F.Y.B.Sc.

Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I)

(Physical and

Term !

Chapter

States of Matter
Multiple Choice Question

1) According to Boyles law the volume of a fixed mass of a gas, at constant temperature, is a) directly proportional to its pressure. b) inversely proportional to its pressure. c) the square root of its pressure. volume a) reduces to one third. c) remains the same. b) increases by three times. d) cannot be predicted . d) None of the above. 2) At constant temperature, the pressure of the gas is reduced to one third, the

3) he total pressure of a mixture of gases ! non" reacting # is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of all the gases present his is the statement of a) $altons law of partial pressure. c) %rahams law of diffusion. gas behaviour is given by, a) ' ( p* + ) b) '( b) Avogadros law of partial pressures. d) Boyles law.

4) he compressibility factor &' , the extent to which a real gas deviates from ideal

c) '(

d) '(

5) he ,ompressibility factor & ' for an ideal gas is, a) -ero c) greater than one
1

b) less than one d) equal to one

Sharps Notes

F.Y.B.Sc. (Physical and Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I) ") .n *ander /aals equation of state for a non" ideal gas, the net force of attraction among the molecules is given by, a)

an) *)

b) 0 1 d) 0 "

an) *) an) *)

c)

"

an) *)

#) /ith the rise in temperature, the surface tension of a liquid, a) increases c) remains the same $) *iscosity of a liquid is a measure of a) +epulsive force between the liquid molecules. b) 2rictional resistance. c) .ntermolecular force between the molecules. d) None of the above. %) he reciprocal of viscosity is called a) 2rictional resistance. c) 2luidity. a) /ater c) %lycerin a) surface area c) temperature a) high viscosity. b) their tendency to acquire minimum surface area. c) their tendency to acquire maximum surface area. d) less viscosity. 13) .nsects can wal6 on the surface of water due to a) viscosity. c) refractivity.
2

b) decreases d) none of the above

b) 3urface tension. d) None of the above. b) Acetone d) 5thyl alcohol b) nature of liquid d) all of the above

1&) /hich of the following liquids has the maximum *iscosity4

11) he rate of evaporation of a liquid depends upon

12) 3mall droplets are spherical in shape , it is due to

b) surface tension. d) optical activity.

Sharps Notes

F.Y.B.Sc. (Physical and Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I) 'ns ( 1) b) 2) b) 3) a) 4) c) 5) d) ") a) #) b) $) b) %) c) 1&) c) 11) d) 12) b) 13) b*

'ns6ers for T6o Mar8eant b, ocal of 3

Q* 1* +hat is meant b, matter'ns a) 7atter is made up of atoms and molecules b) .t exist in solid liquid and gaseous state c) 3olids have definite shape and volume d) 8iquids have a definite volume but no definite shape e) %ases have neither definite shape nor volume. Q* 2* .efine the term !deal /as and a 0eal /as* 'ns ( ') !deal 1as ( A gas which obeys Boyles law , ,harles law etc under all conditions of temperature and pressure is 9nown as an !deal /as .t is given by the gas equation, 23 4 n0T 5) 0eal 1as ( +eal gas is the one which obeys the gas laws fairly well under low pressure or high temperature. All gases are real gases. Q* 3* State !deal /as la6* 'ns ( 1) he ideal gas law states that, the volume of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas and temperature but inversely proportional to the pressure.: 2) 7athematically it is expressed as ; *(+ or 0*( n+

3)

his is called as an ideal gas equation.

Q* 4* +hat is Compressibilit, 7actor 3 Sharps Notes

F.Y.B.Sc. (Physical and Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I) 'ns ( a) +eal gases behave li6e ideal gases in the limits of low pressures and high temperatures. a) But ,they deviate at high pressures and low temperatures. b) he extent of deviation of real gas form an ideal gas may be given in terms of a function called as Compressibilit, factor* c) .t is denoted by &9 and given by 9 4 d) e) .

he deviation factor &' will be greater than or less than <. he difference between unity and the value of the compressibility factor of a gas is a measure of the non"ideality of the gas.

