11 ELC4340 Spring13 Short Circuits

_11_ELC4340_Spring13_Short_Circuits.
doc
Short Circuits
1. Introduction
Voltage sags are due mostly to faults on either transmission systems or distribution feeders.
ransmission faults affect customers o!er a "ide area# possibly do$ens of miles# but distribution faults
usually affect only the customers on the faulted feeder or on ad%acent feeders ser!ed by the same
substation transformer.
Single&phase faults 'i.e.# line&to&ground( are the most common type of faults# follo"ed by line&to&line#
and three&phase. Since single&phase and line&to&line faults are unbalanced# their resulting sag !oltages
are computed using symmetrical components. ransformer connections affect the propagation of
positi!e# negati!e# and $ero se)uence components differently. hus# the characteristics of a !oltage sag
changes as it propagates through a net"or*.
ypically# a transmission !oltage sag passes through t"o le!els of transformers before reaching a 4+0V
load 'e.g.# 13+*V,1-.4.*V at the entrance to the facility# and 1-.4.*V,4+0V at the load(. 1-0V loads
li*ely ha!e a third transformer 'e.g.# 4+0V,1-0V(. /t is not intuiti!ely ob!ious ho" the sag changes# but
the changes can be computed using symmetrical components and are illustrated in this report.
2. Symmetrical Components
0n unbalanced set of N related phasors can be resol!ed into N systems of phasors called the symmetrical
components of the original phasors. 1or a three&phase system 'i.e. N 2 3(# the three sets are,
1. 3ositi!e Se)uence & three phasors# e)ual in magnitude# 1-0
o
apart# "ith the same se)uence 'a&b&c( as
the original phasors.
-. 4egati!e Se)uence & three phasors# e)ual in magnitude# 1-0
o
apart# "ith the opposite se)uence 'a&c&
b( of the original phasors.
3. 5ero Se)uence & three identical phasors 'i.e. e)ual in magnitude# "ith no relati!e phase
displacement(.
he original set of phasors is "ritten in terms of the symmetrical components as follo"s,
- 1 0
6 6 6 6
a a a a
V V V V + +
#
- 1 0
6 6 6 6
b b b b
V V V V + +
#
- 1 0
6 6 6 6
c c c c
V V V V + +
#
"here 0 indicates $ero se)uence# 1 indicates positi!e se)uence# and - indicates negati!e se)uence.
he relationships among the se)uence components for a&b&c are
3ositi!e Se)uence 4egati!e Se)uence 5ero Se)uence
6 6
V V
b a 1 1
1 1-0
o
6 6
V V
b a - -
1 +1-0
o
0 0 0
6 6 6
c b a
V V V
6 6
V V
c a 1 1
1 +1-0
o
6 6
V V
c a - -
1 1-0
o
he symmetrical components of all a&b&c !oltages are usually "ritten in terms of the symmetrical
components of phase a by defining
3age 1 of -7&
_11_ELC4340_Spring13_Short_Circuits.doc
a + 1 1-0
o
# so that
a
-
1 1 + -40 1-0
o o
# and
a
3
1 1 + 370 0
o o
.
Substituting into the pre!ious e)uations for
6
#
6
#
6
V V V
a b c
yields
6 6 6 6
V V V V
a a a a
+ +
0 1 -
#
- 1
-
0
6 6 6 6
a a a b
V a V a V V + + #
6 6 6 6
V V aV a V
c a a a
+ +
0 1
-
-
.
/n matri8 form# the abo!e e)uations become
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
-
1
0
-
-
6
6
6
1
1
1 1 1
6
6
6
a
a
a
c
b
a
V
V
V
a a
a a
V
V
V
#
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
c
b
a
a
a
a
V
V
V
a a
a a
V
V
V
6
6
6
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
6
6
6
-
-
-
1
0
'1(
or in matri8 form
6 6
V T V
abc

01-
# and
6 6
V T V
abc 01-
1

# '-(
"here transformation matri8 T is
T a a
a a
1
]
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
-
-
# and T a a
a a
1
]
1
1
1
1 -
-
1
3
1 1 1
1
1
. '3(
/f
6
V
abc
represents a balanced set 'i.e.
6 6 6
V V a V
b a a
1
-
1-0
o
#
6 6 6
V V aV
c a a
+ 1 1-0
o
(# then
substituting into
6 6
V T V
abc 01-
1

