Engineering Design

Perspective

Pictorial drawing

All objects we look at have perspective. Objects closer to us are bigger than objects further away. In other words as objects get further away they seem to 'vanish into the distance. A perspective pictorial most closely resembles the view seen by the eye or camera and is the most realistic form of pictorial.

There are three main perspective systems which allow you to construct an object using a ruler.

One point perspective Two point perspective Three point perspective

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One-point Perspective:

Pictorial drawing

Using one perspective, parallel lines converge to one point somewhere in the distance. This point is called the vanishing point (VP). This gives objects an impression of depth. When drawing using one point perspective all objects vanish to one common point somewhere on the horizon.

Engineering Design
One-point Perspective: Cube drawing

Pictorial drawing

1. Draw one side of the cube and select a vanishing point (marked with an 'X').

2. Draw very faint lines from each corner to the vanishing point.

Engineering Design
One-point Perspective: Cube drawing

Pictorial drawing

3. Draw horizontal and vertical lines for the 'back of the cube.

4. Go over the faint perspective of the cube so that the lines that make up the cube are dark and sharp.

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T-shapes in single point perspective:

Pictorial drawing

One-point Perspective: Try completing the drawings of L-shapes and

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One-point Perspective: Where to use?

Pictorial drawing

One point perspective though is of only limited use, the main problem being that the perspective is too pronounced for small products making them looking bigger than they actually are.

Engineering Design
One-point Perspective: Where to use?

Pictorial drawing

So when would you use one point perspective? One area where one point perspective can be quite useful is for sketching room layouts.

Engineering Design
Two-point Perspective:

Pictorial drawing

Two Point Perspective is a much more useful drawing system than the more simple One Point Perspective. Objects drawn in two point perspective have a more natural look. In two point perspective the sides of the object vanish to one of two vanishing points on the horizon. Vertical lines in the object have no perspective applied to them.

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Two-point Perspective: Cube drawing

Pictorial drawing

STAGE ONE: Mark two vanishing points on the paper and faintly draw a line between them - this is called the horizon line. Then draw one side/edge of the cube beneath the horizon line and in the centre between the vanishing points.

Engineering Design
Two-point Perspective: Cube drawing

Pictorial drawing

STAGE TWO: Draw faint lines from the ends of the edge of the cube to the vanishing points

STAGE THREE: Draw two more edges of the cube so that two sides of the cube can be clearly seen.

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Two-point Perspective: Cube drawing

Pictorial drawing

STAGE FOUR: Draw faint guidelines from the ends of these lines to either vanishing point.

STAGE FIVE: Use a fine black pen to draw over the outline of the cube.

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Two-point Perspective: example

Pictorial drawing

Vanishing Points close to the object

Vanishing Points far away from product

By altering the proximity of the vanishing points to the object, you can make the object look big or small.
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Engineering Design
Three-point Perspective:

Pictorial drawing

Three point perspective is a development of two point perspective. Like two point it has two vanishing points somewhere on the horizon. But three point perspective also has a vanishing point somewhere above or below the horizon which the vertical vanish to.

The nearer the vanishing point is to the object, the bigger the object looks. Look at these buildings. All the vanishing points are too close. This has caused an excessive amount of vertical perspective. Learning how to apply vertical perspective is the key to making your drawings realistic.

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Engineering Design
Three-point Perspective: Example

Pictorial drawing

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Engineering Design

Sectioning

Correctly drawn orthographic views that show all hidden lines may not clearly describe an objects internal details and can be shown in a crosssectional view, called a Section

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Sectioning

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Introduction

Sectioning

Sections and sectional views are used to show hidden detail more clearly Created by using a cutting plane to cut the object A section is a view of no thickness and shows the outline of the object at the cutting plane A sectional view, displays the outline of the cutting plane and all visible outlines which can be seen beyond the cutting plane
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Why?

Sectioning

Sectional views are produced to:

clarify details show internal features clearly reduce number of hidden detail lines aid dimensioning show cross-section shape clarify an assembly
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Example 1

Sectioning

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Example 2

Sectioning

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Example 2 continued --:

Sectioning

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Example 2 continued --:

Sectioning

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Hatching :

Sectioning

To distinguish the solid portions from the hollow areas of an object To indicate the type of material that was used to make the object General Purpose "Section Lining", which is also used to represent "Cast Iron", uses medium, thick, lines drawn at a 45 angle and spaced 1/16 to 1/8" apart Different materials have different patterns of lines and spacings Section lining should be reversed or mirrored on adjoining parts when doing an Assembly Section.

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Hatching

Sectioning

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Hatching Techniques:

Sectioning

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Hatching

Sectioning

Hatching a single object

Hatching Adjacent objects

Reverse hatching

Staggered Hatching
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Engineering Design
Hatching

Sectioning

Hatching thin materials <1mm Hatching large areas

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Hatching

Sectioning

Density of lines in proportion with component

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