The Philobiblon of Richard de Bury

t www.gutenberg.net Title: The Philobiblon of Richard de Bury Author: Richard de Bury Translator: E. C. Thomas Posting Date: July !" ##$ %EBoo& '! !( Release Date: August" )**! +anguage: English Character set encoding: A,C--

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PRE1ACE The Author of the Boo&. Richard de Bury =) $)>)?@AB" so called from being born near Bury ,t. Edmunds" was the son of ,ir Richard Aunger<ille. .e studied at /Cford: and was subseDuently chosen to be tutor to Prince Edward of 8indsor" afterwards Edward ---. .is loyalty to the cause of Eueen -sabella and

the Prince in<ol<ed him in danger. /n the accession of his FuFil he was made successi<ely Cofferer" Treasurer of the 8ardrobe" Archdeacon of 0orthamFton" Prebendary of +incoln" ,arum" and +ichfield" 7eeFer of the Pri<y Purse" Ambassador on two occasions to PoFe John GG--" who aFFointed him a chaFlain of the FaFal chaFel" Dean of 8ells" and ultimately" at the end of the year )???" BishoF of Durham: the 7ing and Eueen" the 7ing of ,cots" and all the magnates north of the Trent" together with a multitude of nobles and many others" were Fresent at his enthroniHation. -t is noteworthy that during his stay at A<ignon" Frobably in )??#" he made the acDuaintance of Petrarch" who has left us a brief account of their intercourse. -n )?? Richard <isited Cambridge" as one of the 7ing;s commissioners" to inDuire into the state of the 7ing;s ,cholars there" and FerhaFs then became a member of the 4ild of ,t. 5ary>>one of the two gilds which founded CorFus Christi College. -n )??@ he became .igh Chancellor of England" and Treasurer in )??!" resigning the former office in )??A" so that he might helF the 7ing in dealing with affairs abroad and in ,cotland" and too& a most distinguished Fart in diFlomatic negociations between England and 1rance. -n )??* he was again in his bishoFric. Thereafter his name occurs often among those aFFointed to treat of Feace with PhiliF of 1rance" and with Bruce of ,cotland. -t aFFears that he was not in Parliament in )?@@. 8asted by long sic&ness>>longa infirmitate decoctus>>on the )@th of AFril" )?@A" Richard de Bury died at Auc&land" and was buried in Durham Cathedral. Dominus Ricardus de Bury migra<it ad Dominum.

The BishoF as Boo&lo<er. According to the concluding note" the Philobiblon was comFleted on the bishoF;s fifty>eighth birthday" the @th of January" )?@A" so that e<en though wea&ened by illness" Richard must ha<e been acti<ely engaged in his literary efforts to the <ery end of his generous and noble life. .is enthusiastic de<oted biograFher Chambre%)( gi<es a <i<id account of the bishoF;s boo&lo<ing FroFensities" suFFlementary to what can be gathered from the Philobiblon itself. -ste summe delectabatur in multitudine librorum: he had more boo&s" as was commonly reForted" than all the other English bishoFs Fut together. .e had a seFarate library in each of his residences" and where<er he was residing" so many boo&s lay about his bed>chamber" that it was hardly Fossible to stand or mo<e without treading uFon them. All the time he could sFare from business was de<oted either to religious offices or to his boo&s. E<ery day while at table he would ha<e a boo& read to him" unless some sFecial guest were Fresent" and afterwards would engage in discussion on the subIect of the reading. The haughty Anthony Bec delighted in the aFFendages of royalty>>to be addressed by nobles &neeling" and to be waited on in his Fresence>chamber and at his table by 7nights bare>headed and standing: but De Bury lo<ed to surround himself with learned scholars. Among these were such men as Thomas Bradwardine" afterwards ArchbishoF of Canterbury" and author of the De Causa Dei: Richard 1itHralFh" afterwards ArchbishoF of Armagh" and famous for his hostility to the mendicant orders: 8alter Burley" who dedicated to him a translation of the Politics of Aristotle made at his suggestion: John 5auduit" the astronomer: Robert .ol&ot" author of many boo&s: Richard de 7il<ington: Richard Benworth" afterwards BishoF of +ondon: and 8alter ,eagra<e" who became Dean of Chichester.6% (

%)( CF. ,urtees ,ociety;s edition of ,criFtores Tres: also 8harton;s Anglia ,acra. % ( An unsuccessful attemFt has been made to transfer the authorshiF of the boo& to Robert .ol&ot. 9arious theories ha<e been ad<anced against Richard;s claims. -t is noteworthy that his contemForary Adam 5urimuth disFarages him as 6mediocriter literatus" <olens tamen magnus clericus reFutari"6 but such disFaragement must be ta&en with the utmost caution. The really difficult fact to be accounted for is the omission on the Fart of Chambre to mention the boo&.

The BishoF;s Boo&s. -n the Philobiblon" Richard de Bury fran&ly and clearly describes his means and method of collecting boo&s. Anyhow his obIect was clearly not selfish. The treatise contains his rules for the library of the new College at /Cford>>Durham College =where Trinity College now standsB>>which he Fractically founded" though his successor" BishoF .atfield" carried the scheme into effect. -t is traditionally reForted that Richard;s boo&s were sent" in his lifetime or after his death" to the house of the Durham Benedictines at /Cford" and there remained until the dissolution of the College by .enry 9---." when they were disFersed" some going into Du&e .umFhrey;s =the 2ni<ersityB library" others to Balliol College" and the remainder Fassing into the hands of Dr. 4eorge /wen" who Furchased the site of the dissol<ed College.%?( %?( 5r. J. 8. Clar& Futs the matter as follows:>>6Durham College" maintained by the Benedictines of Durham" was suFFlied with boo&s from the mother>house" lists of which ha<e been Freser<ed: and subseDuently a library was built there to contain the collection beDueathed in )?@A by Richard de Bury6 =The Care of Boo&s" F. )@ B. 5r. Thomas Foints out that De Bury;s eCecutors sold at least some Fortion of his boo&s: and" moreo<er" his biograFher says nothing of a library at /Cford. Possibly the scheme was ne<er carried out. -n the British 5useum =Roy. )? D. i<. ?B is a large folio 5,. of the wor&s of John of ,alisbury" which was one of the boo&s bought bac& from the BishoF;s eCecutors. 2nfortunately" the 6sFecial catalogue6 of his boo&s FreFared by Richard has not come down to us: but 6from his own boo& and from the boo&s cited in the wor&s of his friends and housemates" who may reasonably be suFFosed to ha<e drawn largely from the bishoF;s collection" it would be Fossible to restore a hyFothetical but not imFrobable Bibliotheca Ricardi de Bury. The difficulty would be with that contemForary literature" which they would thin& below the dignity of Duotation" but which we &now the BishoF collected.6