Q* 5* +rite a short note on Critical Constants* 'ns ( a) a) he temperature, pressure and volume are collectively called as the ,ritical constants. hey are chracterstic of all gases. liquid and it is said to be in critical state. c) he merging of gas with its liquid is called as the critical phenomenon. ).)A atm and ,ritcal volume ( ?B.C!mlD mole#. d) 5xample= >elium has ,ritical temperatute ( ?.@!9#, ,ritical 0ressure!0# ( b) At critical temperature and pressure, the gas becomes indentical with its

Q* "* .efine the term Critical temperature ) Critical 3olume) and Critical 2ressure of a /as* 'ns ( a) b)
he critical temperature, & c of a gas is defined as that temperature above which it cannot be liquefied no matter how great the pressure applied. he ,ritical volume, &*c of a gas may be defined as the volume occupied by a mole of the gas at the critical temperature and critical pressure. c) ,ritical 0ressure , &0c of a gas may be defined as the minimum pressure required to liquify the gas at its critical temperature. Q* #* .efine the 7ollo6in/ terms* a) 3apour pressure ) b) Surface Tension and c) 3iscosit,*
4 Sharps Notes

F.Y.B.Sc. Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I) 'ns ( a) 3apour 2ressure ( vapour in equilibrium with the liquid at a fixed temperature. a) Surface Tension (

(Physical and

he vapour pressure of liquid is defined as the pressure exerted by the

3urface tension is defined as the force acting along the surface of a liquid at right angles at any line. c) 3iscosit, ( *iscosity is defined as the force of resistance per unit area which will maintain unit velocity difference between two layers of a liquid at a unit distance from each other. Q* $* State the units of 3iscosit, and Surface tension* : 'pril 2&12) 'ns ( *iscosity is given by the formulae h= 2orce $ist ance E Area *elocity mass x length x time- ) length E ) length D time length

or h =

= mass x length- < x time- < hus in ,%3 system the unit of is expressed as g cm"<. .t is called as 0oise !0# he 3. unit is 9g m"< force along the fluid surface length of the fluid surface 3urface tension is given by the formulae 2 g= 8 g= .n ,%3 system the unit of surface tension ! # is dynes per centimeter !dyne cm "<#. .n 3. system the unit is Newton per meter ! Nm "<#

' n s 6 e rs fo r 7 o u r M a r8
Q* 1* State the properties of matter* 'ns ( here are three states of matter ; 1) Solid ( a) 3olid retains an fixed volume and shape.
5 Sharps Notes

F.Y.B.Sc. (Physical and Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I) b) he molecules , atoms or ions arranged in a certain order in fixed position in the crystal lattice c) .t is not easily compressible d) he particles in solid are not free to move about but vibrate in their fixed positions 2) ;i<uid ( a) .t has a definite volume but no definite shape. b) Not easily compressible. c) 2lows easily, due to space between intermolecular atoms. 3) 1ases ( a) %ases have neither shapes nor volume. b) .t is easily compressible. c) 2lows easily, because the molecules are separated wide apart in empty space and are free to move. Q* 2* =>plain the si/nificance of an !deal /as e<uation* 'ns ( 2ollowing are the significance of an .deal gas equation. 1) .altons ;a6 of 2artial 2ressures ( .t is the application of the ideal gas equation 0*(n+ . a) .altons ;a6 of 2artial 2ressures states that,the total pressures of a mixture of gases are equal to the sum of the partial pressures of all gases present. b) 7athematically, it is expressed as 0total ( 0< 1 0) 1 0@F!at constant * and # Applying ideal gas equation to the partial pressures 0< , 0) and 0@ ,we get

0< (n<

0) (n)

0@ (n@

3o the total pressure, 0t of the mixture is

"

Sharps Notes

F.Y.B.Sc. Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I) 0t ( !n< 1 n) 1 n@#

(Physical and

0t ( nt
Conclusion. he total pressure of the mixture is determined by the total

number of moles present whether one gas or a mixture of gases. 2) 1rahmas la6 of .iffusion ( .t states that, under the same condition of temperature and,the rates of diffusion of different gases are inversely proportional to the square roots of their molecular masses. 7athematically the law can be expressed as

r< r)

7< 7)

Applying $altons law to the effusion of gas , it may be expressed as 5ffusionof %as< 7< = !/hen 0 and 5ffusionof %as) 7) are 6ept constant#

o determine the rate of effusion is much easier compared to the rate of diffusion.

