supercell, conforming closely to radar observations. The simulated storm had similar propagation speed, accumulated precipitation amounts, radar reflectivity values, and storm structures (including a hook echo and mesocyclone) as those observed. Fig. 45 shows a 700 mb CAPPI (at approximately 2 km AGL) of the total Ze along with hail and rain mass concentrations from the TM simulation. Radar observations at this time (not shown) also indicate the presence of a hook echo and a mesocyclone. The simulation is hence deemed sufficiently realistic to allow investigation of the effects of using the various versions of the microphysics scheme. Sensitivity experiments on the predicted precipitation using the various versions of the scheme were conducted. The simulation using the SM scheme considerably overpredicted (compared with the TM run) the surface hail (solid), as well as the total (liquid + solid), precipitation rates. The total precipitation rates of all the double-moment runs were similar to those of the TM run but with different biases in the phase of the surface precipitation. The FIX0 run was biased towards higher solid and lower liquid precipitation compared to the TM run. The solid and liquid precipitation rates in the FIX3 run were closer to those of the TM run than those of the FIX0 run, but the closest double-moment run to the TM run was the DIAG run. The treatment of in the double-moment scheme therefore significantly affects the type of simulated

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precipitation at the ground (as well as other aspects such as radar reflectivity and particle sizes distributions). The shape parameter in a bulk scheme using a three-parameter gamma distribution function was shown to play an important role in the prediction of hydrometeor sedimentation and on microphysical growth rates. Based on these results, we conclude that introducing a diagnostic relation for the shape parameter as a monotonically increasing function of the mean-mass diameter represents an important improvement in the double-moment method. However, a triple-moment scheme results in the best representation of particle size distributions and the best prediction of sedimentation and growth rates.

JULY 5>C) 2004* THE CALGARY STORM


%he most damaging storm !or the cit& o! +algar& during the 2004 season occurred on the a!ternoon o! Aul& 16th2 2004# "n se,eral -a&s2 this -as a t&pical se,ere meteorological situation !or Alberta2 so the important !eatures o! this da& are presented here# As -ell2 the operations on this da& e=empli!& the man& decisions that are reDuired on an& gi,en da& regarding the timing and allocation o! aircra!t and seeding material#

Meteoro,ogica, Situation
%he *%A model anal&sis !or the 260 mb le,el at 00K 18 Aul& 2004 is sho-n in Figure 48# %he corresponding 600 mb ,orticit& !ield is sho-n in Figure 49 and the sur!ace map at 00K is sho-n in Figure 44# %he upper ridge o,er Alberta ampli!ied to the north throughout the da&# %he upper le,el lo- -as positioned o,er the .ul! o! Alas(a# A -ea( ,orticit& center passed o,er +algar& in the a!ternoon but the signi!icant Aet Streams -ere to the -est and south# A sur!ace high o,er S' and an approaching cold !ront in E+ created strong southeast -inds throughout the da&2 increasing the lo-5 le,el moisture o,er the project area# +algar& reached 28#2+ and Red 1eer reached 24+# 1e- points -ere in the 13 + to 14+ range# %he atmospheric d&namics -ere relati,el& -ea( but the thermod&namics -ere strong#

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Figure )2: <#A mode, ana,'sis o+ /; mb .ind s=eed at ;;:> 12 Ju,' ;;).

Figure )5: <#A mode, ana,'sis o+ /;; mb 1orticit' at ;;: 12 Ju,' ;;).

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Figure )8: Sur+ace ana,'sis at ;;: 12 Ju,' ;;). %he *%A 12 hr !orecast atmospheric sounding !or +algar& at 8 pm ;000%+< is sho-n in Figure 4?# %he adjusted ma=imum temperature and sur!ace de- point -ere input into the sounding and the corresponding con,ecti,e atmospheric potential energ& ;+AP*< -as an impressi,e 1988 AM(g using a temperature o! 28+ and de- point 13+2 and mi=ing the lo-est 60 mb in the absence o! a strong !ront# %he conditions -ere su!!icient !or super5cell storms to de,elop according to the RA$E program# %he o!!icial !orecast at noon -as +1+ V T3#

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Figure )9: <#A 1 "r +orecast atmos="eric sounding +or !a,gar' at 2 =m (;;C#!) on Ju,' 1/ t" ;;). A,so s"o.n is a ,i+ted =arce, .it" #em=erature 2! and De. Point 1(! as re=orted in !a,gar' at (:. 1ue to the se,ere storm potential2 radiosondes -ere released at the $lds51idsbur& Airport ;+*A3< at 14K ;12 noon< and 21K ;3 pm<# %he atmospheric pro!ile o,er $lds51idsbur& at 21K2 o,erlaid -ith the *%A +algar& !orecast sounding are sho-n in Figure 60# %he *%A model did not sho- the presence o! the capping5lid in,ersion at 4 (!t# %he *%A model seemed to o,er predict the amount o! lo-5le,el moisture2 and missed the dr&5air intrusion at 900 mb2 but the temperature and -ind pro!iles !orecast b& the *%A model -ere ,er& realistic# "t is ,er& possible that the dr&5air intrusion at 900 mb caused a rear5 !lan( do-ndra!t once the storm !ormed2 -hich helped to intensi!& the storm# %he map o! sur!ace streamlines and eDui,alent potential temperature ;%heta5*< at 22K on Aul& 16th2 2004 is sho-n in Figure 61# %he streamline map sho-s the tongue o! high energ& ;%heta5*<2 -arm5 moist air pushed up against the !oothills and e=tending Duite !ar north along the !oothills# %he sur!ace moisture5!lu= di,ergence and -ind gust map at 22K ;4 pm< on Aul& 16th2 2004 is sho-n in Figure 62# A region o! strong con,ergence -as centered -est o! +algar&#

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Figure /;: Atmos="eric =ro+i,e +rom $,ds@Didsbur' at 1:> 1/ Ju,' ;;)> o1er,aid .it" t"e !a,gar' <#A 1 "r +orecast sounding +or ):.

Figure /1: Ma= o+ sur+ace stream,ines and e7ui1a,ent =otentia, tem=erature (#"eta@<) at Ju,' 1/t"> ;;).

: on

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Figure / : Sur+ace moisture@+,u3 di1ergence and .ind gust ma= at ;;).

: () =m) on Ju,' 1/t">

Storm Acti1it'
%he largest storm o! the da& de,eloped near @imestone ountain at 1413K ;1213 pm 1%< and trac(ed south-ard along the !oothills# As the cell mo,ed to the southeast it intensi!ied ,ia discrete propagation on the south side2 but sta&ed in the bu!!er area# As the storm passed -est o! +aroline2 it split into multiple cells -ith the center cell being the strongest -ith heights o! 16#6 (m tops# Storm chasers .eo!! Strong and *d Jer(ai( both reported rotation at the cloud base -hen the storm -as /W o! +ochrane around 0030K# *n,ironment +anada issued a Se,ere Weather Warning and %ornado Watch# Shortl& a!ter2 a cell on the right5!ront !lan( started to trac( to the south-est into the Eo- Jalle& corridor# HS1 seeded this cell brie!l& and then stopped because the storm motion -as a-a& !rom +algar&# %he largest hail ;8 to 9 cm diameter< !ell !rom the cell that HS1 onl& brie!l& seeded and then le!t it alone# A!ter a couple o! scans o! the radar2 the main storm cell on the le!t5!ront !lan( started to trac( to the southeast to-ards +algar&# %he storm passed just to the south o! Spring Ean( and then passed across the southern hal! o! +algar& -ith HS1 and HS2 and later HS3 all seeding this cell o,er +algar&# %he satellite -ater ,apor image at 2300K on Aul& 16th2 2004 is sho-n in Figure 63# %he ,isible satellite image at 2310K on Aul& 16th2 2004 is sho-n in Figure 64# $ne can see the large storm cell o,er +algar&2 and a line o! storms along the gradient o! high %heta* air e=tending to-ards the north through central Alberta# %here -asnFt an upper dr&5slot or jet strea( to trigger the acti,it& on this da&#

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Figure /(: Sate,,ite .ater 1a=or image at (: on Ju,' 1/t"> ;;).

Figure /): Jisib,e sate,,ite image at (1;: on Ju,' 1/t"> ;;).

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Storm #racks
%he ma=imum re!lecti,it& map !or Aul& 16 th2 2004 is sho-n in Figure 66# %he ma=imum Jertical "ntegrated @iDuid ;J"@< map is sho-n in Figure 68 and a ne- product implemented this &ear on %"%A/2 called a=imum 'inetic *nerg& Flu=2 is sho-n in Figure 69# %he '* !lu= is based on the -or( o! Ji(tor a(ito, in Russia and is described b& Foote et al ;2006<# %he 'inetic *nerg& Flu= is computed as: '* V 6#0 = 10 58 K 0#44 and the units are ;AMm 2Ms<# %he '* !lu= is onl& computed !or lo-5le,el radar pi=els -ith Kma= P 66 dEK -ith the condition that K P 46 dEK at heights P2 (m abo,e the 0+le,el in the column abo,e the sur!ace pi=el -ith K P 66 dEK# %he storm remained mostl& in the !oothills region e=cept !or one cell that trac(ed to-ards +remona2 and then a second cell that made a turn to the east -est o! Springban( and cut across south +algar&# 65cm diameter hail -as reported at .host @a(e# *ight cm deep hail -as reported south o! +ochrane# 1amaging hail up to gol! ball si:e -as reported in south-est +algar&# @ocal !looding in SW +algar& occurred due to the hea,& rain and small hail# %he intersection o! Anderson Road and ac@eod %rail -as co,ered -ith pea si:e hail up to 4 inches deep# South +enter all recei,ed large amounts o! small hail and !lood damage# %he map o! '* Flu= seemed to delineate -ell the isolated2 small regions -ith damaging hail#

Figure //: Ma3imum re+,ecti1it' ma= +or Ju,' 1/t"> ;;).


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Figure /2: Ma3imum 1ertica,@integrated ,i7uid (JA4) ma= +or Ju,' 1/ t"> ;;).

Figure /5: Ma3imum &inetic <nerg' F,u3 ma= +or Ju,' 1/t"> ;;).
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Seeding $=erations
Hailstop 3 ;HS3< -as launched at 1?42K to +aroline to patrol ,igorous de,elopment near @imestone ountain# HS3 -as airborne at 2000K and started seeding Storm 71 at 2119K -est o! Sundre# HS3 stopped seeding at 2139K and patrolled -est o! Sundre# HS3 started seeding again at 2142K -est o! Sundre and continued seeding until 2249K and then returned to Red 1eer to re!uel and re!lare# Hailstop 1 ;HS1< -as launched at 202?K to -est o! Sundre# HS1 -as airborne at 2036K and started seeding storm 71 at 2100K -est o! Sundre# HS1 stopped seeding and returned to base at 2103K to drop o!! Scott the cameraman -ho -as onboard to collect ,ideo as part o! an upcoming +E+ documentar& on e=treme -eather# %he e=treme turbulence and con,ection -as too much to continue -ith the !ilming2 but some ,er& good ,ideo -as obtained !rom the !e- penetrations that -ere made# Hailstop 2 ;HS2< -as launched at 2223K to patrol north-est o! +ochrane# HS2 -as airborne at 223?K and started seeding storm 71 at cloud base -est o! +remona at 2263K# HS2 stopped seeding and returned to base at 0140K# HS1 -as relaunched at 2346K to storm 71 SW o! +remona# HS1 -as airborne at 0000K# HS1 started seeding at 0004K north o! +ochrane# HS1 stopped seeding at 0022K and patrolled in the clear o,er +ochrane because the storm -as sta&ing primaril& in the !oothills and -as in the process o! splitting into t-o separate cores# HS1 resumed seeding at 0048K north-est o! +ochrane2 -hen one cell separated !rom the main storm and began trac(ing to-ards +algar&# A series o! radar images during the critical time period ;0039K to 0332K< as the storm mo,ed out o! the !oothills and trac(ed across south +algar& is sho-n in Figure 64# %he cell top -as at 13#6 (m o,er +algar& ;de!ined b& the height o! the 36 dEK contour<#

Figure /8: A series o+ radar images during t"e critica, time =eriod on Ju,' 1/ t"> ;;) (;;(5: to ;(( :) ."en storm mo1ed out o+ t"e +oot"i,,s and tracked across sout" !a,gar' (gra="ic =ro1ided b' Jim Renick). #"e seeding tracks o+ 0S1 (green)> 0S ('e,,o.)> and 0S( (b,ue) are s"o.n. #"e ce,, to= "eig"ts (km) are a,so indicated. HS1 descended to cloud base at 0140K and resumed seeding at 0146K at cloud base in order to target the cell that -as heading to-ard +algar&# At this time2 the conditions -ere ,er& mess& at cloud top and the ne- gro-th :one ;!eeder clouds< o! the +algar& cell -ere being obscured b& a second cell that -as
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sta&ing in the !oothills# At 023?K HS1 ascended to cloud top to resume seeding at cloud top2 as the ne- gro-th :one -as no- accessible again# HS1 stopped seeding and returned to base at 0313K as the storm had !inall& cleared +algar& to the east# HS3 -as launched at 0114K to storm 71 W o! +ochrane# HS3 -as airborne at 0133K and made a beeline to Airdre# HS3 started seeding storm 71 at 0160K o,er north-est +algar&# HS3 stopped seeding at 0319K and patrolled in the clear south-est o! +algar&# HS3 headed bac( to-ards Red 1eer and patrolled around the $ldsM1idsbur& radar be!ore returning to base at 0404K# A total o! 13 hr2 38 min o! !light time -ere !lo-n on Aul& 16th2 2004# %he total seeding consisted o! 244 ejectable !lares2 94 burn5in5place !lares2 and 3#4 hrs o! acetone burner# A map sho-ing the complete aircra!t trac(s on Aul& 16th 2004 is sho-n in Figure 6?#

Figure /9: Aircra+t tracks on Ju,' 1/t" ;;). %he +algar& storm -as seeded e=tensi,el& b& one aircra!t at cloud5top and a second aircra!t at cloud5 base !or the !ull duration o! its trac( across the southern hal! o! +algar&# Although signi!icant damage occurred in south-est +algar&2 the radar data strongl& suggests that the seeding helped reduce both the ma=imum si:e and aerial e=tent o! the large hail2 considering the intensit& and si:e o! the storm# Hail up to 6 cm diameter -as reported !rom a portion o! the storm that -as le!t unseeded -hen the storm split -est o! +ochrane near the .host @a(e reser,oir# %he copious amounts o! pea si:e hail reported across south +algar& is consistent -ith the Hbene!icial competitionI objecti,e o! the seeding -hich is to ma(e man& more small hail stones to compete !or the stormFs liDuid -ater2 thereb& limiting the gro-th o! large2 damaging hail stones# "t is Duite possible that the seeding on this single da& produced sa,ings to the insurance industr& su!!icient to pa& !or the cloud seeding project man& times o,er#

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AUGUST 24>C) 2004* THE LANGDON STORM


%he most se,ere damage -ithin the project area occurred on August 24th2 20042 -hen a se,ere hailstorm dropped gol! ball si:e hail o,er the small to-n o! @angdon2 east o! +algar&#

Meteoro,ogica, Situation
An upper le,el lo- positioned o,er northern Alberta on August 24th 2004# %he representati,e 260 mb map is sho-n in Figure 80 and the representati,e 600 mb map is sho-n in Figure 81# %he project -as under :onal !lo- at the base o! the main trough2 -ith embedded short -a,es and a small jet strea( and ,orticit& center near +algar&# %he main jet -as SW o! Alberta and conditions -ere Duite cool# A -ea( sur!ace lo- !ormed in the lee o! the Roc(ies in the a!ternoon2 -hich put the project into upslope !lo-#

Figure 2;: <#A mode, 1 "r +orecast /; mb ma= at ;;:> August )t"> ;;).

Figure 21: <#A mode, 1 "r +orecast o+ /;; mb ma= at ;;:> August )t"> ;;).

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What -as unusual about this da& is that conditions -ere ,er& cool# +algar& reported a high o! onl& 19#9 +# Red 1eer reported a high o! onl& 12#2 +# %he representati,e atmospheric sounding !or 8 pm on August 24th 2004 is sho-n in Figure 82 -ith a parcel o! air li!ted !rom the sur!ace using the actual sur!ace conditions reported at 6 pm ;%emperature 19+and 1e- Point 10 +<# Although the +AP* -as a respectable 1131 AM(g2 the conditions can best be described as moderatel& se,ere# Se,ere hailstorms are not normall& associated -ith such cool conditions and in the absence o! a strong jet stream2 ,orticit& center2 or cold !ront# %he o!!icial !orecast on this da& -as onl& N1 ;scattered sho-ers<2 resulting in the -orst bust !orecast o! the season#

Figure 2 : <#A +orecast sounding +or !a,gar' at ;;: .it" actua, sur+ace conditions at (: (tem=erature 15 !> de. =oint 1; !).

Storm #racks
+ells started to !orm -est o! Sundre around 22K# $ne cell entered the project area /W o! +remona and did not dissipate until e=iting the project area south o! Strathmore# Guarter si:ed hail -as reported near +remona# %his cell then mo,ed to the southeast and passed o,er Eal:ac and +algar& but there -ere onl& reports o! shot to pea si:ed hail there# Finall& the cell mo,ed out o! the project area but still had heights o! 10#6 (m north o! Julcan# J"@ ,alues reached a ma= o! 21#? (mMm 2 -ith a ma= height o! 12#6 (m east o! +algar&# .ol! ball si:ed hail2 o! 6#0 cm diameter2 !ell east o! +algar& at @angdon# %he ma=imum re!lecti,it& map !or August 24 th2 2004 is sho-n in Figure 83# %he ma=imum Jertical "ntegrated @iDuid ;J"@< map is sho-n in Figure 84 and map o! a=imum 'inetic *nerg& Flu=2 is sho-n in Figure 86# %he storm trac( is t&pical o! a long5li,ed2 super5cell hail storm# %he ma=imum re!lecti,it& map sho-s the total region o! all precipitation# %he ma=imum J"@ map sho-s the s-ath o! hea,iest precipitation and hail is usuall& associated -ithin the regions -ith J"@ P 10 (gM m2 and grape si:e hail associated -ith regions P20 (gM m2# %he ma=imum (inetic energ& map2 appears to identi!& nicel& the regions -ith damaging hail# $ne can see the spott& nature o! the damaging hail2 -ith a large area o,er @angdon# %here e=ists an e,en larger area o! damaging hail north o! Julcan ;S* o! @angdon<2 -hich undoubtedl& recei,ed se,ere hail but it must ha,e !allen in a more remote region and -ent unreported in the media#

Seeding $=erations
HS1 -as launched at 2239K2 -as airborne at 2260K and headed to Storm 71 -est o! +ross!ield# HS1 started seeding at 2269K# HS2 -as launched at 2332K2 -as airborne at 2361K2 and started seeding storm 71 o,er north-est +algar& at 2362K at cloud base# HS1 ran out o! !lares and returned to base at 0044K as the storm -as east o! +algar&# HS2 stopped seeding east o! +algar& and returned to base at 0114K# A total o! 8 hr2 62 min o! !light time -ere !lo-n on August 24 th 2004# %he total seeding consisted o! 2?4 ejectable !lares2 26 burn5in5place !lares2 and 3 hrs o! acetone burner#
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Figure 2(: Ma3imum re+,ecti1it' ma= +or August )t"> ;;).

Figure 2): Ma3imum Jertica, Antegrated 4i7uid (JA4) ma= +or August )t"> ;;).

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Figure 2/: Ma3imum &inetic <nerg' F,u3 ma= +or August )t"> ;;).

Figure 22: Aircra+t tracks on )@AugustL ;;). A map o! all aircra!t trac(s on August 24th 2004 is sho-n in Figure 88# %he seeding -as hea,il& concentrated o,er the cit& o! +algar&#
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JULY

>C

) 2004* THE EDMONTON STORM

%he most damaging storm o! the &ear in terms o! propert& damage occurred in *dmonton on Aul& 11th# .ol! ball si:e hail and hea,& rain caused e=tensi,e !looding damage to south and -est *dmonton and a section o! the roo! o! West *dmonton all collapsed# Preliminar& damage estimates !or the *dmonton storm are C134 illion# A tornado -as reported northeast o! *dmonton and se,eral !unnel clouds -ere obser,ed -ithin the project area# Although the storm -as outside the project area2 the storm situation is described here due to the se,erit& o! the storm# A photo o! some o! the hail in SW *dmonton is sho-n in Figure 89# At this time2 the hail had been on the ground appro=imatel& 2#6 hr# A photo o! the hail2 !looding2 and submerged cars on Whitemud dri,e in West *dmonton is sho-n in Figure 84#

Figure 25: 0ai, ="oto taken in 6rand1ie. 0eig"ts SW <dmonton bet.een 15(;@18 ; MD# on Ju,' 11> ;;) b' Ju,ian %rime,o..

Figure 28: W"itemud Dr and 1/9 St. 11 Ju,' ;;) (="oto re+erence "tt=:HHgrou=s.msn.comHJ<14JHedmontonju,'"ai,storm.msn.).
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Meteoro,ogica, Situation
%he upper le,el lo- -as centered o,er *dmonton# A sur!ace lo- -as located o,er the center o! the project area but the main -eather ma(er -as a cold core intense lo- that sho-ed up ,er& -ell on the upper air charts ;260 mb map sho-n in Figure 8?2 and 600 mb map in Figure 90<# %here -as also some le!t e=it Aet Stream PJA at 260 mb that helped trigger con,ecti,e -eather# %he sounding sho-ed signi!icant cooling alo!t and a ,er& unstable atmosphere ;sho-n in Figure 91<2 -ith +AP* P2800 AM(g2 capable o! producing super5cell storms# %he sur!ace !lo- streamlines and %heta5* pattern ;Figure 92< produced strong moisture5!lu= con,ergence ;Figure 93< into the *dmonton region#

Figure 29: <#A mode, 1 "r +orecast o+ /; mb ma= at ;;:> Ju,' 11t"> ;;).

Figure 5;: <#A mode, 1 "r +orecast o+ /;; mb ma= at ;;:> Ju,' 11t"> ;;).
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Figure 51: 1 : sounding .it" ;: s+c conditions (#G 1 !> #dG12 !).

Figure 5 : Ma= o+ sur+ace stream,ines and e7ui1a,ent =otentia, tem=erature (#"eta@<) at ;: on Ju,' 11t"> ;;).

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Figure 5(: Sur+ace moisture@+,u3 di1ergence and .ind gust ma= at

: () =m) on Ju,' 11 t" ;;).

Within the project area2 the !irst con,ecti,e cell !ormed SW o! +algar& at 1820K and trac(ed o,er the cit&# "t reached heights o! 10#6 (m and Duarter si:e hail -as reported in /W +algar&# At 1424K a cell began to trac( near Sundre# %his e,entuall& turned into a rather se,ere line o! storms stretching !rom S* o! "nnis!ail to just W o! Airdrie# %hese storms reached ?#6 (m heights and produced se,eral !unnel clouds to the /* o! the radar and near "nnis!ail# A photo o! a !unnel cloud seen !rom the radar at 2008K on Aul& 11th is sho-n in Figure 94# Hail co,ered the ground /* o! $lds# A !inal line o! storms !ormed around Red 1eer -ith tops o! 8#6 (m2 dropping pea si:e hail o,er southern Red 1eer# *,entuall&2 all the acti,it& dri!ted to the east -ith rain sho-ers lingering o,er the northern part o! the project into the late e,ening#

Figure 5): P"oto o+ +unne, c,oud taken b' #err' &rauss at ;;2: ( :;2 MD#) on 11@Ju,'@ ;;) +rom t"e +ront ste= o+ t"e radar.

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A radar +APP" at 2160K !or the *dmonton region is sho-n in Figure 96# A circular pattern o! se,ere cells is sho-n circling *dmonton# %he "R satellite picture at 00K ;8 pm< on Aul& 11 th is sho-n in Figure 98# A large2 cold storm comple= -as located o,er *dmonton# @arge cells -ere also o,er S' on this da&#

Figure 5/: Radar !APPA +rom t"e !ar1e, radar at 1/;:> Ju,' 11t" ;;).

Figure 52: AR sate,,ite =icture at ;;: (2 =m) on Ju,' 11t" ;;). %-o 600 mb maps are sho-n in Figure 99# %he !irst map is !or 12K ;8 am 1%< on Aul& 11 th and the second map is !or 12K on Aul& 16 th2 2004# %he successi,e locations o! the center o! the upper le,el lopressure s&stem at 12K o! each da& Aul& 112 122 132 142 and 16 are sho-n on the !irst map# As an
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interesting side note2 it -as the ,er& same lo-5pressure s&stem that caused both the *dmonton hailstorm and !looding on Sunda& Aul& 11 th2 and the Peterborough hea,& rain!all and !looding on %hursda& Aul& 16th 2004# %he o!!icial rain!all at Peterborough -as 110 mm2 but amounts as high as 236 mm -ere reported in the region# %he +ities se-er s&stem -as unable to handle the !lo-# %he !looding situation in Peterborough -as made -orse b& the !act that there had alread& been se,eral da&s o! rain prior to the arri,al o! this intense s&stem#

Start Position: 6 am MDT 11 July 200 .

!n" Position: 6 am MDT 1# July 200 .

Figure 55: /;; mb ma=s at 1 : (2 am MD#) on Ju,' 11t" and 1 : on Ju,' 1/t"> ;;).

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CLIMATE PERSPECTIVES
%he big -eather stor& in +anada this &ear -as the cooler and -etter conditions across most o! the countr&# *=ceptionall& cold -eather across the Prairie Pro,inces resulted in -idespread !rost across Sas(atche-an and anitoba on August 202 2004# %his -as the earliest !rost since 1??2 and produced -idespread damage to crops# %here is no single2 simple e=planation !or the cool and -et conditions# %he Paci!ic $cean sea sur!ace temperature anomalies ;Figure 94< -ere onl& slightl& positi,e in the mid5Paci!ic this summer and can onl& be classi!ied as a ,er& -ea( *l /ino# For some une=plained reason2 a persistent atmospheric !lo- pattern dominated o,er /orth America and *urope this summer# uch o! *urope e=perienced a heat -a,e and most o! northern /orth America recei,ed cool and -et conditions# Similarl&2 the "ndian onsoons -ere relati,el& intense and some scientists are speculating that the "ndian onsoons caused the persistent !lo- pattern o,er the rest o! the northern hemisphere#

Figure 58: Paci+ic $cean sea sur+ace tem=eratures and tem=erature anoma,ies +or t"e =eriod $ctober ;;1 to August ;;).

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Preci=itation Accumu,ations +or !a,gar' and Red Deer


%he dail& and accumulated rain!all !or +algar& and Red 1eer !rom $ctober 12 2003 to September 292 2004 are sho-n in Figure 9? and 40 respecti,el&# /ote the !reDuent rain!all e,ents at +algar& and Red 1eer throughout the summer and that the accumulated annual rain!all -as greater than the normal ,alue throughout the summer#

Preci=itation and #em=erature De=artures +or !anada


Regardless o! the cause2 the Prairies recorded the 4 th coolest summer ;1#4+belo- normal< and the 23 rd -ettest summer ;4#6> abo,e normal rain!all< o,er the last 69 &ears ;1?4452004 period<# Red 1eer recorded 119> o! normal rain!all in Aul& and 199> o! normal rain!all !or August# +algar& recorded 124> o! normal rain!all in Aune2 and 120> o! normal rain!all in August# Regions -ith departures !rom normal precipitation during the summer o! 2004 are sho-n in Figure 41# Regions -ith departures !rom normal temperature during the summer o! 2004 are sho-n in Figure 42#

Figure 59: Dai,' and accumu,ated rain+a,, +or !a,gar' +rom $ctober 1> ;;( to Se=tember 5> ;;).

Figure 8;: Dai,' and accumu,ated rain+a,, +or !a,gar' +rom $ctober 1> ;;( to Se=tember 5> ;;).

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Figure 81: De=artures +rom norma, Preci=itation during t"e summer o+ ;;) in !anada.

Figure 8 : De=artures +rom norma, #em=erature during t"e summer o+ ;;) in !anada. %he abo,e a,erage precipitation brought an end to the concerns o! drought e=perienced the pre,ious three &ears in Alberta# A map sho-ing the region -here drought persisted in /orth America in 2004 is sho-n in Figure 43# *astern Alberta still is considered to be in an abnormall& dr& situation and the -estern states o! the 0SA continued to e=perience e=treme drought conditions#

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Figure 8(: Dort" America droug"t monitoring ma= at t"e end o+ August ;;).

ALBERTA CROP HAIL INSURANCE RESULTS


Figure 44 sho-s the annual @oss5to5Ris( ratios2 percentage o! claims2 di!!erence bet-een premiums collected and damage claims paid ;losses up to and including the latest report dated 265$ctober52004<2 as -ell as the linear trend line !itted to the loss5to5ris( ratio !or the period be!ore seeding# Se,en o! the last nine &ears ha,e loss5to5ris( ,alues belo- the historical trend line# %he 2004 hail season had the !i!th highest loss5to5ris( ratio in the last 19 &ears# %here remains a positi,e association bet-een the cloud seeding period and a reduction in the o,erall hail damage# %he a,erage reduction !rom the a,erage o,er the pre,ious nine &ears is 18># Assuming annual crop losses o! C100 million due to the historical trend o! losses2 the reduction o! hail damage has &ielded an estimated accumulated bene!it o! C144 million to agriculture in the past nine &ears# %he crop insurance data are !or the entire pro,ince and are onl& a partial indicator o! the hail inside the project area# Ho-e,er2 these data are the onl& consistent source o! !inancial in!ormation related to hail that is readil& a,ailable and are hea,il& in!luenced b& the hail -ithin our projectFs Hhail alle&I# $ur goal is to obtain comparable statistics !or propert& damage in the Pro,ince# %he damage to propert& in Alberta generall& e=ceeds the damage to crops# %he estimated bene!it to the propert& insurance industr& is estimated to be PC460 #

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Figure 8): A,berta Agricu,ture Financia, Ser1ices !or= "ai, insurance ,oss@to@risk and c,aims statistics +rom 1958 to ;;).

