ThS.BS.

Hoang Th Tue Ngoc

BM Hoa Sinh Sinh Hoc Phan T ai Hoc Y Khoa Pham Ngoc Thach
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Acid nucleic la chat lieu di truyen Acid nucleic gom: m: Acid DeoxyriboNucleic (ADN) Acid RiboNucleic (ARN)

THANH NH PHAN HOA HOC cua ACID NUCLEIC

H3PO4 ng ng Pentoz Baz Nit

Acid phosphoric

OH O P OH OH
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Pentoz

Riboz : ARN Deoxyriboz : ADN

Baz Nit la dan xuat cua 2 hp chat d vong ng co goc purin, pyrimidin

NUCLEOZID: N-glucozid pentoz baz nit

Lien ket N-glucozid gia C1 cua pentoz va N9 cua baz purin hay N1 cua baz purimidin
Pentoz gan vi baz Nit, c anh so 1-23,
Cytosine

Tuy baz Nit purinnucleozid hay purimidinnucleozid. Tuy pentoz ribonucleozid hay deoxyribonucleozid

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Nucleozid phosphat
la nhng Nucleozid co gan them 1, 2 hoac 3 goc phosphat.

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Nucleozid phosphat

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NUCLEOTID = Nucleozid monophosphat

La n v cau tao cua acid nucleic

ADN co 4 n v cau tao chnh: dAMP, dGMP, dCMP, dTMP. ARN co 4 n v cau tao chnh: AMP, GMP, CMP, UMP.
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ADN co 4 n v cau tao: o: dAMP, dGMP, dCMP, dTMP.

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ARN co 4 n v cau tao chnh: AMP, GMP, CMP, UMP

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Acid nucleic = Polynucleotid

Nhieu nucleotid ket hp vi nhau thanh nh chuoi polynucleotid = lk phosphodieste Lien ket phosphodieste: noi nhom OH (C3)
cua nucleotid ng ng trc vi OH cua phosphat (C5) cua nucleotid ke tiep ( lien ket 3, 5-phosphodieste).

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Acid nucleic
1 chuoi polynucleotid co truc chnh la pentoz phosphat, mach ch ben la cac baz nit. Chuoi co 2 au: u: au 3 va 5. Co 2 loai acid nucleic:
ADN ARN

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ADN Acid deoxyribonucleic

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ADN
co cau truc xoan oi oi song Thanh phan hoa hoc bao gom : 1. H3PO4 2. Deoxyriboz 3. Baz nit (A, G, C, T) dAMP, dGMP, dCMP, dTMP.

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ADN

Gom 2 chuoi polynucleotid xoan oi ngc chieu nhau xung quanh 1 truc ao. Cac baz quay vao trong.
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Qui luat bo sung oi baz

A=T S can bang ng baz: trong phan t ADN baz purin = baz pyrimidin

GC

A = T A / T =1 C = G C / G =1

A+ C G+T

=1
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Qui luat bo sung oi baz

A lien ket vi T bang ng 2 lk hydro

G lien ket vi C bang ng 3 lk hydro

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Qui luat bo sung oi baz

S ket hp gia mot base purin (2 vong) ng) va mot base pyrimidine (1 vong) ng) am bao cho khong cach ch gia 2 si DNA luon nh nhau.

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Mo hnh cau truc xoan oi bo sung cua Watson va Crick

Hai chuoi gan vi nhau nh lk hydro gia cac oi baz Cac oi baz lk vi nhau mt cach ch ac hieu: u: A lk vi T, C lk vi G Trnh t baz cua si nay bo sung vi trnh t baz cua si kia

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Nhng loai cau truc xoan oi cua ADN

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Bang ng so sanh nh cac loai cau truc xoan oi cua ADN

Cau truc xoan oi ADN A Chieu xoan Phai Phai 0,34 nm 10,5 3,6 nm Khoang cach gia 0,23 nm moi oi baz So oi baz moi vong xoan Chieu dai mot vong xoan Ghi chu 11 2,46 nm B Trai 0,38 nm 12 4,56 Trong NST cua ruoi giam
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Trong moi trng Thng gap nhat nhieu Na+ hay K+ trong k sinh ly

Cau truc xoan oi loai B:

Mo hnh nguyen thuy do Watson va Crick e ngh moi vong ng xoan co 10 oi base, chieu dai moi vong ng xoan 34Ao (3,4 nm). Nhng nghien cu sau nay cho thay moi vong ng xoan co 10,5 oi base, chieu dai moi vong ng xoan 36Ao (3,6 nm).

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Vai tro cua ADN

Lu tr thong tin di truyen Lam khuon cho s chuyen ma, sao chep

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ARN Acid ribonucleic

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ARN

Thanh phan hoa hoc bao gom :

H3PO4 Riboz Baz nit (A, G, C, U ) AMP, GMP, CMP, UMP.

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Cac loai ARN

ARN thong tin (messenger RNA-mRNA): mang thong tin di truyen, n, la khuon mau cho qua trnh tong ng hp protein ARN van chuyen (transfer RNA-tRNA): van chuyen acid amin ARN ribosom (ribosomal RNA-tRNA): tao nen ribosome, la ni tong ng hp protein ARN nhan nho(small (small nuclear RNA-snRNA): tham gia qua trnh cat noi mRNA (splicing)
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ARN thong tin

ARN thong tin c tong hp t khuon mau ADN

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ARN ribosome

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ARN van chuyen

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Cac ARN khac nhau ve kch thc, c, vai tro

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Vai tro sinh hoc cua ARN

tham gia vao qua trnh sinh tong ng hp protein

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ADN chuoi oi ARN chuoi n ADN cha T ARN cha U ADN cha deoxyribose ARN cha ribose

Cau truc cua ADN on nh hn ARN

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Gen la mot oan ADN mang thong tin ma hoa cho mot phan t polypeptid hay mot ARN. Bo gen (genome): toan bo chat lieu di truyen trong te bao. o. Nhiem sac the (chromosome): la phan t ln nhat trong te bao gom hang ng ngan gen kho cha thong tin di truyen. n. Nhiem sac chat (chromatin): la hnh anh nh cua NST gian ky, tnh trang ng phan tan trong nhan.
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Gen

TB eukaryote gom nhng oan trnh t ma hoa goi la exon va nhng oan khong ma hoa goi la intron, nam xen ke vi cac exon. Trong a so vi khuan va nam, m, gen khong cha intron.

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Nhim sc th
Hnh nh NST trung k (metaphase) di knh hin vi

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T ADN en nhiem sac the

Chui i DNA 2nm qun 2 vng xung quanh phn t histone to nn nucleosome 10 -11 nm. Cc nucleosome qun vi nhau to solenoid gm 6 nucleosome 1 vng, hnh thnh si 30 nm. Si 30 nm to thnh cc vng 18 vng DNA qun ta trn hnh thnh miniband. NST s 4 k gia c khong 1000 000 miniband.
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S thay oi cau truc nhiem sac the trong chu trnh te bao

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Cac loai trnh t trong bo gen ngi

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