ROEVER ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Solid State Drives Two Marks Questio s a d A swers !NIT " I# F!NDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC DRIVES
$% &'at are t'e ('oi(es o) ele(tri(al drives* or &'at are t'e )a(tors to +e (o sidered duri , sele(tio o) ele(tri( drives* a. Steady state operation requirements b. Transient operation requirements c. Requirements related to the source d. Capital, running and maintenance needs, life e. Space and weight restrictions if any f. Environment and location g. Reliability -% &'at is .ea t +/ re,e erative +reaki ,* Regenerative Bra ing is the operation of the motor as a generator, while it is still connected to the supply networ . !echanical energy is converted into electrical energy, part of which is returned to the supply. Rest of the energy is lost as heat in the windings and the bearings of the electrical machine. 0% &'at are t'e (o.1o e ts o) load tor2ues*

a. "riction torque, #Tf$ results from relative motion between surfaces

b. %indage torque,#Tw$ is caused by the rotating components setting up air #or other fluid$ movement. c. &oad torque,#Tl$ required by the application. 3% Draw t'e .ulti2uadra t o1eratio o) drives%

4% De)i e e2uili+riu. o1erati , 1oi t% Equilibrium operating point is instant in which motor torque equals to the load torque.

5% De)i e stead/ state sta+ilit/% The steady state stability is the ability of the drive to restore to its equilibrium point after a small departure from it due to a disturbance in the motor or load. 6% &'at are t'e adva ta,es o) ele(tri(al drives* i. They have fle'ible control characteristics. ii. They are available in wide range of torque, speed and power. iii. Electric motors have high efficiency, low no load losses and considerable short time overloading capacity. iv. They are adoptable to almost any operating conditions such as e'plosive environment, submerged, vertical mountings and so on. v. They do not pollute the environment. vi. Can operate in all the four quadrants of speed torque plane. vii. They can be started instantly and can immediately be fully loaded. 7% &'at is .ea t +/ a((eleratio * (rive operates in acceleration whenever an increase in its speed is required. "or this speed)torque curve is changed so that the motor torque e'ceeds the load torque #Tm*T&$. 8% &'at is .ea t +/ de(eleratio * !otor operation in deceleration mode is required when a decrease in its speed is required. (eceleration occurs when load torque e'ceeds the motor torque #i.e, Tm+T&$. %henever the reducing the motor torque to ,ero does not provide enough deceleration, mechanical bra es may be provided. -lternatively, electrical bra ing may be employed. $9% &'at are t'e t'ree .odes o) o1eratio i. Steady state ii. -cceleration including starting iii. (eceleration including stopping $$% &rite dow t'e )u da.e tal tor2ue e2uatio % o) ele(tri(al drive*

T= J

d m + Tl dt

The torque developed by the motor #T$ is counter balanced by the load torque #Tl$ and a dynamic torque, .#d/m0dt$. $-% &'at do /ou .ea +/ )our 2uadra t o1eratio * 1uadrant 2 3 "orward !otoring 1uadrant 22 3 "orward Bra ing 1uadrant 222 3 Reverse !otoring 1uadrant 243 Reverse Bra ing $0% &'at are t'e di))ere t t/1es o) drives* i. 5roup (rive 2ndividual drive !ultimotor (rive so.e o) t'e a11li(atio s o) ele(tri(al drives* Transportation Systems Rolling !ills 6aper !ills Te'tile !ills

ii.
iii. i. ii. iii. iv.

$3% Me tio

v. vi. vii. viii.

!achine Tools "ans and 6umps Robots %ashing !achines etc. !NIT " II# CONVERTER:C;OPPER FED DC MOTOR DRIVE

7. Draw t'e s1eed < tor2ue ('ara(teristi(s o) a D%C%S'u t .otor% Speed

Torque -% Me tio i. ii. iii. t'e .et'ods to (o trol t'e s1eed o) a DC s'u t .otor%

-rmature 4oltage Control "ield "lu' Control -rmature Resistance Control a ('o11er (ir(uit*

8. &'at is .ea t +/ dut/ (/(le i

2t is the ratio of the 9: time period to the total time period of the chopper circuit.