Early Editions of the Philobiblon. The boo& was first Frinted at Cologne in )@J?" at ,Fires in )@$?" and at Paris in )A##. The first English edition aFFeared in )A*$>*" edited by Thomas James" Bodley;s first librarian. /ther editions aFFeared in 4ermany in )!)#" )!)@" )!J@ and )J#?: at Paris in )$A!: at Albany in )$!). The teCts were" with the eCceFtion of those issued in )@$? and )A**" based on the )@J? edition: though the 1rench edition and translation of )$A!" FreFared by 5. Cocheris" claimed to be a critical

<ersion" it left the teCt untouched" and merely ga<e the <arious readings of the three Paris manuscriFts at the foot of the Fages: these readings are moreo<er badly chosen" and the faults of the <ersion are further to be referred to the use of the ill>Frinted )J#? edition as coFy. -n )$? there aFFeared an anonymous English translation" now &nown to ha<e been by J. B. -nglis: it followed the edition of )@J?" with all its errors and inaccuracies. 5r. E. C. Thomas; TeCt.>>The first true teCt of the Philobiblon" the result of a careful eCamination of twenty>eight 5,,." and of the <arious Frinted editions" aFFeared in the year )$$$: 6The Philobiblon of Richard de Bury" BishoF of Durham" Treasurer and Chancellor of Edward ---" edited and translated by Ernest C. Thomas" Barrister>at>law" late ,cholar of Trinity College" /Cford" and +ibrarian of the /Cford 2nion. +ondon: 7egan Paul" Trench" K Co.6 1or fifteen years the enthusiastic editor>>an ideal BiblioFhile>>had toiled at his labour of lo<e" and his wor& was on all sides recei<ed with the recognition due to his monumental achie<ement. To the great loss of English learning" he did not long sur<i<e the conclusion of his labours. The <ery limited edition of the wor& was soon eChausted" and it is by the most generous Fermission of his father" 5r. John Thomas" of +ower Broughton" 5anchester" that the translation>>the only trustworthy rendering of Richard de Bury;s Frecious treatise>>is now" for the first time" made accessible to the larger boo&>lo<ing Fublic" and fittingly inaugurates the Fresent series of English classics. The general Editor desires to eCFress his best than&s to 5r. John Thomas" as also to 5essrs. 7egan Paul" for their &indness in allowing him to a<ail himself of the materials included in the )$$$ edition of the wor&. .e has attemFted" in the brief Preface and 0otes" to condense 5r. Thomas; labours in such a way as would ha<e been acceFtable to the lamented scholar" and though he has made bold to eCFlain some few teCtual difficulties" and to add some few references" he would fain hoFe that these additions ha<e been made with modest caution>>with the re<erence due to the unstinted toil of a BiblioFhile after Richard de Bury;s own Fattern. 3et once again Richard de Bury;s Philobiblon" edited and translated into English by E. C. Thomas" is Fresented to new generations of boo&>lo<ers:>>6+-BR/R25 D-+ECT/R-B2,.6

T.E P.-+/B-B+/0 0E8+3 TRA0,+ATED PR/+/42E ----9 9 9That the treasure of wisdom is chiefly contained in boo&s The degree of affection that is FroFerly due to boo&s 8hat we are to thin& of the Frice in the buying of boo&s The comFlaint of boo&s against the clergy already Fromoted The comFlaint of boo&s against the Fossessioners The comFlaint of boo&s against the mendicants

9-9---G G GG-G--G-9 G9 G9G9-G9--G-G GG

The comFlaint of boo&s against wars /f the numerous oFFortunities we ha<e had of collecting a store of boo&s .ow" although we Freferred the wor&s of the ancients" we ha<e not condemned the studies of the moderns /f the gradual Ferfecting of boo&s 8hy we ha<e Freferred boo&s of liberal learning to boo&s of law 8hy we ha<e caused boo&s of grammar to be so diligently FreFared 8hy we ha<e not wholly neglected the fables of the Foets 8ho ought to be sFecial lo<ers of boo&s /f the ad<antages of the lo<e of boo&s That it is meritorious to write new boo&s and to renew the old /f showing due FroFriety in the custody of boo&s ,howeth that we ha<e collected so great store of boo&s for the common benefit of scholars and not only for our own Fleasure /f the manner of lending all our boo&s to students An eChortation to scholars to reDuite us by Fious Frayers

PR/+/42E To all the faithful of Christ to whom the tenor of these Fresents may come" Richard de Bury" by the di<ine mercy BishoF of Durham" wisheth e<erlasting sal<ation in the +ord and to Fresent continually a Fious memorial of himself before 4od" ali&e in his lifetime and after his death. 8hat shall - render unto the +ord for all .is benefits towards meL as&s the most de<out Psalmist" an in<incible 7ing and first among the FroFhets: in which most grateful Duestion he aFFro<es himself a willing than&>offerer" a multifarious debtor" and one who wishes for a holier counsellor than himself: agreeing with Aristotle" the chief of FhilosoFhers" who shows =in the ?rd and !th boo&s of his EthicsB that all action deFends uFon counsel. And indeed if so wonderful a FroFhet" ha<ing a fore>&nowledge of di<ine secrets" wished so anCiously to consider how he might gratefully reFay the blessings graciously bestowed" what can we fitly do" who are but rude than&sgi<ers and most greedy recei<ers" laden with infinite di<ine benefitsL Assuredly we ought with anCious deliberation and abundant consideration" ha<ing first in<o&ed the ,e<enfold ,Firit" that it may burn in our musings as an illuminating fire" fer<ently to FreFare a way without hinderance" that the bestower of all things may be cheerfully worshiFFed in return for the gifts that .e has bestowed" that our neighbour may be relie<ed of his burden" and that the guilt contracted by sinners e<ery day may be redeemed by the atonement of almsgi<ing.