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


A !ormal e,aluation o! the hail suppression program is still not possible -ithout recei,ing more comprehensi,e propert& insurance claim data# Preliminar& assessments using the a,ailable2 published data sho- a reduction in urban and agricultural losses a!ter nine &ears2 and there is no doubt that the program has been a !inancial success# %he e,idence is consistentl& positi,e2 and the lac( o! Hscienti!ic proo!I is largel& a measurement problem2 since accurate temporal and spatial measurement o! hail and hail5damage is di!!icult to obtain# %he bottom5line !inancial indicators are all positi,e# %his summer -as cool and -et2 compared -ith the dr& conditions o! the pre,ious !e- &ears and so there -ere no complaints about a drought# %here!ore2 there are no reasons to change the scienti!ic seeding h&potheses2 methodologies2 or design o! the program# %he Alberta Hail Suppression Project continues to be a model operational program2 using cloud seeding as a ,iable technolog& !or reducing the economic impact o! hailstorms# W " continues to support research to-ards the de,elopment o! numerical models that -ill hope!ull& be able to simulate both the natural storms and be able to simulate the e!!ects o! the seeding# Research is also ongoing !or the de,elopment o! radar parameters that are more closel& related to hail !all at the ground2 so that the radar ma& be used as an e,aluation tool# an& more opportunities no- e=ist !or !uture collaboration and co5operation -ith uni,ersities and research organi:ations# %he 2004 !ield operations ran ,er& smoothl& and2 once again2 there are no major recommendations !or program impro,ements or upgrades# *,er& program must continue to stri,e !or e=cellence2 there!ore2 the !ollo-ing !e- recommendations are presented !or consideration b& the ASW S and W " senior management ne=t &ear# %he present s&stem o! counting !lares a!ter a seeding mission has resulted in accounting di!!erences that are susceptible to error and reDuire painsta(ing and time consuming re,ie-s o! !light logs a!ter the !act to correct# %he procedure !or counting !lares a!ter a seeding mission must
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be impro,ed and -ill be changed ne=t &ear# A!ter each seeding mission2 the empt& ejectable cartridges and burnt E"P handles !rom each aircra!t are to be stored in separate bo=es or bags until the count can be ,eri!ied b& a second person# %his procedure should eliminate the discrepanc& bet-een the number o! !lares claimed to be !ired and the number o! empties2 so that an accurate count o! !lare stoc(s can be maintained in near real time# A 'ing5Air +?0 -as used in Red 1eer this &ear instead o! a +he&enne "" due to lac( o! a,ailabilit&# %he 'ing5Air is a larger aircra!t but -ith slightl& less po-er!ul engines and slightl& less per!ormance in icing conditions during cloud5top seeding# Ho-e,er2 it has an ad,antage o! ha,ing longer !light duration# %he longer !light duration pro,ed to be an ad,antage on se,eral da&s -hen missions -ere close to 4 hours or longer# %he seeding strateg& -as changed to ma(e the 'ing5Air a !irst5 out cloud5top seeder !ollo-ed b& base seeding2 or as a bac(5up cloud5top seeder -hile the +he&enne "" -as re!laring and re!ueling# Although the 'ing5Air per!ormed -ell2 the general consensus among the pilots and !or contractual purposes is that a +he&enne "" is pre!erred ne=t &ear i! a,ailable# %he !orecasting o! hailstorms and our abilit& to learn more about hail -as impro,ed during the month o! Aul& -hen radiosonde balloons -ere released at the $lds51idsbur& airport# We -ill continue to loo( !or outside sources o! !unding !rom 0ni,ersit& researchers and *n,ironment +anada to pa& !or the e=pendables !or these e=tra soundings# W " is -illing to pro,ide the manpo-er and the recei,er eDuipment !or the soundings# %he Alberta program has e=perienced meteorologists and pilots2 and a -ell5established project routine and methodolog&# %here!ore2 this is a good opportunit& to use this program as a training !acilit& !or ne- W " sta!! so that the& can be trained to -or( on other projects in the !uture# %here continues to be a need !or more detailed propert& damage insurance data# %he "nsurance Eureau o! +anada should be contacted again to attempt to gather more detailed propert& damage data such that detailed e,aluations about the !inancial e!!ecti,eness o! the program can be conducted in the !uture#

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REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING


Abshae,2 # %#2 1???: *,olution o! seeded and non seeded hailstorms# Proc# Se,enth W $ Scienti!ic +on!# $n Wea# odi!ication# W P Report /o# 312 World eteorological $rgani:ation2 .ene,a2 4095410# Alberta Research +ouncil2 1?46: Atmospheric Sciences 5 Field Program 1?46# R# 1eibert ;editor<2 Alberta Research +ouncil2 *dmonton2 90pp# Alberta Research +ouncil2 1?48: Weather odi!ication in Alberta: Research and $perations 1?40 546# AR+ report2 *dmonton# 14pp# Amburn S# and P# Wol!2 1??9: J"@ 1ensit& as a Hail "ndicator# Weather and Forecasting2 122 4935494# Earge2 E#@#2 and F# Eerg-all2 1?98: Fine scale structure o! con,ecti,e storms associated -ith hail production# Rep# 9852 ;2 Jols#<2 Atmos# Sci# 1i,#2 Alberta Research +ouncil2 *dmonton# Eattan2 @# A#2 1?93: Radar $bser,ation o! the Atmosphere# +hicago2 0ni,ersit& o! +hicago Press2 324 pp# ZReprinted b&: %echEoo(s2 2800 Ses(e& .len +ourt2 Herndon2 JA 22091[ Eennett2 S#P#2 1??0: A Summar& o! Weather odi!ication Acti,ities Reported in the 0nited States 1uring 1?4?# 0S 1ept# o! +ommerce2 /$AA2 Sil,er Spring2 12 23 pp# Eenoit2 R#2 A # 1esgagn_2 P# Pellerin2 S# Pellerin2 L# +hartier2 and S# 1esjardins2 1??9: %he +anadian +2: A semi5@agrangian2 semi5implicit -ideband atmospheric model suited !or !inescale process studies and simulation# on# Wea# Re,#2 1262 234252416# Ereidenbach2 A#P#2 1#H# 'it:miller2 and R#*# Sa!!le2 1??3: Aoint relationships bet-een se,ere local storms occurrence and radar5deri,ed and en,ironmental ,ariables# Preprints2 '3th Conference on (eather Analysis an) *orecasting2 Jienna2 Amer# eteor# Soc#2 64456?1# Erimelo-2 A#2 1???: %he HA"@+AS% model in Alberta# #Sc# %hesis2 0ni,# Alberta2 *dmonton# Erimelo-2 A#+#2 and .#W# Reuter2 2001: A radar5based methodolog& !or preparing a se,ere -eather climatolog& in central Alberta# 0ni,ersit& o! Alberta2 19 pp# Ero-ning2 '# A#2 1?99: %he structure and mechanisms o! hailstorms# Hail: A Re,ie- o! Hail Science and Hail Suppression# eteor# onograph#2 182 342 1543# +hara(2 #%#2 1?94: Preliminar& Anal&sis o! Reported Weather odi!ication Acti,ities in the 0S !or 1?98 and 1?99# A# Weather odi!ication2 102 186# +harlton2 R# E#2 E# # 'achman2 and @# Wojti-2 1??6: 0rban hailstorms: A ,ie- !rom Alberta# /atural Ha:ards2 122 2?596# +hisholm2 A# A#2 1?90: Alberta hailstorms: A radar stud& and model# Ph#1# %hesis2 c.ill 0ni,ersit&2 ontreal2 249pp# +hisholm2 A# A#2 and A# H# Renic(2 1?92: %he (inematics o! multicell and supercell Alberta hailstorms2 Alberta Hail Studies2 1?92# Research +ouncil o! Alberta Rep# 92522 24531# +ohard2 A#5 # and A#5P# Pint&2 2000a: A comprehensi,e t-o5moment -arm microph&sical bul( scheme# ": 1escription and tests# Guart# A# Ro&# eteor# Soc#2 1282 141651442# +ooper2 W# A#2 and A# ar-it:2 1?40: Winter storms o,er the San Auan mountains# Part """: Seeding potential# A# Appl# et#2 1?2 ?425?4?# 1e ott2 P#A#2 W#.# Finnegan and @#$# .rant2 1?43: An application o! chemical (inetic theor& and methodolog& to characteri:e the ice nucleating properties o! aerosols used in -eather modi!ication# A# +lim# Appl# eteor#2 222 11?051203# 1e ott2 P#A#2 1?49: Report to the Weather odi!ication .roup on tests o! the ice nucleating abilit& o! aerosols produced !rom the %E51 !ormulation Ag" p&rotechnic# 1ept# Atmos# Sci#2 +olorado State 0ni,#2 Report2 Fort +ollins2 +o#11pp# 1e ott2 P#A#2 1??0: Report to "/%*RA %echnologies @td# on %ests o! the "ce /ucleating Abilit& o! W . %E51 Formulation P&rotechnics# 1ept# Atmos# Sci#2 +olorado State 0ni,#2 Report2 Fort +ollins2 +o# 1e ott2 P#A#2 1??6: Report to the Weather odi!ication .roup on tests o! the ice nucleating abilit& o! aerosols produced !rom the W .51 !ormulation Ag" p&rotechnic# 1ept# Atmos# Sci#2 +olorado State 0ni,#2 Report2 Fort +ollins2 +o#11pp# 1e ott2 P#A#2 1???: Report to the Weather odi!ication "ncorporated on tests o! the ice nucleating abilit& o! aerosols produced b& ne- !ormulation p&rotechnics N arch 1???# 1ept# Atmos# Sci#2 +olorado State 0ni,#2 Report2 Fort +ollins2 +o#10pp# 1ennis2 A#S#2 1?40: Weather odi!ication b& +loud Seeding# Academic Press2 /e- Lor(# 289 pp# 1ennis2 A#S#2 +#A# Schoc(2 and A# 'osciels(i2 1?90: +haracteristics o! hailstorms o! Western South 1a(ota# A# Appl# eteor#2 ?2 1295136# 1i=on2 ichael2 and .err& Wiener2 1??3: %"%A/: %hunderstorm "denti!ication2 %rac(ing2 Anal&sis2 and /o-casting 5 A Radar5based ethodolog&# A# Atmos# and $ceanic %echnol#2 102 82 94659?9#
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*nglish2

#2 1?48: %he testing o! hail suppression h&potheses b& the Alberta Hail Project# Preprints2 10th +on!# Weather odi!ication2 Arlington2 Amer# eteor# Soc#2 92598# *nglish2 #2 and %#W# 'rauss2 1?48: Results !rom an Alberta hailstorm seeding e=periment# Presented 1st "ntl# +loud odeling Wor(shopM+on!#2 "sree2 FR.2 Aul& 1?462 9?544# *n,ironment +anada 1?49# +limate Atlas o! +anada2 ap Series 32 Pressure2 Humidit&2 +loud2 Jisibilit&2 and 1a&s -ith %hunderstorms2 Hail2 Smo(e and Ha:e2 Fog2 Free:ing Precipitation2 Elo-ing Sno-2 Frost2 Sno- on the .round2 inistr& o! Suppl& and Ser,ices2 +at# /o# */685 83:351?48# *n,ironment +anada *l /ino -ebsite 5 http:MM---#msc5smc#ec#gc#caMeducationMelninoMinde=Ue#c!m *t(in2 1#2 and S# *# Erun2 1???: A note on +anadaFs hail climatolog&: 1?9951??3# "nt# A# +limatol# 1?: 1369N1393# Ferrier2 E#S#2 1??4: A t-o5moment multiple5phase !our5class bul( ice scheme# Part ": 1escription# A# Atmos# Sci#2 612 24?5240# Ferrier2 E#S#2 W#5'# %au and A# Simpson2 1??6: A double5moment multiple5phase !our5class bul( ice scheme# Part "": Simulations o! con,ecti,e storms in di!!erent large5scale en,ironments and comparisons -ith other bul( parameteri:ations# A# Atmos# Sci#2 622 100151033# Foote2 .# E#2 and +# A# 'night2 1?9?: Results o! a randomi:ed hail suppression e=periment in northeast +olorado# Part "# 1esign and conduct o! the e=periment# A# Appl# eteor#2 142 16285 1639# Foote2 .#E#2 1?44: %he stud& o! hail gro-th utili:ing obser,ed storm conditions# A# +limate# Appl# eteor#2232445101# Foote2 .#E#2 1?46: Aspects o! cumulonimbus classi!ication rele,ant to the hail problem# A# Rech# Atmos#2 1?2 815594# Foote2 .#E#2 and A#+# Fan(hauser2 1?93: Air!lo- and moisture budget beneath a northeast +olorado hailstorm# A# Appl# eteor#2 122 133051363# Foote2 .#E#2 %#W# 'rauss2 and J# a(ito,2 2006: Hail metrics using con,entional radar# Proceedings: 18th +on!# $n Planned and "nad,ertent Weather odi!ication2 Amer# eteor# Soc#2 Eoston# .ar,e&2 1# #2 1?96: %esting o! cloud seeding materials at the +loud Simulation and Aerosol @aborator&2 1?9151?93# A# Appl# eteor#2 14244354?0# .lossar& o! eteorolog&2 American eteorological Societ&2 Eoston2 assachusetts2 1?6?# .randia2 '#@#2 1#S# 1a,ison and A#H# Renic(2 1?9?: $n the dispersion o! sil,er iodide in Alberta hailstorms# Proceedings: 9th +on!# on inad,ertent and planned -eather modi!ication2 Amer# eteor# Soc#2 Ean!!#68569# Harris2 *#R#2 1?41: Sierra +ooperati,e Pilot Project: *n,ironmental Assessment and Finding o! /o Signi!icant "mpact# Eureau o! Reclamation2 1en,er2 1?8 pp# Ho-ell2 W#*#2 1?99: *n,ironmental impacts o! precipitation management: Results and in!erences !rom Project S(&-ater# Eull# Amer# eteor# Soc#2 Jol# 642 4445601# Humphries2 R#.#2 # *nglish2 and A# Renic(2 1?49: Weather odi!ication in Alberta#2 A# Weather odi!ication2 1?2 13524# "nsurance Eureau o! +anada2 2001: Facts o! the .eneral "nsurance "ndustr& o! +anada# "nsurance Eureau o! +anada2 %oronto# 44 pp# 'ain2 A#S#2 and A# # Fritsch2 1??3: +on,ecti,e parameteri:ation !or mesoscale models: %he 'ain5 Fritsch scheme# %he Representation o! +umulus +on,ection in /umerical odels2 eteo# onogr#2 /o# 482 Amer# eteor# Soc#2 1865190# 'it:miller2 1# H#2 and A# P# Ereidenbach2 1??6: 1etection o! Se,ere @ocal Storm Phenomena b& Automated "nterpretation o! Radar and Storm *n,ironment2 %echniDues 1e,elopment @aborator&2 Sil,er Spring2 12 /$AA %echnical emorandum /WS %1@ 42# ;33 pages< 'it:miller2 1#H#2 W#*# c.o,ern2 and R#* Sa!!le2 1??6: %he WSR5441 se,ere -eather algorithm# Wea# Forecasting2 102 141516?# 'ong2 F# and #'# Lau2 1??9: An e=plicit approach to microph&sics in +2# Atm# $cean# 332 26952?1# 'rauss2 %#W# 1?41# Precipitation Processes in the /e- .ro-th Kone o! Alberta Hailstorms Ph#1# %hesis2 0ni,# o! W&oming2 @aramie2 2?8 pp# 'rauss2 %#W#2 1?4?: An assessment o! seeding rate# .ree( /ational Hail Suppression Program 1?44 Annual Report# *dited b& Rudolph et al#2 "/%*RA Report 4454?02 +algar&2 6#2 to 6#4# 'rauss2 %#W#2 1??4: Radar responses to seeding o! hailstorms in Alberta# 14th +on!# Wea# od#2 A S2 *,erett2 WA2 8325836# 'rauss2 %#W#2 and A#1# ar-it:2 1?44: Precipitation processes -ithin an Alberta supercell hailstorm# A# Atmos# Sci#2 412 102651034# 'rauss2 %#W# and J# a(ito,2 2001: An o,er,ie- o! the endo:a hail suppression program 2000# Proceedings2 16th +on!# "nad,ertent and Planned Weather odi!ication2 Amer# eteor# Soc#2 AlbuDuerDue2 /e- e=ico#
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'rauss2 %#W#2 R#*# Rinehart2 A#@# 'ollegger2 and S#A# 'o:a(2 1??4: J"@ as a predictor !or hail in Alberta# Preprints2 14th +on!erence on Planned and "nad,ertent Weather odi!ication2 *,erett2 Amer# eteor# Soc#2 64?56?2# @andscheidt2 %#2 1???: Solar acti,it& a dominant !actor in climate d&namics2 http:MM---#,ision#net#auMWdal&MsolarMsolar#htm @andscheidt2 %# 1???:%rends in paci!ic decadal oscillation subjected to solar !orcing2 http:MM---#,ision#net#auMWdal&MtheodorMpdotrend#htm @andscheidt2 %# 1???: Solar acti,it& controls *l /ino and @a /ina2 http:MM---#,ision#net#auMWdal&Msun5 ensoMsun5enso#htm a(ito,2 J#2 1???: $rgani:ation and main results o! the hail suppression program in the northern area o! the pro,ince o! endo:a2 Argentina# A# Weather odi!ication2 312 98548# ar-it:2 A#1#2 1?92a: %he structure and motion o! se,ere hailstorms# Part ": Supercell storms# A# Appl# eteor#2 112 188519?# ar-it:2 A#1#2 1?92b: %he structure and motion o! se,ere hailstorms# Part "": ulticell storms# A# Appl# eteor#2 112 1405144# ar-it:2 A#1#2 1?92c: %he structure and motion o! se,ere hailstorms# Part """: Se,erel& sheared storms# A# Appl# eteor#2 112 188519?# ar-it:2 A#1#2 1?92d: Precipitation e!!icienc& o! thunderstorms on the High Plains# A# Rech# Atmos#2 82 3895390# ather2 .# '#2 # A# 1i=on2 A# # 1eAager2 1??8: Assessing the potential !or rain augmentation N %he /elspruit randomi:ed con,ecti,e cloud seeding e=periment# A# Appl# eteor#2 362 148651442# e&ers2 #P#2 R#@# Wal(o2 A#L# Harrington and W#R# +otton2 1??9: /e- RA S cloud microph&sics# Part "": %he t-o5moment scheme# Atmos# Res#2 462 353?# ilbrandt2 A#A# and #'# Lau2 2003: Anal&sis o! the role o! the shape parameter in bul( microph&sics parameteri:ations and a proposed triple5moment approach# Submitted to A# Atmos# Sci# iller2 R#2 1?92: /otes on Anal&sis and Se,ere5Storm Forecasting Procedures o! the Air Force .lobal Weather +entral# Air Weather Ser,ice %echnical Report 200 ;Re,<2 0nited States Air Force2 +hapters 6 and 9# ulla&aro,2 J# A#2 J#"# 'o:lo,2 and R#R# 'arimo,2 2001#:Relation o! thunderstorm acti,it& to cosmic ra& ,ariations# "n: "S+S 2001 Abstracts# Solar Jariabilit&2 +limate and Space Weather# /$AA P1$ -ebsite 5 http:MM--2#-rh#noaa#go,MclimateUin!oMP1$Upage#htm Ramanathan2 J#2 E#R# Ear(strom2 and *#F# Harrison2 1?4?: +limate and the earthFs radiation budge# Ph&sics %oda&2 22# Rasmussen2 *#/#2 and 1# $# Elanchard2 1??4: A baseline climatolog& o! sounding5deri,ed supercell and tornado !orecast parameters# Weather and Forecasting2 132 114451184# Renic(2 A#2 1?96: %he Alberta Hail Project: 0pdate 1?96# A# o! Weather od#2 92 no# 22 158# Rinehart2 R# *#2 1??9: Radar !or eteorologists# 3rd *dition2 Rinehart Publications2 P#$# Eo= 81242 .rand For(s2 /1# 6420858124# 424 pp# Ross2 +#2 and P# Wolosh&n2 1?48: *!!ect o! Hail and 1rought on ajor +rops in Alberta# Alberta Agriculture Report# *dmonton# 34pp# Rudolph2 R#2 and +# .anniaris5Papageorgiou2 1??1: *!!ects o! cloud seeding on hail insurance statistics in northern .reece# Paper presented at the 2nd +on!# on Hail Suppression# Lugosla,ia# Rudolph2 R#+#2 +# # Sachi-2 and .#%# rile&2 1??4: Statistical e,aluation o! the 1?44544 seeding e=periment in northern .reece# A# Weather odi!ication2 282 63580# Schnur2 R#2 %# W# 'rauss2 F# Aoe *le&2 and 1# @ettenmaier2 1??9: Spatiotemporal anal&sis o! radar5 estimated precipitation during the E$R*AS Summer 1??4 Field +ampaigns# A# o! .eoph&sical Research2 ,ol# 1022 1242 2?241952?2429# Shabbar2 A#2 1??9: *l /ino# *n,ironment +anadaFs -eb page# 1o-ns,ie-2 $nt# Sheremata2 12 1??4: Hail Eusters: Shooting !or the clouds# +anadian .eographic2 Jol# 1142 /o# 62 885 90# Smith2 P#@#2 @#R# Aohnson2 1#@# Priegnit:2 E#A# Eoe2 and P#W# iel(e Ar#2 1??9: An e=plorator& anal&sis o! crop hail insurance data !or e,idence o! cloud seeding e!!ects in /orth 1a(ota# A# Applied eteor#2 382 4835493# Smith2 P# @#2 and @# R# @emon2 1??92 +haracteristics o! Radar *choes !rom Hailstorms# 31st + $S +ongress2 Sas(atoon2 Sas(atche-an2 +anada2 pp 88# Stanle&5Aones2 #2 1??8: Radar s&stems2 %heoretical \ Practical easurement Procedures2 unpublished manuscript2 112 pp# Strong2 .# S#2 1?9?: A con,ecti,e !orecast inde= as an aid in hail suppression e,aluation# Proceedings2 9th +on!# "nad,ertent and Planned Weather odi!ication2 Amer# eteor# Soc#2 Ean!!2 2pp#
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Strong2 .# S#2 and W# 1# Wilson2 1?43: %he S&noptic "nde= o! +on,ection2 Part ": *,aluation o! the Single5Jalued "nde=2 1?94542# 19th Annual + $S +ongress2 Ean!!# Atmos# Sci# 1ept#2 Alberta Research +ouncil2 Red 1eer# 2?539# Summers2 P# W#2 and @# Wojti-2 1?91: %he economic impact o! hail damage in Alberta2 +anada and its dependence on ,arious hail!all parameters# Preprints2 Se,enth +on!# o! Se,ere @ocal Storms2 'ansas +it&2 Amer# eteor# Soc#2 1645183# S,ensmar(2 H# \ Friis5+hristensen2 *#: Jariation o! cosmic ra& !lu= and global cloud co,erage N a missing lin( in solarclimate relationships# A# Atm# Sol#%err# Ph&s# 6? ;1??9<2 1226# %erblanche2 1# *#2 1??8: A simple digital signal processing method to simulate linear and Duadratic responses !rom a radarFs logarithmic recei,er# A# Atmos# And $ceanic %ech#2 132 6335634# 0ni,ersit& o! Washington P1$ -ebsite 5 http:MMtao#atmos#-ashington#eduMpdoM Wald,ogel2 A#2 E# Federer2 and P# .rimm2 1?9?: +riteria !or the detection o! hail cells# A# Appl# eteor#2 262 162151626# Winston H# A#2 and @# A# Ruthi2 1?48: *,aluation o! RA1AP"" Se,ere Storm 1etection Algorithms# A S Eulletin2 J$@ 892 1465160# Kiegler2 +#@#2 1?46: Retrie,al o! thermal and microph&sical ,ariables in obser,ed con,ecti,e storms# Part 1: odel de,elopment and preliminar& testing# A# Atmos# Sci#2 422 14?95160?#

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APPENDICES A# E# +# 1# *# $rgani:ation +hart 1ail& Weather and Acti,ities Summar& %able Aircra!t $perations Summar& %able Flight Summar& %able Forms (eather *orecast (or+sheet (MI ,a)ar -.ser/er 0og (MI 1ee)ing Aircraft *light 0og F# .# H# "# A# '# Speci!ications !or Piper +he&enne "" Aircra!t Speci!ications !or +essna +5340 Aircra!t Speci!ications !or Eeechcra!t 'ing5Air +?0 Aircra!t .round School Agenda 1ail& eteorological Forecast Statistics Project Personnel and %elephone @ist

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A.

