Applied linguistics (unit 1-notes).

EMC

1.2. THE SCOPE OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS

SOME DEFINITIONS
Sources: Crystal, D. (1991) A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: basil Blackwell. Alcaraz Var, E. & M.A. Martnez Linares (1997) Diccionario de lingstica moderna. Barcelona: Ariel. CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS: Critical linguistics: a developing branch of linguistics which aims to reveal hidden power relations and ideological processes at work in spoken or written texts. () The study includes such topics as the social context of texts, grammar production, and language policy. ETNOLINGSTICA, ETNOMETODOLOGA, ETNOGRAFA DE LA COMUNICACIN: A partir de la dcada de los aos sesenta han aparecido varias direcciones de estudio dentro de la lingstica relacionadas con la sociologa, la antropologa y la etnologa. De todas ellas, la que ms fuerza tiene es la sociolingstica. ETHNOGRAPHY: El trmino etnografa de la comunicacin fue acuado por Hymes (1972) para referirse al estudio de la interaccin lingstica o comunicativa, en principio dedicado casi exclusivamente al comportamiento comunicativo de grupos tribales. Ms tarde, con una depuracin de las tcnicas metodolgicas, la etnografa de la comunicacin aborda el anlisis de la actividad comunicativa, propia de la interaccin comunicativa, en la que se pueden distinguir tres planos: (a) las situaciones de habla, (b) los acontecimientos de habla, y (c) los actos de habla. Dicho con otras palabras, la etnografa de la comunicacin aborda la descripcin de las normas explcitas e implcitas de los aspectos verbales y no verbales y los parmetros sociales de la interaccin (contexto, participantes, tpicos, fines comunicativos, etc.) ETHNOMETHODOLOGY: A term referring to a movement that developed in American sociology in the early 1970s, which led to the development of conversation analysis in linguistics. The approach proposed to replace the predominantly deductive and quantitative techniques of previous sociological + research, with its emphasis on general questions of social structure, by the study of the techniques (= methods) which are used by people themselves (curiously referred to as ethnic) when they are actually engaged in social (and thus linguistic) interaction. The emphasis is on how individuals experience, make sense of and report their interactions; and ethnomethodological data therefore consist of tape-recordings of natural conversation, and their associated transcriptions. LANGUAGE PLANNING: Term used in sociolinguistics to refer to a systematic attempt to solve the communication problems of a community by studying the various languages or dialects it uses and developing a realistic policy concerning their selection and use; often referred to as language engineering.

Applied linguistics (unit 1-notes). EMC

LEXICOGRAPHY: is the art and science of dictionary-making. Lexicography could be seen as a branch of applied lexicology. LEXICOLOGY: is a term sometimes used to refer to the overall study of a languages vocabulary (including its history). It is distinguishable here from lexicography. L1/L2 ACQUISITION:
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION:

in the study of growth of language in children, a term referring to the process or result of learning a particular aspect of a language, and ultimately the language as a whole. Child language acquisition is the label usually given to the field of studies involved. Acquisition is also used in the context of learning a foreign language: foreign or secondlanguage acquisition is thus distinguished from first-language or mother-tongue acquisition. First language (mother tongue) is distinguishable from second language (a language other than ones mother tongue used for a special purpose, e.g. for education, government) distinguishable in turn from foreign language (where no such special status is implied) though the distinction between the latter two is not universally recognized. NEUROLINGUISTICS: A branch of linguistics, sometimes called neurological linguistics, which studies the neurological basis of language development and use, and attempts to construct a model of the brains control over the processes of speaking, listening, reading, writing and signing. () Central to this approach has been the research findings from two main areas: -the study of clinical linguistic conditions (such as aphasia, stuttering), in an attempt to deduce the nature of the underlying system from the analysis of its various stages of breakdown; -and the study of speech production in parametric articulatory phonetic terms especially of the normal errors which are introduced into speech (e.g. tongue-slips. Hesitations, etc.). PRAGMATICS: [The term is] applied to the study of language from the point of view of the users, especially of the choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social interaction, and the effects their use of language has on the other participants in an act of communication. The field focuses on an area between semantics, sociolinguistics, and extralinguistic context; but the boundaries with these other domains are [often] incapable of precise definition. RHETORICS: La retrica, base de la formacin lingstica clsica en Grecia y Roma y en Europa hasta principios del siglo XX, constaba de una serie de preceptos relativos al arte de hablar bien, en el que se estudiaba y analizaba, sobre todo, las tcnicas de la exposicin y de la persuasin. () La RETRICA MODERNA es una actividad multidisciplinar interesada en la comunicacin, en su sentido ms amplio, para lo que acude a campos como la lingstica, la filosofa, el psicoanlisis, las ciencias cognitivas, la sociologa la antropologa, incluso la teora poltica.

Applied linguistics (unit 1-notes). EMC

RHETORIC:

(Macmillan on-line Dictionary) a style of speaking or writing which is intended to influence people *Literature+ the art of using language in a way that is effective or that influences people PSYCHOLINGUISTICS: a branch of linguistics which studies the correlation between linguistic behavior and the psychological processes thought to underlie that behavior. The main focus of interest in linguistics in this field is the investigation of the effect of psychological constraints on the use of language (e.g. how memory limitations affect speech production and comprehension). In this orientation, the subject is basically seen as the study of the mental processes underlying the planning, production, perception and comprehension of speech. The best-developed branch of the subject is the study of language acquisition in children, but several other topics have attracted considerable interest. SEMIOTICS: The semiotic study of the properties of signaling systems, whether natural or artificial. In its oldest sense, it refers to the study within philosophy of sign and symbol systems in general. In recent years, the study of semiotics has come to be applied to the analysis of patterned human communication in all its sensory modes, i.e. hearing, sight, taste, touch and smell. Particularly in Europe, semiotic (or semiological) analysis has developed as part of an attempt to analyse all aspects of communication as systems of signals (semiotic systems), such as music, eating, clothes, dance, as well as language. SOCIOLINGUISTICS: A branch of linguistics which studies all aspects of the relationship between language and society. Sociolinguists study such matters as the linguistic identity of social groups, social attitudes to language, standard and non-standard forms of language, the patterns and needs of national language use, social varieties and levels of language, the social basis of multilingualism, and so on. The term overlaps to some degree with ethnolinguistics and anthropological linguistics, reflecting the overlapping interests of the correlative disciplines involved sociology, ethnology and anthropology. The study of dialects is sometimes seen as a branch of sociolinguistics, and sometimes differentiated from it, under the heading of dialectology. SPEECH (OR LANGUAGE) PATHOLOGY: a language disorder or the field which studies language disorders. El trmino afasia, tomado en sentido general, cubre las patologas del lenguaje, las cuales son estudiadas por varias disciplinas, entre ellas la neurolingstica.