1orewarned therefore through the admonition of the Psalmist;s de<otion by .im who alone Fre<ents and Ferfects the goodwill of man" without 8hom we ha<e no Fower e<en so much as to thin&" and 8hose gift we doubt not it is" if we ha<e done anything good" we ha<e diligently inDuired and considered in our own heart as well as with others" what among the good offices of <arious wor&s of Fiety would most Flease the Almighty" and would be more beneficial to the Church 5ilitant. And loM there soon occurred to our contemFlation a host of unhaFFy" nay" rather of elect scholars" in whom 4od the Creator and 0ature .is handmaid Flanted the roots of eCcellent morals and of famous sciences" but whom the Fo<erty of their circumstances so oFFressed that before the frown of ad<erse fortune the seeds of eCcellence" so fruitful in the culti<ated field of youth" not being watered by the rain that they reDuire" are forced to wither away. Thus it haFFens that 6bright <irtue lur&s buried in obscurity"6 to use the words of Boethius" and burning lights are not Fut under a bushel" but for want of oil are utterly eCtinguished. Thus the field" so full of flower in ,Fring" has withered uF before har<est time: thus wheat degenerates to tares" and <ines into the wild <ines" and thus oli<es run into the wild oli<e: the tender stems rot away altogether" and those who might ha<e grown uF into strong Fillars of the Church" being endowed with the caFacity of a subtle intellect" abandon the schools of learning. 8ith Fo<erty only as their steFmother" they are reFelled <iolently from the nectared cuF of FhilosoFhy as soon as they ha<e tasted of it and ha<e become more fiercely thirsty by the <ery taste. Though fit for the liberal arts and disFosed to study the sacred writings alone" being deFri<ed of the aid of their friends" by a &ind of aFostasy they return to the mechanical arts solely to gain a li<elihood" to the loss of the Church and the degradation of the whole clergy. Thus 5other Church concei<ing sons is comFelled to miscarry" nay" some misshaFen monster is born untimely from her womb" and for lac& of that little with which 0ature is contented" she loses eCcellent FuFils" who might afterwards become chamFions and athletes of the faith. Alas" how suddenly the woof is cut" while the hand of the wea<er is beginning his wor&M Alas" how the sun is ecliFsed in the brightness of the dawn" and the Flanet in its course is hurled bac&wards" and" while it bears the nature and li&eness of a star suddenly droFs and becomes a meteorM 8hat more Fiteous sight can the Fious man beholdL 8hat can more sharFly stir the bowels of his FityL 8hat can more easily melt a heart hard as an an<il into hot tearsL /n the other hand" let us recall from Fast eCFerience how much it has Frofited the whole Christian commonwealth" not indeed to ener<ate students with the delights of a ,ardanaFalus or the riches of a Croesus" but rather to suFFort them in their Fo<erty with the frugal means that become the scholar. .ow many ha<e we seen with our eyes" how many ha<e we read of in boo&s" who" distinguished by no Fride of birth" and reIoicing in no rich inheritance" but suFForted only by the Fiety of the good" ha<e made their way to aFostolic chairs" ha<e most worthily Fresided o<er faithful subIects" ha<e bent the nec&s of the Froud and lofty to the ecclesiastical yo&e and ha<e eCtended further the liberties of the ChurchM Accordingly" ha<ing ta&en a sur<ey of human necessities in e<ery direction" with a <iew to bestow our charity uFon them" our comFassionate inclinations ha<e chosen to bear Fious aid to this calamitous class of men" in whom there is ne<ertheless such hoFe of ad<antage to the Church" and to Fro<ide for them" not only in resFect of things necessary to their suFFort" but much more in resFect of the boo&s so useful to their studies. To this end" most acceFtable in the sight of 4od" our attention has long been unweariedly de<oted. This ecstatic lo<e has carried us away so Fowerfully" that we ha<e resigned

all thoughts of other earthly things" and ha<e gi<en oursel<es uF to a Fassion for acDuiring boo&s. That our intent and FurFose" therefore" may be &nown to Fosterity as well as to our contemForaries" and that we may for e<er stoF the Fer<erse tongues of gossiFers as far as we are concerned" we ha<e Fublished a little treatise written in the lightest style of the moderns: for it is ridiculous to find a slight matter treated of in a FomFous style. And this treatise =di<ided into twenty chaFtersB will clear the lo<e we ha<e had for boo&s from the charge of eCcess" will eCFound the FurFose of our intense de<otion" and will narrate more clearly than light all the circumstances of our underta&ing. And because it FrinciFally treats of the lo<e of boo&s" we ha<e chosen" after the fashion of the ancient Romans" fondly to name it by a 4ree& word" Philobiblon.

C.APTER T.AT T.E TREA,2RE /1 8-,D/5 -, C.-E1+3 C/0TA-0ED -0 B//7, The desirable treasure of wisdom and science" which all men desire by an instinct of nature" infinitely surFasses all the riches of the world: in resFect of which Frecious stones are worthless: in comFarison with which sil<er is as clay and Fure gold is as a little sand: at whose sFlendour the sun and moon are dar& to loo& uFon: comFared with whose mar<ellous sweetness honey and manna are bitter to the taste. / <alue of wisdom that fadeth not away with time" <irtue e<er flourishing" that cleanseth its Fossessor from all <enomM / hea<enly gift of the di<ine bounty" descending from the 1ather of lights" that thou mayest eCalt the rational soul to the <ery hea<ensM Thou art the celestial nourishment of the intellect" which those who eat shall still hunger and those who drin& shall still thirst" and the gladdening harmony of the languishing soul which he that hears shall ne<er be confounded. Thou art the moderator and rule of morals" which he who follows shall not sin. By thee &ings reign and Frinces decree Iustice. By thee" rid of their nati<e rudeness" their minds and tongues being Folished" the thorns of <ice being torn uF by the roots" those men attain high Flaces of honour" and become fathers of their country" and comFanions of Frinces" who without thee would ha<e melted their sFears into Fruning>hoo&s and Floughshares" or would FerhaFs be feeding swine with the Frodigal. 8here dost thou chiefly lie hidden" / most elect treasureM and where shall thirsting souls disco<er theeL Certes" thou hast Flaced thy tabernacle in boo&s" where the 5ost .igh" the +ight of lights" the Boo& of +ife" has established thee. There e<eryone who as&s recei<eth thee" and e<eryone who see&s finds thee" and to e<eryone that &noc&eth boldly it is sFeedily oFened. Therein the cherubim sFread out their wings" that the intellect of the students may ascend and loo& from Fole to Fole" from the east and west" from the north and from the south. Therein the mighty and incomFrehensible 4od .imself is aFFrehensibly contained and worshiFFed: therein is re<ealed the nature of things celestial" terrestrial" and infernal: therein are discerned the laws by which e<ery state is administered" the offices of the celestial hierarchy are distinguished" and the tyrannies of demons described" such as neither the ideas of Plato transcend" nor the chair of Crato contained. -n boo&s - find the dead as if they were ali<e: in boo&s - foresee things to come: in boo&s warli&e affairs are set forth: from boo&s come