$R6ADA:A#A$D !0AR#

A lb e r t a S e , e r e W e a t h e r a n a g e m e n t S o c ie t & @ t d # A l b e r t a H a i l S u p p r e s s i o n P r o je c t E $ A R 1 $ F 1 "R * + % $ R S R o b in S e a c o m b e 2 + H A " R A / + a th e r in e % a g g + h ie ! F in a n c ia l $ !!ic e r P R $ A * + % 1 "R * + % $ R A A * S R * / "+ ' W * A % H * R $ 1 "F "+ A % "$ / "/ + # P A % R "+ ' S W * * / * L AA * S SW * * / * L * le c t r o n ic s a in te n a n c e E a rr & R o b in s o n A e !! R o b in s o n P R $ A*+ % A/ A . *R 1R#%*RRL 'RA0SS

A ir c r a !t a in te n a n c e . a r & H i llm a n o r g a n A ir

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R adar e t e o r o lo g & 1 a r & l $ O1 o - d W e s le & H o , o r ( a % im o th R e ith

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DAA4E W<A#0<R ADD A!#AJA#A<S SCMMARE #A%4< ALBERTA HAIL SUPPRESSION PROJECT 2004 DAILY SUMMARY REPORTS
D3>9 Aune 12 %uesda& W93>C98 A large ridge persists o,er anitoba (eeping an& s&stems !rom mo,ing into the project area# A tro! pushing into Eritish +olumbia !rom the .ul! o! Alas(a concentrated most o! the precipitation -ell north o! the project# A ,er& -ea( tro! south-est o! the mountains mo,ed north producing some -ea( sho-ers in the !oothills# Some to-ering +umulus clouds -ere reported "n the project area# a= temperatures -here around 1?+ -ith de- points near 0+ in the a!ternoon# A7>AFA>A9: SHDD38= HS1 -as launched at 2030K !rom +algar& !or a test !light# HS2 -as launched at 2020 !rom +algar&2 also !or a test !light# HS3 -as launched at 203?K !rom Red 1eer !or a test !light# HS1 tested 1 *ject and 1 Eip o,er Sundre and then landed 2109K bac( in +algar&# HS2 tested 1 Eip and the le!t and right generators o,er Sundre and then returned to +algar& at 2113K# HS3 tested 1 *ject and 1 Eip o,er Roc(& ountain and returned to Red 1eer at 2128K# %he one *A% !rom HS3 did not !ire and so the seed s&stem -as chec(ed on the ground# HS1: 203052109V00:39B 1 *A*+%2 1 E"P %est Flight HS2: 202052113V00:63B 0 *A*+%2 1 E"P2 6T6 min @TR .enerator: %est Flight HS3: 203?52128V00:49B 0 *A*+%2 1 E"P %est Flight Aune 22 Wednesda& A large High5pressure s&stem o,er anitoba continued to hold# A second began to build o,er Eritish +olumbia pinching the upper le,el tro! o,er AlbertaMSas(atche-an pro,idences# ost precipitation -as reported in northern Alberta -ith onl& light dri::le around the project area# %he High reached 20+ -ith de- points during the a!ternoon a,eraging 0+ once again# %he High5pressure ridge to the -est continued to build ahead o! a deep lo- pressure s&stem o,er the .ul! o! Alas(a# $nce again most o! the precipitation -as -ell to the north o! the project# $nl& +umulus clouds -ere reported o,er the project area# Highs made it up to 22+ -ith de- points o! 1+ reported# Ridge o,er Alberta continued to build as the large tro! located in the .ul! o! Alas(a pushes east-ard# +umulus clouds reported o,er mountains other-ise clear -ith occasional cumulus in project area# Warmer temperatures reported toda& -ith a high o! 26 +# 1epoints once again increased topping out at 6 +# %he +ostal lo- started to !ill and mo,e east-ard# A -ea( cold !ront mo,ed into Alberta during the a!ternoon pushing the !air -eather ridge to the east# Winds ble- in !rom the southeast at 20 (nots -ith gusts up to 39# High o! 29+ -as reported at Red 1eer -ith a de- point o! 10 +# First sho-ers -ere reported in the !oothills -est o! +ochrane# $ther sho-ers !ormed and mo,ed northMnortheast -ith light to moderate sho-ers reported# %hunder -as reported in Red 1eer# /o aircra!t operations#

Aune 32 %hursda&

/o aircra!t operations#

Aune 42 Frida&

/o aircra!t operations#

Aune 62 Saturda&

HS1 -as launched at 1?66K to de,eloping cells 30 miles South o! +algar&# HS1 -as airborne at 2014K and began patrolling some -ea( RW South o! +algar&# HS1 patrolled until 2128K and then returned to +algar&2 because all con,ection had mo,ed -as east o! +algar&# HS3 -as launched at 210?K to de,eloping cells south-est o! Red 1eer# HS3 -as airborne at 2128K and started patrolling some sho-ers -est o! "nnis!ail# HS3 started seeding Storm 71 8 miles -est o! Red 1eer at 2209K# HS3 stopped seeding at 220?K and resumed patrolling# HS3 returned to base at 2301K -hen all acti,it& had deca&ed to RW east o! H-& 2# HS1: 201252146B Patrol Flight HS3: 213052320V01:60B 4 *A*+%2 0 E"P Acti,ities Summar& HS1 -as launched at 1819K to de,eloping cells 16 miles north-est o! +algar&# HS1 -as airborne at 1843K -ith hea,& rain and @ighting reported at ta(eo!!# HS1 patrolled the s(ies !or little o,er an hour and returned to +algar& a!ter little to no con,ection -as reported# HS1 returned to +algar& at 1946K# HS1: 184051946V01:06B Patrol Flight

1ate Aune 82 Sunda&

Aune 92 onda&

Aune 42 %uesda&

Weather A lo- !rom Eritish +olumbia mo,ed o,er central Alberta earl& in the morning# Around 16K2 the !irst sho-er de,eloped north o! +ochrane# Within the ne=t 16 minutes2 a 40 dEK return -as obser,ed in the center o! the cell# %eams -ere scrambled and b& 18K HS1 -as read& !or ta(eo!!# E& then2 the sho-ers -ere moderate to hea,& -ith lightning reported in +algar&# %he sho-ers became -idespread and -ea(ened considerabl& b& 14K# @ight to moderate sho-ers continued !or the rest o! the da& -ith temperatures in the lo- teens and gust& -inds# Rain amounts -ere: +algar& 5 46#4 mm2 Red 1eer N 2?#4 mm2 and Radar N 28#6 mm# %he sur!ace lo- that -as o,er -estern Alberta &esterda& mo,ed east-ard to anitoba# With the lo- positioned around eastern Alberta &esterda& a!ternoon2 upslope !lo- -as produced -hich caused most o! the li!t !or the continuous rain sho-ers# An upper lo- o,er Washington deepened throughout the da& holding the upper le,el ridge !rom mo,ing in !rom the .ul! o! Alas(a# Strong -inds ble- in !rom the north -ith highs onl& in the lo-er teens# Rain totals o! o,er t-o inches -ere reported in +algar&# A shallo- ridge o! High Pressure building o,er anitoba placed Alberta in a -arm southeast !lo- at the sur!ace# %he upper loo,er $regon deepened and mo,e to the east# +umulus and odi!ication "nc#

/o aircra!t operations#

/o aircra!t operations#

Weather

$ctober 2004

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report %o-ering +umulus clouds -ere obser,ed throughout the da&# %he reported high -as 19+# %he upper ridge in the Paci!ic rotated south-ard allo-ing the Alas(a lo- to reach out to-ards the $regon @o- producing a negati,el& tilted upper tro! o,er Eritish +olumbia and Alberta# +umulus clouds co,ered most o! the project -ith a high reported o! 19+#

Page: 103

Aune ?2 Wednesda&

/o aircra!t operations# Relations: a# %our o! radar !acilit& !or local 'indergarten children and their teachers# b# Erian Hepp ;.eneral anager< and Erian Stephenson ; ar(etingM$n5Air< o! ?9#9 +'F radio station in $lds ,isited the radar to arrange pro,ision o! Public Se,ere Weather !orecasts# /o aircra!t operations#

Aune 102 %hursda&

Aune 112 Frida&

Aune 122 Saturda&

1ate Aune 132 Sunda&

An upper @o- in ontana in the morning pushed east throughout the da&# A band o! light rain sho-ers de,eloped during the morning !rom east o! +algar& to Red 1eer# A short -a,e passed through the project -ith onl& one lightning stri(e reported in the project area# +loud& and !ogg& conditions persisted throughout the da& -ith +algar& reporting poc(ets o! sun# ore rain!all -as reported to the east -ith rain totals o! 6#8 mm in Red 1eer2 11#8 mm in +oronation2 and 0#0 mm in +algar&# High o! 18+ -ith a depoint o! 11+# +old upper le,el lo- located on the S'M EM0S border mo,ed to the northeast throughout the da&# Wrap around moisture a!!ected Alberta during the morning producing !og and light sho-ers# Wea( to moderate sho-ers persisted throughout the da& -ith a couple o! lightning stri(es reported in +algar&# Rain!all amounts o! 1#4 mm in Red 1eer and +algar& onl& reporting a trace# High o! 18+ de- point 10+# 0pper le,el lo- located in anitoba pushed o!! to the east throughout the da&# Wrap5around sho-ers continued to a!!ect the project in the morning and a!ternoon# Rain sho-ers persisted o,er southern project throughout the e,ening -ith rain totals o! 3 mm in Red 1eer and 9 mm in +algar&# High o! 18 +2 de- point 9+# Weather %he sur!ace lo- mo,ed east into $ntario lea,ing the region in a -ea( tro! -ith a diminishing upslope !lo-# 'e& jetstream !lo- -as :onal2 remaining south o! the 4?th parallel and jet e=it support -as in southern Sas(atche-an# A -ea( mid le,el ridge built coincident -ith ma=imum da&time heating causing clearing and allo-ing con,ecti,e acti,it& to spar(# @o- le,els !airl& moist !rom &esterda&Fs sho-er acti,it&2 and %+0 acti,it& began at noon2 -ith stronger gro-th to +E acti,it& shortl& a!ter-ards# .radient -ea( and cell motion nearl& stagnant !rom the -est# Storm acti,it& began /* o! +algar& -ith secondar& gro-th bac( across the cit&2 seeded b& HS1# Hail reported in Airdrie to pea si:e and hail to small grape si:e reported in /W +algar&# Additional cells !ormed on a SW to /* line running through $lds -ere seeded b& both HS2 and HS3 at di!!erent times and along a second line -ith the same SW to /* orientation -est o! Red 1eer seeded b& HS3# Hail reported !rom the air near Penhold and recei,ed at the radar ;654mm<# As ma=imum heating passed2 (e& li!t diminished and storm acti,it& also started to -ane# A tornado touched do-n brie!l& near Julcan around 9 pm local time# %he tornado -atch ended at 0201K ;4:01 pm<# Radar -atch maintained into the late e,ening# A+S@ more prominent at sunset and atmosphere stabili:ing# .ol! ball si:e hail -as reported b& Alberta +rop "nsurance#

/o aircra!t operations#

/o aircra!t operations#

Acti,ities Summar& HS1 launched at 2042K to cell /* o! +algar&2 airborne at 204?K2 started seeding storm 71 at 2106K and started seeding a second cell ;storm 73< at 2146K as out!lotriggered additional gro-th across the north and -est parts o! the cit&# HS1 stopped seeding at 2320K and landed at 2329K as acti,it& o,er cit& collapsed -ith remainder trac(ing -ell east o! +algar&# HS3 -as launched at 2108K2 airborne 2124K to -or( a SW5 /* line o! cells ,icinit& $lds2 commenced seeding o! storm 72 at 2143K2 stopping 2206K and then proceeding to second line ,icinit& Red 1eer ;storm 7 4< at cloud base2 commencing seeding at 221?K in the ,icinit& o! +aroline and completed seeding at 2329K o,er H-&72# HS3 patrolled a!ter (e& acti,it& mo,ed east o! high-a& 2 and returned to Red 1eer2 landing at 011?K# HS2 launched at 2210K2 airborne 2220K2 to -or( south end o! the $lds line ;remnants o! Storm72<2 commenced seeding o! storm 7 2 at 2224K and -or(ed in to-ards Airdrie2 completing seeding at 231?K# HS2 continued to patrol a!ter acti,it& diminished and mo,ed out o! protected region2 HS2 landing at 0114K# HS1: 204?52329V02:34B 249 *A%2 20 E"P HS2: 222050114V02:64B 4 E"P2 104 min acetone HS3: 21245011?V03:66B 16 E"P

Aune 142 onda&

Aune 162 Weather

%he project area -as still in a tro! !or most o! the da& -ith :onal !lo- to the south# 'e& jet stream ma=imums -ere still -ell to the south o! the 4?th parallel# An upper le,el ridge started to !orm o,er the E+ coast2 -hich !orced a short -a,e to slide do-n across southern Alberta# Sho-ers started to !orm in the north-est portion o! the project in the morning -ith con,ecti,e acti,it& !orming to the south b& late morning# At noon2 acti,it& -as obser,ed o,er +algar& and HS1 -as launched to this cell and started seeding# A!ter about 2 hours o! intermittent2 pre,entati,e seeding2 HS1 retuned to base# %hroughout the da&2 light to moderate sho-ers -ere reported -ith pea si:e hail obser,ed at @acombe# Rain amounts o! 1#4 mm in Red 1eer and 4#4 mm in +algar& -ere reported# A high o! 14+ and de- points near 4+ -ere reported in the area# .rape si:e hail -as reported b& Alberta +rop "nsurance# %he ridge o,er E+ continued to build as -ell as hold its position to the -est o! AE# %his caused a /W !lo- o,er the project area# 'e& odi!ication "nc#

HS1 launched at 1944K to moderate sho-ers o,er SW +algar&# HS1 -as airborne at 1424K and started seeding at 1441K# HS1 stopped seeding at 1?29K and patrolled area until 1?49K and returned to base# HS1: 140052001V02:01B 83 *A%2 6 E"P Aulian Erimelo- ;0 o! Alberta< ,isited the radar to install the latest ,ersion o! the Hailcast model#

HS3 -as launched at 2313K to con,ecti,e sho-ers at Red $ctober 2004

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report %uesda& d&namics continue to remain -ell to the south o! the 4?th parallel# 1ue to cooling in the upper le,els2 there -as some destabili:ation o! the atmosphere allo-ing !or some con,ecti,e acti,it&# Sho-ers began to mo,e into the project area !rom the north around 14K# An area o! con,ection -as noted north-est o! Red 1eer around 23K# 2 mm hail -as reported at Red 1eer Airport# Sho-ers continued to mo,e in !rom the north throughout the a!ternoon hours and into the e,ening# ?#2 mm rain in Red 1eer and 1#0 mm in +algar&# High o! 19+ in Red 1eer and 16+ in +algar&#

Page: 104 1eer# HS3 -as airborne at 2330K and started seeding Storm 71 at cloud base at 2333K as the storm approached the /W side o! Red 1eer# %he storm trac(ed on %"%A/ !or one scan -ith ma= re!lecti,it& o! 40 dEK and 6#6 (m cell top# HS3 stopped seeding at 0020K and patrolled south o! Red 1eer# HS3 returned to base at 006? K# HS1 -as launched at 0116 K and -as airborne at 0130K to patrol sho-ers north o! +ochran# %he approaching line o! sho-ers dissipated be!ore reaching +algar& and HS1 did not seed# HS1 returned to base at 0222 K# HS3: 233050112V01:44B 9 E"P HS1: 012850239V01:11B patrol !light

Aune 182 Wednesda&

Aune 192 %hursda&

Aune 142 Frida&

Aune 1?2 Saturda&

1ate Aune 202 Sunda&

Aune 212 onda&

Aune 222 %uesda&

Ridge o,er Eritish +olumbia continued to build and hold its position placing Alberta in a cool northerl& !lo-# A cold !ront slid through Alberta earl& in the a!ternoon causing light to moderate sho-ers# A short-a,e mo,ed through the area during the late a!ternoon hours# %his also caused some moderate sho-ers to pop up# %hunder -as reported at the radar site around 00K but onl& rain no hail# %he sho-ers continued their north to south mo,ement across the project area# At 0110K2 a moderate to hea,& rain sho-er mo,ed o,er the radar site and dropped some graupel# a= dE: !or this cell -as 34 dE:# Rain!all amounts -ere 12#4 mm in Red 1eer and 1#0 mm in +algar&# Highs reported -ere 13+ in Red 1eer and 18+ in +algar&# Ridge continued to build o!! the Eritish +olumbia coast# %ro! a=is positioned -ell to the south o! the project area# A -ea( sur!ace ridge -as located o,er the project area# 1uring the late a!ternoon2 a short-a,e mo,ed o,er the -estern edge o! the project area# Plent& o! sur!ace heating and cooling alo!t allo-ed !or an unstable sounding# 0pper d&namics as -ell as jet support -as minimal# +umulus clouds -ere abundant o,er the project area throughout the da&# +algar& reported ,irga at 19K but other-ise there -ere no sho-ers# High o! 18+ in Red 1eer and 16+ in +algar&# Ridge still continued to build o!! the E+ coast# Sur!ace high !rom &esterda& mo,ed o!! to the southeast bringing in a southerl& !lo-# 0pper le,el lo- positioned -ell south o! the project -ith main jet support -ell north o! the project area# Aust a !e- clouds passed through the project area2 no rain sho-ers and no con,ecti,e -eather# %o-ering cumulus -as obser,ed o,er the !oothills but none o,er the project area# High o! 1?+ in Red 1eer and 19+ in +algar&# Ridge continued to remain o,er E+# 0pper le,el lo- positioned o,er Washington state started to -ea(en and mo,e slo-l& east-ard2 sta&ing -ell south o! the area# +lear s(ies pre,ailed o,er the project area throughout the da& -ith clouds and sho-ers mo,ing into the area late o,ernight and into the morning hours# Highs near 22+ and de- points near 2+# A beauti!ul summer da&# Weather 0pper le,el ridge remained -est o! the project area o,er E#+# Short -a,es and jet support remain to the east o! our area# A cold !ront mo,ed through the area earl& in the morning and brought sho-ers but no con,ecti,e acti,it&# %he clouds ga,e -a& to mostl& sunn& s(ies in the earl& a!ternoon# High o! 14+ in +algar& and 2#8 mm2 -hile Red 1eer had a high o! 1?+ and 0#4 mm# 0pper le,el ridge continued o,er E#+# and began to -ea(en shi!ting slightl& bac( to the -est2 -hich allo-ed a short -a,e to mo,e o,er the project area beginning around 00K# Although jet support remained to the east2 the atmosphere -as unstable enough to allo- con,ecti,e sho-ers to !orm o,er the Roc(ies# %hese sho-ers mo,ed into the project area around 02K# A thunderstorm -as reported at Red 1eer# Around 03K2 lightning at the radar site2 and at 0364 K2 ac and Aoel called to report lightning around +algar&# %hunderstorm mo,ed through +algar& around 04K# High o! 23#6+ and 1#4 mm o! rain in Red 1eer2 and 23+ -ith 2#2 mm o! rain in +algar&# Ridge remained to the -est o! the project area2 -ith an intense loo!! to the east# Ridge is e=pected to retrograde o,er the ne=t 38 hours putting the project area in a better chance !or PJA associated -ith jet support# For no-2 jet support remains to the east# Jer& -ea( d&namic support2 but su!!icient instabilit& to produce se,ere storms# At 2163 titan trac(ed !irst storm 142 at 90 nm -ith a ma= dEK o! 42# A !e- %SRW obser,ed in the !oothills but mostl& sunn& o,er the project area2 -ith increasing clouds in the e,ening# +algar& high o! 21#4+ and Red 1eer high o! 22#4+# odi!ication "nc#

/o aircra!t operations#

/o aircra!t operations# Radar5Solar calibration per!ormed bet-een 0018:50100:: 1i!!erences in A:imuth: 50#2?` ;sun N radar<2 and *le,ation: T0#09` ;sun N radar<# Jalues -ithin tolerance# /o change to radar#

/o aircra!t operations#

/o aircra!t operations#

Acti,ities Summar& /o aircra!t operations

/o aircra!t operations#

HS2 launched at 2202 on a patrol !light along the !oothills o! the -estern project border# HS2 returned to base at 2344 HS2: 222052344V1:24B patrol

Weather

$ctober 2004

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report 1eep upper le,el lo- remained to our east o,er anitoba -hile strong ridge remained to the -est# %his (eeps area in a cool north-est !lo-# Aet a=is has retrograded and is closer to the project area# %his along -ith a short -a,e !orecasted to mo,e o,er the area o,ernight triggered some sho-er acti,it& o,er the !oothills# At 2013m the !irst %itan cell trac(ed and -as located 13 miles -est o! Eragg +ree( mo,ing to the south and east !ollo-ing the Roc(ies# %he ma= cell top -as 10#6 (m -ith 60 dEK ma= re!lecti,it&2 and 16#9 ma= J"@ in the -estern bu!!er region# A second storm at 2214K -est o! @imestone mountain2 also trac(ed along the Roc(ies# ean-hile2 rain sho-ers mo,ed into the northern part o! the project area o,er Red 1eer and proceeded to mo,e through the entire project area# +algar& high o! 14#4+ and 3#8 mm rain2 -hile Red 1eer reached 14#2+ and 2#4 mm rain# %he lo- o,er anitobaM$ntario began to slip east and the ridge continued to build to-ards the north# Ridge a=is unchanged and continued to (eep the project area in a north-est !lo-# Some +umulus and to-ering +umulus clouds -ere reported throughout the da& -ith a high o! 20+ and de- point o! 10+# Ridge o,er Eritish +olumbia narro-s as short -a,e tro! mo,es up the E+ coast# Another short -a,e mo,ed south though eastern Alberta producing some li!t !or some con,ecti,e sho-ers in the a!ternoon# Sho-ers !ormed o,er !oothills and slo-l& diminished as the& mo,ed into the project area# Hea,& rain and thunder -as reported in +algar& -ith rain!all amounts o! 18#4 mm# High o! 21+ in Red 1eer and 20+ in +algar&# Ridge still o,er Eritish +olumbia -ith upper le,el lo- o,er the .ul! o! Alas(a# Short -a,e tro! mo,ed o,er area during the morning producing light rain sho-ers o,er +algar& at 16K# Another short -a,e mo,ed into the area in the a!ternoon -ith jet support and -ind shear# Eut -ith insu!!icient moisture there -as no con,ecti,e acti,it& in the area# Highs -ere 21#8+ in Red 1eer and 1?#6 in +algar&# Weather 0pper le,el ridge positioned o,er the project area -ith upper le,el lo- o,er Eritish +olumbia# Partl& cloud& s(ies -ere obser,ed o,er most o! the project area# +u and A++ -ere obser,ed but there -as no con,ection obser,ed in the project area# +algar& reached a high o! 21+ and Red 1eer reached a high o! 23+# Ridge continues to hold its position o,er Alberta# @o- o,er Eritish +olumbia slo-l& mo,ed to the northeast throughout the da&# Partl& cloud& s(ies -ith +u reported in project area throughout the earl& a!ternoon# +on,ecti,e cell south o! +algar& de,eloped and ,eered to the southeast e,entuall& mo,ing out o! the bu!!er :one# $ther con,ecti,e cells bubbled up o,er the !oothills -ith most o! the acti,it& located in the north-est bu!!er near Roc(& ountain House#

Page: 106

Aune 232 Wednesda&

HS2 launched at 2014 on a patrol !light -est and SW o! +algar& and returned to base at 2149 -ith no seeding operations# HS2: 203852169V1:21B patrol

Aune 242 %hursda&

/o aircra!t operations#

Aune 262 Frida&

HS2 -as launched at 2208 K to patrol area /orth o! +ochran# HS2 -as airborne at 2231 K# HS2 returned to base at 0009 K# HS2: 222950031V2:04B patrol !light /o aircra!t operations#

Aune 282 Saturda&

1ate Aune 292 Sunda&

Acti,ities Summar& /o aircra!t operations

Aune 242 onda&

HS1 -as launched at 2219K to patrol con,ecti,e cells south o! +algar& in the bu!!er# HS1 -as airborne at 2240K# +ells south o! +algar& diminished and mo,ed to the south# HS1 returned to base at 232? K# HS3 -as launched at 2366K to de,eloping cells -est o! Roc(& ountain House# HS3 -as airborne at 0018K# HS3 patrolled area !rom -est o! Roc(& ountain House to -est o! +remona# A!ter these cells died2 HS3 returned to base at 0243 K# HS1: 223952342V1:06B patrol !light HS3: 001150300V2:4?B patrol !light HS2 -as launched at 1?66K to a strong cell just -est o! +remona# HS2 -as airborne b& 2012K# HS2 started seeding Storm 71 at 2039K using acetone generators at cloud base -est o! +remona# At appro=imatel& 2123K2 HS2 mo,ed east and seeded the line o! cells near 1idsbur& and +arstairs# HS2 stopped seeding at 2211K and patrolled the area north-est o! +algar& be!ore returning to base at 2231# HS3 -as launched at 2064K to a trac(ing cell north-est o! Red 1eer# HS3 -as airborne b& 211?K and patrolled cells -est o! Red 1eer# HS3 returned to base at 2312K a!ter cells dissipated2 ha,ing not seeded# HS1 -as launched at 2229K# HS1 -as airborne b& 2249K and patrolled the area -est o! +algar&# A!ter patrolling HS1 returned to base at 2312K# HS1 did not seed# HS1: 224652366V01:10B patrol !light HS2: 200452244V02:40B ?6T?6 min @TR .enerators: seeding operation HS3: 211652324V02:13B patrol Flight

Aune 2?2 %uesda&

Ridge continues to hold its position o,er AE and is e=pected to be diminishing o,er the ne=t !e- da&s# %he lo- o,er E+ has mo,ed o!! to the /W and combined -ith a lo- o,er Washington St ejected multiple short -a,es o,er the project area# %his combined -ith an unstable atmosphere and a dr& slot o,er the SW portion o! the project area produced con,ecti,e acti,it&# Acti,it& started earl& in the a!ternoon -ith a cell trac(ing -est o! +remona around 1440K# %his cell -ea(ened and died -hen it got to the project area# $ther cells de,eloped into a line e=tending !rom +remona to the 1idsbur&M+arstairs area around 2030K -ith hea,& rain and shot to pea si:e hail reported# A cell de,eloped north-est o! Red 1eer about 2100K and sta&ed out o! the project area as it mo,ed east# +algar& reported a high o! 24#?+ -hile Red 1eer reached 26#8+# /o rain reported in +algar&2 13 mm o! rain !ell at the radar2 and 0#4 mm at GF#

Aune 302 Weather

0pper le,el ridge continued to hold its position o,er AE and starting to -ea(en# Sur!ace lo-s o,er E+ coast and Washington St odi!ication "nc#

/o aircra!t operations# $ctober 2004

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report Wednesda& caused short -a,es to mo,e o,er the project area# %he sounding -as slightl& unstable but more stable then the da& be!ore# Warming at the mid le,els helped to stabili:e the atmosphere some but moisture at all le,els helped (eep it slightl& unstable# With upper d&namics still being -ea( and lac( o! jet support some con,ecti,e cells de,eloped o,er the !oothills but struggled to remain con,ecti,e -hen the& mo,ed out o! the Roc(ies# +loud& s(ies helped to (eep temperatures do-n2 -hile titan did trac( cells mo,ing o,er +algar& around 01K2 the ma= tops -ere onl& 4#6 (m producing just a moderate rain sho-er# L+ ma= 20#4+ and 3#2 mm rain2 -hile GF reached 21+ and reported no rain# Aul& 12 %hursda& Ridge o,er AE started to !latten !orming a lee side trough o,er southern AE# Aet support remained mostl& to the -est# High depoints added to the con,ecti,e -eather# +on,ecti,e storms began to !orm -est o! +algar& around 1?K -ith other storms !orming around 20K o,er +ochrane# Storms bac(ed into the Red 1eer area around 21K# E& 2230K the storms had -ea(ened and mo,ed to the east# a= heights on the storms ranged !rom 10#6 (m o,er +algar& to 12#6 (m to the east o! the project area# +algar& 24#2+ and 1#0 mm and Red 1eer 24#2+ and 1#? mm o! rain .ol! ball si:e hail -as reported b& Alberta +rop "nsurance#

Page: 108

HS1 -as launched at 1?04K to a storm south-est o! +algar&# HS1 -as airborne b& 1?16K# HS1 started seeding Storm 71 at 1?21K and reported a lightning stri(e# HS1 stopped seeding at 2061K and reported !umes in the coc(pit and returned to base as a precaution# HS1 launched again at 2129K and -as airborne b& 2136K# HS1 started seeding Storm 73 o,er /W +algar& at 2144K# At 2201K HS1 stopped seeding and patrolled -est o! +algar&# At 2324K HS12 returned to base# At 2000K HS2 -as launched to Storm 71 o,er +algar& +it& to seed at cloud base# HS2 -as airborne b& 2009K and started seeding Storm 71 at 2016K# HS2 stopped seeding at 2064K and headed to-ards Springban( to a ne- cell# HS2 started seeding ne- cell Storm 7 32 o,er +ochrane2 at 2109K# At 2166K2 HS2 stopped seeding and returned to base# At 201?K2 HS3 -as launched to a storm o,er Red 1eer# HS3 -as airborne at 2033K started seeding Storm 72 at 203?K# HS3 stopped seeding at 2064K and patrolled the Red 1eer area# HS3 resumed seeding o,er Red 1eer Storm 72 at 2118K and stopped seeding at 2123K# HS3 resumed seeding o! Storm 7 2 at 2136K and stopped at 2143K# HS3 returned to base at 2324K# At 0K2 HS3 -as launched to Storm 74 near @acombe# HS3 -as airborne b& 0019K and started seeding at 001?K# HS3 stopped seeding at 0064K# At 006?K2 HS3 resumed seeding o! Storm 74 and stopped seeding at 0122K and returned to base# HS1: 1?1652066V1:40B *A% 1?02 E"P 16B Storm 71 HS1: 213652248V1:11 *A% 332 E"P 4B Storm 73 HS2: 20095220?V2:02B E"P 102 148 min acetoneB Storms 71\73 HS3: 203352334V3:06B E"P 6B Storm 72 HS3: 001950134V1:19B E"P ?B Storm 74

Aul& 22 Frida&

0pper d&namics remained relati,el& -ea( but a sur!ace lo- tried to trac( o,er the project area# Slight jet PJA located in the eastern regions o! the project area along -ith an unstable sounding indicated b& high de- points and cooling alo!t helped produce con,ecti,e -eather o,er the project area# %he !irst cells !ormed to the /W o! Red 1eer around 14K and !ormed into a line that e=tended -est to S&l,an @a(e# a= heights on these storms reached ?#6 (m# At 202?K2 a cells !ormed north o! +ochrane# %hese cells mo,ed to-ards +algar& -ith heights up to ?#6 (m# +ells around +arstairs -ere also a part o! these cells# At 2160K2 a cell mo,ed into the project area around Roc(& ountain House -ith a height o! 11#6 (m# At 2218K a cell !ormed directl& o,er +algar& and mo,ed slightl& to the east# "t reached a ma= height o! 10#6 (m o,er the cit&# At 2304K2 a cell !ormed /W o! @acombe and proceeded to mo,e to the southeast to-ards Elac( !alds# At 01K another cell !ormed to the -est o! +ochrane and in its earl& stages -as at 11#6 (m heights# Weather reports ranged !rom marble si:ed hail in +algar& appro=imatel& 1#6 cm -ith ,er& hea,& rain associated# Elac(!alds reported pea si:e hail and 1#6 inches o! rain in appro=imatel& hal! an hour# Pea si:ed hail -as also reported in Roc(& ountain House# Springban( reported 6 mm hail# .ol! ball si:e hail -as reported south o! @ethbridge# +algar& reported a high o! 23#1+

HS3 -as launched at 1400K and -as airborne b& 1416K# At 1414K2 HS3 started seeding Storm 71 /W o! Red 1eer and e=tended the seeding to S&l,an @a(e# HS3 seeded this storm o!! and on until 1?39K# HS3 then patrolled to-ards Sundre and started seeding Storm 72 at 1?64K# At 2044K2 HS3 stopped seeding Storm 72 and returned to base# At 202?K2 HS2 -as launched and airborne b& 2044K heading to /W +algar&# At 2064K2 HS2 started seeding Storm 72 to the -est o! Airdrie -hich e=tended into a line ;Storm 73< and at 2102K -as seeding -est o! 1idsbur& as part o! this line# At 2128K2 HS2 -as seeding -est o! +arstairs# At 2212K2 HS2 stopped seeding and headed to patrol +algar&# At 2218K2 HS2 started seeding Storm 74 o,er +algar&# A% 2322K2 HS2 stopped seeding o! Storm 74 and returned to base# At 2110K2 HS1 -as launched and -as airborne b& 2124K to patrol -est o! +algar&# At 2160K HS1 -as sent to a cell o,er Roc(& ountain House# HS1 began seeding Storm 76 near Roc(& ountain house at 2218K# At 2230K HS1 stopped seeding Storm 76 and headed to Storm 74 o,er +algar&# At 2262K HS1 started seeding Storm 74 o,er +algar&# HS1 stopped seeding Storm 74 at 2333K and -ent to patrol $ctober 2004

Weather

odi!ication "nc#

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report -ith 4#2 mm o! rain -hile Red 1eer reported 23#4+ -ith 11#8 mm rain#