Duty Cycle, =

t on T

;. Draw t'e dia,ra. o) re,e erative )ed se1aratel/ e=(ited D%C% .otor drive*

D2
C

Ra
B

La
E

Tr1

<. Me tio i. ii. iii. iv. v.

t'e a11li(atio s o) ('o11er )ed d( drives%

Te'tile !ills Cranes !achine Tools Electric Traction Electric 4ehicles

=. &'/ t'/ristors are

ot 1re)erred

ow<a<da/s )or ('o11er )ed DC drives*

Thyristors are not preferred for chopper fed (C drives because they need high power control signals and a separate commutation circuit for triggering. >. &'at is dis(o ti uous (o du(tio .ode* %hen the armature current does not flow continuously, the motor is said to operate in discontinuous conduction mode. ?. Draw t'e re,e erative +raki , ('ara(teristi(s o) a se1aratel/ e=(ited .otor%

va iaB ia7 ia

ton

t 1'ase (o trolled DC drives*

@. &'at is .ea t +/ (riti(al s1eed i

The speed which separates the continuous conduction from discontinuous conduction for a given A is nown as critical speed. $9%&'at is TRC (o trol s('e.e* 2t is a strategy to control the average output voltage by varying #t on0T$. This is implemented in two ways such as, a. Constant "requency System b. 4ariable "requency System 77. &'at are t'e )our 2uadra ts o) d( drives* 1uadrant 2 3 Rectifier 1uadrant 22 3 2nverter 1uadrant 222 3 Rectifier 1uadrant 24 3 2nverter 7B. &'at are t'e adva ta,es o) t'ree 1'ase drives over si ,le 1'ase drives* a. Reduced ripple in armature current b. Requires less filtering arrangement c. -rmature current is mostly continuous d. 2mprove performance e. 2ncrease power rating 78. &'at is a li e (o..utated i verter* "ull converter with the firing angle delay greater than @Co is called line commutated inverter. Such operation is used in regerative bra ing mode of a (C !otor. 7;. State t'e adva ta,es o) d( ('o11er drives% i. ii. iii. Reduced current ripple Reduced !achine losses Elimination of discontinuous conduction

iv. v. vi.

Digh efficiency "le'ible control "ast response

$4%&'/ sel) (o..utated devi(es are 1re)erred over t'/ristors )or ('o11er (ir(uits* They need low power control signals and no need of commutation circuit. 7=. &'at (auses 1oor i 1ut 1ower )a(tor i 1'ase (o trolled d( drives* 6hase controlled converter requires power for control and commutation. The harmonics do not contribute to the active power loading but they contribute to the reactive loading of the line. So that the line power factor becomes poor.

!NIT " III# IND!CTION MOTOR DRIVES

$% &'at are t'e di))ere t .et'ods o) s1eed (o trol o) i du(tio i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. 6ole Changing Stator voltage control Supply frequency control Eddy current coupling Rotor resistance control Slip power recovery Simple control circuit Compact and less weight 1uic time response Economical method because of considerable energy saving 2nput power factor is very low Darmonics induced reduces the efficiency of the machine The 6ower dissipation occurs in rotor causes over heat in the rotor !otor develops lower torque -t lower speeds, motor current is e'cessive and needs special protection .otor* Simple and rugged construction &ow cost and reliable Sufficiently high efficiency. Requires less maintenance. :eeds simple starting arrangements Speed control and bra ing operation are available from ,ero speed to above base speed. (rop in speed from no load to full load is small. .otors*

"ollowing methods are employed for speed control of induction motors3

-% &'at are t'e adva ta,es o) stator volta,e (o trol .et'od*

0% &'at are t'e disadva ta,es o) stator volta,e (o trol .et'od*

3% &'at are t'e adva ta,es o) s2uirrel (a,e i du(tio

4% &'at are )eatures o) varia+le )re2ue (/ (o trol*

Copper loss is low. Dence efficiency and power factor are high as the operation is restricted between synchronous speed to ma'imum torque point at all frequencies. t'e s1eed tor2ue ('ara(teristi(s o) t'e

5% &'at are t'e t'ree re,io s i i du(tio .otor*

i.
ii.