$altons law of effusion is used to find the molecular mass of a given gas.
Q* 3* +hat are ;i<uid Cr,stals and /i?e its applications 'ns ( ;i<uid cr,stals are a phase of matter whose order is !mesomorphic state# between that of 8iquid and ,rystal . a) hey may be anistropic and isotropic container li6e liquids , but is more viscous and turbid and appears distinctly different from liquids. c) here are three types of liquid crystals.
# Sharps Notes

b) .n this fourth state of matter the substance tends to ta6e the shape of

F.Y.B.Sc. Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I) 1) Nematic 2) ,holesteric 3) 3mectic 7ollo6in/ are some of the application of li<uid cr,stals (

(Physical and

1) 3uch crystals are used as solvents for the study of structure of anisotropic molecules spectroscopically. 2) hese crystals consumes very less electricity and hence they are used in digital displays li6e poc6et calculators, digital wrist watches etc. 3) $ue to their electrical and mechanical properties lying between crystalline solids and isotropic liquids they are used in gas liquid chromatography. 4) he ,holesteric types of crystals are used for detecting tumours in the body by the method called thermography. Q* 4* 1i?e the Comparision bet6een the /aseous and the solid state of matter 'ns ( 2ollowing are the difference between the gaseous and the solid state of matter 1aseous state i) he gaseous state of matter has neither definite volume nor definite shape. ii) he forces of attractions Solid state .n solid matter occupies fixed volume and has fixed shape. he forces of attraction between

between the constituent particles particles are very strong such that the are negligible due very high constituent particles are very closely 6inetic energies. iii) arranged, most often in a regular pattern with fixed spatial geometry. he actual volume of the he density of a substance is very high in solid state than other states. >owever there are exceptions li6e water. are practically incompressible

constituent particles is negligible when compared to the volume of the container. i?) %ases compressible. :'pril 2&12) are

easily 3olid

since the particles are closely pac6ed.

Q* 5* =>plain the capillar, method of determination of surface tension* 'ns ( ,apillary method of determination of 3urface tension ; a) A capillary tube of radius &r is vertically inserted into a liquid . b) he liquid rises to a height &h and forms a concave meniscus .
$ Sharps Notes

F.Y.B.Sc. (Physical and Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I) c) he surface tension ! # acting along the inner circumstance of the tube supports the weight of the liquid column. d) By definition, surface is force per < cm acting at a tangent to the meniscus surface. e) .f the angle between the tangent and the tube wall is . component of surface tension is cos * f) g) he total surface tension along the circular contact line of meniscus is 2@ times herefore , upward force ( 2@ cos /here &r is the radius of the capillary. 2or most liquids, is -ero and cos 41 hen the upward force reduces to 2@r he downward force on the liquid column is due to its weight which is 7ass E gravity. hus, $ownward force ( h@r2 d/ /here,d is the density of the liquid But, upward force ( $ownward force )Gr ( hGr) dg he vertical

dynes D cm.

Q* "* !n an e>periment at 2%3A) 6ater rose in a capillar, of diameter &*&#$ cm to a hei/ht of 3*"% cm* Calculate the surface tension of 6ater if the densit, of 6ater at this temperature is &*%%$/ cm3 and /4 %$& cm sec 2* 'ns ( Solution (

Sharps Notes

F.Y.B.Sc. Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I) r4

(Physical and

( H.H@I cm

( B?.?)J dynes cm

"<

' n s 6 e rs fo r $ M a r8 s
Q* 1* =>plain /as la6s b, 8inetic molecular theor, of /ases* 'ns ( he 6inetic theory explains the gas laws satisfactorily as below ; 1) 5o,les la6 ( a) According to 6inetic molecular theory, the pressure exerted by a gas is due to bombardment of its molecules on the walls of the container. b) hus,the pressure depends upon the number of molecular impacts or collisions per unit area of the walls per second. c) At constant temperature the average speed of the molecules will be < ) ) mv remains the same.