Page: 109 around +algar& and then returned to base at 2360 K# At 2304K2 HS3 -as launched to Storm 78 near @acombe# HS3 -as airborne b& 2319K and started seeding Storm 78 at 2329K# HS3 proceeded to seed Storm 782 -hich e=tended o,er to S&l,an @a(e# HS3 stopped seeding Storm 78 at 0033K# At 0111K2 HS3 returned to base# At 0109K HS1 -as launched to -est o! +algar&# HS1 -as airborne b& 011?K and headed !or %urner Jalle& \ Elac( 1iamond# At 0131K2 HS1 started seeding Storm 79 at %urner Jalle& \ Elac( 1iamond# At 0223K HS1 stopped seeding Storm 79 and headed bac( to Storm 74 o,er Springban(# 022?K2 HS1 started seeding Storm 74 at cloud top# HS1 stopped seeding Storm 74 and returned to base !or a Duic( turn around# HS1 -as re5launched at 0301K and -as airborne b& 0314K to patrol the Springban( area# At 0400K HS12 -as sent to Roc(& ountain House# At 041?K HS1 started seeding Storm 7? o,er Roc(& ountain House# At 0460K HS1 stopped seeding and returned to base# At 0130K2 HS2 -as launched to-ards +ochrane and -as airborne b& 0143K# At 0161K2 HS2 started seeding Storm 74 b& Springban(# At 0201K2 HS2 stopped seeding Storm 74 and headed !or Storm 79 near %urner Jalle&# At 0209K2 HS2 started seeding Storm 79# At 0228K2 HS2 stopped seeding Storm 79 and returned to Storm 74# HS2 resumed seeding Storm 74 at cloud base at 0233K# HS2 stopped seeding Storm 74 at 0312K and patrolled the Springban( area and at 0322K returned to base# HS1: 212352404V2:46B *A% 1632 E"P 18B Storm 74\76 HS1: 011950300V1:43B *A% 2802 E"P 14B Storms 79\74 HS1: 031650614V1:6?B *A% 1112 E"P 8B Storm 7? HS2: 204052333V2:63B E"P 242 262 min acetoneB Storms 73\74 HS2: 014150336V1:64B E"P 82 114 acetoneB Storms 79\74 HS3: 141352108V2:63B E"P 14B Storms 71\72 HS3: 232150124V1:16B E"P 14B Storm 78

Aul& 32 Saturda&

@o- o,er E#+# began !illing as ridge built o,er E#+# %he net e!!ect -as to deepen a trough o,er AE and a sur!ace lo- !ormed o,er southern AE# 0pslope !lo- helped to trigger some con,ecti,e -eather o,er the project area# Storms began to !orm around 1?36K o,er the +ochrane area# %hese cells !ormed into a line that e=tended !rom "nnis!ail to Eragg +ree(# +ells trac(ed slo-l& to-ard the east dropping hea,& rain!all amounts and some small hail -as reported# %he highest cells remained in the south-est bu!!er :one -here heights reached ?#6 (m in the project area# Weather reports ranged !rom dime si:e hail reported b& en,ironment +anada in +algar& to pea si:e hail o,er Eragg +ree( and a !e- cold5core !unnel clouds -ere obser,ed -est o! the $lds5 1idsbur& Radar site# Eragg +ree( reported hal! to a Duarter inch hail# +algar& reported a ma= temp o! 1?#4+ and 4#8 mm rain# Red 1eer reached 19#?+ plus 13#2 mm rain# %he radar site recorded a 24 rain!all o! 14#4 mm#

HS2 was launched to the Cochrane area at 1920Z and was airborne by 1935Z. They started seeding Storm 1 near Cochrane at 19!1Z. HS2 sto""ed seeding Storm 1 at 221#Z and returned to base. At 1?60K2 HS1 -as launched to the -est o! +algar& and -as airborne b& 2002K# HS1 started seeding Storm 71 at cloud top at 2014K# At 2038K2 HS1 stopped seeding Storm 71 momentaril& and headed to Eragg +ree(# At 2034K2 HS1 started seeding Storm 72 and did t-o passes be!ore stopping seeding at 2046K and returned bac( to Storm 71# HS1 resumed seeding Storm 71 at 204?K# At 2206K2 HS1 ran out o! ejectables and s-itched o,er to E"Ps onl&# HS1 stopped seeding Storm 71 at 2220K and patrolled near Springban(# At 2244K2 HS1 returned to base# HS3 -as launched at 2028K2 to a storm -est o! "nnis!ail# HS3 -as airborne b& 2042K and patrolled -est o! "nnis!ail# At 2104K2 HS3 started seeding Storm 73 -est o! $lds# At 216?K2 HS3 stopped seeding Storm 73 and returned to base at 2218K# HS1: 1?6?5226?V3:00B *A% 2?32 E"P 13B Storms 71\72 HS2: 1?3052229V 1:69B E"P 212 260 min acetone2 Storm 71 HS3: 204052228V 1:48 E"P 11B Storm 73#

1ate Aul& 42 Sunda&

Weather %he upper le,el ridge o,er Eritish +olumbia continued to build to the north and to the east# Sur!ace High o,er northern Alberta slid south as a shallo- lo- mo,ed along the Roc(& ountains# %he project -as under mostl& cloud& s(ies all da& -ith sho-ers and dri::le reported in the morning and earl& a!ternoon# Some +umulus and %o-ering +umulus -ere reported in the a!ternoon# +algar& reported a high o! ?#4+ -ith 1#8mm rain# Red deer reported a high o! 13#1+ -ith 1#4 mm rain# An upper le,el ridge -as positioned o,er Alberta throughout the odi!ication "nc#

Acti,ities Summar& /o aircra!t operations

/o aircra!t operations# $ctober 2004

Weather

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report Aul& 62 onda& da&# %he upper le,el @o- in the .ul! o! Alas(a deepen and mo,ed to the east# A jet -as positioned o,er Alberta during the a!ternoon2 -hich triggered a couple o! a!ternoon and e,ening sho-ers in the !oothills# As these sho-ers mo,ed into the project area the& -ea(ened and died# Highs -ere 14#4+ in +algar& and 19#6 in Red 1eer# 1e- points ranged !rom ?+ to 11+ across the project area# Pea si:e hail -as reported b& Alberta +rop "nsurance# 0pper le,el ridge mo,ed into Sas(atche-an# 0pper le,el lo- o,er northern Eritish +olumbia# A short -a,e tro! mo,ed though the area in the earl& a!ternoon# %here -as also a nose o! a jet pushing into the area# First sho-er and thundersho-er acti,it& appeared to be triggered b& -arm !rontMtro-al s-eeping rapidl& -est to east across project area just a!ter noon# +AP* -as Duite high ;?40<2 indicies all ,er& unstable and sur!ace de-points remained abo,e 10`+ throughout project area# 1espite cloud and sho-ers associated -ith this !irst earl& a!ternoon acti,it&2 late da& sur!ace heating spar(ed a second period o! acti,it& -ith numerous large thundersho-ers# %hese -ere concentrated in the north project -here upper e=it jet support -as greatest2 and out!lo- continued to trigger -ea( sho-ers until a!ter midnight ; 1%<# S(ies cleared at this time and radiation cooling resulted in -idespread !og# +old !ront remained in E+ at 08K and did not trigger acti,it& until later the !ollo-ing da&# %he High in +algar& -as 23+ -ith onl& a trace o! precipitation# %he High in Red 1eer -as 21+ -ith ? mm o! precipitation# arble si:e hail -as reported -est o! Sundre and in Eo-den#

Page: 104

Public relations: Aim Renic( inter,ie-ed b& 1a,e Ruther!ord on GR99 regarding Hail Suppression and also addressed se,eral calls !rom the public regarding concerns about cloud seeding depleting rain# HS3 -as launched at 1?36K to seed /W5S* line -est o! Eo-den mo,ing east to-ards Red 1eer# HS3 -as airborne at 1?64K# Seeding o! Storm 71 commenced at 2001K using E"Ps intermittentl& at cloud base2 terminating seeding runs at 2146K east o! Red 1eer as the line passed the cit&# HS3 returned to base at 2201K# HS2 -as launched at 2236K to seed a cell on /W corner o! project area# HS2 started seeding Storm 72 at 2332K at cloud base2 -ith P60 dEK echo trac(ing to-ard Roc(& ountain House# Seeding terminated at 0026K# HS2 patrolled /W project area and R%E at 0026K2 di,erting to in,estigate cell /W o! +algar& ;no seed< be!ore !inal recall at 0100K# HS3 -as launched a second time at 021?K to in,estigate and seed a cell /W o! Sundre2 mo,ing to-ard Sundre# HS3 started seeding Storm 73 at 0244K# +ell ,er& ,ertical2 -ith !e- !eeder cells2 dime5si:ed hail reported just /W o! Sundre at 0240K# HS3 stopped seeding at 0328K and proceeded to the north edge o! project to patrol -ea( cells in that ,icinit&# Aircra!t then directed to Storm 74 -est o! Eo-den# Seeding started at 0434K -ith ejectables and E"Ps# HS3 stopped seeding at 0626K as cell diminished and started to pass to the east o! High-a& 2# HS3 !le- -est along a line o! de,elopment ,icinit& o! +aroline to seed Storm 76 at 0626K# HS3 stopped seeding at 064?K and proceeded to Storm 78 at "nnis!ail# HS3 started seeding 78 at 0668K and stopped seeding and returned to base at 0804K due to !uel2 replaced b& HS1# HS1 -as launched at 0646K to replace HS3 at Storm 78 at "nnis!ail# HS1 -as airborne at 0669K and a!ter patrol o! Storm 782 since collapsed2 started seeding Storm 79 ;Red 1eer< at 0836K south o! Red 1eer HS1 terminated seed at 0860K to head SW to +aroline Storm 7 6 re5intensi!&ing ,cnt& Eo-den# Seeding 76 terminated 0916K as cell collapsed and aircra!t patrolled Eo-den ,cnt& until recalled at 0969K# HS3: 1?6352221V2:24B E"P 12B Storm 71 HS2: 224950138V2:4?B E"P 62 62 min acetoneB Storm 72 HS3: 022950821V3:64B *A% 21?B E"P 10B Storm 732 742 762 78 HS1: 06685040?V2:13B *A% 34B E"P 9B Storm 7 92 76 HS1 -as launched at 1942K to a con,ecti,e cell in southern +algar&# HS1 -as airborne at 1964K and proceeded to seed the cell o,er +algar& at 1966K# HS1 stopped seeding at 1424K and then patrolled in the clear south o! Eragg +ree(# HS1 returned to base at 1?04K# HS1: 196351?23V02:30B E"P 8B Storm 71 Public Relations: Article entitled HStorm EustersI !eatured in the $lds .a:ette2 including pictures !rom the radar and an inter,ie- -ith %err& 'rauss# /o aircra!t operations#

Aul& 82 %uesda&

Aul& 92 Wednesda&

Aul& 42 %hursda&

Aul& ?2 Frida&

%here -ere t-o upper le,el lo-s in the ,icinit& o! the project# $ne o! the lo-s -as positioned o,er northern Eritish +olumbia and the other -as positioned o,er Alberta# At the sur!ace2 a cold !ront passed though the project area during the a!ternoon hours triggerng some con,ecti,e storms o,er +algar&# %his con,ection continued to hold together and mo,ed to the northeast -here the cold !ront and Aet e=it -ere more pronounced# As the da& -ent on2 cold rain sho-ers -ere reported across the project area# Highs o! 12+ -ere reported in +algar& and Red 1eer# Rain!all amounts -ere reported o! 16#4 mm in +algar& and 3 mm in Red 1eer# Pea si:e hail -as reported b& Alberta +rop "nsurance# 0pper le,el lo-2 -hich passed b& &esterda& no- positioned o,er AEMS' border and has slo-ed do-n in speed# %hroughout the da& it slo-l& mo,ed to the northMnorth-est# Another upper le,el loo,er E+ e=pected to split !rom the lo- on the AEMS( border and produce a ridging pattern bet-een the lo-s# Wrap around sho-ers -ere obser,ed throughout the da& and into the e,ening# Reported highs -ere 19+ in +algar& and 11+ in Red 1eer# Rain!all amounts -ere 0#8 mm in +algar& and 26#2 mm in Red 1eer# 0pper le,el lo- o,er the AEMS' border began to -ea(en and mo,ed to the east# A secondar& lo- o,er E+ created a -ea( ridge o,er the project area# Some sho-ers !ormed during ma= heating o,er the project area# Reported highs o! 20#4+ in +algar& -ith a trace o! rain!all and Red 1eer reported a high o! 20+-ith also a odi!ication "nc#

/o aircra!t operations#

Weather

$ctober 2004

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report trace o! rain# 0pper le,el lo- o,er E+ began to mo,e to the east to-ards AE# Short-a,e passed through the project area at 00K# Aet ma= in the project area ga,e PJA north o! +algar& and /JA to the south# A lee trough and the presence o! the jet ma= and da&time heating allo-ed the !ormation o! thunderstorms o,er the project area# %he !irst storms de,eloped near +ochrane and Roc(& ountain house# %he +ochrane cell mo,ed to the northeast and diminished o,er the radar# +ells !ormed to the south o! High Ri,er and -ere trac(ing at 69 (mMhr# %-o separate cells passed o,er High Ri,er both dropping hail# Pea to small grape si:e hail -as reported at the High Ri,er gol! course# %he cell o,er Roc(& ountain House slo-l& mo,ed to the east then stalled dropping hea,& amounts o! rain along -ith 2 cm hail reported b& Aulian Erimelo- east o! R # %he !inal cells o! the e,ening -ere located o,er southern +algar& and to the south o! Spring Ean(# /o signi!icant -eather reported -ith either o! these# Walnut si:e hail -as reported b& Alberta +rop "nsurance# .ol! ball to tennis ball si:e hail -as reported at Ft# o! @ethbridge# acleod2 -est

Page: 10?

Aul& 102 Saturda&

HS2 -as launched at 2044K to patrol near +ochrane# At 210?K HS2 -as airborne# At 2126K HS2 -as sent to patrol southern +algar&# At 2211K HS2 -as sent to patrol near +ochrane again# At 2220K HS2 began seeding Storm 72 at +ochrane# At 2223K HS2 reported a problem -ith their right generator but continued seeding -ith the le!t generator and E"Ps# At 2169K HS2 reported no in!lo-# At 2324K HS2 stopped seeding and returned to base# HS3 -as launched at 2124K to Roc(&# HS3 -as airborne b& 2160K# HS3 started seeding Storm 71 near Roc(& ountain House at 2208K# At 233?K HS3 stopped seeding east o! R and returned to base to re!uel and re!lare# At 2229K HS1 -as launched /W o! L+ and -as airborne b& 2242K# %he& began seeding Storm 72 at 2244K north o! +ochrane At 2264K HS1 stopped seeding 72 and headed !or High Ri,er# HS1 started seeding Storm 73 south o! High Ri,er at 2304K# HS1 stopped seeding 73 north o! High Ri,er at 2320K# At 0006K HS1 started seeding another cell ;still Storm 73< south o! High Ri,er# HS1 stopped seeding Storm 73 at 0044K and R%E# At 0064K HS3 -as relaunched to Roc(& ountain House and -as airborne b& 0106K# %he& resumed seeding Storm 71 east o! R at 0112K and at 0144K the& stopped seeding Storm 71 and patrolled the area until the storm le!t the project area /* o! R # At 0218K HS3 returned to base# HS1 -as launched at 0234K to ,isual hard gro-th o,er south +algar&# HS1 -as airborne at 0243K and started seeding Storm74 o,er S* +algar& at 0246K at cloud base# HS1 stopped seeding 74 at 0300K and patrolled o,er SW +algar&# At 0324K HS1 -as sent to Eragg +ree( and started seeding Storm76 at 0328K at cloud top# HS1 stopped seeding 76 at 040?K and then R%E at 0414K ending operations !or the e,ening# HS2: 210952343V2:38 E"P 4B 90 min acetone# HS3: 214452368V 2:04 *A% 1?4B E"P 14 HS1: 22405006?V2:1?B *A% 28?BE"P 14 HS3: 010350228V1:23B E"P 8 HS1: 02435041?V1:24B *A% 129B E"P 4

%he !irst t-o radiosondes !or the Alberta .PS Atmospheric oisture *,aluation ;A.A *< research project -ere released at the radar at 14K and at 24K# High o! 22#?+in +algar& and 23#1+ in Red 1eer# /o rain!all reported at either station#

1ate Aul& 112 Sunda&

Weather %he upper le,el lo- o,er E#+# !inall& began to mo,e to the east# A sur!ace lo- -as located o,er the center o! the project area but the main -eather ma(er -as a cold core intense lo- that sho-ed up ,er& -ell on the 600 mb charts# %here -as also some le!t e=it PJA that helped trigger con,ecti,e -eather# Sounding sho-ed signi!icant cooling alo!t leading to an unstable atmosphere# %he !irst con,ecti,e cells !ormed to the SW o! +algar& at 1820K and trac(ed o,er the cit&# "t reached heights o! 10#6 (m and Duarter si:e hail -as reported in /W +algar&# At 1424K a cell began to trac( near Sundre# %his e,entuall& turned into a rather se,ere line o! storms stretching !rom S* o! "nnis!ail to just W o! Airdrie# %hese storms reached ?#6 (m heights and produced a !unnel clouds to the /* o! the radar and near "nnis!ail# Hail -as piled on the ground just to the /* o! $lds# A !inal line o! storms !ormed around Red 1eer -ith a 8#6 (m top directl& o,er southern Red 1eer2 it produced pea si:e hail# *,entuall&2 all the acti,it& dri!ted to the east -ith rain sho-ers lingering o,er the northern part o! the project into the late e,ening# Sonde 73 -as released at the radar at 14K# A large storm mo,ed though *dmonton in the late a!ternoon# @ocali:ed !looding and hail up to gol!ball si:e -ere reported across a large area o! the cit&# *=tensi,e !looding occurred along White ud 1ri,e in -est *dmonton# A tornado -as reported northeast o! *dmonton# A part o! the West *dmonton all ceiling collapsed o,er the "ce Palace due to the rain and hail#

Acti,ities Summar& HS1 -as launched at 1868K to /W +algar&# %he& -ere airborne b& 1910K and began seeding Storm 71 o,er +algar& at 191?K# At 1413K HS1 stopped seeding Storm 71 and patrolled o,er +algar&# HS1 R%E at 1420K# HS3 -as launched at 1424K and -as airborne b& 1441K# %he& headed to a cell north o! Sundre and at 1460K began seeding Storm 72 near Sundre# HS3 stopped seeding Storm 72 at 203?K and headed to-ards Red 1eer# HS3 began seeding storm 74 south o! Red 1eer at 204?K# At 2101K2 HS3 stopped seeding and R%E# HS1 -as relaunched at 1?14K to Storm 72 near Sundre and -as airborne b& 1?36K# HS1 began seeding Storm 72 at 1?44K# At 2020 HS1 stopped seeding Storm 72 and proceeded to Storm 73 near Airdrie# HS1 started seeding Storm 73 at 2029K and ended seeding at 2033K# HS1 then proceeded to Red 1eer and began seeding Storm 74 at 2060K# HS1 stopped seeding Storm 74 at 2069K and patrolled near Red 1eer# HS1 landed to Red 1eer at 2112K# HS2 -as launched to Storm 73 at Airdrie at 2003K# HS2 -as airborne b& 2026K and began seeding Storm 73 near Airdrie at 2024K# HS2 stopped seeding Storm 73 at 2061K and patrolled near +algar&# At 2201K HS2 -as R%E# HS1 -as launched once again ;!rom GF< at 2300K to S&l,an @a(e and -ere airborne b& 2312K# %he& patrolled near S&l,an @a(e and R%E +algar& at 2324K# HS1: 190951422V1:16B E"P 12B Storm71

Weather

odi!ication "nc#

$ctober 2004

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report

Page: 110 HS3: 144052116V2:36B E"P 20B Storm72 and Storm 74 HS1: 1?3052114V1:44B *A% 226B E"P 9 Storms 722 32 4 HS2: 202152211V1:60B 31 min AcetoneB Storm73 HS1: 231052360V0:40 Patrol onl&

Aul& 122 onda&

0pper @e,el @o- mo,ed into S' letting a ridge start to build o,er Alberta# +lear s(ies -ere reported throughout the da& -ith onl& a !e- +umulus clouds in the !oothills# High o! 23#1+ -as reported in +algar& and a high o! 22#9+ -as reported in Red 1eer# Sonde74 released at 14K# Sonde 76 released at 24K !ailed# Ridge continues to build and !rom central Alberta to the Lu(on# High +irrus mo,ed in earl& in the a!ternoon2 -hich capped the temperature !rom rising considerabl&# +ells started to de,elop -est o! Roc(& ountain House mid a!ternoon and continued into the e,ening hours# @ater2 cells started to de,elop in the southern project in the !oothills and trac(ed to the northeast to-ards +algar& and +ochrane# %hese cells continued to de,elop throughout the e,ening# $ther cells !ormed north o! the project during the e,ening into the earl& morning hours# High o! 24#?+ in +algar& and a high o! 24#6+ in Red 1eer# +algar& reported a rain!all amount o! 0#4 mm and Red 1eer reported no rain# 1ime5si:ed hail -as reported in north-est +algar& associated -ith the !ast mo,ing ;8? (mMhr< Storm 73# Sonde 78 at 14K !ailed due to telemetr& antenna !ault# Sonde 79 success!ull& released at 23K#

/o aircra!t operations#

Aul& 132 %uesda&

HS3 -as launched at 2109K to de,eloping cells south-est o! Roc(& ountain House# HS3 -as airborne at 2136K and headed to south o! Roc(& ountain House to patrol# With little to no prolonged con,ection to the north project2 HS3 returned to base at 0021K# HS1 -as launched at 0002K to the %urner Jalle&MElac( 1iamond area# HS1 -as airborne at 0018K and patrolled in south-estern bu!!er# HS1 started seeding storm 71 o,er SW +algar& at 0106K# HS1 stopped seeding at 0120K# HS1 then patrolled in the clear -est o! L+# HS1 started seeding storm 72 o,er +ochrane at 0143K# HS1 stopped seeding storm 72 at 0161K# HS1 started seeding storm 73 -est o! Eragg +ree( at 0166K# HS1 stopped seeding at 0244K and returned to base at 0260K# HS2 -as launched at 020?K to storm 73 o,er -est +algar&# HS2 -as airborne at 022?K and started seeding Storm 73 southeast o! Airdre at 0236K# HS2 stopped seeding at 0263K and patrolled -est o! +algar&# HS2 started seeding Storm 74 at 0344K -est o! Eragg +ree(# HS2 continued seeding as the line o! cells mo,ed into the +algar&MAirdre area# HS2 stopped seeding at 0468K# HS2 returned to base at 0602K# HS1 -as launched at 0342K to cells de,eloping o,er and -est o! +ochran# HS1 -as airborne at 0364K and started seeding Storm 74 at 0402K at Eragg +ree(# HS1 continued to seed the line o! cells as it mo,ed into the +algar&MAirdre area# HS1 stopped seeding at 0601K# HS1 then patrolled around north-est +algar&# HS1 returned to base at 0629K# HS3: 213250034V03:08B patrol !light HS1: 001850302V02:48B *A% 2882 E"P 8B Storms 712223 HS2: 022?50611V02:42B E"P 132 AcetoneV110 minB Storm 7324 HS1: 036850640V01:44B *A% 2422 E"P 10B Storm 74

Aul& 142 Wednesda&

%he Ridge continued to build o,er Alberta# With an upper le,el loo,er the .ul! o! Alas(a# Aet PJA -as -ell south o! the area# 1uring most o! the da&2 sunn& s(ies dominated the project area -ith onl& %o-ering +umulus in the Foothills# +umulus -as reported during the morning# A !e- thunderstorms !ormed in the !oothills and mo,ed into the project area in the earl& morning# Reported highs -ere 24#9+ in +algar& and 24#4+ in Red 1eer# .ol! ball si:ed hail -as reported in reported in south-est S'# Sonde 74 at 14K# oose Aa- and a tornado -as

/o aircra!t operations#

Aul& 162 %hursda&

%he ridge o,er Alberta ampli!ied to the north throughout the da&# 0pper le,el lo- -as still positioned o,er the .ul! o! Alas(a# Sur!ace high o,er S' brought in strong southeast -inds throughout the da&# Aet PJA -as mostl& to the south# %he largest storm to date de,eloped o,er @imestone ountain at 1413K and trac(ed south-ard along the !oothills# As the cell mo,ed to the southeast it intensi!ied ,ia discrete propagation on the south side2 but sta&ed in the bu!!er area# As the storm passed -est o! +aroline2 it split into multiple cells -ith the center cell being the strongest -ith heights o! 16#6 (m tops# Storm chasers .eo!! Strong and *d Jer(ai( both reported rotation at the cloud base -hen the storm -as /W o! +ochrane around 0030K# *n,ironment

HS3 -as launched at 1?42K to +aroline to patrol ,igorous de,elopment near @imestone ountain# HS3 -as airborne at 2000K# HS3 started seeding Storm 71 at 2119K -est o! Sundre# HS3 stopped seeding at 2139K and patrolled -est o! Sundre# HS3 started seeding again at 2142: -est o! Sundre# HS3 stopped seeding and returned to base at 2249K# HS1 -as launched at 202?K to -est o! Sundre# HS1 -as airborne at 2036K# HS1 started seeding storm 71 at 2100 -est o! Sundre# HS1 stopped seeding and returned to base at 2103K to drop o!! Scott the cameraman#

Weather

odi!ication "nc#

$ctober 2004

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report +anada issued a Se,ere Weather Warning and %ornado Watch# Shortl& a!ter2 a cell on the right5!ront !lan( started to trac( to the south-est into the Eo- Jalle& corridor# HS1 seeded this cell brie!l& and then stopped because the storm motion -as a-a& !rom +algar&# %he largest hail ;8 to 9 cm diameter< !ell !rom the cell that HS1 onl& brie!l& seeded# A!ter a couple o! scans o! the radar2 the main storm cell on the le!t5!ront !lan( started to trac( to the southeast to-ards +algar&# %he storm passed just to the south o! Spring Ean( and then passed across the southern hal! o! +algar& -ith HS1 and HS2 and later HS3 all seeding this cell o,er +algar&# 65cm diameter hail -as reported at .host @a(e# *ight cm deep hail reported south o! +ochrane# 1amaging hail up to gol! ball si:e -as reported in south-est +algar&# @ocal !looding in SW +algar& occurred due to the hea,& rain and small hail# %he intersection o! Anderson Road and ac@eod %rail -as co,ered -ith pea si:e hail up to 4 inches deep# South +enter all recei,ed large amounts o! small hail and !lood damage# +algar& reached 28#2+ -ith 1#4mm o! rain and Red 1eer reached 24+ -ith no rain# Sonde 7? at 14K# Sonde 710 at 21K#

Page: 111 HS2 -as launched at 2223K to patrol north-est o! +ochrane# HS2 -as airborne at 223?K# HS2 started seeding storm 71 -est o! +remona at 2263K# HS2 stopped seeding and returned to base at 0140K# HS1 -as launched at 2346K to storm 71 SW o! +remona# HS1 -as airborne at 0000K# HS1 started seeding at 0004K north o! +ochrane# HS1 stopped seeding at 0022K and patrolled in the clear o,er +ochrane# HS1 resumed seeding at 0048K north-est o! +ochrane# HS1 descended to cloud base at 0140K and resumed seeding at 0146K# At 023?K HS1 ascended to cloud top to resume seeding at cloud top# HS1 stopped seeding and returned to base at 0313K as the storm had !inall& cleared +algar& to the east# HS3 -as launched at 0114K to storm 71 W o! +ochrane# HS3 -as airborne at 0133K and made a beeline to Airdre# HS3 started seeding storm 71 at 0160K o,er north-est +algar&# HS3 stopped seeding at 0319K and patrolled in the clear south-est o! +algar&# HS3 headed bac( to Red 1eer and patrolled around the $ldsM1idsbur& radar be!ore returning to base at 0404K# HS3: 1?6452311V03:13B E"P 12B Storm 71 HS1: 203052121V00:6?B E"P 2B Storm 71 HS2: 223650160V03:16B E"P 212 203min o! AcetoneB Storm 71 HS1: 226?50323V03:30B *A% 2442 E"P 23B Storm 71 HS3: 012950420V02:63B E"P 18B Storm 71 HS2 -as launched at 1448K to a cell trac(ing o,er +arstairs# HS2 -as airborne at 1600K# HS2 returned to base at 1641K a!ter the cell mo,ed o!! to the east# /o seeding -as conducted# HS1 -as launched at 2116K to cell north o! +ochrane# HS1 -as airborne at 201?K# HS1 started seeding storm 71 SW o! Sundre at 2243K# HS1 stopped seeding at 2260K and patrolled in the clear# HS1 returned to base at 2320K# HS2 -as launched at 226?K to Storm 71 south o! Sundre# HS2 -as airborne at 2314K# HS2 patrolled south o! Sundre2 then returned to base at 0012K -ith no seeding# HS2: 146951661V00:64B patrol !light HS1: 213452338V02:04B *A% 232 E"P 1: Storm 71 HS2: 23125002?V01:19B patrol !light Public Relations: +F+/ %J inter,ie-ed %err& 'rauss at the radar +algar& Sun inter,ie-ed Aim Renic( ,ia telephone# +atherine %agg inter,ie-ed on %he Eree:e F 103 radio#

Aul& 182 Frida&

0pper le,el lo- in gul! o! Alas(a merged -ith a secondar& lo- and mo,ed slightl& to the -est and began to deepen allo-ing the upper le,el ridge o,er AE to strengthen# SW !lo- through the ridge continued and short -a,es continued to mo,e through the project area# Jer& high de-points -ere obser,ed throughout the project area# +ells started to de,elop in the !oothills in the earl& a!ternoon and trac(ed southeast# A cell just to the -est o! Sundre produce a !unnel but it ne,er did lo-er# E& 00K all acti,it& -ea(ened and dissipated due to a strong2 capping in,ersion o,er the project area# +algar& reached 30+ and Red 1eer reached 28#4+ -ith no rain reported# Sonde 711 at 14K# Sonde 712 at 22K#

