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Work Cited

Primary Sources

Baldini, Bill, dir. "Pennsylvania Pennhurst." Writ. Bill Baldini. Suffer The Little Children: A Peek into the History of Eugenics and Child Abuse by the State. NBC News: NBC10, 1968. Television. <http://www.preservepennhurst.org/default.aspx?pg=26>. This 35-minute documentary aired on NBC in 1968. It uncovered the horrible child abuse inflicted upon children in the Pennhurst asylum. However, the nurses and doctors did not see that they were doing anything wrong. Neglect and physical abuse were in common sight for anyone who took the time to look, and Bill Baldini was hardly prepared for what he found.

Beers, Clifford W. A Mind That Found Itself. Garden City, NY: Doubleday &, 1953. Print. This autobiography is written by a man who graduated from Yale, but was confined to a mental institution for depression and paranoia in the year 1900. In his book, Beers recounts the disturbing maltreatment witnessed and experienced firsthand while confined to the institution.

Bell, Matt. Dejarnette: Interior/Exterior. 2007. Photograph. flickriver.com, Peyton, Virginia. Web. 19 Nov 2013. <http://www.flickriver.com/photos/mattbell/993028038/>. This photographer visited and took pictures of Dejarnette childrens asylum. His images are protected by copyright, and the pictures are displayed on this particular site in order to share his work. The photos of the asylum were useful because it showed me that the government has left the buildings almost entirely abandoned, and many institutions are rotting.

Bly, Nellie (Elizabeth Jane Cochrane Seaman). Ten Days in a Mad-House. (Re-Published from original article series in the New York World). New York: Wildside Press, LLC, 2009. Print. This book exposed the horrible abuse occurring behind closed doors in womens asylums. Bly, one of the first female journalists, went undercover into Blackwell Asylum in order to uncover the horrible things. This journal was harrowing because Bly witnessed cases of sexual abuse, murder, and physical abuse in the institute that was meant to be their sanctuary and safe haven.

Department of Rehabilitation and Mental Health Counseling . "History & Regulations." Legislative History of the American State-Federal Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) Program . Florida: <http://www.in.gov/fssa/files/History_and_Regulations.pdf>. This timeline listed many important changes and establishments of regulations. Among the list, the 1943 Barden-Lafollette Act was important to my project. It expanded and improved eligibility for vocational (or occupational) rehabilitation services for mentally and psychiatrically disabled people. This was a marker for a new era in which the disabled began to emerge into society as people rather than burdens. Dolan DNA Learning Center Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. "Image Archive on the American Eugenics Movement." EugenicsArchive.org. Woodbury, NY: <http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/list3.pl>. This archive had a collection of pictures, all concerning the Eugenics movement. This was helpful because it gave me access to all sorts of photos and drawings to aid the creation of my website.

Dully, Howard, and Charles Fleming. My Lobotomy: A Memoir. New York: Crown Publishers, a division of Random House Inc., 2007. Print. In the form of a memoir, Howard Dully recounts his horrible experience as a child, being one of the youngest lobotomy patients in history. With the help of Charles Fleming, Dully wrote to spread his message to all catastrophe survivorspersevere.

Howard Dullys Ice Pick Lobotomy, George Washington University Gelman Library. October 3, 2013. <http://www.npr.org/2005/11/16/5014080/my-lobotomy-howard-dullys-journey> This collection of pictures documented the lobotomy of twelve year-old Howard Dully in 1960. The operation was performed and the pictures originally owned by Walter Freeman, who is known for his lobotomies. There are at least five in the collection, although they are not the only pictures from Howard Dullys Lobotomy.

Freeman, Walter. 1949. Photograph. UPI/Bettmann News photos, Fort Steilacoom, Washington. Hosted in Great and Desperate Cures, by Elliot Valenstein. 2 Oct 2013.

This photograph was captured in Western State Hospital, after a patient had just been sedated using electroconvulsive shock. The attempt occurred to prepare the patient for a lobotomy operation, which was to be performed by Dr. Walter Freeman. It is an original photograph that I accessed through Elliot Valensteins novel.

Freeman, Walter, Watts, James. Walter Freeman and James Watts papers, 1918-1988. University Archives, Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University., 1918. Web. 9 Oct. 2013. <http://library.gwu.edu/ead/ms0803.xml>. This collection, stored in Gelman Library, is the entirety of Freemans and Watts work during their medical career. Walter Freeman is accredited for performing one of (if not the) original lobotomies. The collection consists of patients medical files, articles, books, manuscripts, conference and research notes from their work in the lab, photographs, oral histories, and medical equipment.

Jefferson, Thomas. "The Declaration of Independence." The Charters of Freedom. National Archives. Web. 7 Oct 2013. <http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration.html>. This website is the National Archives and I used it to quote part of the Declaration of Independence. It is a primary source because it has photographs of the original document which is housed in the national archives.