!otoring region #CS7$ 5enerating region #S+C$ 6lugging region #7SB$

iii.

6% &'at is .ea t +/ v:) (o trol* The increase in the supply frequency increases the motor speed and also reduces the ma'imum torque of the motor. "urthermore, the increase in voltage results in an increase in the ma'imum torque of the motor. - control design which combines features of the above two increases the speed with constant torque. This is nown as voltage0frequency control, v0f. 7% &'at is .ea t +/ sli1 1ower* 2n motors, most of the input electrical power is converted in to mechanical power to support the load. Dowever, part of input power is lost in the resistive element of the stator circuit #6cu$. The rest is power transmitted to the rotor #6g$ via air gap. -t high speeds, most of rotor input #6g$ is converted into mechanical developed power. The rest is nown as the slip power 6sEs6g. Slip power is an electrical power dissipated in the rotor resistance in the form of rotor copper losses Pcu2. 8% &'at is .ea t +/ sli1 1ower re(over/ s/ste.* List so.e o) its disadva ta,es% The speed control scheme which supplies bac the power generated in the rotor circuit is called slip power recovery system. Since this scheme can only be applied to the wound rotor machines, it has the following drawbac s3 i. ii. !ore e'pensive Das higher rotor inertia Digher speed limitation Reliability and maintenance problem due to brushes and slip rings. Static Scherbius (rive Static Framer (rive

$9%&'at are t'e di))ere t t/1es o) sli1 1ower re(over/ s/ste.*

77. &'at is .ea t +/ su+ " s/ ('ro ous s1eed o1eratio * 2f the slip power is removed from the rotor circuit and fed bac to the a.c mains in a speed control scheme, then it is called sub)synchronous speed operation. The speed can be varied only below the synchronous speed. $-%&'at is .ea t +/ su1er " s/ ('ro ous s1eed o1eratio * 2n super synchronous speed operation, the additional power is fed into the rotor circuit at slip frequency. The speed can be varied above the synchronous speed.

78. Co.1are t'e stati( >ra.er a d S('er+ius s/ste.% S%No 7 >ra.er Met'od This system consists of slip ring induction motor, diode bridge rectifier and line commutated inverter Slip power can flow in one direction. i.e., rotor to supply This method applicable only for below synchronous speed S('er+ius Met'od This system consists of slip ring induction motor and two SCR bridge or cycloconverter Slip power can flow in both directions. i.e., rotor to supply and vice versa. This method is applicable for speed below and above synchronous speed.

B 8

$3%&'at is a stati( >ra.er drive* The slip power can be converted to <CD, a.c and pumped bac to the supply main. Slip power can flow only in one direction. $4%Draw t'e dia,ra. o) a stati( >ra.er drive%

$5%&'at is .ea t +/ 1lu,,i ,% 2t is one method of bra ing of induction motor. %hen phase sequence of supply of the motor running at a speed is reversed by interchanging the connections, operation shifts from motoring to plugging region. $6%&'at are t'e disadva ta,es o) stati( >ra.er s/ste.* The speed control can only be obtained below the synchronous speed. 2t requires more maintenance due to slip ring and brushes of SR2! and commutator and brushes of (C motor.

$7%&'/ t'e 1ower )a(tor o) t'e sli1 1ower re(over/ s('e.e o) s1eed (o trol o) i du(tio .otor is low* Reactive input power is the sum of motor and inverter reactive powers. Therefore, drive has a poor power factor throughout the rage of its operation. $8%Sket(' t'e .e('a i(al ('ara(teristi(s o) a t'ree 1'ase i du(tio v:) (o trol% .otor wit'

BC. Co.1are sli1 1ower re(over/ s('e.e wit' rotor resista (e (o trol% S%No 7 B 8 ; Sli1 1ower re(over/ S('e.e - part of power generated at the rotor circuit is fed bac to the supply mains. This method is applicable for speed below and above synchronous speed. Significantly better efficiency 2t equally loads the rotor circuit Rotor Resista (e Co trol - part of power generated at the rotor circuit is wasted in rotor circuit. This method applicable only for speed below the synchronous speed Reduced efficiency Gnbalanced voltage and current may occur if rotor circuit resistance is not equal. i du(tio .otor o a CSI%

-$%Me tio i. ii. iii.