forth the laws of Feace. All things are corruFted and decay in time: ,aturn ceases not to de<our the children that he generates: all the glory of the world would be buried in obli<ion" unless 4od had Fro<ided mortals with the remedy of boo&s. AleCander" the conDueror of the earth" Julius" the in<ader of Rome and of the world" who" the first in war and arts" assumed uni<ersal emFire under his single rule" faithful 1abricius and stern Cato" would now ha<e been un&nown to fame" if the aid of boo&s had been wanting. Towers ha<e been raHed to the ground: cities ha<e been o<erthrown: triumFhal arches ha<e Ferished from decay: nor can either FoFe or &ing find any means of more easily conferring the Fri<ilege of FerFetuity than by boo&s. The boo& that he has made renders its author this ser<ice in return" that so long as the boo& sur<i<es its author remains immortal and cannot die" as Ptolemy declares in the Prologue to his Almagest: .e is not dead" he says" who has gi<en life to science. 8ho therefore will limit by anything of another &ind the Frice of the infinite treasure of boo&s" from which the scribe who is instructed bringeth forth things new and oldL Truth that triumFhs o<er all things" which o<ercomes the &ing" wine" and women" which it is rec&oned holy to honour before friendshiF" which is the way without turning and the life without end" which holy Boethius considers to be threefold in thought" sFeech" and writing" seems to remain more usefully and to fructify to greater Frofit in boo&s. 1or the meaning of the <oice Ferishes with the sound: truth latent in the mind is wisdom that is hid and treasure that is not seen: but truth which shines forth in boo&s desires to manifest itself to e<ery imFressionable sense. -t commends itself to the sight when it is read" to the hearing when it is heard" and moreo<er in a manner to the touch" when it suffers itself to be transcribed" bound" corrected" and Freser<ed. The undisclosed truth of the mind" although it is the Fossession of the noble soul" yet because it lac&s a comFanion" is not certainly &nown to be delightful" while neither sight nor hearing ta&es account of it. 1urther the truth of the <oice is Fatent only to the ear and eludes the sight" which re<eals to us more of the Dualities of things" and lin&ed with the subtlest of motions begins and Ferishes as it were in a breath. But the written truth of boo&s" not transient but Fermanent" Flainly offers itself to be obser<ed" and by means of the Fer<ious sFherules of the eyes" Fassing through the <estibule of FerceFtion and the courts of imagination" enters the chamber of intellect" ta&ing its Flace in the couch of memory" where it engenders the eternal truth of the mind. 1inally we must consider what Fleasantness of teaching there is in boo&s" how easy" how secretM .ow safely we lay bare the Fo<erty of human ignorance to boo&s without feeling any shameM They are masters who instruct us without rod or ferule" without angry words" without clothes or money. -f you come to them they are not asleeF: if you as& and inDuire of them they do not withdraw themsel<es: they do not chide if you ma&e mista&es: they do not laugh at you if you are ignorant. / boo&s" who alone are liberal and free" who gi<e to all who as& of you and enfranchise all who ser<e you faithfullyM By how many thousand tyFes are ye commended to learned men in the ,criFtures gi<en us by insFiration of 4odM 1or ye are the minds of Frofoundest wisdom" to which the wise man sends his son that he may dig out treasures: Pro<. ii. 3e are the wells of li<ing waters" which father Abraham first digged" -saac digged again" and which the Philistines stri<e to fill uF: 4en. CC<i. 3e are indeed the most delightful ears of corn" full of grain" to be rubbed only by aFostolic hands" that the sweetest food may be Froduced for hungry souls: 5att. Cii. 3e are the golden Fots in which manna is stored" and roc&s flowing with honey" nay" combs of

honey" most Flenteous udders of the mil& of life" garners e<er full: ye are the tree of life and the fourfold ri<er of Paradise" by which the human mind is nourished" and the thirsty intellect is watered and refreshed. 3e are the ar& of 0oah and the ladder of Jacob" and the troughs by which the young of those who loo& therein are coloured: ye are the stones of testimony and the Fitchers holding the lamFs of 4ideon" the scriF of Da<id" from which the smoothest stones are ta&en for the slaying of 4oliath. 3e are the golden <essels of the temFle" the arms of the soldiers of the Church with which to Duench all the fiery darts of the wic&ed" fruitful oli<es" <ines of Engadi" fig>trees that are ne<er barren" burning lamFs always to be held in readiness>>and all the noblest comFarisons of ,criFture may be aFFlied to boo&s" if we choose to sFea& in figures.

