Sy: 2013-2014

Submitted by: mariecor Duhilag Tancio

Submitted to: Mrs. Roselyn Butalid

Female Reproductive System

Understanding female reproductive anatomy includes the study of the externaland internal structures; and the hormonal cycle.

The human female reproductive system contains two main parts: the uterus and the ovaries, which produce a woman's egg cells. A female's internal reproductive organs are the: vagina- A fibromuscular tubular tract which is the female sex organ and has two main functions; sexual intercourse and childbirth. uterus- An organ of the female reproductive system in which the young are conceived and develop until birth; the womb. fallopian tubes- The Fallopian tubes, also known as oviducts, uterine tubes, and salpinges (singular salpinx) are two very fine tubes lined with ciliated epithelia, leading from the ovaries of female mammals into the uterus, via the utero-tubal junction. Cervix- The cervix is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of thevagina and ovary- A female reproductive organ, often paired, that produces ova and in mammals secretes the hormones estrogen and progesterone.

External structures include the: mons pubis- A fleshy protuberance over the pubic bones that becomes covered with hair during puberty. pudendal cleft- The pudendal cleft is a part of the vulva, the furrow at the base of the mons pubis where it divides to form the labia majora. labia majora- The two outer rounded folds of adipose tissue that lie on either side of the opening of the vagina. Labia minora- The labia minora also known as the inner labia, inner lips, vaginal lips, or nymphae,[1] are two flaps of skin on either side of the human vaginal opening, situated between the labia majora (outer labia, or outer lips). Inner lips vary widely in size, colour, and shape from woman to woman. vulva- The vaginal opening to the uterus. Bartholin's gland- The Bartholin's glands are two glands located slightly posterior and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina. and the clitoris- the visible button-like portion is near the front junction of the labia minora (inner lips), above the opening of the urethra.

The female reproductive system contains two main parts: the uterus, which hosts the developing fetus, produces vaginal and uterine secretions, and passes the anatomically male sperm through to the fallopian tubes; and the ovaries, which produce the anatomically female egg cells.

ovary A female reproductive organ, often paired, that produces ova and in mammals secretes the hormones estrogen and progesterone.

vulva The vaginal opening to the uterus.

oviduct A duct through which an ovum passes from an ovary to the uterus or to the exterior.

oogenesis the formation and development of an ovum The human female reproductive system (or female genital system) contains two main parts: the uterus, which hosts the developing fetus, produces vaginal and uterine secretions, and passes the anatomically male sperm through to the fallopian tubes; and the ovaries, which produce the anatomically female egg cells. These parts are internal; the vagina meets the external organs at the vulva, which includes the labia, clitoris, and urethra. The vagina is attached to the uterus through the cervix, while the uterus is attached to the ovaries via the Fallopian tubes. At certain intervals, the ovaries release an ovum, which passes through the Fallopian tube into the uterus. If, in this transit, it meets with sperm, the sperm penetrate and merge with the egg, fertilizing it. The fertilization usually occurs in the oviducts, but can happen in the uterus itself. The zygote then implants itself in the wall of the uterus, where it begins the processes of embryogenesis and morphogenesis. When developed enough to survive outside the womb, the cervix dilates and contractions of the uterus propel the fetus through the birth canal, which is the vagina. The ova are larger than sperm and have formed by the time an anatomically female infant is born. Approximately every month, a process of oogenesis matures one ovum to be sent down the Fallopian tube attached to its ovary in anticipation of fertilization. If not fertilized, this egg is flushed out of the system through menstruation. An anatomically female's internal reproductive organs are the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, and ovary. The external components include the mons pubis, pudendal cleft, labia majora,labia minora, Bartholin's glands, and clitoris.

Male Reproductive System

To understand the male reproductive system, one must know the external and internal structures, and the process of spermatogenesis (sperm production) including the physiologic pathway of the sperm cell.

The male reproductive system includes external (penis, scrotum, testes) and internal (accessory) organs.

KEY POINTS

The functions of the male reproductive system include producing and transporting sperm, ejaculating sperm into the female reproductive tract, and producing and secreting male hormones. Most of the male reproductive system is located outside of the mans body. These external structures are the penis, scrotum, and testicles. The internal organs of the male reproductive system are called accessory organs. They include the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.

KEY TERMS

Testosterone Steroid hormone produced primarily in the testes of the male; it is responsible for the development his of secondary sex characteristics.

Spermatogenesis The process of sperm production within the seminiferous tubules in the testes.

FULL TEXT The organs of the male reproductive system are specialized for three major functions: 1. To produce, maintain, and transport sperm (the male reproductive cells), and protective fluid (semen) 2. To discharge sperm within the female reproductive tract 3. To produce and secrete male sex hormones. Most of the male reproductive system is located outside of the mans body. These external structures are the penis, scrotum, and testicles. The penis- is the male organ for sexual intercourse and urination. Semen and urine leave the penis through the urethra. The scrotum- is a loose, pouch-like sack of skin that hangs behind the penis, containing the testicles.The scrotum has a protective function and acts as a climate-control system for the testes. For sperm development, the testes must be at a temperature slightly cooler than normal body temperature. Special muscles in the wall of the scrotum allow it to contract and relax, moving the testicles closer to the body for warmth and protection or vice versa. Located inside of the scrotum, the testicles- are responsible for making testosterone. Within the testes are coiled masses of tubes called seminiferous tubules. These tubules are responsible for producing the sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis.

The internal organs of the male reproductive system are called accessory organs. They include the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. The vas deferens- transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation. The seminal vesicles- are sac-like pouches that attach to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder. They produce fructose that provides sperm with a source of energy, helping with their ability to move. The fluid of the seminal vesicles makes up most of the volume of a mans ejaculatory fluid, or ejaculate.

The prostate gland- is a walnut-sized structure that is located below the urinary bladder in front of the rectum. It contributes additional fluid to the ejaculate. Prostate fluids also help to nourish the sperm. The bulbourethral glands, or Cowpers glands- are pea-sized structures located on the sides of the urethra just below the prostate gland. These glands produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra. This fluid serves to lubricate the urethra and to neutralize any acidity that may be present within it due to residual drops of urine.