d) Now, if the volume is increased, there will less number of molecules colliding each unit area of the vessel in a unit time. e) ,onsequently ,there will be decrease in the pressure. f) Kn the other hand, if the volume is decreased, thereby increasing the pressure.
1& Sharps Notes

F.Y.B.Sc. (Physical and Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I) /) hus, it can be said that at given temperature , the pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to the volume . h) his is called as 5o,els la6* 2) Charles ;a6 ( a) /hen the temperature of a gas is increased, the 6inetic energy of the < ) molecules increases mv ) increases. b) $ue to increase in velocity, there is frequent and *igorous collision with the walls of the container. c) his increases the pressure of the gas. on the walls of the container will be the same. e) his is possible only if the gas expands. the molecules decreases and thereby decreasing the pressure. /) h) i) B) o 6eep the pressure constant, volume of the gas must decrease, so that the force due to due to collisions per unit area remains the same. hus, it can be said that, At given pressure volume of the gas increases with rise in temperature, and decreases with the decrease in temperature. >ence, volume is directly proportional to the temperature at constant pressure. his is called as Charles la6* 3) .altons ;a6 ( a) .n the absence of the attractive forces, the particles of the gas behave independent of one other. b) his applies for the presence of mixture of non" reacting gases in a container. c) Being independent the number of molecules colliding the unit area of the wall per second at a given temperature for a fixed amount of gas is the same.
11 Sharps Notes

, as a result , the velocity of the molecules

d) >owever, if the pressure is 6ept constant, the force due to molecular collision

f) Kn the other hand , if the temperature is decreased , the average velocity of

F.Y.B.Sc. (Physical and Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I) d) his implies that the partial pressure of the gas will be unaffected by the presence of molecules of other gases. e) >owever, the total pressure exerted is due to the impact of molecules of all the gases. f) >ence, the total pressure would be sum of the partial pressure of the gases. /) his is called as .altons la6*

Q* 2* =>plain the 7actor of .e?iation of real /as from an ideal /as* 'ns ( he deviation of real gas from an ideal gas depends on factors li6e temperature and pressure. 1) =ffect of pressure on de?iation of a real /as ( a) his can be explained by plotting a graph between compressibility factor !'# and 0ressure !0#. b) At very low pressure, the compressibility factor C9 of these gases is approximately equal to one. c) his indicates that at low pressure, real gases exhibit nearly ideal gas behaviour. d) As the pressure increases the compressibility increases to one i.e. : 941) e) 2or example, in the graph below, the >) shows a continuous increase in compressibility factor :9 4 1)) thus its curve lies above the ideal gas curve at all pressures. f) >owever, at high pressure, the compressibility for N) and ,K) , ' first decreases : 9D1#. .t passes through a minimum and then increases continuously with pressure : 9 E1) . /) his shows that ,K) can be easily liquefied.

12

Sharps Notes

F.Y.B.Sc. Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I)

(Physical and

7i/ 1 ( 9 ?ersus 2 plots of F2 ) N2 and CG2 at 3&&A 2) =ffect of Temperature on de?iation of a real /as ( a) o study the effect of temperature on deviation of a real gas. 8et us plot curves between compressibility factor C9 and C2 for nitrogen at different temperatures. b) /ith the increase in temperature , the deviation from the ideal gas behaviour becomes less while At low temperature, the compressibility factor :9 D 1) c) At certain temperature , the minimum in the curve vanishes and the curve remains hori-ontal for a range of pressures. d) At this temperature, 0* D + is almost unity and the Boyles law is obeyed. e) >ence this temperature , for the gas is called 5o,les temperature

13

Sharps Notes

F.Y.B.Sc. Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I)

(Physical and

7i/ 2 ( 9 ?ersus 2 plots for N2 at different temperatures* 2rom the above discussion, the following conclusions can be made. 1) At low pressure and fairly high temperature, real gases show nearly ideal gas behaviour and the ideal gas equation is obeyed. 2) At low temperature and sufficiently high pressures, a real gas deviates significantly from ideality and the ideal gas equation is not obeyed. 3) he closer the gas is to the liquefaction point, the larger will be the deviation from the ideal L gas behaviour. Q* 3* .eri?e the 3ander +aal e<uation* 'ns ( 1) he ideal gas equation 0* ( n+ could not hold for real gases. the volume and pressure of an ideal gas. a) 3olume Correction ( 8et C3 be the volume occupied by molecules at rest. /hen the molecules are in motion the volume will be greater than the actual volume. >ence, it is given by C43 and denoted by Cb the actual volume available in which the molecules are free to move is given by Total 3olume H effecti?e ?olume
14 Sharps Notes