C.APTER -T.E DE4REE /1 A11ECT-/0 T.AT -, PR/PER+3 D2E T/ B//7, ,ince the degree of affection a thing deser<es deFends uFon the degree of its <alue" and the Fre<ious chaFter shows that the <alue of boo&s is unsFea&able" it is Duite clear to the reader what is the Frobable conclusion from this. - say Frobable" for in moral science we do not insist uFon demonstration" remembering that the educated man see&s such degree of certainty as he Fercei<es the subIect>matter will bear" as Aristotle testifies in the first boo& of his Ethics. 1or Tully does not aFFeal to Euclid" nor does Euclid rely uFon Tully. This at all e<ents we endea<our to Fro<e" whether by logic or rhetoric" that all riches and all delights whatsoe<er yield Flace to boo&s in the sFiritual mind" wherein the ,Firit which is charity ordereth charity. 0ow in the first Flace" because wisdom is contained in boo&s more than all mortals understand" and wisdom thin&s lightly of riches" as the foregoing chaFter declares. 1urthermore" Aristotle" in his Problems" determines the Duestion" why the ancients FroFosed FriHes to the stronger in gymnastic and corForeal contests" but ne<er awarded any FriHe for wisdom. This Duestion he sol<es as follows: -n gymnastic eCercises the FriHe is better and more desirable than that for which it is bestowed: but it is certain that nothing is better than wisdom: wherefore no FriHe could be assigned for wisdom. And therefore neither riches nor delights are more eCcellent than wisdom. Again" only the fool will deny that friendshiF is to be Freferred to riches" since the wisest of men testifies this: but the chief of FhilosoFhers honours truth before friendshiF" and the truthful Norobabel Frefers it to all things. Riches" then" are less than truth. 0ow truth is chiefly maintained and contained in holy boo&s>>nay" they are written truth itself" since by boo&s we do not now mean the materials of which they are made. 8herefore riches are less than boo&s" esFecially as the most Frecious of all riches are friends" as Boethius testifies in the second boo& of his Consolation: to whom the truth of boo&s according to Aristotle is to be Freferred. 5oreo<er" since we &now that riches first and chiefly aFFertain to the suFFort of the body only" while the <irtue of boo&s is the Ferfection of reason" which is FroFerly sFea&ing the haFFiness of man" it aFFears that boo&s to the man who uses his reason are dearer than riches. 1urthermore" that by which the faith is more easily defended" more widely sFread" more clearly Freached" ought to be more desirable to the faithful. But this is the truth written in boo&s" which our ,a<iour Flainly showed" when he was about to contend stoutly against the TemFter" girding himself with the shield of truth and indeed of written truth" declaring 6it is written6 of what he was about to utter with his <oice.

And" again" no one doubts that haFFiness is to be Freferred to riches. But haFFiness consists in the oFeration of the noblest and di<iner of the faculties that we Fossess>>when the whole mind is occuFied in contemFlating the truth of wisdom" which is the most delectable of all our <irtuous acti<ities" as the Frince of FhilosoFhers declares in the tenth boo& of the Ethics" on which account it is that FhilosoFhy is held to ha<e wondrous Fleasures in resFect of Furity and solidity" as he goes on to say. But the contemFlation of truth is ne<er more Ferfect than in boo&s" where the act of imagination FerFetuated by boo&s does not suffer the oFeration of the intellect uFon the truths that it has seen to suffer interruFtion. 8herefore boo&s aFFear to be the most immediate instruments of sFeculati<e delight" and therefore Aristotle" the sun of FhilosoFhic truth" in considering the FrinciFles of choice" teaches that in itself to FhilosoFhiHe is more desirable than to be rich" although in certain cases" as where for instance one is in need of necessaries" it may be more desirable to be rich than to FhilosoFhiHe. 5oreo<er" since boo&s are the aFtest teachers" as the Fre<ious chaFter assumes" it is fitting to bestow on them the honour and the affection that we owe to our teachers. -n fine" since all men naturally desire to &now" and since by means of boo&s we can attain the &nowledge of the ancients" which is to be desired beyond all riches" what man li<ing according to nature would not feel the desire of boo&sL And although we &now that swine tramFle Fearls under foot" the wise man will not therefore be deterred from gathering the Fearls that lie before him. A library of wisdom" then" is more Frecious than all wealth" and all things that are desirable cannot be comFared to it. 8hoe<er therefore claims to be Healous of truth" of haFFiness" of wisdom or &nowledge" aye" e<en of the faith" must needs become a lo<er of boo&s.

C.APTER --8.AT 8E ARE T/ T.-07 /1 T.E PR-CE -0 T.E B23-04 /1 B//7, 1rom what has been said we draw this corollary welcome to us" but =as we belie<eB acceFtable to few: namely" that no dearness of Frice ought to hinder a man from the buying of boo&s" if he has the money that is demanded for them" unless it be to withstand the malice of the seller or to await a more fa<ourable oFFortunity of buying. 1or if it is wisdom only that ma&es the Frice of boo&s" which is an infinite treasure to man&ind" and if the <alue of boo&s is unsFea&able" as the Fremises show" how shall the bargain be shown to be dear where an infinite good is being boughtL 8herefore" that boo&s are to be gladly bought and unwillingly sold" ,olomon" the sun of men" eChorts us in the Pro<erbs: Buy the truth" he says" and sell not wisdom. But what we are trying to show by rhetoric or logic" let us Fro<e by eCamFles from history. The arch>FhilosoFher Aristotle" whom A<erroes regards as the law of 0ature" bought a few boo&s of ,FeusiFFus straightway after his death for J "### sesterces. Plato" before him in time" but after him in learning" bought the boo& of Philolaus the Pythagorean" from which he is said to ha<e ta&en the Timaeus" for )#"### denaries" as Aulus 4ellius relates in the 0octes Atticae. 0ow Aulus 4ellius relates this that the foolish may consider how wise men desFise money in comFarison with boo&s. And on the other hand" that we may &now that folly and Fride go together" let us here relate the folly of TarDuin the Proud in desFising boo&s" as also related by Aulus 4ellius. An old woman" utterly un&nown" is said to ha<e come to TarDuin the Proud" the se<enth

&ing of Rome" offering to sell nine boo&s" in which =as she declaredB sacred oracles were contained" but she as&ed an immense sum for them" insomuch that the &ing said she was mad. -n anger she flung three boo&s into the fire" and still as&ed the same sum for the rest. 8hen the &ing refused it" again she flung three others into the fire and still as&ed the same Frice for the three that were left. At last" astonished beyond measure" TarDuin was glad to Fay for three boo&s the same Frice for which he might ha<e bought nine. The old woman straightway disaFFeared" and was ne<er seen before or after. These were the ,ibylline boo&s" which the Romans consulted as a di<ine oracle by some one of the Euindecem<irs" and this is belie<ed to ha<e been the origin of the Euindecem<irate. 8hat did this ,ibyl teach the Froud &ing by this bold deed" eCceFt that the <essels of wisdom" holy boo&s" eCceed all human estimation: and" as 4regory says of the &ingdom of .ea<en: They are worth all that thou hastL