Aul& 192 Saturda&

1ate Aul& 142 Sunda&

0pper le,el lo- o!! o! the 0#S# coast deepened and mo,ed slightl& to the east# Another lo- mo,ed east-ard o,er northern AE and causing the ridge to !latten some# Remaining in the SW !loallo-ed !or short-a,es to pass to the north o! the project area# Sunn& s(ies -ere obser,ed o,er the project area -ith just a !ecumulus clouds and some to-ering cumulus to the east# A cell !ormed to the north o! the bu!!er :one around 02K and mo,ed to the southeast# "t -as headed !or Pono(a but died be!ore it reached there# Hea,ier thunderstorms cross the *dmonton region# +algar& reached 32+ and Red 1eer reached 31+ -ith no rain# Sonde 713 at 14K# Weather 0pper le,el lo- o!! the coast o! the 0#S# started to dri!t to the east as another lo- o,er e=treme northern E#+# mo,ed east-ard as -ell# %he combination o! the t-o @o-s caused the ridge o,er AE to start to diminish# %he SW !lo- continued throughout the project area alo!t -hile S* -inds at the sur!ace helped produce high depoints in the mid teens# ostl& sunn& s(ies -ere reported o,er most o! the project area# "n the late a!ternoon hours clouds began to mo,e in !rom the south# 1uring the da&2 all con,ecti,e -eather -as located in the north# A large storm occurred north o! the project near 1ra&ton Jalle&# Sonde 714 -as released at 18K and -as a success -ith -ind dataB sonde 7 16 -as released at 223?K -ithout -ind data#

/o aircra!t operations#

Acti,ities Summar& /o aircra!t operations

Weather

odi!ication "nc#

$ctober 2004

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report orning sho-ers mo,ed through the area and sunn& s(ies -ere reported b& 14: o,er most o! the project area# 0pper le,el lo- o!! o! 0#S# coast began to !ill and mo,e to the /*2 this caused the ridge o,er AE to -ea(en# %he SW !lo- continued to send short-a,es through the area# At 1?01K the !irst con,ecti,e acti,it& began /W o! @imestone# +on,ecti,e acti,it& continued to !orm in the /W portion o! the project area through 2200K# %he cells dri!ted to the east -ith the most se,ere cell -est o! Sundre# Walnut5si:e hail -as reported to the -est o! Sundre# .reater than gol!ball si:e hail ;Halmost baseball si:eI< -as reported 10(m -est o! Sundre# %here also -as an uncon!irmed report o! a tornado at Sun Pine ;near Sundre<# At 2212K2 another -a,e disturbance came o,er the Roc(ies and produced con,ecti,e -eather in the Spring Ean( area# %hese cells mo,ed to the east o,er +algar& and e,entuall& e=ited the project area# A radiosonde atmospheric sounding ;718< -as conducted at 14K# +algar& reached 29#6+ -ith ?#8mm rain2 Red 1eer reached 28+ -ith 4mm o! rain# %he radar site reported 23#? mm o! rain#

Page: 112 HS3 -as launched at 1?69K to @imestone ountain ,icinit&# %he& -ere airborne b& 2014K and started seeding storm 71 near +aroline at 2126K# At 2146K HS3 descended !rom cloud top to deice the plane and stopped seeding storm 71 at 2161K# HS3 -as sent to Spring Ean( to patrol negro-th# At 2209K HS3 began seeding storm 72 at Spring Ean(2 the& began seeding at cloud top then mo,ed to cloud base once HS1 -as airborne# At 2366K HS3 stopped seeding storm 72 and proceeded to "nnis!ail to patrol# At 0004K2 HS3 -as returned to base# HS2 -as launched at 2120K to storm 71 at +aroline# HS2 -as airborne b& 2130K# HS2 started seeding storm 73 near Sundre at 2220K# HS2 continued seeding this storm until 2361K -hen the& -ere sent to patrol near +ross!ield# At 2368 HS2 returned to base# HS1 -as launched at 2209K to storm 72 at Spring Ean(# %he& -ere airborne b& 2223K and began seeding Storm 72 at 2229K# HS1 seeded storm 72 until 2364K -hen it e=ited +algar&# HS1 patrolled near $(oto(s and returned to base at 0016K# HS3: 20125001?V4:09: *A% 41B E"P 20 Storm 71\2 HS2: 212?50008V2: 38 E"P 4B 148 min acetone Storm 73 HS1: 222150033V2:12: *A% 201B E"P 10 Storm 72 HS2 -as launched at 1?11K to a cell north o! Sundre# %he& -ere airborne b& 1?33K and started seeding storm 71 near Eo-den at 1?61K# At 2136K the& mo,ed to +arstairs and seeded storm 72# At 2169K HS2 stopped seeding and returned to base# HS3 -as launched at 2021K to -est o! $lds and -ere airborne b& 2038K# HS3 began seeding storms 71 \ 2 at 2049K# At 2104K HS3 stopped seeding and proceeded to patrol near Red 1eer# HS3 began seeding storm 73 near Penhold at 2134K# HS3 stopped seeding storm 73 at 2213K and patrolled near +aroline# HS3 began seeding storm 74 near Sundre at 2323K# At 2330K HS3 stopped seeding storm 74 and headed to $lds once again# HS3 started seeding storm 76 near $lds at 2338K# HS3 stopped seeding storm 76 at 000?K and returned to base# HS1 -as launched at 2330K to storm 76 near $lds# HS1 -as airborne b& 2340K and began seeding storm 76 at 2362K# HS1 stopped seeding at 0004K and -as sent to patrol near +remona# HS1 returned to base at 0208K# HS2 -as launched again at 0032K to north o! +ochrane# HS2 -as airborne b& 0062K and began seeding storm 78 at 010?K# HS2 stopped seeding storm 78 at 0131K and returned to base at 0162K# HS2: 1?2452210V2:42B E"P 14B 268 min acetone# Storms 71 and 2 HS3: 203450021V3:49B *A% 124B E"P 14 Storms 71222324 and 6 HS1: 233?50224V2:46B *A% 32B E"P 4 Storm 76 HS2: 004?50201V1:12B 44 min acetone#

Aul& 1?2 onda&

Aul& 202 %uesda&

%he upper le,el lo- continued to !ill and dri!t east-ard throughout the da&# E& e,ening this lo- had reached the Roc(ies and -as beginning to enter the project area# %he ridge had almost completel& !lattened out gi,ing almost :onal !lo-# %he !lo- had changed !rom antic&clonic the pre,ious !e- da&s to c&clonic toda&# %his is -hat allo-ed !or the jet PJA# %here -as some PJA associated -ith an upper le,el jet located to the south o! the project area# %he southern project area -as much drier then pre,ious da&s -hile the northern area still held !airl& deep moisture# %he !irst con,ecti,e acti,it& began near Roc(& ountain House at 1424K# %his cell dri!ted east-ard and e,entuall& died# A second cell !ormed near Sundre at 1424K# %his cell gre- to heights o! 10#6 (m and mo,ed east-ard into the project area# %he main core missed Sundre but headed directl& o,er the radar site -here it dropped large grape to -alnut si:e hail that co,ered the ground and -as accompanied b& hea,& rain!all# %he pilots as -ell as numerous other people in the area reported a !e- small !inger5li(e !unnels -ith this storm and ,er& strong rotation -as noted abo,e the radar site# Another cell de,eloped to the south o! the Sundre cell just to the east o! +arstairs# %his cell also produced small !unnel clouds and grape si:e hail# At 2136K a con,ecti,e cell !ormed to the -est o! Penhold2 it mo,ed to the east and a !unnel -as also reported in GFFs metars !rom this storm# At 2221K more cells began to !orm to the -est o! Sundre -ith t-o cells o! importance# %he !irst headed south to-ards Sundre and then onto the +ochrane area# %he second cell mo,ed east-ard and e,entuall& into the $lds area# /o hail -as reported -ith this storm# %he !irst storm made it to north o! +ochrane and de,eloped into a line o! non5con,ecti,e rain sho-ers that continued throughout the e,ening hours# %his storm -as reported b& HS1 to ha,e produced hail 10 miles north o! +ochrane# A second -a,e o! -ea( sho-ers passed through o,ernight# +algar& reached a high o! 28+ -ith 0#4mm rain2 and Red 1eer reached 23#4 -ith no rain# At the radar site 34 mm o! rain -as recorded# %-o radiosonde atmospheric soundings -ere recorded ;719 at 14K and 714 at 23K<# 0pper le,el ridge had begun to build o,er E#+# as the upper lohas completel& !lattened out# Project area -as in cool /W !loand short-a,es that came through the area -ere associated -ith lo- o,er Hudson Ea&# +old !ront slid through the area but main e!!ect -as to the east# /o jet support !or the area and conditions -ere some-hat drier# Slight -arming at 600 mb helped to cap con,ecti,e -eather slightl&2 ho-e,er the atmosphere -as still unstable# +on,ecti,e sho-ers began to !orm in the earl& a!ternoon hours in the northern project area# As a short-a,e dri!ted !rom north to south2 sho-ers popped up and -ere !or the most part odi!ication "nc#

Aul& 212 Wednesda&

HS1 -as launched at 2263K to con,ecti,e cells north-est o! Spring Ean(# HS1 -as airborne at 2308K and patrolled -est o! Spring Ean(# HS1 started seeding storm 71 o,er southeast +algar& at 2323K# HS1 stopped seeding at 2324K and patrolled south o! +algar&# HS1 returned to base at 0114K# HS3 -as launched at 2309K to cells north o! $lds# HS3 -as airborne at 2324K and patrolled around Red 1eer# HS3 started seeding storm 72 at Red 1eer at 2338K# HS3 $ctober 2004

Weather

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report short li,ed# 10#6 (m heights -ere obser,ed -ith a !e- o! these cells2 one o! -hich produced pea si:ed hail in Penhold# +algar& reached a high o! 22#3+ -ith 0#4 mm o! rain!all# Red 1eer reached a high o! 21#6+ -ith 16#2 mm o! rain!all# A radiosonde atmospheric sounding ;71?< -as conducted at 14K# Aul& 222 %hursda& %he ridge remained stationar& o,er Eritish +olumbia bringing cooler north-est !lo- into Alberta# Wea( short -a,es continue to mo,e through the area -ith one mo,ing along the mountains producing sho-ers in the southern project# $ne thundersho-er !ormed o,er +algar&2 but -as short li,ed and dissipated o,er the cit&# +algar& reached a high o! 21#8+ and Red 1eer reached a high o! 21#6+# A radiosonde atmospheric sounding ;720< -as conducted at 14K# 0pper le,el ridge still positioned o,er Eritish +olumbia# High temperatures and de- points -ere obser,ed throughout the project# %here -ere no d&namics to support an& con,ecti,e acti,it&# +lear s(ies dominated the area throughout the da&# +algar& reached a high o! 24#4+ and Red 1eer reached a high o! 24+# A radiosonde atmospheric sounding ;721< -as conducted at 14K# Ridge -as positioned o,er Eritish +olumbia and slo-l& mo,ed east throughout the da&# Project area -as in!luenced b& south-est !lob& late a!ternoon# High temperatures and de- points -ere obser,ed throughout the project# %here -ere no d&namics to support an& con,ecti,e acti,it&# +lear s(ies dominated the area throughout the da&# +algar& reached a high o! 24#4+ and Red 1eer reached a high o! 24#8+ A radiosonde atmospheric sounding ;722< -as conducted at 14K# Weather %he ridge mo,ed to the east o,er anitoba# 0pper le,el lopositioned o,er Eritish +olumbia# @ight rain sho-ers !ormed to the -est o! +algar& in the earl& a!ternoon2 but dissipated as the& mo,ed to the east# %hunderstorms !ormed to the north-est o! Red 1eer and trac(ed to the east# Highest tops to these storms -ere 13#6 (m located north-est o! @acombe in the bu!!er :one# A High o! 31#9+-as reported at +algar& -ith no rain!all# A High o! 2?#8+-as reported at Red 1eer -ith 0#8mm rain!all#

Page: 113 stopped seeding at 2363K and patrolled o,er Red 1eer# HS3 started seeding storm 73 at 0114K at Red 1eer# HS3 stopped seeding at 0141K and patrolled around Red 1eer# HS3 returned to base at 0210K# HS1: 23065011?V02:14B *A% 42 E"P 1B storm 71 HS3: 232150228V02:66B E"P ?B Storm 7223 /o aircra!t operations#

Aul& 232 Frida&

/o aircra!t operations#

Aul& 242 Saturda&

/o aircra!t operations#

1ate Aul& 262 Sunda&

Acti,ities Summar& HS3 -as launched at 0138K to north-est o! @acombe# HS3 -as airborne b& 0141K and headed to storm 71 north-est o! Red 1eer# HS3 started seeding at 0164K at @acombe# HS3 stopped seeding at 0303K and patrolled b& Red 1eer# HS3 returned to base at 0343K# HS1 -as launched at 0148K to Storm 71 at S&l,an @a(e# HS1 -as airborne b& 0161K# HS1 started seeding at 0221K# HS1 stopped seeding at 0303K and patrolled b& Spring Ean(# HS1 returned to base at 0346K# HS3: 016050363V02:03B E"P 11# HS1: 020150364V01:69B *A% ?6B E"P 6

Aul& 282 onda&

Aul& 292 %uesda&

Aul& 242 Wednesda&

Aul& 2?2 %hursda&

0pper le,el lo- o,er northern Alberta# %ro! a=is mo,ed though the project area during the e,ening# ost o! the PJA -as located to the north# +loud& s(ies -ere reported throughout most o! the da&# Some con,ecti,e cells de,eloped in the !oothills and mo,ed into the project area# %he largest cell -as obser,ed east o! Eo-den -ith a height o! 4#6 (m# A high o! 20#4+ -as reported in +algar& -ith 0#8mm o! rain!all# A high o! 20#2+ -as reported in Red 1eer -ith 1#2mm o! rain!all# Pea si:e hail -as reported b& Alberta +rop "nsurance# 0pper le,el lo- no- positioned o,er S'# 0pper le,el ridge building o,er E+# Project under /* !lo-# @ight sho-ers mo,ed though the project area during the morning# Rain sho-ers -ere obser,ed o,er the southern part o! the project area but no signi!icant con,ecti,e -eather -as obser,ed# +algar& reached 20#8+ -ith 0#2 mm rain2 -hile Red 1eer reached 18+# Ridge continues to build through E#+# -hile upper lo- o,er anitoba held its position# Wea( disturbances crossed the project area due to !lo- around the lo- pressure s&stem# Aet support -as located in the southern project area -ith right entrance pro,iding some p,a# 1espite lo- R#H#2 sho-ers !ormed along the !oothills and dri!ted into the project area# Some lighting -as obser,ed through the project area but no hail as storms -ere lo- topped# +algar& reached 23#4+ -ith 8#4 mm rain2 and Red 1eer reached 21#8+ -ith 0#2 mm rain# %he radar recei,ed 0#9 mm o! rain# 0pper le,el lo- remained stationar& o,er anitoba -hile the ridge o,er AE began to !latten out# A -ea( sur!ace lo- in southern E#+# began to deepen# A -ea( cold !ront mo,ed through the project area during the late e,ening hours# 1a&time temperatures and humidit& -ere higher then the pre,ious da&s# Wea( echoes -ere reported odi!ication "nc#

/o aircra!t operations#

/o aircra!t operations#

/o aircra!t operations#

/o aircra!t operations#

Weather

$ctober 2004

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report during the a!ternoon hours -ith the strongest con,ection remaining to the north near 1ra&ton Jalle&# +algar& reached a high o! 26#9 -ith 1#2 mm o! rain and Red 1eer reached 26#9 -ith a trace o! rain# Project area -as beginning to be under the in!luence o! :onal !lo!rom -est to east# Wea( disturbances -ere in this !lo- and strong jet support -as in phase -ith these disturbances# Also2 the sounding sho-ed ,er& strong -ind shear and -hen combined -ith the upper jet support !uelled con,ecti,e acti,it&# Atmosphere -as -ea(l& capped in the mid5le,els but b& the late a!ternoon hours the cap had -ea(ened and cells bro(e through# +on,ecti,e acti,it& began to !ire in the north-est project area# +ells !ormed to the north-est o! Roc(& ountain House as -ell as to the -est o! Sundre# %hese cells -ere ,er& !ast mo,ing and long li,ed2 trac(ing !or se,eral hours# %he storms too( on super cell characteristics ;bounded -ea( echo regions -ere obser,ed< and -ere ,er& intense# $ne storm !ormed /W o! R and trac(ed to-ard "nnis!ail and grape si:e hail -as reported -est o! S&l,an @a(e# +ells -est o! Sundre dropped gol! ball si:e hail causing damage at the Sundre airport and -alnut si:e hail in +ross!ield# Another cell !ormed to the north -est o! Airdrie and this cell also -as reported to ha,e produced Duarter to gol! ball si:e hail in Airdrie# All three cells lasted se,eral hours and trac(ed out o! the project area to the southeast# .ol!ball hail -as reported east o! +algar&# /e- cells !ormed north o! Roc(& ountain House a!ter ?pm and trac(ed to the southeast# %hese cells -ere less intense and mo,ed through Red 1eer around 11pm# Sonde 7 26 -as released at 192?K#

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Aul& 302 Frida&

HS3 -as launched at 2249K to Roc(& ountain House and -ere airborne b& 2308K# HS3 began seeding storm 71 near *c(,ille at 2360K# HS3 stopped seeding storm 71 at 0111K and -ere sent to storm 72 near +arstairs# HS3 started seeding storm 72 at +arstairs at 0119K# HS3 stopped seeding storm 7 2 at 0211K and returned to base# HS1 -as launched at 2349K to Sundre# HS1 -as airborne b& 0002K and -as sent to a stronger cell -est o! S&l,an @a(e# HS1 began seeding storm 71 at 0021K# HS1 stopped seeding storm 71 at 0033K and -as sent brie!l& to storm 722 east o! Sundre at this time# HS1 began seeding storm 72 at 0040K# HS1 stopped seeding storm 72 0062K and -as sent to storm 73 north-est o! Airdrie due to the threat on a greater population center# HS1 started seeding storm 73 at 0066K# At 0142K HS1 le!t storm 73 because it -as noeast o! H-& 722 and headed bac( to storm 72# HS1 stopped seeding at 0166K and returned to base# HS2 -as launched at 0019K and -as airborne b& 033K# HS2 began seeding storm 73 -est o! +ross!ield at 0041K# HS2 stopped seeding storm 73 at 0201K east o! H-& 722 and then patrolled near +ochrane# HS2 started seeding storm 74 -est o! Airdrie at 0222K# HS2 stopped seeding storm 74 at 0246K and returned to base# HS1 -as launched once again at 0226K and -as airborne b& 0246K to patrol near +ochrane# HS1 started seeding storm 74 at 026?K o,er the northeast corner o! +algar&# HS1 stopped seeding at 0326K and then patrolled near +ochrane# At 0402K HS1 -as sent to patrol near S&l,an @a(e and began seeding storm 76 at 0419K# Hs1 stopped seeding storm 76 at 0616K because the storm -as no- east o! Red 1eer# HS1 patrolled !or a -hile to the -est o! Red 1eer and then returned to base at 0621K# HS3: 230450233V 3:2?B *A% 9?B E"P 1? Storms 71 \ 72# HS1: 236450204V 2:10B *A% 24?B E"P 1? Storms 712 722 and 73# HS2: 003050263V 2:23B E"P 18B 1?0 min acetone# Storms 73 \ 74 HS1: 024650640V 2:66B *A% 224B E"P 18# Storms 74 \ 76

Aul& 312 Saturda&

1ate August 12 Sunda&

August 22 onda&

Project area remained in semi5:onal !lo- -ith jet located directl& o,er project area at noon# +loud co,er increased during the da& holding bac( temperatures all across the project# +on,ecti,e acti,it& !ormed in the clear air to the south o! High Ri,er in the late a!ternoon# %hese cells reached tops o! ?#6 (m and mo,ed to the eastMsoutheast but sta&ed out o! the area# %he ma= temperature at +algar& -as 21#?+ and no rain reported prior to midnight# Widespread thundersho-ers de,eloped o,ernight across the project area# Weather *arl& morning rain sho-ers -ere -idespread across the project area mostl& due to a short -a,e that interacted -ith a -ea( jet strea( in the south# Semi5:onal !lo- continued through the project area# A lo- began to !orm o!! o! the E+ coast and -as e=pected to deepen o,er the coming da&s# Sur!ace lo-s o,er ontana and "daho ga,e southeasterl& sur!ace -inds and upslope !loconditions# +ells !ormed to the south o! High Ri,er and mo,ed to the east during the a!ternoon hours# A short -a,e mo,ed through the area later in the e,ening and managed to trigger some -ea( sho-ers to the east o! the project area# +algar& reached a high o! 19+ -ith 0#2 mm o! rain# Red 1eer reached 1?#9+ -ith 14#4 mm o! rain -hile the radar recei,ed 12 mm o! rain# Pea si:e hail -as reported b& Alberta +rop "nsurance# 0pper lo- o!! the coast o! E+ deepened and -as e=pected to continue deepening# %his caused the !ormation o! a ridge o,er the E+5AE border# 0pper le,el jet support had mo,ed to the east but a -ea(er jet !eature began to mo,e up !rom the south# Warm sur!ace temperatures and high de- points led to an unstable

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Acti,ities Summar& /o aircra!t operations

/o aircra!t operations#

Weather

odi!ication "nc#

$ctober 2004

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report conditions2 ho-e,er there -as a signi!icant amount o! inhibition that pre,ented all deep con,ection# High o! 23#?+ in +algar& and a High o! 21#4+ in Red 1eer# 0pper le,el lo- o!! E+ coast started to become ,erticall& stac(ed and deepened throughout the da&# Ridge continued to build o,er AE throughout the da&# A sur!ace lo- to the -est2 -hich brought in some -armer temperatures and southeast !lo- also brought in ample moisture to the project area# Storms started to de,elop along the !oothills in the earl& a!ternoon and mo,ed to the north# $ther cells started to de,elop around edicine Hat and mo,ed to the north-est# As these cells mo,ed closer to the project area the& intensi!ied and increased in e=tent# $ther cells started to !orm -est o! +arstairs and $lds# As time progressed2 the cells in the east started to dissipate -hile the cells in the -est continued to intensi!&# @ater in the e,ening2 these cells diminished and turned into hea,& rain producers# $ther cells de,eloped around +algar& but tops -ere no higher than 4#6 (m# A High o! 28#4+ and a rain!all amount o! 0#8 mm -ere reported in +algar&# A High o! 26#6+ and rain!all amount o! 2#8 mm -ere reported in Red 1eer# .rape si:e hail -as reported b& Alberta +rop "nsurance# Radiosonde 728 -as released at 14K# Radiosonde 729 -as released at 23K#

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August 32 %uesda&

HS2 -as launched at 223?K to cells around %urner Jalle&M Elac( 1iamond# HS2 -as airborne at 2304K# HS2 then headed to Strathmore and started seeding Storm 71 at 2340K# HS2 stopped seeding Storm 71 o,er *ast Airdre at 0124K and then patrolled east o! +algar&# HS2 then resumed seeding Storm 71 at 0168K -est o! +arstairs# HS2 stopped seeding and returned to base at 0216K# HS1 -as launched to Southeast +algar& at 231?K# HS1 -as airborne b& 2334K and patrolled Southeast o! +algar&# HS1 started seeding Storm 71 at 0044K# HS1 stopped seeding Storm 71 at 0113K and headed to -est o! 1idsbur&# HS1 started seeding Storm 72 b& $lds at 0126K# HS1 stopped seeding at 014?K and mo,ed to -est o! +arstairs# HS1 started seeding Storm 73 -est o! +arstairs at 0168K# HS1 stopped seeding and returned to base at 0249K# HS3 -as launched at 0149K to -est o! $lds# HS3 -as airborne at 0202K# HS3 started seeding Storm 72 -est o! $lds at 020?K# HS3 stopped seeding at 0228K and headed to de,eloping cells northeast o! Red 1eer# HS3 started seeding storm 74 northeast o! Red 1eer at 0233K# HS3 stopped seeding at 0303K and patrolled in the clear o,er S&l,an @a(e# HS3 started seeding Storm 76 b& Roc(& ountain House# HS3 stopped seeding and returned to base at 0336K# HS2: 230650221V03:18B E"P 112 acetoneV 144 minB Storm 71 HS1: 233450264V03:20B *A% 2942 E"P 29B Storm 7223 HS3: 016?50401V02:02B E"P 13B Storm 722426 HS2 -as launched at 201?K to de,eloping thunderstorms south o! +algar&# HS2 -as airborne at 2034K# HS2 started seeding storm 71 bet-een $(oto(s and %urner Jall& M Elac( 1iamond# HS2 stopped seeding at 2208K and then patrolled in the clear north o! +ochrane# HS2 started seeding storm 72 near +ochrane at 2323K# HS2 stopped seeding at 2328K and then returned to base at 2330K# HS3 -as launched at 2116K# HS3 -as airborne at 2130K and headed to %urner Jalle&M Elac( 1iamond# HS3 started seeding Storm 71 at 2201K -est o! $(oto(s# HS3 stopped seeding at 2219K and patrolled in the clear around %urner Jalle&M Elac( 1iamond# HS3 started seeding Storm 72 at 2314K -est o! +ochrane# HS3 stopped seeding at 2323K and patrolled !or a-hile2 but resumed seeding Storm 72 near +ochrane at 233?K# HS3 stopped seeding at 2368K and patrolled in the clear south o! +ochrane# HS3 started seeding Storm 73 b& Eragg +ree( at 0024K# HS3 stopped seeding and returned to base at 010?K# HS1 -as launched at 0031K# HS1 -as airborne at 004?K and headed to Eragg +ree(# HS1 started seeding Storm 73 o,er Eragg +ree( at 0066K# HS1 stopped seeding and returned to base !or a Duic( re!uel and re!lare at 0210K# HS2 -as launched at 0063K# HS2 -as airborne at 0114K and headed to Eragg +ree(# HS3 started seeding Storm 73 o,er Eragg +ree( at 0121K# HS2 stopped seeding just as the storm -as approaching the +algar& airport2 and returned to base at 0408K# HS1 -as relaunched at 0231K# HS1 -as airborne at 0260K and headed bac( to Storm 73 in the -est# HS1 started seeding storm 73 again o,er Eragg +ree( at 0268K# HS1 stopped seeding and returned to base at 0424K -hen the storm -as east o! +algar&# HS2: 203352341V03:04B acetone V 130 minB Storm 7122 HS3: 212450141V04:13B *A% 1982 E"P 8B Storm 712223 HS1: 004650221V01:31B *A% 2022 E"P 13B Storm 73 HS2: 011950412V02:66B E"P 182 acetoneV 249 minB Storm 73 HS1: 024950439V01:60B *A% 3062 E"P 13B Storm 73

August 42 Wednesda&

0pper le,el lo- continue to deepen o!! the Eritish +olumbia coast# Ridge continued to dominate and dri!t slightl& to the east# %hundersho-ers -ere reported in the northern project throughout the morning and earl& a!ternoon# %he !irst con,ecti,e cells de,eloped -est o! Sundre but dissipated as the& mo,ed out o! the !oothills# Some other cells de,eloped to the south o! +algar& and intensi!ied as the& mo,ed to the east# %he largest cell o! the da& de,eloped just to the north o! +arstairs and had a height o! 12#6 (m# %he last line o! con,ecti,e storms !ormed in the !oothills -est o! Eragg +ree(# %hese cells slo-l& trac(ed to the east and !inall& made it into the +algar& area b& late e,ening# As these cells entered the +algar& area the& pic(ed up speed and mo,ed to the northeast# A high o! 23#3+and a rain!all amount o! 6#8 mm -ere reported in +algar&# A high o! 1?#4+and a rain!all amount o! 29 mm -ere reported in Red 1eer# Radiosonde 724 -as released at 21K#

Weather

odi!ication "nc#

$ctober 2004

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report

Page: 118

August 62 %hursda&

%he upper le,el lo- -as positioned o,er Eritish +olumbia coast# %he ridge a=is has pushed to the east o,er anitoba# A strong jet and associated dr&5slot mo,ed in !rom the south-est throughout the da&# +ells de,eloped in the !oothills in the a!ternoon# As the jet pushed o,er the mountains the cells in the !oothills intensi!ied and mo,ed into the project area# A ,er& large sDuall line de,eloped !rom southeast to north-est and mo,ed to the northeast# %hese cells produced hail up to the si:e o! large marble and had destructi,e -inds# %hese -inds ble- o,er some trees in Sundre and caused damage to some buildings# %hree reports o! tornados -ere reported near Sundre2 .ull @a(e2 and @acombe ;around 0210K<# /one o! the pilots sa- an& !unnels or tornadoes -hile !l&ing2 ho-e,er the clouds associated -ith the sDuall line -ere ,er& dar(2 lo-2 and contained man& !ierce loo(ing !ractas !ragments and appendages# +ooler and clearer conditions pre,ailed a!ter these cells mo,ed out# A high o! 28#3+-as reported in +algar& -ith 1#4 mm o! rain!all# A high o! 24#9+-as reported in Red 1eer -ith 2#4 mm o! rain!all# Radiosonde 72? -as released at 21K#