yields
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
V
V
V
a a
a a
V
a V
aV
V
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
0
1
-
-
-
-
1
3
1 1 1
1
1
0
0
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
.
9ence# balanced !oltages or currents ha!e only positi!e se)uence components# and the positi!e
se)uence components e)ual the corresponding phase a !oltages or currents.
9o"e!er# balanced !oltages are rare during !oltage sags. :ost often# one phase is affected
significantly# and the other t"o less significantly. hus# all three se)uence !oltages
- 1 0
6
#
6
#
6
a a a
V V V
e8ist
during most sags# and these se)uence !oltages are shifted differently by transformers "hen propagating
through a system. ;hen recombined to yield phase !oltages
c b a
V V V
6
#
6
#
6
# it is clear that the form of
phase !oltages must also change as transformers are encountered.
3age - of -7&
3. Transformer Phase Shift
he con!entional positi!e&se)uence and negati!e&se)uence model for a three&phase transformer is
sho"n belo". 0dmittance y is a series e)ui!alent for resistance and lea*age reactance# tap t is the tap
'in per unit(# and angle < is the phase shift.
y
Ii ---> Ik --->
Bus i
Bus k
t / :1
Bus k'
1igure 1. 3ositi!e& and 4egati!e&Se)uence :odel of hree&3hase ransformer
1or grounded&"ye,grounded&"ye and delta,delta transformers# < is 0=# and thus positi!e& and negati!e&
se)uence !oltages and currents pass through unaltered 'in per unit(. 9o"e!er# for "ye&delta and delta&
"ye transformers# < is se)uence&dependent and is defined as follo"s,
1or positi!e se)uence# < is >30= if bus i is the high&!oltage side# or ?30= if bus i is the lo"&
!oltage side
and oppositely
1or negati!e se)uence# < is ?30= if bus i is the high&!oltage side# or >30= if bus i is the lo"&
!oltage side
/n other "ords# positi!e se)uence !oltages and currents on the high&!oltage side lead those on the lo"&
!oltage side by 30=. 4egati!e se)uence !oltages and currents on the high&!oltage side lag those on the
lo"&!oltage side by 30=.
1or $ero&se)uence !oltages and currents# transformers do not introduce a phase shift# but they may bloc*
$ero&se)uence propagation as sho"n in 1igure -.
3age 3 of -7&
Grounded Wye - Grounded Wye
Grounded Wye - Delta
R + jX
Grounded Wye - Ungrounded Wye
R + jX
R + jX Ungrounded Wye - Delta
R + jX
Delta - Delta
R + jX
1igure -. 5ero&Se)uence :odels of a hree&3hase ransformer
/t can be seen in the abo!e figure that only the grounded&"ye,grounded&"ye transformer connection
permits the flo" of $ero&se)uence from one side of a transformer to the other.
hus# due to phase shift and the possible bloc*ing of $ero&se)uence# transformers ob!iously play an
important role in unbalanced !oltage sag propagation.
4. System Impedance Matrices
1ault currents and !oltage sags computations re)uire elements of the impedance matri8 5 for the study
system. ;hile each of the three se)uences has its o"n impedance matri8# positi!e& and negati!e&
se)uence matrices are usually identical. /mpedance elements are usually found by
building the system admittance matri8 @# and then in!erting it to obtain the entire 5#
or by
using Aaussian elimination and bac*"ard substitution to obtain selected columns of 5.
3age 4 of -7&
he admittance matri8 @ is easily built according to the follo"ing rules,
he diagonal terms of @ contain the sum of all branch admittances connected directly to the
corresponding bus.
he off&diagonal elements of Y contain the negati!e sum of all branch admittances connected
directly bet"een the corresponding busses.
he procedure is illustrated by the three&bus e8ample in 1igure 3.
1 2 3
ZE
ZA
ZB
ZC
ZD
I3
1igure 3. hree&Bus 0dmittance :atri8 E8ample
0pplying CCL at the three independent nodes yields the follo"ing e)uations for the bus !oltages '"ith
respect to ground(,
0t bus 1#
0
- 1 1

+
A E
Z
V V
Z
V
#
0t bus -#
0
3 - 1 - -

+
C A B
Z
V V
Z
V V
Z
V
#
0t bus 3# 3
- 3 3
I
Z
V V
Z
V
C D

+
.
Collecting terms and "riting the e)uations in matri8 form yields
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
+
+ +
+
3 3
-
1
0
0
1 1 1
0
1 1 1 1 1
0
1 1 1
I V
V
V
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
D C C
C C B A A
A A E
#
or in matri8 form#
I YV #
3age D of -7&
Besides being the *ey for fault calculations# the impedance matri8#
1
Y Z
# is also physically
significant. Consider 1igure 4.
Power System
All Other Busses
Open Circuited
Applied Current at
Induced Voltage
+
-
V
Bus k
at Bus j
Ik
Vj
1igure 4. 3hysical Significance of the /mpedance :atri8
'the impedance matri8 includes 4orton e)ui!alent impedances for the current sources(
/mpedance matri8 element k j
z
# is defined as
k m N m
m
I
k
j
k j
I
V
z