Wang, Harvey. Sallie Ellen Ionesco. 2004. Photograph. SoundPortraits.org, Virginia. Web. 2 Oct 2013. <http://soundportraits.org/on-air/my_lobotomy/>. Sallie Ellen Ionesco, the elderly woman shown in the photograph, was the first patient to ever receive a transorbital lobotomy. This photo was taken of her in 2004, three years before her passing in 2007.

Secondary Sources

"An Illustrated History of the Mental Asylum." News.discovery.com. Ed. Discovery News.Discovery Communications, LLC, 12 Dec. 2012. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. <http://news.discovery.com/human/life/slideshow-history-mental-asylum.htm> This website, a database of science-related news, offered a variety of information on health of the human mind and body. The majority of these articles are in a form of visual representation, such as slideshows. The presentation I watched provided helpful information that had been narrowed down to facts that I found particularly helpful, and the graphics helped to support the data. This site is credible because it is sponsored and supported by Discovery Communications, LLC., as well as being a product of this major nonfiction media company.

Dully, Howard, narr. "My Lobotomy." All Things Considered. SoundPortraits.org, 16 Nov 2005. web. 2 Oct 2013. <http://soundportraits.org/on-air/my_lobotomy/>. Hosted on a website for podcast and radio documentaries, this piece was narrated by Howard Dully. Being one of the youngest patients to receive a lobotomy, his incite and input into the performance was very eye-opening for me. Being able to see pictures and identify with a person makes his or her horrible past feel real and helps readers to empathize.

Fisher, William H., Jeffrey L. Geller, and John A. Pandiani. "The Changing Role Of The State Psychiatric Hospital." Healthaffairs.org. Project HOPE: The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc, May-June 2009. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. <http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/28/3/676.full>. This article was extensive and detailed, outlining the decline of mental hospitals across America. It discussed the poor treatment of mentally disabled in institutes as well. The information I collected was harrowing because I became aware of how recently some of the abuse had occurred. This source is credible because its authors have studied in this field for years and have conducted much research on the matter themselves.

Grob, Gerald N. MENTAL HEALTH POLICY IN AMERICA: MYTHS AND REALITIES. Health Affairs: Supported by Grunt no. MH39030 from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Year Published unspecified. Web. <http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/11/3/7.full.pdf>. This paper discussed about mental health as far back as the 1830s. It also discussed the fact that mental health was given little to no attention before World War II. It also gave some important details and aspects of mental health that are not commonly known.

Koyanagi, Chris, and Judge David L. Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law. Judge David L. Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law. The Henry J. Kaiser Family foundation, August 2007. Web. <http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=About_the_Issue&Template=/ContentMan agement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=137545>. The author stated America's past of "deinstitutionalization". That term is used to describe the sharp decline of mental institutions. The paper stated reasons for the system's shutdown from multiple aspects. I learned about the decline from a statistical point of view, which was a new perspectives. Before this paper, I hadn't seen many numbers on how many people were rendered homeless when the institution system shut down. One of the most important details I gathered was that the institutions began to collapse in large numbers in the 1990's.

Longmore, Paul, ed. "Disability History Timeline." Temple.edu. Temple University, n.d. Web. 18 Oct 2013. <http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm>. This website provided a timeline that had been backed up by the PhD Paul Longmore. It about many various events that happened in American history concerning mental health. This included significant Supreme Court cases, changes in Social Security policies, and the acts of presidents that changed the field of mental health.

Lyons, Richard D. "How Release Of Mental Patients Began." New York Times 30 Oct. 1984, Science. Web. 16 Oct. 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/30/science/how-releaseof-mental-patients-began.html>. This newspaper discussed the major elements that contributed to the sudden crash of the mental health system. This article was a key jump-start in my research, as it expanded upon what I knew about the systems decline. I was then able to search for names linked to this chain of events.

McCleese, Andrew. "Americas shocking secret: Pictures that show how U.S. experimented on its own disabled citizens and prison inmates." Liberty Voice. (March 1, 2011): n. page. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. <http://www.thelibertyvoice.com/americas-shocking-secret-picturesthat-show-how-u-s-experimented-on-its-own-disabled-citizens-and-prison-inmates>. This article exposed the experimentation done by Americans on our own disabled citizens. It also held the pictures that had leaked; proof of the abuse.