2) .n order to ma6e an ideal gas applicable to real gas, *ander /aals corrected

F.Y.B.Sc. Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I) >ence the corrected will be

(Physical and

.f the molecule is at rest , they would exclude certain volume which no other molecule can occupy . 3o, let r ( radius of a molecule hen the radius of an excluded volume or sphere will be r 1 r ( )r *olume of a molecule 4 G !)r#@

C!

G r@#

( C* hus, the volume excluded by one molecule is

x C*

( J* ( b .f &n moles of the gas were present then correct volume &* is given by *corrected b) Corrected 2ressure ( i) he intermolecular attractive forces of a molecule cancel each other , but a molecule stri6ing a wall of a container is pulled by the upward attractive force by another molecule. ii) herefore, it stri6es the wall with reduced velocity and actual pressure &0 will be less than ideal pressure. .f actual pressure &0 is less than 0.deal by quantity &p /e have ,0 ( 0.deal " p Kr 0.deal ( 0 1 p
15 Sharps Notes
(

F.Y.B.Sc. (Physical and Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I) &p determines the force of attraction between molecule &A stri6ing the wall and molecule &B pulling then inward.

he net force is proportional to the concentration of MAN and MBN, thus p ,A x ,B

Kr p

Kr p( hus, the corrected 0ressure &0 in the ideal gas equation is 0+ 2or n moles of gas. According to *ander /aals equation, the pressure of an ideal gas is given as a n) 0+ ) * he correct volume of an ideal gas is !* L nb# 3ubstituting the values of corrected pressure and volume in the ideal gas equation, 0* ( n+ a n) 0 + ) ( * - nb) = n+ * he above equation is 6nown as 3ande +aals e<uation for &n moles of a gas 2or < mole of a gas , the above equation becomes a 0 + ) ( * - b) = + * he constants &a and &b are also 6nown as *ander /aals constant . he above is applicable for real gases as well
1" Sharps Notes

an) *)

F.Y.B.Sc. Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I) Q* 4* =>plain the !sotherms of CG2* example of carbon Ldioxide.

(Physical and

'ns ( a) Andrew demonstrated the critical phenomenon in gases by ta6ing the b) 2or an ideal gas 0*( n+ , the curve would be rectangular parabolas. c) Andrew plotted the isotherms of carbon dioxide for a series of temperatures d) 2or @<H,, below @<H, and above @<H,

7i/ 3( 'ndre6s isotherm of CG2 at different temperature* ') !sotherms abo?e 31C ( 1) he isotherm at )?, is a rectangular hyperbola and approximates to the isotherm of an ideal gas. 2) 3o are all other isotherms above @<,. 3) hus, in the region above the isotherm at @<,, ,arbon dioxide always exist in the gaseous state. 5) !sotherms belo6 31C ( 1) he isotherms below @<, are discontinuous.

2) 2or example , the isotherm of )<, consist of three parts i) The Cur?e '5 (

a) .t is a 0* curve for gaseous carbon. b) Along AB, the volume decreases gradually with the increase of pressure.
1# Sharps Notes

F.Y.B.Sc. (Physical and Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I) c) At B the volume decreases suddenly due to the formation of liquid carbon dioxide having higher density. ii) The ForiIontal 2ortion 5C ( a) Along the hori-ontal part B, of the isotherm, the liquefaction continues while the pressure is held constant. b) At , all the gas is converted to liquid. ii) The 3ertical Cur?e C. ( a) b) his part of the isotherm is, in fact, the 0"* curve of liquid carbon dioxide . his is almost vertical since the liquid not very compressible.