)ew ,e eral )eatures o) a

2t is reliable than 4S2 fed drives 2t requires less e'pensive DRC fuses for protection of thyristors. (ue to large values of capacitors and inductor, CS2 drive is e'pensive and has more weight and volume.

--%I du(tio .otor s1eed (o trol wit' (o sta t su11l/ volta,e a d redu(ed su11l/ )re2ue (/ is rarel/ used i 1ra(ti(e " ?usti)/% 2n order to eep ma'imum torque constant, reduced supply frequency is rarely used. -0%&'at are t'e adva ta,es o) a( drives wit' P&M i verters* Darmonics are reduced and low frequency harmonics are eliminated. &osses associated with the harmonics are reduced. Smooth motion is obtained even in low speeds. t'e stator side o) a t'ree

-3%Na.e t'e .et'ods o) s1eed (o trol a11li(a+le o 1'ase i du(tio .otor% i. ii. iii. Stator voltage control 9pen loop v0f control

4ariable frequency controls #4S2 and CS2 control$

!NIT " IV # S@NC;RONO!S MOTOR DRIVES

$% &'at is (o sta t .ar,i a ,le (o trol o) s/ ('ro ous .otor drive* - margin angle is defined as the difference between the load angle of firing and overlap angle. The smaller margin angle causes commutation failureH the larger causes torque pulsation. So the margin angle is ept constant for steady state operation. -% &'at is sel) (o trol .ode o) s/ ('ro ous .otors* - synchronous motor is said to be self controlled if it gets its operating frequency from an inverter whose thyristors are fired based on rotor position with respect to stator reference. 0% &'at is a PMSM a d dis(uss its adva ta,es a d disadva ta,es* -dvantages3 i. ii. iii. iv. v. Digh Efficiency Digh 6ower factor &ow sensitivity to supply voltage variations Elimination of copper loss &ow rotor inertia

(isadvantages3 i. ii. &ow brea ing torque "ield e'citation cannot be changed. 6!S! are classified as3 i. Surface mounted 6!S! a. 6roIecting type b. 2nset type ii. 2nterior #or buried$ 6!S! so.e a11li(atio s o) PMSM% 4% De)i e tor2ue a ,le% Me tio

3% &'at are t'e (lassi)i(atio s o) PMSM*

Tor2ue a ,le# The phase angle between the stator and rotor poles #or$ the angle between the rotor flu' and armature reaction flu'. A11li(atio s o) PMSM# i. ii. iii. 5% &'e 6umps "ans Compressors (a t'e s/ ('ro ous .otor +e load (o..utated*

%hen the synchronous motor operates at a leading power factor, the thyristors of the load side converter can be commutated by the motor induced voltages same way as th thyristors of the line commutated converter are commutated by line voltages. 6% &'at are t'e .aAor a11li(atio s o) (/(lo(o verter )ed s/ ('ro ous .otor* The cycloconverter drive is attractive for low speed operation and frequently employed in large low speed reversing mills requiring rapid acceleration and deceleration. -lso used for gear less driver in mines and hoists. 7% &'at are t'e adva ta,es o) (/(lo(o verter drive* Single stage conversion of variable voltage and variable frequency supply Effect of harmonics, losses due to heating and torque pulsation are reduced. Cycloconverter can handle power in both the sides. 5ood efficiency. Better dynamic behavior.