Public Relations: Aim Renic( -as inter,ie-ed b& +F+/ %J at the Red 1eer airport# HS1 -as launched at 2220K to patrol -est o! +algar&# HS1 -as airborne at 2244K and headed to %urner Jalle& M Elac( 1iamond# HS1 started seeding Storm 71 south-est o! $(oto(s at 2363K# HS1 stopped seeding and returned to base at 0069K a!ter the storm passed Strathmore# HS2 -as launched at 234?K south o! +algar&# HS2 -as airborne and started seeding Storm 71 o,er $(oto(s at 008K# HS2 stopped seeding at 0106K a!ter the storm passed Strathmore# HS2 landed in Red 1eer at 0010K in ad,ance o! the !ierce sDuall line# HS3 -as launched at 0024K to-ard the ad,ancing sDuall line# HS3 -as airborne at 0041K and headed to-ard Sundre# HS3 started seeding Storm 72 -est o! $lds at 0060K# HS3 stopped seeding Storm 72 at 022?K a!ter the storm passed @acombe2 and then headed -est to brea( though a hole in the sDuall line and then returned to Red 1eer at 0242K# HS2 -as launched !rom Red 1eer at 0310K to patrol bac( to +algar&# HS1: 224650106V02:20B *A% 2212 E"P 9B Storm 71 HS2: 000250122V01:20B E"P ?2 acetone V 124 minB Storm 71 HS3: 003450268V02:24B E"P 1?B Storm 72 HS2: 031950343V00:38B patrol

August 82 Frida&

An upper le,el lo- -as positioned o,er Eritish +olumbia and Washington in the a!ternoon# %he upper le,el ridge -as to the east# +louds increased during the da& -ith sho-ers de,eloping in the mountains and !oothills# "n the project area2 -ea( sho-ers increased throughout the a!ternoon into the e,ening# A high o! 22#1+-as reported in +algar& -ith onl& a trace o! precipitation through midnight# A high o! 21#2+-as reported in Red 1eer# Radiosonde 730 -as released at 1?K# 0pper le,el lo- passed through Alberta o,ernight# Another 0pper le,el lo- is positioned o,er the .ul! o! Alas(a# A small ridge !ormed bet-een these t-o lo-s putting Alberta in a north-est !lo-# Wrap around sho-ers !rom the eastern lo- that passed during the night remained in the southern project area in the morning and earl& a!ternoon# Scattered to bro(en cloud conditions pre,ailed throughout the rest o! the da&# A high o! 19#4+-as reported in +algar& -ith 8#2 mm o! rain!all# A high o! 18#4+-as reported in Red 1eer -ith 4#0 mm o! rain!all# Weather An upper le,el ridge built o,er Eritish +olumbia as an intense upper lo- deepened o!! the E+ coast# An upper le,el jet mo,ed o,er the project area throughout the da&# Sho-ers mo,ed through the project area in the morning and into the a!ternoon# $,ercast conditions remained a!ter the sho-ers ended causing cool temperatures# +algar& reached 18+-ith 1#0 mm o! rain# Red 1eer reached 18#1+and reported 0#4 mm o! rain# 0pper le,el lo- continued to deepen o!! the coast o! Eritish +olumbia allo-ing the ridge to continue building o,er E#+# AE remained in a cool /W !lo- -ith an upper le,el jet# Sho-ers again mo,ed across the project area in the morning ending b& earl& e,ening and o,ercast conditions -ere reported !or most o! the da&# +algar& reached 16#1+-ith 2#0 mm o! rain# Red 1eer reached 19#2+and a trace o! precipitation# 0pper lo- remained o!! the coast o! Eritish +olumbia -hile ridge a=is has shi!ted slightl& to the east# 0pper le,el jet support has also shi!ted to the south no longer a!!ecting the project area# %hic( !og -as reported across the project area and lasted until noon in some places# ostl& sunn& s(ies -ith some !air -eather clouds reported in the project area# +algar& reached 22#1+-hile Red 1eer reached 21#8+-ith no rain!all reported at either cit&# 0pper le,el lo- shi!ted to the /W and loo(ed to merge -ith secondar& lo- o!! the Alas(an coast# Ridge a=is remained o,er the project area -ith /W !lo- continuing alo!t# Ridge should hold its position o,er the ne=t !e- da&s# Atmosphere continued to be odi!ication "nc#

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August 92 Saturda&

/o aircra!t operations#

1ate August 42 Sunda&

Acti,ities Summar& /o aircra!t operations

August ?2 onda&

/o aircra!t operations#

August 102 %uesda&

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August 112 Wednesda&

/o aircra!t operations#

Weather

$ctober 2004

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report stable under the in!luence o! the ridge# Sunn& s(ies o,er most o! the project area -ith a !e- high le,el clouds in the north# A band o! lo- le,el clouds mo,ed through around 00K but no signi!icant -eather obser,ed# +algar& reached 26#3+ and Red 1eer 24#1+ -ith no rain!all# 0pper le,el lo- reorgani:ed and deepened slightl&# Ridge continued to build o,er AE lea,ing sunn& s(ies o,er most o! the pro,ince# Atmosphere stable and capped under the in!luence o! this ridge# Sunn& s(ies -ere obser,ed o,er the project area2 -ith some late da& cirrus clouds mo,ing into the area around 00K# +algar& obser,ed a high o! 24#8+ -hile Red 1eer reached 28#6+ and no rain!all# 0pper lo- o!! E#+# coast continued to deepen and remained stationar&# Ridge a=is remained o,er AE allo-ing !or sunn& s(ies -ith just a !e- mid le,el clouds# Atmosphere sho-ed signs o! becoming unstable2 +AP* -as high but inhibition -as more signi!icant# /o con,ecti,e -eather !ormed o,er the project area due to the lac( o! a trigger mechanism# $,ernight2 clouds increased -ith some -ea( sho-ers north o! the project area earl& Sat morning# +algar& reached 2?#3+ and Red 1eer 28#8 + -ith no rain!all reported# @o- o!! the coast o! E#+# deepened but remained !or the most part stationar&# Ridge a=is -as being !orced -est-ard due to an intense lo- north o! anitoba that had begun to deepen and retrograde# Sur!ace trough -as !orming o,er /W AE in the morning and mo,ed southeast during the da&# Sho-ers -ere obser,ed south o! %hree Hills in the late morning hours# %hunderstorms began to !orm o,er the mountains around 20K but dissipated as the& mo,ed to-ards the project area# Spring Ean( reported a thundersho-er and +algar& onl& reported light sho-ers !rom the an,il blo-5o!! associated -ith the thunderstorms o,er the mountains# A high o! 29#2+ -as reported in +algar& -ith a %race o! precipitation# A high o! 24#4+ -as reported in Red 1eer# Weather 0pper le,el lo- remained o!! the coast o! Eritish +olumbia# 0pper le,el ridge positioned o,er Alberta and !lattened some !rom &esterda&# Short -a,e tro! mo,ed though the project area during the a!ternoon and e,ening hours# +ells started to de,elop o,er the Roc(& ountains around 20K and trac(ed to the east# %hese cells diminished as the& mo,ed out o! the !oothills and into the project area# Sho-ers and thunderstorms mo,ed throughout the project area until the late morning hours# Hea,& rain and !reDuent lightning -as reported throughout the project area# a= J"@ ,alues in the range 4#2 to 4#8 (gMm2 indicated that perhaps graupel or shot si:e hail !ell !rom cells located east o! L+2 -est o! GF2 and south o! R # A high o! 24#3+ -as reported in +algar& -ith 9#8 mm o! rain!all# A high o! 22#4+ -as reported in Red 1eer -ith 0#4 mm o! rain!all# At the radar2 4#6 mm o! rain!all -as obser,ed# 0pper le,el lo- still o!! the Eritish +olumbia coast and mo,ing to the -est# Another upper le,el lo- mo,ed !rom the Artic circle to near Hudson Ea&# Ridge mo,ed slightl& to the -est and e=pected to mo,e more to the -est the ne=t couple o! da&s# +ells started to de,elop in the !oothills around 20K but did not mo,e into the project area# ore cells de,eloped around Red 1eer at 00: and mo,ed o!! to the southeast as the& diminished# A line o! cells !ormed in the northern project area and mo,ed to the southeast around 02K# A top o! 14#6 (m -as obser,ed north-est o! Roc(& ountain House around 03K# +algar& reported a high o! 24#4+ -ith 0#8 mm o! rain!all# Red 1eer reported a high o! 24#3+ -ith 6 mm o! rain!all#

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August 122 %hursda&

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August 132 Frida&

/o aircra!t operations#

August 142 Saturda&

/o aircra!t operations#

1ate August 162 Sunda&

Acti,ities Summar& /o aircra!t operations

August 182 onda&

HS3 -as launched at 0322K# HS3 -as airborne at 0341K and headed to north o! Roc(& ountain House# HS3 started seeding Storm 71 near Roc(& ountain House at 0403K# HS3 stopped seeding at 0429K and patrolled b& Red 1eer# HS3 !le- to north-est o! @acombe and started seeding Storm 72 north-est o! @acombe at 044?K# HS3 stopped seeding and returned to base at 0603K due to ,er& lo,isibilit& at cloud base# HS1 -as launched at 043?K# HS1 -as airborne at 0460K and headed to -est o! @acombe# HS1 patrolled around Red 1eer and "nnis!ail be!ore returning to base at 0648K# HS3: 034350611K V01:24B E"P 9B Storm 7122 HS1: 044450804K V01:18B patrol !light

August 192 %uesda&

0pper le,el lo- o!! Eritish +olumbia +oast retrograded -est-ard# 0pper le,el ridge a=is also retrograding to the -est and slo-l& being pinched o!! b& another upper le,el lo- o,er the Hudson Ea&# +ells started to !orm in the !oothills and mountains around 21K but sta&ed pressed up against the Roc(ies# +ells intensi!ied in the !oothills up to 14#6 (m in the -est and south bu!!er# J"@ ,alues o! o,er 40 (gMm2 -ere reported -ith these cells in the southern bu!!er :one# .ol! ball si:e hail -as reported bet-een +algar& and Pincher +ree( outside o! the project area# +algar& reached 26#4+ and Red 1eer reached 23#4+ -ith a trace o! rain reported in Red 1eer#

HS1 -as launched at 216?K# HS1 -as airborne at 2210K to patrol cells de,eloping in the !oothills# HS1 returned to base a!ter patrolling in the !oothills at 2328K# HS1: 221052340V01:30B patrol !light

Weather

odi!ication "nc#

$ctober 2004

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report @o- remained o!! the coast o! Eritish +olumbia and mo,ed !urther -est# 1eep lo- o,er Hudson Ea& also mo,ed to the -est allo-ing Alberta to remain in a cool /W !lo-# 1rier conditions -ere noted across the area as de- points remained belo- 10 +# Aet support remained to the east o! the project area# %he project area -as mostl& sunn& -ith no signi!icant -eather# Ho-e,er2 a !e- -ea( echoes -ere noted in the mountains in the Ean!! area# $ne cell began trac(ing at 00K -ith tops at 4#6 and dri!ted to the south not a!!ecting the project area# A !e- cells trac(ed later in the e,ening south-est o! %JME1 but these also did not a!!ect the project area# $ther-ise +algar& reached a high o! 23#2+ and Red 1eer 22#2+ -ith no rain!all in either place# @o- o!! the coast o! E#+# began to mo,e to the east and pic(ed up some jet support on the bac(side# @o- in the Hudson Ea& area dri!ted slo-l& to the southeast# %he ridge a=is became pinched bet-een the t-o as the E#+# lo- loo(s to undercut the ridge# A -ea( cold !ront mo,ed through the area in the morning hours causing sho-ers that dri!ted through +algar&# +ells began to !orm o,er the !oothills around 1?K associated -ith a second -a,e o! energ&# %hese cells dri!ted to the southMsoutheast throughout the da&# +ells intensi!ied in the late a!ternoon hours and mo,ed through the project area# Pea si:e hail -as reported in /* and S* +algar&# HS3 also reported seeing hail on the ground north o! S&l,an @a(e# +ells lasted until late e,ening dri!ting to the east and southeast# +algar& reached a high o! 26#2+ -ith 0#8 mm o! rain2 Red 1eer reached 24#6+ -ith 3#0 mm or rain#

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August 142 Wednesda&

/o aircra!t operations#

August 1?2 %hursda&

HS3 -as launched at 2220K to Roc(& ountain House and -ere airborne b& 2240K# HS3 began seeding storm 7 2 at cloud top near $lds at 2331K# HS3 stopped seeding at 0012K and -as sent to patrol near +ochrane# At 0033K HS3 -as sent to +aroline to patrol ne- gro-th# At 0044K HS3 began seeding storm 7 4 near +aroline and stopped seeding at 0062K# HS3 -as then sent to S&l,an @a(e to patrol ne- cells# HS3 started base seeding storm 76 near S&l,an @a(e at 006?K# Hs3 stopped seeding storm 76 at 0138 and headed to storm 78 near "nnis!ail# HS3 started seeding storm 78 at 0162K and stopped seeding at 0211K and R%E# HS1 -as launched at 2249K and -as airborne b& 23K and began seeding storm 71 at 2314K o,er +algar&# HS1 stopped seeding storm 71 at 0021K and patrolled o,er +algar&# HS1 -as sent to storm 73 near $(oto(s at 0029K and began seeding at 0033K# HS1 stopped seeding at 0108K and returned to base# %he trac(s o! HS1 -ere not displa&ed on the radar images due to a computer time problem -hich -as recti!ied a!ter the !light# HS3 223?50221V3:42B *A% ?4B E"P 16B Storms 722742762 and 78 HS1 230050120V2:20B *A% 244B E"P 29 Storms 71 and 73 HS3 -as launched at 223?K to "nnis!ail# HS3 -as airborne b& 2263K and began seeding storm 71 near "nnis!ail at 2268K# HS3 stopped seeding at 2309K and -as sent to necells near S&l,an @a(e# At 2311K HS3 started seeding storm 72 near S&l,an @a(e# HS3 stopped seeding storm 72 at 000?K# HS3 began seeding storm 73 near @acombe at 0019K# HS3 stopped seeding storm 73 at 0026K and patrolled near S&l,an @a(e# HS3 R%E at 0031K# HS1 -as launched at 2304K and -as airborne to S&l,an @a(e at 2320K# HS1 began seeding storm 72 -est o! S&l,an @a(e at 2338K# HS1 stopped seeding storm 72 at 0004K# At 0008K HS1 started seeding storm 73 SW o! @acombe2 and stopped seeding at 0026K to patrol near Red 1eer# HS1 R%E at 0049K# HS3 22635003?V1:68B *A% 0B E"P 16B Storms 712722 and 73 HS1 231650110V1:66B *A% 109B E"P 4 Storms 72 and 73 /o aircra!t operations#

August 202 Frida&

0pper lo- o!! the E#+# coast began to push east-ard and pinch o!! the ridge a=is# A ne- trough began to !orm to the /W o! AE and loo(ed to merge -ith the E#+# lo- o,er the ne=t 24544 hrs# Sur!ace lo- o,er northern E#+# pushed to the southeast during the da&# An upper !ront associated -ith the E#+# lo- pushed through the project area in the late a!ternoon hours# Atmosphere -as unstable as -armer sur!ace temperatures combined -ith high de- points and some cooling alo!t# +ells began to !orm in the lee o! the mountains around 21K# %he& mo,ed through the project area e,entuall& e=iting the project area around 03K# /ic(el si:e hail -as reported north o! Roc(& ountain House2 cells reached tops o! 12#6 (m and J"@ ,alues o! 19#4 (gMm2# @ight sho-ers persisted throughout the night into the earl& morning hours# +algar& reported a high o! 28#?+ -ith no rain!all# Red 1eer reported a high o! 28#0+ -ith 14#4 mm o! rain!all# .rape si:e hail -as reported b& Alberta +rop "nsurance#

August 212 Saturda&

1ate

0pper le,el lo- entering Eritish +olumbia -as e=pected to deepen and mo,e to the east# Another upper le,el lo- -as positioned o,er anitoba# A sur!ace cold !ront mo,ed in !rom the north bringing cool temperatures and strong north -inds into the project# +ells started to de,elop in the southern project around 21K but the ma= height onl& reached 9#6 (m# Hea,& rain and thunder -as reported in Spring Ean( around 2130K# Sho-ers increased o,er the project area during the e,ening hours# Widespread rain sho-ers -ere reported across the entire project area b& morning# +algar& reported a high o! 22#2+ -ith 2#4 mm o! rain!all# Red 1eer reported a high o! 14#4+ -ith 0#4 mm o! rain!all# Weather

Acti,ities Summar&

Weather

odi!ication "nc#

$ctober 2004

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report 0pper le,el lo- positioned o,er Eritish +olumbia and e=pected to deepen more and mo,e to the east# Sur!ace lo- entered Alberta in the a!ternoon# Widespread sho-ers -ere reported o,er the project area in the morning and a!ternoon# +ontinuous light sho-ers -ere reported throughout the e,ening into the morning hours# +algar& reported a high o! 10#0+ -ith 16#8 mm o! rain!all# Red 1eer reported a high o! 4#?+ -ith 22#2 mm o! rain!all# And as o! 11 A 2 $lds had recei,ed 26#6 mm o! rain!all !rom the night be!ore and the morning hours# %-o upper le,el lo-s -ere situated near the project area# $ne -as o,er northern Alberta -ith the second being positioned near the AEMS' border# Eoth lo-s deepened and mo,ed to the east throughout the da&# A sur!ace lo- -as e=iting Alberta and produced -rap around sho-ers throughout the da&# Sho-ers -ere e=pected to continue o,er the ne=t !e- da&s# +algar& reported a high o! 11#4+ -ith 1#4 mm o! rain!all# Red 1eer reported a high o! ?#9+ -ith 1#0 mm o! rain!all# $lds recei,ed 8#6mm o! rain!all# 0pper le,el lo- positioned o,er northern Alberta# %he project -as under :onal !lo-2 -ith embedded short -a,es# Sur!ace lo- -as positioned o,er +algar& in the a!ternoon2 -hich put the project into upslope !lo-# +ells started to !orm -est o! Sundre around 22K# $ne cell entered the project area /W o! +remona and did not dissipate until e=iting the project area south o! Strathmore# Guarter si:ed hail -as reported near +remona# %his cell then mo,ed to the southeast and passed o,er Eal:ac and +algar& but there -ere onl& reports o! shot to pea si:ed hail# Finall& the cell mo,ed out o! the project area but still had heights o! 10#6 (m north o! Julcan# Jil ,alues reached a ma= o! 21#? (mMm2 -ith a ma= height o! 12#6 (m east o! +algar&# .ol! ball si:ed hail2 o! 6#0 cm diameter2 -as also obser,ed east o! +algar& at @angdon# +algar& reported a high o! 19#9+ -ith 4#0 mm o! rain!all# Red 1eer reported a high o! 12#2+ -ith 1#8 mm o! rain!all#

Page: 11?

August 222 Sunda&

/o aircra!t operations#

August 232 onda&

/o aircra!t operations# Public Relations: A /ational Film Eoard documentar& !ilm cre- under the direction o! Erenda @ong!ello- ,isited the $lds51idsbur& radar to !ilm and conduct inter,ie-s -ith Aim Renic( and %err& 'rauss# HS1 -as launched at 2239K# HS1 -as airborne at 2260K and headed to Storm 71 -est o! +ross!ield# HS1 started seeding at 2269K# HS1 ran out o! !lares and returned to base at 0044K as the storm -as east o! +algar&# HS2 -as launched at 2332K# HS2 -as airborne at 2361K# HS2 started seeding storm 71 o,er north-est +algar& at 2362K at cloud base# HS2 stopped seeding east o! +algar& and returned to base at 0114K# HS2 aborted the landing due to a landing gear indication problem# %he cre- -ent through the emergenc& procedures to determine that the landing gear -as Hprobabl&I do-n and loc(ed2 and that it -as onl& a problem -ith the indicator lights# HS2 landed sa!el& -ithout incident# HS3 -as launched at 0034K# HS3 -as airborne at 0069K and headed to Airdre to patrol# HS3 returned to base at 0239K# HS1: 226050100V02:10B *A% 2?42 E"P 13B Storm 71 HS2: 234250230V02:44B E"P 122 194 min acetoneB Storm 71 HS3: 004450244V02:04B patrol !light /o aircra!t operations# Public relations: As part o! a proposed documentar&2 a cameraman !or the +E+ named Al2 !ilmed the brie!ing at +algar& airport o!!ice and installed cameras in HS1 !or special aerial photograph&# /o aircra!t operations# Public relations: ore !ilming o! the +algar& noon brie!ing b& a +E+ cameraman#

August 242 %uesda&

August 262 Wednesda&

Region remained in a :onal !lo- -ith series o! disturbances cutting across northern and southern Alberta# @ight rain sho-ers persisted o,er the southern project into the e,ening hours# %he northern and central project -ere under scattered to bro(en conditions -ith occasional light sho-ers# +algar& reached a high o! 11#6+ -ith ? mm o! rain!all# Red 1eer reached a high o! 18#2+ -ith no rain!all# 0pper le,el lo- o,er northern Alberta trac(ed east# Aet remained to the south o! the 4?th parallel# Series o! -ea( short -a,es intruded !rom E+ during the a!ternoon# @ight sho-ers started to pop up around the project but none -ere long5li,ed or large enough to be trac(ed b& titan# ore rain sho-ers !ormed in the !oothills and slo-l& mo,ed into the project area throughout the e,ening# %he strongest sho-ers mo,ed through the Red 1eer area at around 02K -ith lots o! lightning and thunder but no hail# +algar& reached 14#1+ -ith a trace o! rainB Red 1eer obser,ed 14#4+ -ith 6#4 mm o! rain# Stalled lo- o!! o! Aapan caused intensi!ication o! do-n-ind !eatures including a lo- o!! o! Alas(a# A series o! short -a,es -as e=pected to mo,e through the area during the da&# A ridge -as beginning to !orm o,er E#+# and loo(ed to intensi!& o,er the ne=t !e- da&s# +ells began !orming along the !oothills and to the SW o! +algar& around 1?K# %hese cells dri!ted slo-l& to the east reaching tops o! ?#6 (m and ,il ,alues o! 13#2 near Roc(& ountain House# E& 23K the onl& cells -ere located to the -est o! "nnis!ail mo,ing to the east# +algar& reached 21#2+ and Red 1eer 20+ and 2#2 mm o! rain#

August 282 %hursda&

August 292 Frida&

HS1 -as launched at 2101K to S* +algar&# HS1 -as airborne b& 211?K and patrolled o,er southern +algar&# At 2202K HS1 began seeding storm 71 o,er SW +algar&# HS1 stopped seeding at 2216K and patrolled near +algar&# HS1 returned to base at 2244K# HS1: 211452264V1:38 *A% 0B E"P 2 Storm71 Public Relations: +ameras onboard HS1 recorded the entire seeding mission !or the +E+ documentar&#

Weather

odi!ication "nc#

$ctober 2004

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report Alas(an lo- remained stationar& but had organi:ed some and continued to send short -a,es through the area# An upper jet -as mo,ing into the area and pro,ided some le!t e=it p,a# Se,eral short -a,es mo,ed through during the da&2 but the strongest ,orticit& remained north o! the project area# +ells began !orming in the area around 14K and dri!ted to the south o! +algar&# Around 2000K2 cells -ere !orming in the Sundre area# %hese cells dri!ted to the southeast e,entuall& reaching heights o! ?#6 (m near +algar&# Small Hail -as reported co,ering the ground -est o! Airdrie# .rape si:e hail -as reported b& Alberta +rop "nsurance#

Page: 120 HS2 -as launched at 2018K to storm 71 -est o! Airdrie# HS2 -as airborne b& 2039K and began seeding storm 71 at 2103K -est o! Airdrie# HS2 stopped seeding at 2139K and returned to base due to an illness -ith the co5pilot# HS1 had been launched at 2121K and -as airborne to north +algar& at 2130K# HS1 began seeding storm 71 at 2132K -est o! Airdrie# HS1 stopped seeding at 2239K -hen the storm -as east o! H-& 22 and then headed to storm 72 -est o! +ross!ield# HS1 started seeding storm 72 at 2242K# HS1 stopped seeding at 2308K2 and returned to base at 2320K# HS3 -as launched at 2146K and -as airborne to-ard Airdrie b& 2220K# HS3 began seeding storm 72 at 2229K -est o! +ross!ield# HS3 stopped seeding due to A%+ restrictions at 221?K and patrolled -est o! +ross!ield# HS3 also patrolled ne- gro-th near Roc(& ountain House be!ore retuning to base at 0004K# HS2: 203852144V1:12B acetone 88 minutes Storm 71 HS1: 212952330V2:03B *A% 206B E"P 6B Storm 71 \ 72 HS3: 216950020V 2:23B E"P 4 Storm 72 Acti,ities Summar& /o aircra!t operations

August 242 Saturda&

1ate August 2?2 Sunda&

August 302 onda&

August 312 %uesda&

Sept 12 Wednesda&

Sept 22 %hursda&

Weather 0pper lo- o!! o! Alas(an coast began to push to the south and east# %his caused some -ea( ridging to occur o,er E#+# and AE# %he lo- continued to send disturbances through the area# %he upper le,el jet had mo,ed north-ard2 no longer pro,iding the area -ith PJA# Atmosphere -as onl& slightl& unstable# Sho-ers passed across the project area throughout the a!ternoon as -ell as a -arm !ront# /o signi!icant -eather resulted !rom the -arm !ront passage# +algar& reached 23+ -ith a trace o! rain2 Red 1eer reached 14#3+ -ith 2#0 mm o! rain# @o- continued to deepen o!! the coast o! E#+# and ridge continued to build o,er AEME+ border# Short -a,es continued to ripple though the o,erall !lo- o!! o! this main lo-5pressure s&stem# Aet support -as east o! the area2 but a ne- jet core -as beginning to push into E#+# A cell started to de,elop -est o! Sundre around 20K and mo,ed into the project area# %his cell trac(ed to the southeast and reached a ma= height o! 4#6 (m# %his cell diminished as it mo,ed to the southeast# Another cell de,eloped south-est o! Roc(& ountain House but diminished Duic(l& a!ter passing to the south o! Roc(& ountain House# +algar& reached 20#3+ and Red 1eer reached 1?#6+ -ith 0#2 mm o! rain# 0pper lo- continued to deepen and mo,e east-ard# As it did2 a ridge !ormed o,er AE pushing the jet stream north-ard and out o! the area# A sur!ace lo- mo,ed across the northern project area bringing a -arm !ront through in the earl& morning hours# E& a!ternoon a chinoo( situation had !ormed causing gust& -inds and -arm temperatures# /o signi!icant -eather occurred# +algar& reached a high o! 28#8+ and Red 1eer reached 26#4+ -ith no rain!all reported !or either cit&# 0pper le,el lo- deepened and mo,ed east-ard into Eritish +olumbia# %his !orced the ridge a=is to mo,e east-ard o,er the S'MAE border# Project area -as le!t in the SW !lo- alo!t ahead o! this main upper lo-# Se,eral disturbances mo,ed across the area through the da&# ain jet support -as north o! the area but strong upper le,el -inds remained# ush& sho-ers mo,ed o,er the project at ma= heating -ith thundersho-ers reported at Spring Ean( and +algar&# Another band o! sho-ers mo,ed through the project starting at about 01K# A cell o! 10#6 (m -ith J"@ ,alues o! 13#? !ormed south o! Roc(& ountain House# Hea,& sho-ers and thundersho-ers continued throughout the e,ening into the earl& morning hours# +algar& reported a high o! 1?#4+ -ith 2#0 mm o! rain!all# Red 1eer reported a high o! 19#2+ -ith 1#4 mm o! rain!all# 0pper le,el lo- -as stationar& o,er southern Alberta# Associated sur!ace lo- o,er *dmonton mo,ed slo-l& to the east# Wrap around sho-ers a!!ected the project area throughout most o! the da&# $ther-ise cold and cloud& -ith occasional bro(en conditions# Sho-ers continued throughout the night o,er the project# +algar& reported a high o! 13#6+ -ith 3#8 mm o! rain!all# Red 1eer reported a high o! 12#4+ -ith 14#4 mm o! rain!all# Pea si:e hail -as reported b& Alberta +rop "nsurance# A !unnel cloud -as reported at @angdon around 21K# %ornado -atch -as issued !or the count& shortl& there a!ter#

HS2 -as launched at 220?K# HS2 -as airborne at 2236K and patrolled around +remona# HS2 ne=t patrolled east o! Sundre# HS2 returned to base at 2368K# /o seeding operations -ere conducted# HS2: 223250012501:40B patrol !light

/o aircra!t operations#

/o aircra!t operations#

/o aircra!t operations# Public Relations: ?9#9 +'F inter,ie-ed %err& about the e,ening thundersho-ers and the cold rain sho-ers o,ernight !rom the night be!ore#