# # # - # 1 # 0
#
# '4(
"here k
I
is a current source attached to bus k# j
V
is the resulting !oltage at bus j# and all busses
e8cept k are open&circuited. he depth of a !oltage sag at bus * is determined directly by multiplying
the phase se)uence components of the fault current at bus * by the matri8 elements k j
z
# for the
corresponding phase se)uences.
5. Short Circuit Calculations
Short circuit calculations re)uire positi!e# negati!e# and $ero se)uence impedance information#
depending on "hether or the fault is balanced or not. 1or e8ample# the commonly&studied# but relati!ely
rare# three&phase fault is balanced. herefore# only positi!e se)uence impedances are re)uired for its
study.
Consider the balanced three&phase fault represented by the one&line diagram in 1igure D# "here
TH
V
and
TH
Z are the he!enin e)ui!alent circuit parameters for bus *. 1ault impedance
F
Z is e8ternal to
the net"or* for "hich
TH
Z is computed.
+
-
Vth
Zth
ZF
IF
Bus k
1igure D. hree&3hase 1ault at Bus k
'he!enin e)ui!alent
TH
Z at bus * is obtained without fault impedance
F
Z (
he fault current and !oltage are clearly
3age 7 of -7&
F TH
TH F
k
Z Z
V
I
+
# and then
1
]
1
+

F TH
F
TH
F
k
TH TH
F
k
Z Z
Z
V I Z V V
.
/n a large po"er system# the he!enin e)ui!alent impedance for a bus is the corresponding diagonal
impedance matri8 element# and the he!enin e)ui!alent !oltage is usually assumed to be 1.0 E0 pu.
he type of machine models used "hen building impedance matrices affects the he!enin e)ui!alent
impedances and fault calculations. Fotating machines actually ha!e time&!arying impedances "hen
sub%ected to disturbances. 9o"e!er# for simplification purposes# their impedances are usually di!ided
into three $ones & subtransient 'first fe" cycles(# transient '7 cycles & 70 cycles(# and steady&state 'longer
than 70 cycles(. ;hen performing fault studies# the time period of interest is usually a fe" cycles# so
that machines are represented by their subtransient impedances "hen forming the impedance matrices.
Ge!eloping the e)uations for fault studies re)uires adept use of both a&b&c and 0&1&- forms of the circuit
e)uations. he use of se)uence components implies that the system impedances 'but not the system
!oltages and currents( are symmetric. /n general# there are si8 e)uations and si8 un*no"ns to be sol!ed#
regardless of the type of fault studied. /n e!ery case# it is necessary to first obtain a key fault euation.
9a!ing the *ey fault e)uation# then the resulting bus !oltages and branch currents throughout the
net"or* during the fault can be determined.
/t is common in fault studies to assume that the po"er system is initially unloaded and that all !oltages
are 1.0 per unit. ;hen there are multiple sources# this assumption e!uie" that there are no shunt
elements connected# such as loads# capacitors# etc.# e#ce$t for rotating machines '"hose he!enin
e)ui!alent !oltages are 1.0 pu.(. he he!enin !oltages 'and 4orton in%ection currents( of rotating
machines are assumed to be constant during faults. erminal !oltages of machines are not constant
during faults because of he!enin machine impedances e8ist bet"een the internal machine !oltage and
the machine terminals.
Since "ye&delta transformers shift positi!e# negati!e# and $ero se)uence components differently# it is
important to model transformers according to the rules gi!en earlier. his means that the pre&fault
!oltages all ha!e magnitude 1.0 pu.# but that the pre&fault !oltage angles can be
o o o
30 or # 30 # 0 + # or
multiples of
o
30 t # depending upon the net transformer phase shift bet"een them and the chosen
reference bus.
3age . of -7&
Balanced Three-Phase Fault
Consider the three&phase fault at bus k# as sho"n in 1igure 7. Bus * can be at an e8isting bus in the 5
matri8# or at some fault point along a transmission line 'e.g.# a lightning stri*e(. 1or the latter# the 5
matri8 must be modified to include the ne" bus *.
1igure 7, Balanced hree&3hase 1ault at Bus k
F
Z is not included in the impedance matri8 or he!enin e)uation. he 01- he!enin e)uation#
a""umi%g that all othe cue%t i%jectio%" i% the "&"tem ae u%cha%ged# is
F
k
k k
e
k
F
k
I Z V V
01-
01- # 01-
3r
01- 01-
. '33_1(
4ote & the minus sign is needed because the fault current has been dra"n as positi!e out"ard.
F
k
V
01-
consists of the !oltages at bus k during the fault#
e
k
V
3r
01-
consists of the pre&fault !oltages#
F
k
I
01-

gi!es the fault currents# and 01- # 01- k k
Z
contains the indi!idual impedance elements e8tracted from the
impedance matri8.
E)uations related to the faulted element# "hich is e8ternal to the 5 matri8# are
F
F
ka F
ka
Z
V
I #
F
F
kb F
kb
Z
V
I #
F
F
kc F
kc
Z
V
I . '33_-(
he relationship bet"een 01- fault currents and abc fault currents is
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