Meisel, Alan. The Rights Of The Mentally Ill Under State Constitutions. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh School of Law and Department of Psychiatry (Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine(Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic), 1983. Web. <http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3662&context=lcp>. This paper, the work of a Professor of Law and Psychiatry, was very useful to my project. In the beginning of the paper, for example, Alan Meisel discusses lawmaking activity in the 1970s. More specifically, it dealt with the laws and bills of rights concerning mental health. I learned about several trial court cases dealing with mental rights, as well. This helped me to understand how society had some positive impacts on the current life of the disabled

NPR Books, 'My Lobotom'y: Howard Dullys Journey."Driveway Moments. 16 Nov 2005: n. page. Web. 2 Oct. 2013. <http://www.npr.org/2005/11/16/5014080/my-lobotomyhoward-dullys-journey>. This website, the online database from NPR radio, held a series of specials which discussed harrowing parts of U.S. history. The history of the lobotomy was mentioned through the story of a young boy who was operated on at the age of twelve. This site is credible because it was put together by the National Public Radio, an experienced team of editors, writers, and journalists.

McGrath, Charles. "Arts." The New York Times. N.p., 16 Nov 2005. Web. 9 Oct 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/16/arts/16lobo.html?_r=0>. This article discussed the rights of the mentally disabled and showed that it is abuse of power to perform operations such as the lobotomy. It also briefly mentioned the right to life your life the fullest, despite your abilities (or lack of).

Torrey, E. Fuller. "Health." Excerpted from "American Psychosis". N.p., 29 Sep 2013. Web. 16 Oct 2013. <http://www.salon.com/2013/09/29/ronald_reagans_shameful_legacy_violence_the_hom eless_mental_illness/>. This article taught me that President Carter had signed the Mental Health Systems Act shortly before the election of Ronald Reagan. The paper he signed proposed the continuation of community mental health institutes and asylums. A lot of money went into the correction of the system. However, Reagan shut down the entire system upon realizing that the system could never be truly fixed.

Richardson, Linda. "New Rules Proposed for Medical Experiments on Mentally Ill." Health January 19, 1999. n.pag. The New York Times. Web. 14 Oct 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/19/nyregion/new-rules-proposed-for-medicalexperiments-on-mentally-ill.html>. This article discussed the past proposal of new rules that allowed medical experiments (that could be harmful and even fatal) be performed people incapable of giving consent, such as the mentally disabled. Though some advocates for the mentally ill protested the new rules, they were practically ignored, as their voices were drowned out beneath the scientific and mental community. Not only had mental people been stripped their right to vote, but also their fertility and their say in whether they were used as disposable lab subjects.

Schlein, Lisa. "WHO: Poor Treatment of Mentally Ill Violates Their Human Rights." News/Health. Voice of America. 09 Dec. 2011: n. page. Web. 8 Oct. 2013. <http://www.voanews.com/content/who-poor-treatment-of-mentally-ill-violates-theirhuman-rights-135370328/149379.html>. Lisa Schlein discusses information revealed about abuse detected in the American Mental care system, which in turn caused an uproar. This is an original article concerning current events that have affected people living today.

Stobbe, Mike. "Ugly past of U.S. human experiments uncovered: Tests included exposing mental patients, prisoners to infectious diseases." More Health News February 27, 2011. n.pag. NBC News. Web. 14 Oct 2013. <http://www.nbcnews.com/id/41811750/ns/healthhealth_care/t/ugly-past-us-human-experiments-uncovered/ This article outlined the diseases that mental patients were exposed to during experiments in which they were the test subjects. These events were considered legal just forty years ago, and could be put into order without the consent of the patient.

Tartakovsky M.S., Margarita. "The Surprising History of the Lobotomy." World of Psychology. (Oct. 2013): n. page. Web. 8 Oct. 2013. <http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2011/03/21/the-surprising-history-of-thelobotomy/>. Tartakovsy wrote an article concerning the history and origin of the lobotomy, which is a field in which she is very educated on. This source can be considered reliable because it is purely factual and backed up by research which Tartakovsky conducted.

Tercero-Parker, Yara. "Unethical Health Experiments Done in U.S.." Ethics Illustrated: A Project of Bioethics International February 28, 2011. n.pag. Bioethics International. Web. 14 Oct 2013. <http://www.bioethicsinternational.org/blog/2011/02/28/unethicalhealth-experiments-done-in-u-s/>. In this article, the author discusses the horrific secret experiments that leaked out from the scientific world. This article is important because it exposes only the facts and does not filter the horrifying details. It was written by a European who was not inclined to justify or cover for the actions of these American scientists. I feel that this is an important perspective.

Wong, Elizabeth . "A Shameful History: Eugenics in Virginia." ACLU: American Civil Liberties Union of Virginia. N.p., 11 Jan 2011. Web. 21 Nov 2013. <http://acluva.org/10898/a-shameful-history-eugenics-in-virginia/>. The article had information about the eugenics movement and all the laws/customs that came along with it. This included forced sterilization and prohibition of interracial marriages. I found this article helpful because it gave me an idea as to how the eugenics movement set back the progress of racial integration. It also had a picture on the page that held a quote from the Buck v. Bell Supreme Court case in 1927; Three generations of imbeciles are enough. This showed the attitude that the majority of society had towards disabled people and people of low status that were being bred out of society during this time.

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