Weather

odi!ication "nc#

$ctober 2004

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report 0pper le,el lo- positioned o,er AEMS' border mo,ed slo-l& to the east# Project in -rap around /W !lo- !or most o! the da&# Sho-ers lingered around in the northern project !or most o! the da& and then slo-l& made their -a& to the southern project b& e,ening# Sho-ers continued throughout the night -ith some clearing to-ards morning# +loud conditions -ere other-ise o,ercast to bro(en s(ies# +algar& reported a high o! 14#4+ -ith ?#4 mm o! rain!all# Red 1eer reported a high o! 14#2+ -ith 2#2 mm o! rain!all# %he large5scale trough bro(e into t-o pieces2 the south hal! a cut o!! lo- in the !our corners 0S and the other :ipping to Hudson Ea&# %he project -as under a small ridge in the morning and :onal !loin the late a!ternoon# Wea( sho-ers -ere obser,ed across the northern hal! o! the project area throughout the a!ternoon# Around 00K2 con,ecti,e cells !ormed in the north-est project area around Roc(& ountain House# %hese cells reached heights o! 4#6 (m and ,il ,alues o! 8#0 (gMm2# %he& mo,ed Duic(l& to the east2 crossing Red 1eer# +algar& reached a high o! 14#4+ and Red 1eer reached 19#3+ -ith 2#3 mm o! rain# South *ast Red 1eer recei,ed pea si:e hail !rom a cell -ith 8#6 tops2 43 db:2 and 2#6 (gMm2 ,il ,alues# Weather FrontMSur!ace5trough mo,ed east-ard lea,ing area in :onal !lo-# *mbedded disturbances associated -ith jet stream mo,ed through the area# Southern project area -as under the in!luence o! Aet le!t e=it p,a# Signi!icant cooling at all le,els o! the atmosphere and drier conditions -ere noted throughout the project area# Wea( sho-ers began to !orm o,er the !oothills to the -est o! Roc(& ountain House at 1?18K# %hese de,eloped into -ea( thundersho-ers that mo,ed S* along the !oothills throughout the da&# a= tops -ere 8#6 (m -ith ,ils o! around 4#0 (gMm2# Rain sho-ers continued through the e,ening hours in the southern hal! o! the project area# +algar& reached 18#4+ -ith 0#2 mm o! rain and Red 1eer reached 16+ -ith 0#4 mm o! rain# Konal !lo- continued at the upper le,els -hile -ea( ridging occurred at the lo-er le,els# Se,eral disturbances -ere embedded -ithin the :onal !lo-# %he !irst disturbance mo,e through around 00: in the north2 and the second the !ollo-ing morning# Warming at the midle,els put a signi!icant cap on con,ection o,er most o! the area# Warmer sur!ace temperatures allo-ed !or some -ea( instabilit& in the atmosphere# Wea( sho-ers !ormed near Roc(& ountain House around 20K# %hese mo,ed east-ard through the project area e,entuall& mo,ing through Red 1eer# A a= o! 39 dbK -as recorded# +algar& reached a high o! 18#3+ and Red 1eer reached 18#4+ -ith a trace or rain# Wea( upper le,el tro! mo,ed through during the morning hours producing sho-ers o,er the project# A -ea( upper le,el ridge !ormed behind this tro! gi,ing the project mostl& clear conditions -ith some popcorn cumulus# Fog !ormed o,ernight into the morning hours# +algar& reported a high o! 16#6+ -ith 2#4 mm o! rain!all# Red 1eer reported a high o! 18#6+ -ith no precipitation# 0pper le,el lo- enterred Eritish +olumbia# %he project -as under -ea( ridging but -ill be short li,ed as lo- mo,es to the east# Sur!ace lo- -as slo-l& mo,ing through Eritish +olumbia# Fog dissipated b& late morning bringing the project area partl& cloud& s(ies b& noon# "ncreasing clouds then continued throughout the da&# ush& sho-ers persisted o,ernight into the morning# +algar& reported a high o! 20#8 +2 a lo- o! 2 +2 and 1#0 mm o! rain!all# Red 1eer reported a high o! 14#? +2 a lo- o! 1+ and 0#2 mm o! rain!all# Areas north o! the project ;Rimbe&< and -est in the !oothills ;Roc(& to +aroline< recei,ed -et sno- o,ernight# *dmonton recei,ed 16 cm o! -et sno-# 0pper le,el lo- o,er northern Eritish +olumbia -ith tro! a=is o,er central Eritish +olumbia# Aet on the bac(side o! the a=is should push it into Alberta tomorro-# Another jet core -as present to the south o! the project area# @ight to moderate sho-ers -ere obser,ed o,er most o! the project throughout the morning and e,ening# 1ri::le and !og -as reported in the morning hours o,er the project# +algar& reported a high o! 6#9+ -ith 3#2 mm o! rain!all# Red 1eer reported a high o! onl& 4#0+ -ith 1#4 mm o! rain!all# Sno- sho-ers and !lurries -ere reported at Roc(& House and Pono(a# ountain

Page: 121

Sept 32 Frida&

/o aircra!t operations#

Sept 42 Saturda&

/o aircra!t operations#

1ate Sept 62 Sunda&

Acti,ities Summar& HS1 -as launched to Eragg +ree( at 0044K and -as airborne b& 0103K# %he& patrolled near Eragg +ree( and %urner Jalle&MElac( 1iamond# At 0160K HS1 -as sent to patrol near Airdrie# At 0204K HS1 returned to base2 -ithout an& seeding# HS1: 010050214V1:14B E"PV0 *A%V0B Patrol Eragg +ree( and %J5E1

Sept 82 onda&

/o aircra!t operations#

Sept 92 %uesda&

/o aircra!t operations#

Sept 42 Wednesda&

/o aircra!t operations#

Sept ?2 %hursda&

/o aircra!t operations#

Weather

odi!ication "nc#

$ctober 2004

Alberta Hail Suppression Project 2004 Field Program Final Report 0pper le,el lo- o,er Eritish +olumbia -ea(ened and mo,ed to the north# Another upper le,el lo- o,er the .ul! o! Alas(a and should mo,e into Eritish +olumbia tomorro-# A strong jet mo,ed o,er Alberta in the a!ternoon# @ight dri::le and !og co,ered most o! the project during the morning hours# $ther-ise cloud& to bro(en conditions !rom a!ternoon into e,ening# oderate sho-ers mo,ed in during the morning hours# +algar& reported a high o! 9#8+ -ith 0#4 mm o! rain!all# Red 1eer reported a high o! 9#6+ -ith onl& a trace o! precipitation# 0pper le,el lo- in northern Eritish +olumbia# A -arm !ront mo,ed through in the morning gi,ing precipitation in the northern project# As the da& -ent on2 -est -inds came o,er the mountains producing chinoo( li(e conditions# Sho-ers mo,ed in !rom Ean!! but died out as the& tried to ma(e it o,er the Roc(ies# Some con,ecti,e sho-ers !ormed to the -est o! Red 1eer but onl& produced one titan cell trac( -ith a 8#6 (m top and 40 dEK# %hese sho-ers mo,ed to the east and dissipated# Sho-ers !ormed in the southern project around 11K and mo,ed to the east# %he sho-ers spread north-ard to Red 1eer b& 13K# +algar& reported a high o! 20#4+ -ith 2#0 mm o! rain!all# Red 1eer reported a high o! 22#6+ -ith 4#4 mm o! rain!all# Weather ain upper le,el lo- o,er northern Alberta -ith second upper le,el lo- o,er the .ul! o! Alas(a# Ridge a=is bet-een these t-o lo-s and o,er +entral Eritish +olumbia# @ight to moderate sho-ers present in the morning hours o,er the northern project# Southern project -as under cloud& conditions# "n the a!ternoon2 cells started to de,elop o,er the !oothills and slo-l& trac(ed to the east# %he cells in the southern project persisted as the& mo,ed out o! the !oothills and headed !or +algar&# @ight to moderate sho-ers and lightning -ere reported -ith these cells# As the cells entered the project2 the& -ea(ened but there -ere reports o! 2#0 mm diameter hail at Spring Ean(# Sho-ers continued o,er the southern hal! o! the project and lingered around until the morning hours# +algar& reported a high o! 16#2+ -ith 0#2 mm o! rain!all# Red 1eer reported a high o! 13#3+ -ith ?#4 mm o! rain!all# 0pper le,el lo- positioned o,er anitoba -ith another upper le,el lo- o,er Eritish +olumbia# "n bet-een2 the upper le,el ridge -as o,er -estern Alberta# %he ridge mo,ed to the east and put the project in a south-est !lo-# %he project area -as clear !or most o! the morning -ith onl& a !e- +umulus clouds# 1uring the a!ternoon clouds started to increase -ith a couple o! sho-ers sho-n on the radar b& 21K# %hese sho-ers dissipated as the& mo,ed through the project area# +algar& reached a high o! 16#9+ -ith a trace o! precip2 Red 1eer reached 19#1+ -ith no rain!all# 0pper !lo- remained :onal through E#+# then became di,ergent a!ter it crossed the Roc(ies into AE# Se,eral short -a,es -ere upstream o! AE -ithin the :onal !lo-# 0pper ridge pushed east into S' -hile upper le,el jet remained out o! the project area# Sur!ace lo- -as e=pected to de,elop o,er the southern project area -hile a short -a,e -as e=pected to mo,e through the northern project area coincident -ith ma=imum heating# Wea( echoes began to !orm along the !oothills around 1?K# Slo- mo,ing sho-ers pushed in !rom the !oothills throughout the a!ternoon# %he more d&namic cells !ormed east o! Red 1eer along the bu!!er :one# %hese cells reached heights o! 4#6 (m -ith ,il ,alues o! 8#4 (gMm2# Pea si:e hail2 co,ering the ground2 -as reported on the road to the Ao!!re plant2 east o! Red 1eer# %hunder -as reported b& the pilots at +algar&# +algar& reached 19#9+ -ith 4#4 mm o! rain and Red 1eer reached a high o! 19#?+ -ith 2#4 mm o! rain# Project area in di,ergent !lo- alo!t -ith upper trough approaching the E+ coast# Wea( lee trough !ormed at the sur!ace o,er project# ain Aet to the south and -est# id5le,el instabilit& on the soundings and ,er& cold air alo!t# Wea(2 scattered rain sho-ers !ormed along the !oothills and slo-l& trac(ed across the project area in the late a!ternoon -ith a !escattered lightning stri(es recorded but no signi!icant precipitation# +algar& reached 14#8+ -ith a trace o! rain and Red 1eer reached a high o! 16#6+ -ith 0#2 mm o! rain# %he minimum temperature in

Page: 122

Sept 102 Frida&

/o aircra!t operations#

Sept 112 Saturda&

/o aircra!t operations#

1ate Sept 122 Sunda&

Acti,ities Summar& /o aircra!t operations

Sept 132 onda&

/o aircra!t operations#

Sept 142 %uesda&

/o aircra!t operations#

Sept 162 Wednesda&

/o aircra!t operations# */1 $F PR$A*+% F"*@1 $P*RA%"$/S#

Weather

odi!ication "nc#

$ctober 2004

!.

Aircra+t $=erations F,ig"t Summar' ;;)


.rand %otal !light hrs#V .rand %otal top !laresV .rand %otal base !laresV .rand %otal acetoneV 0 0 0 0 0
/?4680 *E F@AR*S

AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS FLIGHT SUMMARY 2004 Storm da&sV 34

229:32 hrs:min 8613 !lares 499 !lares 3146 min# 42:09 13:18 4?:06 1?:48 0:00
HS3

total Ag";gm<

130280 gallons 132#9 322 23 220 9? 0 131660 ?103 290?13


S%$R S V ?0

%$%A@S Aune sub5totals Aul& sub5total Aug# sub5total Sept# sub5total 1A%* StormU1a&

43:13 11:20 44:3? 21:68 1:14


HS1

6694 311 3389 14?8 0


/949R*

36? 28 222 111 0

82:12 11:24 34:03 18:46 0:00


HS2

1?8 6 143 44 0

3146 304 1?44 ?33 0


min A+*%$/*

?3? 4 881 294 0

4 69 26 0 total Ag";gm<
290?13 1ail& Ag" ;gm< sum

/?11F.

F@% %" * *A F@AR*S *E F@AR*S

F@% %" * *A F@AR*S

F@% %" * *A F@AR*S *E F@AR*S storms

015Aun504 065Aun504 085Aun504 135Aun504 145Aun504 165Aun504 225Aun504 235Aun504 265Aun504 245Aun504 2?5Aun504 015Aul504 025Aul504 035Aul504 085Aul504 095Aul504 105Aul504 115Aul504 135Aul504 165Aul504 185Aul504 1?5Aul504 205Aul504 215Aul504

00:39 01:33 01:06 02:34 02:01 01:11

1 0 0 249 83 0

1 0 0 20 6 0

00:63

10

00:49 01:60 03:66 01:42

0 4 0 0

1 0 16 9

02:64

104

01:24 01:21 02:04 01:06 01:10 02:61 08:29 03:00 02:13 01:30 03:66 03:43 04:30 04:16 02:02 02:12 02:46 02:14 02:40 02:02 04:49 02:69 02:4? 02:38 01:60 02:42 03:16 02:11 02:39 03:64

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 10 30 21 4 4 0 13 21 0 4 18

0 0 0 1?0 148 388 260 62 90 31 110 203 148 300 02:4? 02:13 04:22 04:68 01:48 08:22 03:31 02:36 03:08 08:08 03:69 03:49 03:06

223 614 303 34 0 3?8 226 604 244 23 201 32 4

1? 40 13 9 8 22 1? 18 26 1 10 4 1

0 0 0 21? 1?4 0 0 41 124 0

14 32 11 22 20 20 24 20 14 ?

0 1 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 4 ? 3 9 1 6 4 4 1 1 3 8 3

4?? 40 0 110?? 2010 1060 0 0 0 0 643 11442 28828 13626 1023? ?00 1?600 1043? 14424 19380 810 10492 ?169 1880

4?? 69? 69? 11899 13849 14939 14939 14939 14939 14939 16240 28922 63344 88492 99111 94011 ?9611 109?60 122994 140134 140944 161218 180393 182033

265Aul504 305Aul504 035Aug504 045Aug504 065Aug504 185Aug504 195Aug504 1?5Aug504 205Aug504 245Aug504 295Aug504 245Aug504 305Aug504 065Sep504

01:69 06:06 03:20 03:28 02:20 01:18 01:30 02:20 01:66 02:10 01:38 02:03 01:14

?6 619 294 609 221 0 0 244 109 2?4 0 206 0

4 36 29 28 9 0 0 29 4 13 2 6 0

02:23 03:18 08:03 01:48

0 0 0 0

18 11 18 ?

1?0 144 399 124

02:03 03:2? 02:02 04:13 02:14 01:24 03:42 01:48 01:64 02:23

0 9? 0 198 0 0 ?4 0 0 0

11 1? 13 8 1? 9 16 16 0 4

02:44 01:12 01:40

0 0 0

12 0 0

194 88 0

1 6 6 3 2 2 0 8 3 1 1 2 0 0

4160 22?83 13949 21?39 10024 1060 0 13?40 4??0 1013? 300 683? 0 0

188143 14?148 2024?4 224431 234466 236?06 236?06 24?446 264436 284?94 286294 290?13 290?13 290?13

D.

F4A60# SCMMARE #A%4< ;;)


291? 260 42#3 count V 34 26 number number minutes gallons hr:mm Storm5 1a& 229:32 8613 499 3146 132#9 totals 1uration eject end5burn acetone %&pe 229:32 8613 00:63 0 1 10 test 02:19 1 00:39 1 1 test 00:49 0 1 test 01:33 0 0 patrol 03:23 4 01:60 4 0 seed 01:06 0 0 patrol 01:06 02:34 249 20 seed 0?:31 249 03:66 0 16 seed 02:64 0 4 104 seed 02:01 83 6 seed 02:01 83 01:42 0 9 seed 02:63 01:11 0 0 patrol 01:24 0 0 0 patrol 01:24 01:21 0 0 0 patrol 01:21 02:04 0 0 0 patrol 02:04 01:06 0 0 patrol 03:64 02:4? 0 0 patrol 02:40 0 0 1?0 seed 08:03 02:13 0 0 patrol 01:10 0 0 patrol 01:40 1?0 16 seed 0?:16 223 02:02 0 10 148 seed 03:06 0 6 seed 01:11 33 4 seed 01:19 0 ? seed 02:63 0 14 seed 18:10 624 02:63 0 24 262 seed 02:46 163 18 seed 02:03 0 14 seed 01:43 280 14 seed 01:64 0 8 114 seed 24 1? 290?13 gms Seed seed 7 132#9 Amt# Seed amt storms 3146 per !light Accum# per da& ?0 10 19? 19? 4?? 0 190 34? 0 0 160 4?? 0 0 0 4?? 40 0 40 69? 0 1 0 69? 0 0 104 9?40 461? 110?? 2 2260 1098? 0 1 ?0? 11899 0 1 2010 13849 2010 1 1060 14939 1060 1 0 14939 0 0 0 14939 0 0 0 14939 0 0 0 14939 0 0 0 14939 0 0 0 14939 0 0 1?0 643 16240 643 1 0 16240 0 0 0 16240 0 0 148 8060 21330 11442 1 2032 23382 0 1 960 24112 0 1 1280 26392 0 "/+ 1360 28922 0 1 388 2900 2?422 28428 2 4320 33942 0 2 6480 3?202 0 1 2100 41302 0 1 9?00 4?202 0 1 1228 60424 0 1

A@E*R%A HA"@ S0PPR*SS"$/ PR$A*+% 2004 Stoc(: $perations Flights 0%+ 0%+ hr:mm %$%A@S !lightsV 1ate Aircra!t 015Aun504 HS2 015Aun504 HS1 015Aun504 HS3 065Aun504 HS1 065Aun504 HS3 085Aun504 HS1 135Aun504 HS1 135Aun504 HS3 135Aun504 HS2 145Aun504 HS1 165Aun504 HS3 185Aun504 HS1 225Aun504 HS2 235Aun504 HS2 265Aun504 HS2 245Aun504 HS1 2?5Aun504 HS3 2?5Aun504 HS2 2?5Aun504 HS3 2?5Aun504 HS1 015Aul504 HS1 015Aul504 HS2 015Aul504 HS3 015Aul504 HS1 025Aul504 HS3 025Aul504 HS3 025Aul504 HS2 025Aul504 HS1 025Aul504 HS3 035Aul504 HS1 035Aul504 HS2 106 %a(e5o!! @anding 20:20 21:13 20:30 21:09 20:3? 21:28 20:12 21:46 21:30 23:20 18:40 19:46 20:4? 23:29 21:24 01:1? 22:20 01:14 14:00 20:01 23:30 01:12 01:28 02:39 22:20 23:44 20:38 21:69 22:29 00:31 22:39 23:42 00:11 03:00 20:04 22:44 21:16 23:24 22:46 23:66 1?:16 20:66 20:09 22:0? 20:33 23:34 21:36 22:48 00:19 01:34 14:13 21:08 20:40 23:33 21:23 00:04 23:21 01:24 01:19 03:00 01:41 03:36

499 3

3?

6 9

43

102

035Aul504 HS1 035Aul504 HS2 035Aul504 HS1 035Aul504 HS3 085Aul504 HS3 085Aul504 HS2 095Aul504 HS3 095Aul504 HS1 095Aul504 HS1 105Aul504 HS2 105Aul504 HS3 105Aul504 HS1 115Aul504 HS3 115Aul504 HS1 115Aul504 HS1 115Aul504 HS3 115Aul504 HS1 115Aul504 HS2 115Aul504 HS1 135Aul504 HS3 145Aul504 HS1 145Aul504 HS2 145Aul504 HS1 165Aul504 HS3 165Aul504 HS1 165Aul504 HS2 165Aul504 HS1 185Aul504 HS3 185Aul504 HS2 185Aul504 HS1 185Aul504 HS2 1?5Aul504 HS3 1?5Aul504 HS2 1?5Aul504 HS1 205Aul504 HS2 205Aul504 HS3 205Aul504 HS1 215Aul504 HS2 215Aul504 HS1 215Aul504 HS3 285Aul504 HS3

03:16 1?:30 1?:6? 20:40 1?:63 22:49 02:29 06:68 19:63 21:09 21:44 22:40 01:03 02:43 19:09 14:40 1?:30 20:21 23:10 21:32 00:18 02:2? 03:68 1?:64 20:30 22:36 23:6? 01:29 14:69 21:34 23:12 20:12 21:2? 22:21 1?:24 20:34 23:3? 00:4? 23:06 23:21 01:60

06:14 22:29 22:6? 22:28 22:21 01:38 08:21 04:0? 1?:23 23:43 23:68 00:6? 02:28 04:1? 14:22 21:16 21:14 22:11 23:60 00:34 03:02 06:11 06:40 23:11 21:21 01:60 03:23 04:20 16:61 23:38 00:2? 00:0? 00:08 00:33 22:10 00:21 02:24 02:01 01:1? 02:28 03:63

01:6? 02:69 03:00 01:48 02:24 02:4? 03:64 02:13 01:30 02:38 02:04 02:1? 01:23 01:38 01:16 02:36 01:44 01:60 00:40 03:08 02:48 02:42 01:44 03:13 00:61 03:16 03:24 02:63 00:64 02:02 01:19 03:69 02:39 02:12 02:42 03:49 02:46 01:12 02:14 03:06 02:03

111 0 2?3 0 0 0 21? 34 0 0 1?4 28? 0 129 0 0 226 0 0 0 288 0 242 0 0 0 244 0 0 23 0 41 0 201 0 124 32 0 4 0 0

8 21 13 11 12 4 10 9 8 4 14 14 8 4 12 20 9 0 0 0 8 13 10 12 2 21 23 18 0 1 0 20 4 10 18 14 4 0 1 ? 11

260

62

90

31

110

203

0 0 148 268

44

seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed patrol patrol seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed patrol seed patrol seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed

09:43

2?3

46

260

11:24

269

33

62

01:30 10:02

6?0

8 60

90

04:04

226

3?

31

10:14

604

2?

110

13:38

244

94

203

04:13

23

04:48

242

34

148

10:28

180

34

300

06:1? 04:00

4 ?6

10 16

3120 3486 9410 1860 1400 94? 6440 1410 ?00 1400 6?40 9440 ?00 3940 1400 3000 6660 4? 0 0 8220 2284 8340 1400 300 3930 ?130 2400 0 810 0 3420 1132 6620 3132 4880 1240 128 310 1360 1860

63644 69412 86222 88492 84892 8?421 96301 99111 94011 9?411 463?1 ?2491 ?3991 ?9611 ??311 102311 109481 109?60 109?60 109?60 114190 118434 122994 124694 124494 124804 139934 140134 140134 140944 140944 144684 1468?8 161218 164349 16?009 180249 180393 180843 182033 183843

0 13326 0 0 1023? 0 0 0 ?00 1?600 0 0 0 "/+ 0 1043? 0 0 0 "/+ 0 14424 0 0 0 "/+ 19380 0 "/+ "/+ "/+ "/+ 810

1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 3 1 1

10492

?169

1880 4160

0 1 0 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1

285Aul504 HS1 305Aul504 HS3 305Aul504 HS1 315Aul504 HS2 315Aul504 HS1 035Aug504 HS2 035Aug504 HS1 045Aug504 HS3 045Aug504 HS2 045Aug504 HS3 065Aug504 HS1 065Aug504 HS2 065Aug504 HS1 065Aug504 HS1 085Aug504 HS2 085Aug504 HS3 085Aug504 HS2 195Aug504 HS3 195Aug504 HS1 195Aug504 HS1 1?5Aug504 HS3 1?5Aug504 HS1 205Aug504 HS3 205Aug504 HS1 245Aug504 HS1 245Aug504 HS2 265Aug504 HS3 295Aug504 HS1 245Aug504 HS2 245Aug504 HS1 245Aug504 HS3 305Aug504 HS2 085Sep504 HS1

02:01 23:04 23:64 00:30 02:46 23:06 23:34 01:6? 20:33 21:24 00:46 01:19 02:49 22:46 00:02 00:34 03:19 03:43 04:44 22:10 22:3? 23:00 22:63 23:16 22:60 23:42 00:64 21:14 20:38 21:29 21:69 22:32 01:00

03:64 02:33 02:04 02:63 06:40 02:21 02:64 04:01 23:41 01:41 02:21 04:12 04:39 01:06 01:22 02:68 03:43 06:11 08:04 23:40 02:21 01:20 00:3? 01:10 01:00 02:30 02:44 22:64 21:44 23:30 00:20 00:12 02:14

01:69 03:2? 02:10 02:23 02:66 03:18 03:20 02:02 03:04 04:13 01:38 02:66 01:60 02:20 01:20 02:14 00:28 01:24 01:18 01:30 03:42 02:20 01:48 01:66 02:10 02:44 01:64 01:38 01:12 02:03 02:23 01:40 01:14

?6 9? 24? 0 224 0 294 0 0 198 202 0 306 221 0 0 0 0 0 0 ?4 244 0 109 2?4 0 0 0 0 206 0 0 0

4 1? 1? 18 18 11 29 13 0 8 13 18 13 9 ? 1? 0 9 0 0 16 29 16 4 13 12 0 2 0 6 4 0 0

1?0 144

130

249

124

194

88

seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed patrol patrol seed seed seed seed seed seed patrol seed seed seed seed patrol patrol

10:69

6?8

90

1?0

04:34

294

61

144

13:42

843

44

399

08:24

221

36

124

02:44 01:30 08:02 03:41 08:62

342 109 2?4

42 1? 26 194

01:38 06:34

206

2 ?

88

01:40 01:14

2600 4430 4830 2?43 8?80 2149 ?810 1?60 392 4420 6??0 3108 4060 6490 1904 2460 0 1060 0 0 4210 ?930 2260 2940 9430 230? 0 300 14? 4460 800 0 0

188143 190813 19?243 142148 14?148 1?1334 200?44 2024?4 203286 209846 213896 218941 224431 230301 232006 234466 234466 236?06 236?06 236?06 240116 24?446 2620?6 264436 282886 284?94 284?94 286294 286483 290313 290?13 290?13 290?13

"/+ 22?83 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 "/+ "/+ 10024 0 "/+ 0 0 1060 0 0 13?40 0 4??0 0 1013? 0 "/+ 0 300 683? 0 0 "/+ 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 4 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

13949

21?39

<.

F$RMS

SA%*@@"%* \

AP "/%*RPR*%A%"$/

1A%* Forecaster SL/$PS"S

$P*RA%"$/A@ "/F$R A%"$/ F$R*+AS%: F+S% +1+: Free:ing @e,el: 56 +: 510 +: a= +loud %op Height: +loud Ease HeightM%emp: +ell otion: Storm $utloo( +1+: S$0/1"/.S: b @": b S": b %$%A@ %$%A@S: b Precip# Water ;in<: b +AP* ;AM(g<:
S'+ F*W S+% E'/ $J+ +@R +AJ$' Summation co,erage nil cloud R 2M4 3M4 to 4M4 6M4 to 9M4 4M4 nil cloud R 102000F ;auto< P 8 sm2 no +E2 no sig -=2 nil cld R 6000F or belo- highest min sector altitude " E+ PR 1R E@ SH %S FK J+ F+ TF+ Weather nature Shallo- ;F.< Patches ;F.< Partial ;F.< 1ri!ting Elo-ing Sho-ers %hunder Free:ing Jicinit& Funnel cld %ornadoM Waterspout

F$R*+AS%

%ma=: 1e- Pt: %con,: HA"@+AS% $1*@ F+S% Hail 1ia ;cm<: A+%0A@ Wa $ES*RJ*1
+1+

+1+

otion:
W"/1S
260 mb

jet PJA short -a,e tro! thic(ness ad,ection insolation upslope !lo!rontal li!t night radiation cooling morning %og morning &CC or cloud street
S!c
1K RA S/ S. "+ P@ .R .S 0P Precipitation t&pe 1ri::le Rain SnoSno- grains ;ne,er sho-er&< "ce cr&stals ;R 8sm< "ce pellets ;!ro:en rain< Hail Sno- pellets ;sho-er&< 0n(no-n ;auto< .RA10 P1M2hr %* P$ R1 hr RAP"1 R1M2hr "/%*R RR1hr ER F. F0 JA 10 SA HK P$ SG SS TSS 1S T1S

b !

latent instabilit& loaded gun chinoo(

b b b b b b

b b $

cloud co,er gust& -inds -ind shear 1r& Slot or @ine /* moisture ad,ection other:
$bscuration t&pe ist ;P 6M4 sm< Fog ;R 6M4 sm< Smo(e ;R 8sm< Jolcanic ash ;an& ,sb&< 1ust ;R 8sm< Sand ;R 8sm< Ha:e ;R 8sm< 1ust -hirls SDualls Sandstorm ;R 6M4 sm< Sandstorm ;R 6M18 sm< 1uststorm ;R 6M4 sm< 1uststorm ;R 6M18 sm<

600 mb 800 mb 900 mb 460 mb

b $

14?396344#doc

WMI R3B38 OE:98F98 L?<

WMI S99BA4< AA8783G> F;A<C> L?<

F.

SP<!AFA!A#A$DS F$R PAP<R !0<E<DD< AA AAR!RAF# Full deicing capabilities Po-er %&pe2 %urboprop t-in engine P%8A524 engines ?000 lbs gross -eight 6014 lbs empt& -eight 3?42 lbs use!ul load 820 hp per engine 243 (ts ma= speed 28? (ts recommended cruise 96 (ts stall dirt& 342 gals !uel capacit& 312800 !eet all engine ser,ice ceiling 142800 !eet single engine ser,ice ceiling 22910 !eet per minute all engine rate o! climb 880 !eet per minute single engine rate o! climb 1?40 !eet !or ta(e o!! o,er 60 !oot obstruction 1410 !eet !or ta(e o!! ground roll 2440 !eet land o,er 60 !oot obstruction 1430 !oot land ground roll 34 !t# 4 in# length 12 !t# ? in# height 42 !t# 4 in# -ingspan

6.