0
0
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
-
- 1
-
1
0
01-
F
ka
F
kc
F
kb
F
ka
F
kabc
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
I
I
I
I
a a
a a I T
I
I
I
I
. '33_3(
Substituting '33_3( into 01- he!enin e)uation '33_1( yields
3age + of -7&
F
Z
F
ka
I
F
kb
I
F
kc
I
a
b
c
F
Z
F
Z
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0
- # -
1 # 1
0 # 0
3r
-
3r 3r
1
3r
0
-
1
0
F
ka
k k
k k
k k
e
k
e
ka
e
k
e
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
I
z
z
z
V
V V
V
V
V
V
.
0dding the three ro"s yields
( )
1 # 1
3r
- 1 0
k k
F
ka
e
ka
F
ka
F
k
F
k
F
k
z I V V V V V + + .
Substituting
F
F
ka F
ka
Z
V
I from '33_-( into the abo!e e)uation yields
( )
1 # 1
3r
k k
F
ka
e
ka
F
F
ka
z I V Z I .
Sol!ing for
F
ka
I
yields the key fault euation for three!phase "alanced faults
F k k
e
ka F
ka
Z z
V
I
+
1 # 1
3r
. '33_4(
net"or* during the fault can be determined. Fecall from '33_3( that the 01- fault current components
are
0
0

F
k
I #
F
ka
F
k
I I
1
# 0
-

F
k
I
0ll $ero se)uence and negati!e se)uence currents in the net"or* are $ero# so all $ero se)uence and
negati!e se)uence !oltages in the net"or* remain $ero. 3ositi!e se)uence net"or* !oltages can be
found from the he!enin e)ui!alent circuit e)uation
F
k
k j
e
j
F
j
I Z V V
1
1 # 1
3r
1
1

.
hen# positi!e se)uence currents in branches can be found using HhmIs La" "ith positi!e se)uence
branch impedances.
3age J of -7&
Single-Phase to Ground Fault
Consider the single&phase fault at bus k# as sho"n in 1igure ..
1igure ., Single&3hase 1ault at Bus k# 3hase a
F
F
k
k k
e
k
F
k
I Z V V
01-
01- # 01-
3r
01- 01-
. '13_1(
F
F
ka F
ka
Z
V
I # 0
F
kb
I # 0
F
kc
I . '13_-(
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

3 E
3 E
3 E
0
0
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
-
- 1
-
1
0
01-
F
ka
F
ka
F
ka
F
kc
F
kb
F
ka
F
kabc
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
I
I
I
I
I
I
a a
a a I T
I
I
I
I
. '13_3(
Substituting '13_3( into the 01- he!enin e)uation '13_1( yields
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
3 E
3 E
3 E
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0
- # -
1 # 1
0 # 0
3r
-
3r 3r
1
3r
0
-
1
0
F
ka
F
ka
F
ka
k k
k k
k k
e
k
e
ka
e
k
e
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
I
I
I
z
z
z
V
V V
V
V
V
V
.
0dding the three ro"s yields
( )
- # - 1 # 1 0 # 0
3r
- 1 0
3
k k k k k k
F
ka e
ka
F
ka
F
k
F
k
F
k
z z z
I
V V V V V + + + +
.
3age 10 of -7&
F
ka
I
a
b
c
F
Z
F
kb
I
F
kc
I
Substituting
F
F
ka
F
ka
Z I V from '13_-( into the abo!e e)uation yields
( )
- # - 1 # 1 0 # 0
3r
3
k k k k k k
F
ka e
ka
F
F
ka
z z z
I
V Z I + +
.
:ultiplying both sides by 3 and sol!ing for
F
ka
I
yields the key fault euation for sin#le!phase to
#round faults
F k k k k k k
e
ka F
ka
Z z z z
V
I
3
3
- # - 1 # 1 0 # 0
3r
+ + +
. '13_4(
net"or* during the fault can be determined. Fecall from '13_3( that the 01- fault current components
are
3
- 1 0
F
ka F
k
F
k
F
k
I
I I I
.
0ll 01- net"or* !oltages can then be found from the 01- he!enin e)uation '13_1(
F
k
k j
e
j
F
j
I Z V V
01-
01- # 01-
3r
01-
01-

.
hen# 01- fault currents in branches can be found using HhmIs La" and the corresponding positi!e#
negati!e# and $ero se)uence branch impedances. 0fter"ard# 01- !oltages and currents can be con!erted
to abc. See later sections on ho" to include transformer phase shifts "hen con!erting 01- to abc.
4ote that if - # 1 0 # 0 k k k k
z z <
# a single&phase fault "ill ha!e a higher !alue than does a three&phase fault.
3age 11 of -7&
Line-to-Line Fault
Consider the line&to&line fault at bus k# as sho"n in 1igure +.
1igure +. Line&to&Line 1ault Bet"een 3hases b and c at Bus k
F
F
k
k k
e
k
F
k
I Z V V
01-
01- # 01-
3r
01- 01-
. 'LL_1(
0
F
ka
I # 'LL_-(
F
F
kc
F
kb F
kb
Z
V V
I