C.APTER -9 T.E C/5P+A-0T /1 B//7, A4A-0,T T.E C+ER43 A+READ3 PR/5/TED A generation of <iFers destroying their own Farent and base offsFring of the ungrateful cuc&oo" who when he has grown strong slays his nurse" the gi<er of his strength" are degenerate cler&s with regard to boo&s. Bring it again to mind and consider faithfully what ye recei<e through boo&s" and ye will find that boo&s are as it were the creators of your distinction" without which other fa<ourers would ha<e been wanting. -n sooth" while still untrained and helFless ye creFt uF to us" ye sFa&e as children" ye thought as children" ye cried as children and begged to be made Farta&ers of our mil&. But we being straightway mo<ed by your tears ga<e you the breast of grammar to suc&" which ye Flied continually with teeth and tongue" until ye lost your nati<e barbarousness and learned to sFea& with our tongues the mighty things of 4od. And neCt we clad you with the goodly garments of FhilosoFhy" rhetoric and dialectic" of which we had and ha<e a store" while ye were na&ed as a tablet to be Fainted on. 1or all the household of FhilosoFhy are clothed with garments" that the na&edness and rawness of the intellect may be co<ered. After this" Fro<iding you with the fourfold wings of the Duadri<ials that ye might be winged li&e the seraFhs and so mount abo<e the cherubim" we sent you to a friend at whose door" if only ye imFortunately &noc&ed" ye might borrow the three loa<es of the 7nowledge of the Trinity" in which consists the final felicity of e<ery soIourner below. 0ay" if ye deny that ye had these Fri<ileges" we boldly declare that ye either lost them by your carelessness" or that through your sloth ye sFurned them when offered to you. -f these things seem but a light matter to you" we will add yet greater things. 3e are a chosen FeoFle" a royal Friesthood" a holy race" ye are a Feculiar FeoFle chosen into the lot of 4od" ye are Friests and ministers of 4od" nay" ye are called the <ery Church of 4od" as though the laity were not to be called churchmen. 3e" being Freferred to the laity" sing Fsalms and hymns in the chancel" and" ser<ing the altar and li<ing by the altar" ma&e the true body of Christ" wherein 4od .imself has honoured you not only abo<e the laity" but e<en a little higher than the angels. 1or to whom of .is angels has .e said at any time: Thou art a Friest for e<er after the order of 5elchisedechL 3e disFense the Fatrimony of the crucified one to the Foor" wherein it is reDuired of stewards that a man be found faithful. 3e are sheFherds of the +ord;s floc&" as well in eCamFle of life as in the word of doctrine" which is bound to reFay you with mil& and wool.

8ho are the gi<ers of all these things" / cler&sL -s it not boo&sL Do ye remember therefore" we Fray" how many and how great liberties and Fri<ileges are bestowed uFon the clergy through usL -n truth" taught by us who are the <essels of wisdom and intellect" ye ascend the teacher;s chair and are called of men Rabbi. By us ye become mar<ellous in the eyes of the laity" li&e great lights in the world" and Fossess the dignities of the Church according to your <arious stations. By us" while ye still lac& the first down uFon your chee&s" ye are established in your early years and bear the tonsure on your heads" while the dread sentence of the Church is heard: Touch not mine anointed and do my FroFhets no harm" and he who has rashly touched them let him forthwith by his own blow be smitten <iolently with the wound of an anathema. At length yielding your li<es to wic&edness" reaching the two Faths of Pythagoras" ye choose the left branch" and going bac&ward ye let go the lot of 4od which ye had first assumed" becoming comFanions of thie<es. And thus e<er going from bad to worse" dyed with theft and murder and manifold imFurities" your fame and conscience stained by sins" at the bidding of Iustice ye are confined in manacles and fetters" and are &eFt to be Funished by a most shameful death. Then your friend is Fut far away" nor is there any to mourn your lot. Peter swears that he &nows not the man: the FeoFle cry to the Iudge: Crucify" crucify .imM -f thou let this man go" thou act not Caesar;s friend. 0ow all refuge has Ferished" for ye must stand before the Iudgment>seat" and there is no aFFeal" but only hanging is in store for you. 8hile the wretched man;s heart is thus filled with woe and only the sorrowing 5uses bedew their chee&s with tears" in his strait is heard on e<ery side the wailing aFFeal to us" and to a<oid the danger of imFending death he shows the slight sign of the ancient tonsure which we bestowed uFon him" begging that we may be called to his aid and bear witness to the Fri<ilege bestowed uFon him. Then straightway touched with Fity we run to meet the Frodigal son and snatch the fugiti<e sla<e from the gates of death. The boo& he has not forgotten is handed to him to be read" and while with liFs stammering with fear he reads a few words" the Fower of the Iudge is loosed" the accuser is withdrawn" and death is Fut to flight. / mar<ellous <irtue of an emFiric <erseM / sa<ing antidote of dreadful ruinM / Frecious reading of the Fsalter" which for this alone deser<es to be called the boo& of lifeM +et the laity undergo the Iudgment of the secular arm" that either sewn uF in sac&s they may be carried out to 0eFtune" or Flanted in the earth may fructify for Pluto" or may be offered amid the flames as a fattened holocaust to 9ulcan" or at least may be hung uF as a <ictim to Juno: while our nursling at a single reading of the boo& of life is handed o<er to the custody of the BishoF" and rigour is changed to fa<our" and the forum being transferred from the laity" death is routed by the cler& who is the nursling of boo&s. But now let us sFea& of the cler&s who are <essels of <irtue. 8hich of you about to Freach ascends the FulFit or the rostrum without in some way consulting usL 8hich of you enters the schools to teach or to disFute without relying uFon our suFFortL 1irst of all" it beho<es you to eat the boo& with EHechiel" that the belly of your memory may be sweetened within" and thus as with the Fanther refreshed" to whose breath all beasts and cattle long to aFFroach" the sweet sa<our of the sFices it has eaten may shed a Ferfume without. Thus our nature secretly wor&ing in our own" listeners hasten uF gladly" as the load>stone draws the iron nothing loth. 8hat an infinite host of boo&s lie at Paris or Athens" and at the same time resound in Britain and in RomeM -n truth" while resting they yet mo<e" and while retaining their own Flaces they are carried about e<ery way to the minds of listeners. 1inally" by the &nowledge of literature" we establish Priests" BishoFs"