8% &'at are t'e .odes o) s1eed (o trol o) a s/ ('ro ous .otor* The modes of speed control of synchronous motors are based on variable frequency control. They are, a. True synchronous mode or separately controlled mode b. Self controlled mode $9%&'at are t'e ('ara(teristi(s s/ ('ro ous .otor* o) true s/ ('ro ous .ode o1erated

The motor behaves li e conventional synchronous motor i.e, hunting oscillations e'ists. The change in frequency is slow enough for rotor to trac the changes. !ultimotor operation is possible e.1lo/ed i t'e LCI

$$%&'at are t'e di))ere t .et'ods o) )or(ed (o..utatio )ed s/ ('ro ous .otors* The different methods of forced commutation are, a. 2ndividual commutation using CS2

b. (C lin interruption c. Gse of additional transformer d. Gse of small au'iliary motor e. -uto sequential commutated inverter $-%&'at are t'e disadva ta,es o) t'e VSI )ed s/ ('ro ous .otor* The stator current drawn by the motor when fed square wave inverter has sharp pea s and rich in harmonic content, which causes additional losses and heating of the motor. They are also producing pulsating torques that are undesirable at low speeds. $0%&'at is t'e e))e(t di))ere t t/1e o) VSI o s/ ('ro ous .a('i e 1ower)a(tor* t'e li e 1ower )a(tor a d t'e

The phase control on the line side of square wave inverter causes poor line power factor. 2n the 6%! inverter since diode rectifier is used on the line side power factor is near unity. 2n both cases the machine power factor can be controlled by adIusting the field current.

!NIT " V # BLDCC STEPPER AND S&ITC;ED REL!CTANCE MOTOR DRIVES

$% &'at are t'e a11li(atio s o) Brus'less DC .otors* Record players Tape drives for video recorders Spindle drives in hard dis drives &ow cost and low power computer drives and peripherals 2nstruments and control systems

-% &'at are t'e adva ta,es o) Brus'less DC .otors over (o ve tio al DC .otors* :o maintenance and long life Digh reliability &ow inertia and friction helps for faster acceleration &ow radio frequency interference and noise

0% &'at is ste11er .otor* Stepper motor is a digital electromechanical machine which causes a movement of shaft by a discrete angle for each command pulse. 3% &'at are t'e t/1es o) ste11er .otors* i. ii. iii. 4ariable Reluctance Stepper motor 6ermanent !agnet Stepper motor a. (is type 6ermanent !agnet Stepper motor Dybrid Stepper motor 4% De)i e .i(ro<ste11i ,% The technique of gradually shifting e'citation from one phase to another #e.g. from to B with an intermediate step of -JB$ is nown as microstepping and is used to reali,e smaller steps. 5% &'at are t'e a11li(atio s o) ste11er .otors* 6rinters Tape drives (is drives !achine tools

6rocess control systems K)L recorders Robitics Te'tile industry 2C fabrication and Electronic %atches

6% &'at is slew ra ,e* The range of stepping rate which the motor can follow without losing a step provided it has already been started and synchroni,ed before hand is nown as slew range. 7% De)i e ste1 a ,le% The angle of movement of the shaft based on the command signal is called step angle. 2t is given by,

Step angle =

360 0 No. of Phases No. of Rotor Poles

8% &'at is ra.1i ,* The process of careful and gradual acceleration and deceleration of stepper motor using a lower pulse rate without losing any step is called ramping. $9%&rite dow t'e tor2ue e2uatio o) swit('ed relu(ta (e .otor% The torque equation of the switched reluctance motor is given by,

T=

1 2 dL i 2 d

The torque is determined by the slope of &0 curve and is independent of the current direction. $$%&'at are t'e widel/ used (o )i,uratio s o) swit('ed relu(ta (e .otor* Commonly used combinations of stator and rotor pole numbers are ?0= and =0;. The rotor does not have any winding. The above pole numbers have four and three phases respectively. $-%Me tio t'e t'ree .odes o) o1eratio swit('ed relu(ta (e .otor% The three modes are, i. ii. iii. Constant Torque mode Constant 6ower !ode :atural Characteristics. Digh torque ripple Digh :oise +etwee ste11er .otor a d swit('ed relu(ta (e o) tor2ue s1eed ('ara(teristi(s o)

$0%List t'e disadva ta,es o) swit('ed relu(ta (e .otors%

$3%&'at is t'e relatio .otors*

- stepper motor is designed to ma e it suitable for open loop position and speed control in low power applications where efficiency is not an important factor. 9n the other hand a switched reluctance motor is used in variable speed and torque and requires rotor position sensing. MMMMMMMM