# 'LL_3(
F
kb
F
kc
I I . 'LL_4(
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

F
kb
F
kb
F
kb
F
kb
F
kb
F
kb
F
ka
F
kabc
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
I a a
I a a
I I
I
I
I
a a
a a I T
I
I
I
I
( '
( '
0
3
1
0
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
-
-
-
- 1
-
1
0
01-
. 'LL_D(
Since a 2 1E1-0K and a
-
1E1-0K# then 'a L a
-
( 2
3 j
. hus# 'LL_D( becomes
1
1
1
]
1
F
kb
F
kb
F
k
I
I
j
I
0
3
01-
. 'LL_7(
Substituting 'LL_7( into 01- he!enin e)uation 'LL_1( yields
3age 1- of -7&
F
ka
I
F
kb
I
F
kc
I
a
b
c
F
Z
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
F
kb
F
kb
k k
k k
k k
e
k
e
ka
e
k
e
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
I
I
z
z
z
j
V
V V
V
V
V
V
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
3
0
0
- # -
1 # 1
0 # 0
3r
-
3r 3r
1
3r
0
-
1
0
.
Simplifying yields
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1
F
kb
k k
F
kb
k k
e
ka
F
k
F
k
F
k
I z
j
I z
j
V
V
V
V
- # -
1 # 1
3r
-
1
0
3
3
0
. 'LL_.(
1rom the top ro" it is clear that there "ill be no $ero se)uence !oltages# and thus no $ero se)uence
currents. 4ote & this is physically true because there is no ground current.
Feferring bac* to 'LL_3(#
( ) ( )
F
F
c k
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
F
kc
F
kb F
kb
Z
V a aV V aV V a V
Z
V V
I
-
-
1 0 - 1
-
0
+ + + +
#
( ) ( )
F
F
k
F
k
Z
a a V a a V
-
-
-
1
+
F
F
k
F
k
Z
V j V j
- 1
3 3 +
. 'LL_+(
Substituting the !oltages from 'LL_.( into 'LL_+( yields
F
F
kb
k k
F
kb
k k
e
ka
F
kb
Z
I z
j
j I z
j
V j
I

,
_
,
_
- # - 1 # 1
3r
3
3
3
3
F
F
kb
k k
F
kb
k k
e
ka
Z
I z I z V j
- # - 1 # 1
3r
3
#
and# after combining terms# the key fault euation for line!to!line faults 'LL_J( is obtained.
F k k k k
e
ka F
kb
Z z z
V j
I
+ +
- # - 1 # 1
3r
3
'LL_J(
net"or* during the fault can be determined. Fecall from 'LL_7( that there is no $ero&se)uence fault
current. herefore# there are no $ero&se)uence !oltages in the net"or*. By using the se)uence fault
currents from 'LL_J( and 'LL_7(# the positi!e and negati!e se)uence components of all net"or*
!oltages can then be found from the 01- he!enin e)uation 'LL_1(.
hen# positi!e and negati!e se)uence fault currents in branches can be found using HhmIs La" and the
corresponding positi!e and negati!e se)uence branch impedances. 0fter"ard# positi!e and negati!e
se)uence !oltages and currents can be con!erted to abc.
3age 13 of -7&
4ote in 'LL_J( that for $ero fault impedance cases# line&to&line fault current magnitudes are slightly
smaller 'i.e.#
-
3
( than those of three&phase faults.
3age 14 of -7&
Line-to-Line-to-Ground Fault
Consider the line&to&line fault at bus k# as sho"n in 1igure J.
1igure J. Line&to&Line&to&Around 1ault
he 01- he!enin e)ui!alent circuit e)uation# a""umi%g that all othe cue%t i%jectio%" i% the "&"tem
ae u%cha%ged# is
F
k
k k
e
k
F
k
I Z V V
01-
01- # 01-
3r
01- 01-
. 'LLA_1(
Specifics for the fault# "hich are not included in the system 5 matri8 or he!enin e)uation# follo".
Since phases b and c are tied together#
F
kc
F
kb
V V . 'LLA_-(
1rom HhmsIs la"#
F
F
kb F
kc
F
kb
Z
V
I I + . 'LLA_3(
Because phase a is not faulted# then
0
F
ka
I . 'LLA_4(
Because
F
ka
I is $ero# then
0
- 1 0
+ +
F
k
F
k
F
k
I I I . 'LLA_D(
0t this point# the ob%ecti!e is to find the key fault euation. 1inding it re)uires manipulating the abo!e
e)uations until at least one of the 01- components of
F
ka
I can be computed using only
e
ka
V
3r
and
elements of the 5 matri8. his means e8pressing all abc terms# e8cept for
e
ka
V
3r
# in terms of se)uence
components.
Begin by e8amining
F
kc
F
kb
I I + from 'LLA_3( in terms of se)uence components#
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) a a I a a I I I a aI I aI I a I I I
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
kc
F
kb
+ + + + + + + + + +
-
-
-
1 0 -
-
1 0 - 1
-
0
-
( ) ( ) a a I a a I I
F
k
F
k
F
k
+ + + +
-
-
-
1 0
-
( ) ( ) ( )
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
I I I I I I I I I
0 0 0 - 1 0 - 1 0
3 - - 1 1 - + + + +
yields
3age 1D of -7&
F
ka
I
F
kb
I
F
kc
I
a
b
c
F
Z
F
k
F
kc
F
kb
I I I
0
3 + . 'LLA_7(
Substituting 'LLA_7( into 'LLA_3( yields
F
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
F
kb F
k
Z
aV V a V
Z
V
I
- 1
-
0
0
3
+ +
. 'LLA_.(
E8amining
F
k
V
1
and
F
k
V
-
in terms of se)uence components# and recogni$ing 'LLA_-(#
( ) ( )# ( '
3
1
3
1
- -
1
F
kb
F
ka
F
kc
F
kb
F
ka
F
k
V a a V V a aV V V + + + +
and
( ) ( )
F
kb
F
ka
F
kc
F
kb
F
ka
F
k
V a a V aV V a V V ( '
3
1
#
3
1
- -
-
+ + + +