C) The !sotherm at 31&C ( 1) Above @<H, there is no possibility of liquefaction of carbon dioxide, the critical temperature of carbon"dioxide is at @<H,. 2) 3) he isotherm 52% is called the Critical isotherm. he 52 portion of the critical isotherm represents the 0"* curve of carbon dioxide gas . 4) At the point 2, the curve records a twist which is same with the appearance of liquid carbon dioxide. 5) >ere, the gas and the liquid have the same density and are indistinguishable. ") his point is called as Critical point and the corresponding pressure is called as Critical pressure. #) Beyond 2 the isotherm becomes nearly parallel to the vertical axis and mar6s the boundary ,the gaseous carbon dioxide on the right and the liquid carbon dioxide on the left. Q* 5* =>plain the Correlation bet6een the Critical constants and 3ander +aals constants* 'ns ( 1) According to homson, there should be no sharp points in the isotherms below the critical temperature. 2) he isotherms should exhibit a complete continuity of state from gas to liquid.
1$ Sharps Notes

F.Y.B.Sc. (Physical and Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I) 3) his type of continuity state can be predicted by *ander /aals cubic equation. 4) he *ander /aals equation may be written as

a 0 + ) ( * - b) = + * a ab 0* - 0b + - ) - + = H v * 7ultiplying the whole equation by *) /e get, 0*@

L !+

1 0b # *) 1 av L ab ( H

At the critical point, * @ = *c

( * - *c ) = H
or, * @ - @*c * ) + @*c) * - *c@ = H OOOOO

( <)

hus, at the critical point *ander /aal equation gives *@ + c a ab +b *) + *= H OOOOOO ( )) 0c 0c 0c

5quating ,oefficients in ! <# and ! )#

@*c = @*c) = *c@ = + c + b OOOOO 0c a 0c OOOO OOOOOO

( @) ( J) ( ?)

ab 0c

2rom equation !J# and ! ?# *c = @b OOOOOO!A# 3ubstituting the value in equation !J# 0c =
1%

a OOOO ( B) )Bb)
Sharps Notes

F.Y.B.Sc. Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I)

(Physical and

3ubstituting the value of 0c and *c in equation ! @ # we get ,

Ca )B+b OOOOOO!C#

>ence, the value of &a and &b, the critical constants can be calculated conversely since 0c and
c

are determined experimentally these values may *c @

be used to calculated constants &a and &b. a = @*c)0c ,b =

Q* "* State the 2roperties of ;i<uids* 'ns( 2ollowing are some of the properties of liquids= !ntermolecular 7orces in li<uids ( a) .ntermolecular forces in liquids are collectively called as *ander /aals forces. b) c) i) hese forces arise from the attraction of charges of opposite sign. here are three 6inds of intermolecular force of attraction $ipole"dipole attractions.

ii) 8ondon dispersion forces . iii) >ydrogen Bonding Based on the above three intermolecular forces, three properties of liquids are discussed below; 1) 3apour 2ressure( a) /hen the liquid is placed in an open vessel. he molecules which possess

above average 9inetic energies, overcome the intermolecular forces that hold them in a liquid. b) c) hese energetic molecules escape from the liquid surface as vapour. he process by which the molecules of a liquid go into gaseous state
2& Sharps Notes

!*apour# is called as 3aporiIation or =?aporation.

F.Y.B.Sc. (Physical and Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I) d) he concentration of the vapor in the space above the liquid will remain unchanged with lapse in time. e) his will exert a pressure at the equilibrium ,called as 3apor pressure

f) *apour pressure increases with the increase in temperature. /) his is so, because at higher temperature more molecules in the liquid will

have larger 6inetic energy and will brea6 the intermolecular force more rapidly.

2) Surface Tension ( a) his 0roperty arises due to intermolecular forces.

b) A molecule in the interior is attracted equally in all directions by the molecules around it . c) But a molecule at the surface is attracted by the forces at the sides and from the interior. d) he forces at the counter sides cancel each other, hence a molecules at the surface is pulled by the inward force of the liquid. e) he liquid surface is , therefore under tension and tends to contract to the smallest possible area in order to have the minimum number of molecules at the surface. f) 3urface tension is defined as , he force acting along the surface of a liquid at right angles to any line. g) .t is denoted by ! #. h) .ncrease in temperature decrease the surface tension. i) his is due to the fact that increase in temperature increases the 6inetic energy, thereby decreasing the intermolecular forces. +esulting in the decrease in inward pull on the surface of the liquid. 3) 3iscosit, ( a) he resistance of a liquid to flow is called 3iscosit,*
21 Sharps Notes