SP<!AFA!A#A$DS F$R !<SSDA !@(); AAR!RAF# Po-er %&pe2 %urbocharged piston t-in engine 82?0 lbs gross -eight 4144 lbs empt& -eight 1402 lbs use!ul load 310 hp per engine 240 mph ma= speed 283 mph rec# cruise 42 mph stall dirt& 143 5 203 gals !uel capacit& 2?2400 !eet all engine ser,ice ceiling 162400 !eet single engine ser,ice ceiling 1860 !eet per minute all engine rate o! climb 316 !eet per minute single engine rate o! climb 2196 !eet !or ta(e o!! o,er 60 !oot obstruction 1816 !eet !or ta(e o!! ground roll 1460 !eet land o,er 60 !oot obstruction 990 !oot land ground roll 34 !t# 4 in# length 12 !t# 9 in# height 34 !t# 1 in# -ingspan

0.

SP<!AFA!A#A$DS F$R %<<!0!RAF# &AD6 AAR !9; AAR!RAF#

Full deicing capabilities Po-er %&pe2 %urboprop t-in engine P%8A521 engines ?860 lbs gross -eight 8342 lbs empt& -eight 3284 lbs use!ul load 660 hp per engine 204 (ts ma= speed 146 (ts recommended cruise 94 (ts dirt& stall 344 gals !uel capacit& 302000 !eet all engine ser,ice ceiling 142200 single engine ser,ice ceiling 1600 !eet per minute all engine rate o! climb 360 !eet per minute single engine rate o! climb 3100 !or ta(e o!! o,er a 60 !oot obstruction 2260 !eet ta(e o!! roll 1930 !eet !or landing o,er 60 !oot obstacle 400 !oot landing roll 36 !t 8 in length 14 !t 3 in height 60 !t 3 in -ingspan

A.

6R$CDD S!0$$4 A6<DDA

ALBERTA HAIL SUPPRESSION PROJECT 2004


Ro'a, M Sun@A,,iance Ansurance %anker-s 0a,, West 8t" F,oor> 888 @ (rd Street S.W. !a,gar'> A% ();() ((@291;> #o,, +ree: 1@8;;@221@9 9

Frida&2 4:30 4#46 ?:00 ?:30 10:00 10:30 11:30 12:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30

a& 24th 2 2004 Assembl& o! persons and co!!ee in Eoard Room on 4 th Floor# %err& 'rauss ;Project anager< 5 Welcome and sta!! introductions Robin Seacombe2 Alberta Se,ere Weather anagement Societ& Aim Renic( ;Project 1irector< 5 Program o,er,ie%err& 'rauss N Status o! Hail suppression Erea( eteorological data sources and se,ere -eather !orecasting Summar& o! 1??852003 Alberta $perations Radar Storm trac(ing and directing cloud seeding aircra!t 1iscussion session o! seeding rates2 targeting2 etc# @unch brea( A%+ controlling procedures /a,5+anada representati,es !rom *dmonton and +algar& A,iation -eather and special procedures +loud seeding aircra!t and eDuipment Aircra!t maintenance procedures 5 .ar& Hillman Erea( 1uties and responsibilities 1ail& routines and procedures +ommunication and reporting eteorological 1ata Aircra!t Flight Forms +loud Seeding +hemical "n,entor& Storm Summaries Wee(l& and onthl& Summaries Sa!et& and emergenc& response H%eam-or(I 1iscussions end o! 1a& 1 ground school e,ening social Sice5brea(erS 5 +atherine %agg Saltli( Restaurant +algar&2 10154th a,e SW22 +algar& a& 2004 PR$.RA A.*/1A5 1a& 2

6:00 8:30

Saturda&2 2?th 10:00

Jisit \ Set up W "5+algar& airport o!!ice at *SS$ AJ"%A% 696 Palmer Road2 /* +algar& Set up +algar&2 $lds51idsbur&2 and Red 1eer o!!ices#

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D3>9 2004

DAA4E M<#<$R$4$6A!A4 F$R<!AS# S#A#AS#A!S ;;)


FCS P897A@ 0JC (5JC ( 0JC C;?HB C;?HB M3PA . L9F9; L9F9; L9F9; B3:9 B3:9 DHD W3>98 $5G>% $5G>% $5G>% H9A<C> T9D@ C;?HB $A4% $5G>% $JC% T?@ H9A<C> $5G>% 51 0#69 ?#6 11#2 12#? 10#2 52#1 1? 51 1#64 ?#3 10#? 13#4 10 52 14#6 51 0#64 12#1 13#4 19 11#6 51#3 14#2 1 0#48 11#3 13#4 18 10#2 2 28#8 2 0#86 13 14#4 19 ?#4 6 34 1 0#42 4#4 10#4 13#6 8#4 9 30#6 51 0#36 9#? ?#1 11#9 9#4 0 16#6 51 0#34 ? 10#4 14#? 4#6 0#6 13 51 0#41 11#4 13#4 18#2 8#4 8 18 0 0#46 10#8 13#9 18#4 8 ?#6 31#1 0 0#89 ?#6 12#1 14#4 9#8 6#4 2?#6 51 0#82 ?#4 11#8 14#2 4#2 3#9 24 1 0#6 4#4 10#4 13#2 4#6 2 30 1 0#39 9#6 ?#4 11#4 4#6 52 30 0 0#61 4#4 10#9 13#2 9#1 2 30 0 0#6 ?#9 11#1 13#9 4#6 2 30 0 0#3? 4#4 10#8 12#? 10#8 52#6 30 52 0#38 ?#9 11#6 13#6 11#3 51#8 22 51 0#48 11#9 13#6 18 13#1 54 23 51 0#68 10#2 13#3 18#1 10#4 3#1 20 1 0#86 12#6 14#1 18#6 12#8 50#03 33 1 0#9 11#4 13#4 18#3 10#3 4#6 34#8 0 0#? 11#4 14#2 18#4 4#1 9 31 0 0#90 10#? 13#8 18#4 4#4 6#2 20#4 52 0#92 11#2 13#6 18#3 ?#4 4#3 31 0 0#68 11#1 12#4 16#2 ? 2#3 26 51 0#96 11#? 14#4 19 10#6 3 26 0 0#92 12#3 14#4 19#9 9#9 4#3 32 2 0#42 12#4 16#1 14 8#9 8#2 34 0 1#01 13#1 18 14#9 6#1 9#4 33 T9D@. D9I C?4F CAPE T?>3; LAG>9B SC?I C9;; C9;; S>?8D S>?8D L?I L?I MAB M3PA P?A4> T9D@ $J/5<% T?>3;: I4B9P 3;>98 DA897>A S@99B DA897>A S@99B L9F9; L9F9; L9F9; DHD $JC% $JC% ?4 54?>: ?4 54?>: WA4B WA4B WA4B $JC% $B9<% $B9<% DA897>A S@99B DA897>A ?4 54?>: ?4 $B9<% $B9<% 1? 4 18#0 200 62#0 0#2 0#8 230 18 290 14 200 16 236 20 2 20#0 196 63#0 1 0#2 240 16 240 16 210 10 240 24 3 20#0 61 4?#0 0 1#3 290 18 316 14 240 10 240 24 6 23#0 160 63#0 50#? 50#4 2?0 10 310 ? 290 6 2?0 29 9 23#0 800 63#4 53#3 52#3 216 23 23? 20 200 10 226 16 4 16#0 600 62#4 52#8 50#8 314 1? 340 13 316 30 340 13 2 13#0 126 44#0 2#2 6#2 346 14 346 14 366 24 344 16 2 12#0 40 49#8 0#9 1#4 368 4 368 4 28? 4 331 18 6 14#0 40 44#2 50#3 1#2 19? 12 19? 12 148 4 214 14 11 14#0 626 61#6 51#? 51#2 300 13 240 23 309 18 232 18 ? 16#0 680 68#4 52#9 53 326 24 300 31 326 24 310 18 9 16#0 390 68#3 52#3 52#4 326 20 340 30 316 14 318 16 6 13#0 4?9 6?#4 53#1 50#2 244 1? 290 12 2?4 21 266 13 2 12#0 610 64#4 53#9 51#2 303 14 321 13 311 14 296 13 4 13#0 384 63#8 51#6 0#6 36? 20 24 16 148 4 214 16 6 14#0 330 64#0 51 50#4 31? 14 360 10 341 32 301 19 1 16#0 830 6?#1 53#2 52#4 380 14 36 12 346 ? 6 14 0 16#0 366 68#3 51#4 51#8 94 9 104 6 80 4 91 24 2 22#0 60 61#? 50#4 50#1 30 13 90 ? 2 14 34 20 6 14#0 90 62#2 50#6 50#3 360 2? 24 21 344 26 363 26 8 23#0 640 68#6 53#2 52#? 338 28 2 1? 320 20 341 24 10 21#0 1092 69#? 53#? 54#2 314 24 364 1? 324 16 332 1? 10 21#0 2?9 62#4 51#? 51#8 31? 32 366 1? 324 21 326 20 ? 1?#0 268 61#4 50#? 50#6 322 24 4 18 332 13 329 21 ? 20#0 446 63#4 52#3 51#9 31? 22 34? 14 323 11 216 21 8 14#0 60? 66#4 52#6 52#4 33? 19 12 11 21 10 334 22 4 22#0 200 61#4 51 50#6 230 12 241 ? 1?1 12 244 29 ? 26#0 940 63#8 52#4 51#? 26? 13 242 8 296 4 239 28 11 24#0 1222 66#0 53#6 53#2 242 11 249 6 201 2 283 23 12 21#0 668 61#0 51#4 51#4 1?2 11 220 4 198 10 1?? MAB L9F9; WA4B S@99B 54?>: 24 26 22 20 20 10 33 2? 30 19 20 20 16 18 30 30 24 8 20 33 34 44 36 2? 24 19 12 10 11 13 HA<C L9F9; WA4B DA897>A ?4 $B9<% 246 240 260 306 220 106 2?? 249 219 19? 186 242 244 291 219 324 340 66 42 1? 33? 332 316 32? 31? 302 244 264 236 204 HA<C OE:98 L9F9; F9B WA4B CDC S@99B 54?>: 40 66 26 60 66 22 33 2? 99 84 20 1? 82 34 99 36 28 14 3? 61 62 69 60 63 68 90 19 24 41 34 51 51 53 53 0 0 51 51 52 0 52 51 4 2 0 0 51 53 0 51 0 0 51 52 0 51 53 0 1 0

15Aun 25Aun 35Aun 45Aun 65Aun 85Aun 95Aun 45Aun ?5Aun 105Aun 115Aun 125Aun 135Aun 145Aun 165Aun 185Aun 195Aun 145Aun 1?5Aun 205Aun 215Aun 225Aun 235Aun 245Aun 265Aun 285Aun 295Aun 245Aun 2?5Aun 305Aun

D3>9 2004

15Aul 25Aul 35Aul 45Aul 65Aul 85Aul 95Aul 45Aul ?5Aul 105Aul 115Aul 125Aul 135Aul 145Aul 165Aul 185Aul 195Aul 145Aul 1?5Aul 205Aul 215Aul 225Aul 235Aul 245Aul 265Aul 285Aul 295Aul 245Aul 2?5Aul 305Aul 315Aul

FCS P897A@ 0JC (5JC ( 0JC C;?HB C;?HB M3PA . L9F9; L9F9; L9F9; B3:9 B3:9 DHD W3>98 $5G>% $5G>% $5G>% H9A<C> T9D@ C;?HB $A4% $5G>% $JC% T?@ H9A<C> $5G>% 2 0#?3 12#8 16#3 14#2 4#2 ?#2 38 1 0#4 11#4 14#4 19 4#6 9#6 34 0 0#93 10#8 13#2 16#9 4#6 4#6 24 51 0#92 ?#4 12#3 16 6#4 4 23#6 51 0#84 11 13#2 18#? 4#? 4#9 22 2 0#98 11#4 14#6 19#4 ?#6 8#9 36 0 0#84 ?#1 11#8 14#2 4#6 4#8 28 51 0#69 4 10#4 13#6 9#1 2#4 14 0 0#92 10#6 13#1 16#? 9#3 6#4 20 2 0#98 11#4 14#2 18#8 ?#4 8#2 34 1 0#8 10#9 12#6 14#8 10#1 2 34 53 0#86 11#8 16 14#1 ?#4 6 14#? 51 0#48 13#3 16#4 19#8 ?#3 8#? 34 0 0#93 13 16#9 14#4 10#2 8#2 32 3 0#?2 13#3 16#6 19#4 ?#6 4#3 40 2 1#09 14#2 18#8 14#? ?#? ?#2 40 0 0#9? 14#? 19 1?#3 10#9 9#6 39 0 1#18 14#4 19#1 1?#? ?#4 10#2 34 1 1#1 13#4 18#6 1?#4 4#1 11 34 1 0#92 11#4 13#4 18#2 10#9 12#9 32 0 0#8? 10#? 13#4 16#? 10 3#1 31#6 0 0#44 11#1 13#? 18#4 4#6 8 34 53 0#84 12#6 16#3 14#3 ?#8 6#9 30 53 0#8 13#4 16#? 14#? 12#4 2#8 30 0 0#84 13#9 16#9 19#4 13 1#9 36 0 0#89 11#4 13#8 18#4 10#4 3#1 24 51 0#89 10#1 13#3 18#8 4#4 6#1 22 52 0#91 10#? 12#6 18 ?#4 2 14#3 2 1 12#6 14#6 19#2 4 10 32 0 0#4 12#9 14#4 19#8 10#4 4#4 31 1 0#4 11 13#6 18#6 9#8 9 30

T9D@. D9I C?4F CAPE T?>3; LAG>9B SC?I C9;; C9;; S>?8D S>?8D L?I L?I MAB M3PA P?A4> T9D@ $J/5<% T?>3;: I4B9P 3;>98 DA897>A S@99B DA897>A S@99B L9F9; L9F9; L9F9; DHD $JC% $JC% ?4 54?>: ?4 54?>: WA4B WA4B WA4B $JC% $B9<% $B9<% DA897>A S@99B DA897>A ?4 54?>: ?4 $B9<% $B9<% 21 13 20#0 44? 4?#6 52#4 50#2 2?2 10 302 9 241 ? 296 20 12 20#0 644 64#0 52#9 52#9 303 20 334 12 308 14 2?2 14 10 1?#0 320 63#8 51#? 51#3 30? 12 313 10 314 11 26? 12 ? 11#0 200 61#0 50#8 0#8 314 ? 314 ? 330 6 308 1? 4 14#0 140 61#3 50#8 50#4 320 14 360 12 316 19 322 22 13 20#0 ?41 69#6 54#8 54#8 2?1 1? 306 14 2?9 1? 28? 11 ? 11#0 410 62#4 51#? 50#2 234 11 249 14 284 12 204 12 8 12#0 96 62#2 0#9 0#6 319 22 319 22 324 34 314 14 ? 14#0 ?8 61#8 50#6 50#4 248 24 313 19 244 22 294 22 12 20#0 10?2 69#2 54#4 53#? 222 22 249 14 214 14 229 20 4 19#0 488 64#9 54#1 53#9 30? 32 340 21 2?2 14 224 23 9 23#0 60 49#8 1#1 1#3 2?2 1? 2?2 1? 310 13 294 24 10 28#0 9?4 64#9 53#4 52#? 228 14 249 18 1?8 18 22? 26 11 18#0 881 62#8 52#2 51#4 244 14 306 10 246 ? 294 29 13 26#0 12?9 69#2 54#? 54#9 286 20 240 16 226 12 291 2? 13 2?#0 1406 69#1 54#9 56#? 299 16 2?4 11 294 4 290 30 16 31#0 ?48 63#6 53#6 52#8 240 31 306 1? 298 16 290 30 16 30#0 1388 64#2 53#4 54 289 21 2?4 12 262 11 248 24 14 26#0 1003 63#0 53#6 53#4 291 20 2?3 14 29? 16 262 24 10 24#0 902 66#3 53#2 52#3 2?0 20 308 16 248 14 290 23 4 21#0 6?6 64#6 52#8 51#9 314 23 34? 14 30? 1? 31? 22 ? 20#0 864 63#? 52#6 52#1 346 14 1? ? 6 3 349 26 10 28#0 826 61#1 50#4 50#? 304 4 304 8 283 6 294 2? 10 31#0 614 60#9 50#4 50#4 248 11 299 ? 289 12 244 30 10 31#0 ?4? 68#4 53#9 53#4 294 14 2?? 12 2?0 14 282 23 4 21#0 333 64#6 52#4 52#1 248 29 319 22 2?4 18 242 14 4 14#0 146 60#0 0#2 0#3 4 19 336 19 331 24 343 21 4 20#0 100 48#8 1#1 1#8 326 29 326 29 314 14 332 26 10 24#0 860 60#4 53#4 52#4 322 2? 360 14 314 21 329 28 ? 24#0 446 63#3 52#4 51#? 246 31 326 21 309 14 2?4 22 10 21#0 34? 62#9 52#4 51#3 2?4 34 326 24 246 20 2?6

MAB L9F9; WA4B S@99B 54?>: 11 14 16 6 14 2? 18 1? 30 31 16 24 28 26 23 24 34 26 24 24 1? 1? 4 16 26 48 26 33 32 49 4?

HA<C L9F9; WA4B DA897>A ?4 $B9<% 203 243 238 241 329 281 214 4 288 224 210 248 23? 284 263 246 288 283 221 243 314 324 32 289 244 2?6 344 314 349 303 24?

HA<C OE:98 L9F9; F9B WA4B CDC S@99B 54?>: 22 14 34 13 84 64 40 10 66 89 31 28 89 91 49 43 83 80 62 41 34 2? 2? 19 40 8? 48 60 44 40 41 4 2 2 51 1 2 1 51 51 3 3 53 2 0 4 1 51 51 6 3 1 0 53 53 0 1 51 0 0 4 1

D3>9 2004

15Aug 25Aug 35Aug 45Aug 65Aug 85Aug 95Aug 45Aug ?5Aug 105Aug 115Aug 125Aug 135Aug 145Aug 165Aug 185Aug 195Aug 145Aug 1?5Aug 205Aug 215Aug 225Aug 235Aug 245Aug 265Aug 285Aug 295Aug 245Aug 2?5Aug 305Aug 315Aug

FCS P897A@ 0JC (5JC ( 0JC C;?HB C;?HB M3PA . L9F9; L9F9; L9F9; B3:9 B3:9 DHD W3>98 $5G>% $5G>% $5G>% H9A<C> T9D@ C;?HB $A4% $5G>% $JC% T?@ H9A<C> $5G>% 0 0#44 12 14#6 19#3 9#8 4#3 29 1 0#46 13#4 16#9 14 9#9 ?#6 38 1 0#?6 13#2 16#4 19#4 ?#9 4#3 39 3 0#41 12#2 14#9 19#1 ? 4#2 34 2 0#?9 12#4 14#4 19#6 ?#9 8#4 39 1 0#4 11#6 13#? 18#9 4#4 6 24 51 0#4 10 13 18#3 8#2 4 18 51 0#84 10#2 13#2 19#2 9 8#4 16 51 0#84 10#3 13#6 18#4 8#4 9 18 53 0#4 13#2 16#4 14#1 10#? 4 30 51 0#6 13#? 18#6 14#4 10#4 3#? 29 53 0#63 14#1 18#8 14#? 12 2#? 29 53 0#84 14#6 18#8 14#4 12 4#4 36 0 1#0? 13#? 18#3 14#6 4#3 10#3 36 2 1#18 13#4 18#2 14#9 4#6 11 34#2 1 0#?9 13#3 18#1 14#8 4#6 ? 38#3 0 0#46 12#4 16#4 14#9 4#? ? 36 51 0#9 12#8 16#4 14#3 10 4 1?#4 0 0#48 12#3 14#? 19#6 10#3 6#2 31 2 0#?6 12#2 14#2 18#8 ?#1 9#4 38 51 0#43 11#4 14#4 19#3 10#2 4#6 26 52 0#?2 10#? 13#? 18#? 6 9#4 16 51 0#92 10#4 13#2 18#1 6#9 8#6 16 51 0#88 10#1 12#6 16 4 4#1 21#8 0 0#89 ?#6 12 14#8 9#4 4#8 30 1 0#8? ?#4 12 14#8 8#4 6 24 0 0#84 ?#? 12#2 14#9 4#8 3 23#6 1 0#68 10#4 12#1 14#4 ?#2 3#8 24 0 0#48 10#? 13#? 18#4 ?#2 4#4 26 0 0#43 10#? 13#8 18#3 4#2 6#? 26 0 0#64 12#1 14#6 19#3 ?#6 6#2 32

T9D@. D9I C?4F CAPE T?>3; LAG>9B SC?I C9;; C9;; S>?8D S>?8D L?I L?I MAB M3PA P?A4> T9D@ $J/5<% T?>3;: I4B9P 3;>98 DA897>A S@99B DA897>A S@99B L9F9; L9F9; L9F9; DHD $JC% $JC% ?4 54?>: ?4 54?>: WA4B WA4B WA4B $JC% $B9<% $B9<% DA897>A S@99B DA897>A ?4 54?>: ?4 $B9<% $B9<% 1? 11 1?#0 23? 61#4 51#8 51#9 298 30 311 1? 294 13 244 23 11 26#0 864 63#? 52#9 53#8 296 22 2?4 11 262 4 293 26 12 24#0 13?3 64#4 56#6 56#4 142 16 1?0 ? 198 10 149 23 13 22#0 1414 69#0 54#4 54#6 293 22 2?2 12 28? 19 283 26 12 22#0 1290 68#? 54#6 54#1 214 14 236 14 201 19 212 22 10 23#0 294 62#6 51#4 51#2 226 29 260 14 21? 8 229 16 10 19#0 40 49#8 1#1 1#8 330 14 330 14 248 9 181 14 10 18#0 138 44#6 2#8 3#2 329 19 248 14 331 13 30? 19 10 19#0 104 4?#1 0#1 1 31? 20 31? 20 336 12 314 23 ? 28#0 144 61#1 51 50#6 338 14 36? 10 326 11 324 24 ? 2?#0 111 4?#0 0#1 0#8 31? 14 346 10 328 11 314 29 ? 2?#0 118 61#0 51 50#8 314 12 360 4 318 4 328 2? 11 2?#0 138? 68#? 54#2 54#1 329 8 344 6 296 6 329 28 13 29#0 11?8 66#9 54#3 54#6 301 1? 342 13 319 13 304 24 14 24#0 1389 66#2 54#4 54#2 2?0 14 214 4 308 6 294 23 13 23#0 ?88 63#4 53#6 53#4 318 20 341 12 316 12 312 24 16 23#0 991 60#2 52#8 51#2 322 39 366 22 330 26 323 22 ? 22#0 60 4?#4 50#1 50#2 334 24 334 24 319 23 343 24 11 23#0 880 63#? 52#4 52#1 321 21 364 12 316 13 328 26 12 26#0 ?02 69#4 54#9 54#4 246 24 316 18 2?6 18 243 23 4 22#0 336 63#8 51#? 52#1 244 29 321 14 249 13 244 10 4 10#? 0 62#9 4#3 4#2 208 14 230 14 204 19 216 11 4 12#0 0 48#4 2#9 2#8 303 22 324 12 313 1? 248 16 4 18#0 ?4 63#9 50#? 51#2 294 26 300 14 292 14 290 14 ? 18#0 192 63#4 50#? 51 312 13 33? 4 10 6 246 19 9 18#0 141 63#6 51 50#8 2?2 10 311 4 293 8 248 14 9 1?#0 100 62#1 50#9 0#4 244 22 31? 16 246 14 2?2 1? 4 14#0 600 68#4 53#1 52#? 306 34 334 23 310 23 2?3 20 4 1?#0 1?6 61#? 50#? 50#? 249 38 213 24 292 24 248 21 10 21#0 1?? 62#0 51#4 50#9 248 30 318 21 249 22 249 23 ? 28#0 463 49#3 51#3 2#1 28? 39 24? 23 262 23 284

MAB L9F9; WA4B S@99B 54?>: 41 2? 16 19 24 2? ? 29 31 1? 22 19 13 28 13 22 40 24 21 32 39 1? 21 32 8 13 28 38 42 40 40

HA<C L9F9; WA4B DA897>A ?4 $B9<% 24? 299 1?6 1?0 184 20? 186 308 30? 331 311 30? 321 316 296 301 304 334 331 2?? 243 1?3 24? 296 238 2?8 304 304 2?8 2?6 261

HA<C OE:98 L9F9; F9B WA4B CDC S@99B 54?>: 64 30 34 11 31 34 20 96 8? 36 24 20 29 43 30 34 42 24 14 68 94 46 24 61 18 20 46 ?1 93 93 62 1 1 2 2 2 0 51 51 51 53 53 53 51 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 0 52 51 4 51 51 0 2 51 1 53

D3>9 2004

15Sep 25Sep 35Sep 45Sep 65Sep 85Sep 95Sep 45Sep ?5Sep 105Sep 115Sep 125Sep 135Sep 145Sep 165Sep A,erage Std1e, a= in

FCS P897A@ 0JC (5JC ( 0JC C;?HB C;?HB M3PA . L9F9; L9F9; L9F9; B3:9 B3:9 DHD W3>98 $5G>% $5G>% $5G>% H9A<C> T9D@ C;?HB $A4% $5G>% $JC% T?@ H9A<C> $5G>% 2 0#99 11#9 14#1 18#6 9 ?#4 33 0 0#6 4#3 10#1 12#3 4#3 51 22 51 0#8 ?#1 11#3 14#2 4 3 14 0 0#86 ?#6 11#9 14#3 4#4 2 14 0 0#46 4#4 10#4 12#8 ? 52 1?#9 0 0#6? 4#? 10#8 12#9 4#6 1#4 26 51 0#66 ?#4 12#2 16#3 4 3#2 23 0 0#9 10 12#8 16#1 9#4 6#6 26 51 0#69 ? 11#1 13#8 6#? 3#2 14 51 0#44 ? 11#4 16#4 8#9 1#? 14 51 0#44 10#1 12#8 16#? 10#3 51 13#6 0 0#66 4#4 10#4 13#2 9#4 2 19 0 0#62 4#9 10#? 13#2 9#2 2 13#2 0 0#61 4#6 10#8 13#1 4#8 0 28 0 0#62 ?#1 10#4 12#4 4#8 1#3 26 50#04 1#2? 3#00 53#00

T9D@. D9I C?4F CAPE T?>3; LAG>9B SC?I C9;; C9;; S>?8D S>?8D L?I L?I MAB M3PA P?A4> T9D@ $J/5<% T?>3;: I4B9P 3;>98 DA897>A S@99B DA897>A S@99B L9F9; L9F9; L9F9; DHD $JC% $JC% ?4 54?>: ?4 54?>: WA4B WA4B WA4B $JC% $B9<% $B9<% DA897>A S@99B DA897>A ?4 54?>: ?4 $B9<% $B9<% 14 11 20#0 10?8 63#0 54#2 51#3 234 24 269 22 224 21 230 14 3 14#0 328 64#2 52 52#1 2?1 12 334 9 2?2 14 321 16 8 18#0 12#1 4?#? 1#3 1#2 331 29 368 20 322 29 329 19 8 18#0 160 62#3 50#1 50#1 29? 32 29? 32 240 23 28? 19 2 16#0 132 62#4 0#4 1 2?1 28 333 20 304 1? 301 19 8 18#0 309 61#9 50#4 0#? 241 23 304 19 264 13 249 18 4 18#0 230 62#3 50#6 50#9 2?1 22 326 14 2?? 18 2?? 14 4 1?#0 294 63#6 51#6 51#2 241 29 2?4 19 299 16 284 4 4 16#0 0 4?#8 2#8 2#8 299 26 303 14 246 20 291 ? 4 14#0 0 40#0 9#4 9#6 249 20 320 20 288 19 2?8 14 4 18#0 ? 44#2 2#1 2 241 43 241 43 293 40 291 16 6 14#0 ?8 62#4 0#1 0#9 246 14 246 14 326 11 2?1 16 9 13#0 24? 68#3 51#4 51#9 249 14 2?0 4 294 6 26? 18 6 14#0 300 68#8 51#4 51#6 2?9 16 318 11 306 16 293 16 6 13#0 442 69#1 52#2 52#2 299 14 302 14 294 10 29? 1?#9 6#0 31#0 10#? 492 3?4 1414 0#00 63#0 3#4 6?#4 40#0 51#80 2#12 9#40 56#60

MAB L9F9; WA4B S@99B 54?>: 38 9 32 40 41 3? 33 2? 31 40 60 16 18 19 29

HA<C L9F9; WA4B DA897>A ?4 $B9<% 211 90 328 288 2?4 2?0 302 244 269 302 280 26? 241 2?4 294

HA<C OE:98 L9F9; F9B WA4B CDC S@99B 54?>: 80 1 49 49 64 91 88 84 90 40 46 20 18 24 42 1 1 51 1 0 0 51 0 51 51 0 0 51 1 0 0#02 1#99 6#00 53#00

0#90 11#13 13#49 18#13 4#99 4#83 29#19 20#19 4#38 0#20 1#99 1#?1 1#?8 1#99 3#43 9#44 4#?9 3#34 1#64 14#?0 19#10 1?#?0 13#10 12#90 40#00 30#00 16#00 0#36 9#60 ?#10 11#40 4#60 54#00 13#00 4#00 0#00

51#10 243 20#19 240 16#40 290 16#09 294 26#00 269 44#39 2#23 68#48 9#66 46#14 8#39 90#06 9#00 69#48 10#34 90#?? 20#24 9#60 380 43#00 36? 43#00 366 40#00 363 60#00 349 ?1#00 56#?0 4#00 4#00 2#00 6#00 2#00 2#00 6#00 6#00 4#00 1#00

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