yields
F
k
F
k
V V
- 1
. 'LLA_+(
Substituting 'LLA_+( into 'LLA_.( yields
F
F
k
F
k
F
F
k
F
k F
k
Z
V V
Z
V a a V
I
1 0 1
-
0
0
( '
3

+ +
'LLA_J(
1rom he!enin e)uation 'LLA_1(#
F
k
k k
F
k
I z V
0
0 # 0
0
# 'LLA_10(
F
k
k k
$e
ka
F
k
I z V V
1
1 # 1
1
# 'LLA_11(
F
k
k k
F
k
I z V
-
- # -
-
. 'LLA_1-(
0ccording to 'LLA_+(# e)uations 'LLA_11( and 'LLA_1-( are e)ual# so
F
k
k k
F
k
k k
$e
ka
I z I z V
-
- # -
1
1 # 1
#
"hich yields
- # -
1
1 # 1
-
k k
$e
ka
F
k
k k
F
k
z
V I z
I

. 'LLA_13(
Substituting 'LLA_10( and 'LLA_11( into 'LLA_J( yields
F
F
k
k k
$e
ka
F
k
k k
F
k
Z
I z V I z
I
1
1 # 1
0
0 # 0
0
3
+
"hich in turn yields

( )
F k k
F
k
k k
$e
ka F
k
Z z
I z V
I
3
0 # 0
1
1 # 1
0
+
+
'LLA_14(
Substituting 'LLA_14( and 'LLA_13( into 'LLA_D( yields
( )
0
3
- # -
1
1 # 1
1
0 # 0
1
1 # 1
+ +
+
+
k k
$e
ka
F
k
k k
F
k
F k k
F
k
k k
$e
ka
z
V I z
I
Z z
I z V
#
3age 17 of -7&
( ) ( )
0
3 3
- # - - # -
1
1 # 1
1
0 # 0
1
1 # 1
0 # 0

+ + +
+
+
+
k k
$e
ka
k k
F
k
k k
F
k
F k k
F
k
k k
F k k
$e
ka
z
V
z
I z
I
Z z
I z
Z z
V
( ) ( )
1
1
]
1
+
+
1
1
]
1
+ +
+
- # - 0 # 0 - # -
1 # 1
0 # 0
1 # 1
1
1
3
1
1
3
k k F k k
$e
ka
k k
k k
F k k
k k
F
k
z Z z
V
z
z
Z z
z
I
( ) ( )
1
1
]
1
+
+
1
1
]
1
+ +
+
- # - 0 # 0 1 # 1 - # - 1 # 1 0 # 0
1
1
3
1 1 1
3
1
k k F k k k k
$e
ka
k k k k F k k
F
k
z Z z z
V
z z Z z
I 'LLA_1D(
Gefine $
z
as the parallel combination of
( )
F k k
Z z 3
0 # 0
+
and - # - k k
z
( )
- # - 0 # 0
1
3
1 1
k k F k k $
z Z z z
+
+
'LLA_17(
so that 'LLA_1D( becomes
1
1
]
1
1
1
]
1
+
$ k k
$e
ka
k k $
F
k
z z
V
z z
I
1 1 1
1 # 1 1 # 1
1
#
1
1
]
1
1
1
]
1
+
$ k k
$e
ka
k k $
$ k k
F
k
z z
V
z z
z z
I
1
1 # 1 1 # 1
1 # 1
1
#
$ k k
$e
ka F
k
z z
V
I
+
1 # 1
1
'LLA_1.(
Substituting 'LLA_17( into 'LLA_1.( yields the follo"ing key fault euation for line!to!line!to!
#round faults
( )
( )
F k k k k
F k k k k
k k
$e
ka F
k
Z z z
Z z z
z
V
I
3
3
0 # 0 - # -
0 # 0 - # -
1 # 1
1
+ +
+
+
. 'LLA_1+(
Hnce the *ey fault e)uation is e!aluated# then
F
k
I
0
and
F
k
I
-
can be found using '-J( and '-+(# and
chec*ed "ith '-0(. 0fter"ard# the 01- bus !oltages and branch currents at the fault bus and all other
busses throughout the net"or* can be determined.
More on Transformer Phase Shifts
ransformer phase shifts due to "ye&delta connections ha!e been ignored in 5 matrices and fault
calculations up until this point. hey can be handled after 01- fault calculations are made. Hnce the
se)uence components of all !oltages and currents ha!e been computed in 01-# the phase shifts are
introduced according to the follo"ing section on MCalculation 3rocedure.N This must "e done "efore
con$ertin# %12 $olta#es and currents to a"c.
3age 1. of -7&
&. Calculation Procedure
Step 1. 3ic* a system :V0 base and a VLL base at one point in the net"or*. he system :V0 base
"ill be the same e!ery"here. 0s you pass through transformers# !ary the system VLL base according to
the line&to&line transformer turns ratio.
Step 2. he system base phase angle changes by 30O each time you pass through a @P 'or P@(
transformer. 04S/ rules state that transformers must be labeled so that high&side positi!e se)uence
!oltages and currents lead lo"&side positi!e se)uence !oltages and currents by 30O. 4egati!e se)uence
does the opposite 'i.e.# &30O shift(. 5ero se)uence gets no shift. he M4et 30O N phase shift bet"een a
faulted bus * and a remote bus % is ignored until the last step in this procedure.
Step 3. Begin "ith the positi!e se)uence net"or* and balanced three&phase case. 0ssume that the
system is Mat restN "ith no currents flo"ing. his assumption re)uires that the only shunt ties are
machines "hich are represented as he!enin e)ui!alents "ith 1.0 pu !oltage in series "ith subtransient
impedances. Loads 'e8cept large machines(# line capacitance# shunt capacitors# and shunt inductors are
ignored. Con!ert all lineEtransformerEsource impedances to the system base using
-
1
1
]
1
1
1
]
1