F.Y.B.Sc. Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I) b) his property is governed by the intermolecular force. c)

(Physical and

he strong intermolecular force , prevents the free flowing of the liquid. intermolecular force between the molecules

d) .ncrease in temperature decreases the viscosity of a liquid. $ue to wea6 e) .t is denoted by !# Q* #* =>plain the !soteniscopic method of determination 3apour pressure* 'ns ( !soteniscope method ( .t is a convenient and accurate method used to measure the vapour pressure over a range of temperature. he experiment is carried out in the following steps; 1) 2) 3) 4) he bottle !5# is connected to the vacuum pump and the apparatus is evacuated till the liquid boils vigorously in the bulb &B. his expels all air from the isoteniscope &B, . he level of the liquid in the limb 8) stands higher than in the limb 8< he temperature of the thermostat is now adPusted to the desired value and air is admitted slowly into the apparatus by connecting the bottle &5 to the atmosphere till the levels of the liquids in both the limbs 8< and 8) are equal. 5) Qnder the condition the pressure in both the limbs 8< and 8) will be equal. ") 0ressure in the limb 8< is the vapour pressure whereas pressure in the limb 8) is equal to the pressure in the rest of the apparatus and is equal to the atmospheric pressure. #) 7inus the height of the mercury column in the tube &$. $) >ence, this difference is the ?apour pressure of the liquid at the temperature of the thermostat.

22

Sharps Notes

F.Y.B.Sc. Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I)

(Physical and

7i/ 4 ( !soteniscope method of determination of ?apour pressure Q* $* =>plain the method of determination of 3iscosit, b, Gst6ald method* 'ns( a) he apparatus used for the determination of relative viscosity of a liquid is 6nown as Gst6ald 3iscosimeter or 3iscometer* b) A definite volume of liquid is poured into the bulb &, with a pipette. c) d) e) f) /) h) he liquid is suc6ed up near to the top of the left limb with the help of a rubber tubing attached to it. he liquid is then released to flow bac6 into the tube &,. he time ! t<# from A to B is noted with a stopwatch . hen the apparatus is cleaned and the experiment is repeated with water, ta6ing about same volume. he time of flow of water !t) # is noted from A to B. he density of the liquid ! d# and water ! dw# are determined with the help of a pyknometer.

i)

he relative viscosity coefficient is calculated from the expression dt h = < hw dwt )

B)

9nowing the value of the viscosity coefficient of water !w# at the temperature of the experiment , the absolute viscosity coeficient ! # of the given liquid can be found.
23 Sharps Notes

F.Y.B.Sc. Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I)

(Physical and

7i/ 5 ( Gst6ald Method of .etermination of 3apour 2ressure* : 2lease ta8e out the name fi/ 11*24 form the ima/e )

24

Sharps Notes

F.Y.B.Sc. Inorganic Chemistry) (Paper I)

(Physical and

=>am Griented !mportant 2oints

2roperties of matter ( 1) 2) 3olid 8iquid 3ander 6aal e<uation ( a) *olume correction b) ,orrected 0ressure !sotherms of CG2 ( ') 5) .sotherms above @< , !sotherms belo6 31 C ( i) ii) C) he ,urve AB he >ori-ontal 0ortion B,

3) %ases Si/nificance of an !deal /as e<uation ( 1) 2) $altonRs 8aw of 0artial 0ressures %rahmaRs law of $iffusion

1as la6s b, 8inetic molecular theor, of /ases ( 1) BoyleRs law 2) 3) ,harleRs 8aw $altonRs 8aw

iii) he *ertical ,urve ,$ he .sotherm at @<H,

7actor of de?iation of real /as from an ideal /as ( 1) 5ffect of pressure on deviation of a real gas 2) 5ffect of emperature on deviation of a real gas

2roperties of ;i<uids ( !ntermolecular 7orces in li<uids ( 1) 2) 3) *apour 0ressure 3urface ension *iscosity

25

Sharps Notes