Cardinals" and the PoFe" that all things in the ecclesiastical hierarchy may be fitly disFosed. 1or it is from boo&s that e<erything of good that befalls the clerical condition ta&es its origin. But let this suffice: for it Fains us to recall what we ha<e bestowed uFon the degenerate clergy" because whate<er gifts are distributed to the ungrateful seem to be lost rather than bestowed. +et us neCt dwell a little on the recital of the wrongs with which they reDuite us" the contemFts and cruelties of which we cannot recite an eCamFle in each &ind" nay" scarcely the main classes of the se<eral wrongs. -n the first Flace" we are eCFelled by force and arms from the homes of the clergy" which are ours by hereditary right" who were used to ha<e cells of Duietness in the inner chamber" but" alasM in these unhaFFy times we are altogether eCiled" suffering Fo<erty without the gates. 1or our Flaces are seiHed now by dogs" now by haw&s" now by that biFed beast whose cohabitation with the clergy was forbidden of old" from which we ha<e always taught our nurslings to flee more than from the asF and the coc&atrice: wherefore she" always Iealous of the lo<e of us" and ne<er to be aFFeased" at length seeing us in some corner Frotected only by the web of some dead sFider" with a frown abuses and re<iles us with bitter words" declaring us alone of all the furniture in the house to be unnecessary" and comFlaining that we are useless for any household FurFose" and ad<ises that we should sFeedily be con<erted into rich caFs" sendal and sil& and twice>dyed FurFle" robes and furs" wool and linen: and" indeed" not without reason" if she could see our inmost hearts" if she had listened to our secret counsels" if she had read the boo& of TheoFhrastus or 9alerius" or only heard the twenty>fifth chaFter of Ecclesiasticus with understanding ears. And hence it is that we ha<e to mourn for the homes of which we ha<e been unIustly robbed: and as to our co<erings" not that they ha<e not been gi<en to us" but that the co<erings anciently gi<en to us ha<e been torn by <iolent hands" insomuch that our soul is bowed down to the dust" our belly clea<eth unto the earth. 8e suffer from <arious diseases" enduring Fains in our bac&s and sides: we lie with our limbs unstrung by Falsy" and there is no man who layeth it to heart" and no man who Fro<ides a mollifying Flaster. /ur nati<e whiteness that was clear with light has turned to dun and yellow" so that no leech who should see us would doubt that we are diseased with Iaundice. ,ome of us are suffering from gout" as our twisted eCtremities Flainly show. The smo&e and dust by which we are continuously Flagued ha<e dulled the &eenness of our <isual rays" and are now infecting our bleared eyes with oFhthalmia. 8ithin we are de<oured by the fierce griFings of our entrails" which hungry worms cease not to gnaw" and we undergo the corruFtion of the two +aHaruses" nor is there anyone to anoint us with balm of cedar" nor to cry to us who ha<e been four days dead and already stin&" +aHarus come forthM 0o healing drug is bound around our cruel wounds" which are so atrociously inflicted uFon the innocent" and there is none to Fut a Flaster uFon our ulcers: but ragged and shi<ering we are flung away into dar& corners" or in tears ta&e our Flace with holy Job uFon his dunghill" or>>too horrible to relate>>are buried in the deFths of the common sewers. The cushion is withdrawn that should suFFort our e<angelical sides" which ought to ha<e the first claim uFon the incomes of the clergy" and the common necessaries of life thus be for e<er Fro<ided for us" who are entrusted to their charge. Again" we comFlain of another sort of inIury which is too often unIustly inflicted uFon our Fersons. 8e are sold for bondmen and bondwomen" and lie as hostages in ta<erns with no one to redeem us.

8e

fall a Frey to the cruel shambles" where we see sheeF and cattle slaughtered not without Fious tears" and where we die a thousand times from such terrors as might frighten e<en the bra<e. 8e are handed o<er to Jews" ,aracens" heretics and infidels" whose Foison we always dread abo<e e<erything" and by whom it is well &nown that some of our Farents ha<e been infected with Festiferous <enom. -n sooth" we who should be treated as masters in the sciences" and bear rule o<er the mechanics who should be subIect to us" are instead handed o<er to the go<ernment of subordinates" as though some suFremely noble monarch should be trodden under foot by rustic heels. Any seamster or cobbler or tailor or artificer of any trade &eeFs us shut uF in Frison for the luCurious and wanton Fleasures of the clergy. 0ow we would Fursue a new &ind of inIury by which we suffer ali&e in Ferson and in fame" the dearest thing we ha<e. /ur Furity of race is diminished e<ery day" while new authors; names are imFosed uFon us by worthless comFilers" translators" and transformers" and losing our ancient nobility" while we are reborn in successi<e generations" we become wholly degenerate: and thus against our will the name of some wretched steFfather is affiCed to us" and the sons are robbed of the names of their true fathers. The <erses of 9irgil" while he was yet li<ing" were claimed by an imFostor: and a certain 1identinus mendaciously usurFed the wor&s of 5artial" whom 5artial thus deser<edly rebu&ed: 6The boo& you read is" 1identinusM mine" Though read so badly" ;t well may Fass for thineM6 8hat mar<el" then" if when our authors are dead clerical aFes use us to ma&e broad their Fhylacteries" since e<en while they are ali<e they try to seiHe us as soon as we are FublishedL AhM how often ye Fretend that we who are ancient are but lately born" and try to Fass us off as sons who are really fathers" calling us who ha<e made you cler&s the Froduction of your studies. -ndeed" we deri<ed our origin from Athens" though we are now suFFosed to be from Rome: for Carmentis was always the Filferer of Cadmus" and we who were but lately born in England" will to>morrow be born again in Paris: and thence being carried to Bologna" will obtain an -talian origin" based uFon no affinity of blood. AlasM how ye commit us to treacherous coFyists to be written" how corruFtly ye read us and &ill us by medication" while ye suFFosed ye were correcting us with Fious Heal. /ftentimes we ha<e to endure barbarous interFreters" and those who are ignorant of foreign idioms Fresume to translate us from one language into another: and thus all FroFriety of sFeech is lost and our sense is shamefully mutilated contrary to the meaning of the authorM Truly noble would ha<e been the condition of boo&s if it had not been for the FresumFtion of the tower of Babel" if but one &ind of sFeech had been transmitted by the whole human race. 8e will add the last clause of our long lament" though far too short for the materials that we ha<e. 1or in us the natural use is changed to that which is against nature" while we who are the light of faithful souls e<erywhere fall a Frey to Fainters &nowing nought of letters" and are entrusted to goldsmiths to become" as though we were not sacred <essels of wisdom" reFositories of gold>leaf. 8e fall undeser<edly into the Fower of laymen" which is more bitter to us than any death" since they ha<e sold our FeoFle for nought" and our enemies themsel<es are our Iudges. -t is clear from what we ha<e said what infinite in<ecti<es we could

hurl against the clergy" if we did not thin& of our own reFutation. 1or the soldier whose camFaigns are o<er <enerates his shield and arms" and grateful Corydon shows regard for his decaying team" harrow" flail and mattoc&" and e<ery manual artificer for the instruments of his craft: it is only the ungrateful cleric who desFises and neglects those things which ha<e e<er been the foundation of his honours.