%ew
ba"e
old
ba"e
old
ba"e
%ew
ba"e old
$u
%ew
$u
V
V
'
'
Z Z .
ba"e
'
is three&phase :V0.
ba"e
V
is line&to&line. /f a transformer is comprised of three identical
single&phase units#
old
$u
Z
is the impedance of any one transformer on its o"n base# and
old
ba"e
' is three
times the rated po"er of one transformer. 1or a delta connection#
ba"e
V
line&to&line is the rated coil
!oltage of one transformer. 1or a "ye connection# ba"e
V
line&to&line is the rated coil !oltage multiplied
by 3 .
Step 4. 1or small net"or*s# you can find the fault current at any bus * Mby handN by turning off all
!oltage sources and computing the positi!e&se)uence he!enin e)ui!alent impedance at the faulted bus#
1 # kk
Z
. /gnore the 4et 30O during this step because actual impedances are not shifted "hen reflected
from one side to the other side of @P transformers. Hnce the he!enin impedance is *no"n# then use
F kk
$e
k F
k
Z Z
V
I
+
1 #
1
1
# follo"ed by
F
k
kk
$e
k
F
k
I Z V V
1
1 #
1 1
.
Step 5. he *ey to finding 01- currents in a branch during the fault is to *no" the !oltage on each end
of the branch. 1or a branch "ith positi!e se)uence impedance
1
z bet"een busses % and *# first find
F
k
jk
$e
j
F
j
I Z V V
1
1 #
1
1

.
3ositi!e&se)uence current flo" through the branch during the fault is
1
1 #
1 #
1 #
z
V V
I
F
k
F
j
F
jk

.
'ote that
1
z is the physical positi$e seuence impedance of the "ranch ! it is not an element of the
( matri). 0n accuracy chec* should be made by ma*ing sure that the sum of all the branch currents
into the faulted bus e)uals
F
k
I
1
.
3age 1+ of -7&
Step &. ;hile continuing to ignore the 4et 30O# !oltage sag propagation at all other buses % can be
computed "ith
F
k
jk
$e
j
F
j
I Z V V
1
1 #
1
1

.
Step *. 1or larger net"or*s# MhandN methods are not practical# and the 5 matri8 should be built. 1orm
the admittance matri8 @# and in!ert @ to obtain 5. /gnore the M4et 30O N "hen forming @. :atri8
in!ersion can be a!oided if Aaussian elimination is used to find only the *
th
column of 5.
Step +. Qnbalanced faults re)uire positi!e and negati!e se)uence impedances. 4egati!e se)uence
impedances are usually the same as positi!e. 1aults "ith ground currents re)uire positi!e# negati!e# and
$ero se)uence impedances. 5ero se)uence impedances can be larger or smaller and are dramatically
affected by grounding. @P transformers introduce bro*en $ero se)uence paths. 3refault negati!e
se)uence and $ero se)uence !oltages are al"ays $ero.
Step ,. 0fter the 01- fault currents are determined# continue to ignore the M4et 30O N and use
F
k
jk
$e
j
F
j
I Z V V
01-
01- #
01-
01-

for each se)uence to find 01- bus !oltages.
Step 1%. 4e8t# compute branch currents 'ignoring the 4et 30O( bet"een buses % and * for each se)uence
using
0
0 #
0 #
0 #
z
V V
I
F
k
F
j
jk

#
1
1 #
1 #
1 #
z
V V
I
F
k
F
j
jk

#
-
- #
- #
- #
z
V V
I
F
k
F
j
jk

.
Step 11. 0s the last step# include the 'et 3%- bet"een bus % and faulted bus *. Go this by adding the
4et 30O to
F
j
V
1 and 1 # jk
I
calculations# and subtracting the 4et 30O from
F
j
V
- and - # jk
I
calculations.
This must "e done "efore con$ertin# %12 $olta#es and currents to a"c. hen# use
01-
V T V
abc

#
01-
I T I
abc

to find the abc bus !oltages and branch currents.
3age 1J of -7&
Short Circuit Pro"lem .1
he positi!e&se)uence one&line diagram for a net"or* is sho"n belo". 3refault !oltages are all 1.0pu.
a. Qse the definition
k m
m
I
k
j
k
j
jk
I
V
I
V
z

# 0
to fill in column 1 of the 5 matri8.
4o"# a solidly&grounded three&phase fault occurs at bus 1.
b. Compute the fault current
c. Qse the fault current and 5 matri8 terms to compute the !oltages at busses - and 3.
d. 1ind the magnitude of the current flo"ing in the line connecting busses - and 3.
3age -0 of -7&
1 - 3
1
-
3
%0.-R
%0.3R
%0.1R
%0.0DR
Bus 1
Bus -
Bus 3
%0.1R
>
1E0
?
>
1E0
?
Short Circuit Pro"lem .2.
0 30:V0# 1-*V generator is connected to a delta & grounded "ye transformer. he generator and
transformer are isolated and not connected to a Mpo"er grid.N /mpedances are gi!en on e)uipment
bases.
0 single&phase to ground fault# "ith $ero impedance# suddenly appears on phase a of the 7J*V
transformer terminal. 1ind the resulting a&b&c generator currents 'magnitude in amperes and phase(.
Fegarding reference angle# assume that the pre&fault phase a !oltage on the transformerIs 7J*V bus has
angle 2 0.
3age -1 of -7&
Aen
30:V0# 1-*V
Subtransient reactances
S1 2 S- 2 0.1+pu
S0 2 0.1-pu
Aenerator is connected
A@ through a %0.D ohm
grounding reactor
S 2 0.0Dpu
30:V0
1-*VE7J*V
Single phase to
ground fault
occurs on phase a
ransformer
'Gelta&A@(
Short Circuit Pro"lem .3
0 one&line diagram for a t"o&machine system is sho"n belo".
he transmission line bet"een busses - and 3 has S1 2 S- 2 0.1-pu# S0 2 0.40pu on a 100:V0#
34D*V base.
Qsing a base of 100:V0# 34D*V in the transmission line# dra" one line diagrams in per unit for
positi!e# negati!e# and $ero&se)uences.
hen#
a. Compute the phase a fault current 'in pu( for a three&phase bolted fault at bus -.
b. Compute the phase a fault current 'in pu( for a line&to&ground fault at bus -# phase a.
3age -- of -7&
0ll !alues in pu
on e)uipment
base
3age -3 of -7&
/se a 1%% M012 22%k$ "ase in the transmission line.
Bus1 Bus-
Bus3
BusD
Bus7
Bus4
Ste$enson Pro". &.15
3age -4 of -7&
/se 1%% M01 "ase
Bus1
Bus-
Bus3
Bus4
BusD
Bus7
Bus.
Bus+ BusJ
1%% M012 13+k0 in the
Ste$enson Pro". &.1&
Short Circuit Calculations
Balanced hree&3hase 1ault# Ste!enson 3rob. 7.1D. 0 three&phase balanced fault# "ith
5
1
2 0# occurs at Bus 4. Getermine
a.
F
a
I
4
'in per unit and in amps(
b. 3hasor abc line&to&neutral !oltages at the terminals of Aen 1
c. 3hasor abc currents flo"ing out of Aen 1 'in per unit and in amps(
Line to Around 1ault# Ste!enson 3rob. 7.1D. Fepeat T4 for phase a&to&ground fault at
Bus 4# again "ith 5
1
2 0.
Short Circuit Pro"lem .&.
Fepeat T4# Qsing Ste!enson 3rob. 7.17.
Short Circuit Pro"lem .*.
Fepeat TD# Qsing Ste!enson 3rob. 7.17.
3age -D of -7&
Ste$enson Pro"lem &.152 Phase 1 to 3round 4ault at 5us .4
Enter 3olar 1orm 01- Currents at Aen T1# Compute the 0BC Currents
___________________________________________________________________________
Enter 3olar 1orm 01- 0olta#es at Aen T1# Compute the 0BC Voltages
3age -7 of -7&
6nter
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11 ELC4340 Spring13 Short Circuits

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"hich in turn yields

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