C.APTER 9 T.E C/5P+A-0T /1 B//7, A4A-0,T T.E P/,,E,,-/0ER, The <enerable de<otion of the religious orders is wont to be solicitous in the care of boo&s and to delight in their society" as if they were the only riches. 1or some used to write them with their own hands between the hours of Frayer" and ga<e to the ma&ing of boo&s such inter<als as they could secure and the times aFFointed for the recreation of the body. By whose labours there are resFlendent to>day in most monasteries these sacred treasuries full of cherubic letters" for gi<ing the &nowledge of sal<ation to the student and a delectable light to the Faths of the laity. / manual toil" haFFier than any agricultural tas&M / de<out solicitude" where neither 5artha nor 5ary deser<es to be rebu&edM / Ioyful house" in which the fruitful +eah does not en<y the beauteous Rachel" but action and contemFlation share each other;s IoysM / haFFy charge" destined to benefit endless generations of Fosterity" with which no Flanting of trees" no sowing of seeds" no Fastoral delight in herds" no building of fortified camFs can be comFaredM 8herefore the memory of those fathers should be immortal" who delighted only in the treasures of wisdom" who most laboriously Fro<ided shining lamFs against future dar&ness" and against hunger of hearing the 8ord of 4od" most carefully FreFared" not bread ba&ed in the ashes" nor of barley" nor musty" but unlea<ened loa<es made of the finest wheat of di<ine wisdom" with which hungry souls might be Ioyfully fed These men were the stoutest chamFions of the Christian army" who defended our wea&ness by their most <aliant arms: they were in their time the most cunning ta&ers of foCes" who ha<e left us their nets" that we might catch the young foCes" who cease not to de<our the growing <ines. /f a truth" noble fathers" worthy of FerFetual benediction" ye would ha<e been deser<edly haFFy" if ye had been allowed to beget offsFring li&e yoursel<es" and to lea<e no degenerate or doubtful Frogeny for the benefit of future times. But" Fainful to relate" now slothful Thersites handles the arms of Achilles and the choice traFFings of war>horses are sFread uFon laHy asses" win&ing owls lord it in the eagle;s nest" and the cowardly &ite sits uFon the Ferch of the haw&. +iber Bacchus is e<er lo<ed" And is into their bellies sho<ed" By day and by night: +iber CodeC is neglected" And with scornful hand reIected 1ar out of their sight. And as if the simFle monastic fol& of modern times were decei<ed by a confusion of names" while +iber Pater is Freferred to +iber Patrum" the study of the mon&s nowadays is in the emFtying of cuFs and not the emending of boo&s: to which they do not hesitate to add the wanton music of Timotheus" Iealous of chastity" and thus the song of the merry>ma&er and not the chant of the mourner is become the office of

the mon&s. 1loc&s and fleeces" croFs and granaries" lee&s and Fotherbs" drin& and goblets" are nowadays the reading and study of the mon&s" eCceFt a few elect ones" in whom lingers not the image but some slight <estige of the fathers that Freceded them. And again" no materials at all are furnished us to commend the canons regular for their care or study of us" who though they bear their name of honour from their twofold rule" yet ha<e neglected the notable clause of Augustine;s rule" in which we are commended to his clergy in these words: +et boo&s be as&ed for each day at a gi<en hour: he who as&s for them after the hour is not to recei<e them. ,carcely anyone obser<es this de<out rule of study after saying the Frayers of the Church" but to care for the things of this world and to loo& at the Flough that has been left is rec&oned the highest wisdom. They ta&e uF bow and Dui<er" embrace arms and shield" de<ote the tribute of alms to dogs and not to the Foor" become the sla<es of dice and draughts" and of all such things as we are wont to forbid e<en to the secular clergy" so that we need not mar<el if they disdain to loo& uFon us" whom they see so much oFFosed to their mode of life. Come then" re<erend fathers" deign to recall your fathers and de<ote yoursel<es more faithfully to the study of holy boo&s" without which all religion will stagger" without which the <irtue of de<otion will dry uF li&e a sherd" and without which ye can afford no light to the world.

C.APTER 9T.E C/5P+A-0T /1 B//7, A4A-0,T T.E 5E0D-CA0T, Poor in sFirit" but most rich in faith" off>scourings of the world and salt of the earth" desFisers of the world and fishers of men" how haFFy are ye" if suffering Fenury for Christ ye &now how to Fossess your souls in FatienceM 1or it is not want the a<enger of iniDuity" nor the ad<erse fortune of your Farents" nor <iolent necessity that has thus oFFressed you with beggary" but a de<out will and Christ>li&e election" by which ye ha<e chosen that life as the best" which 4od Almighty made man as well by word as by eCamFle declared to be the best. -n truth" ye are the latest offsFring of the e<er>fruitful Church" of late di<inely substituted for the 1athers and the ProFhets" that your sound may go forth into all the earth" and that instructed by our healthful doctrines ye may Freach before all &ings and nations the in<incible faith of Christ. 5oreo<er" that the faith of the 1athers is chiefly enshrined in boo&s the second chaFter has sufficiently shown" from which it is clearer than light that ye ought to be Healous lo<ers of boo&s abo<e all other Christians. 3e are commanded to sow uFon all waters" because the 5ost .igh is no resFecter of Fersons" nor does the 5ost .oly desire the death of sinners" who offered .imself to die for them" but desires to heal the contrite in heart" to raise the fallen" and to correct the Fer<erse in the sFirit of lenity. 1or which most salutary FurFose our &indly 5other Church has Flanted you freely" and ha<ing Flanted has watered you with fa<ours" and ha<ing watered you has established you with Fri<ileges" that ye may be co>wor&ers with Fastors and curates in Frocuring the sal<ation of faithful souls. 8herefore" that the order of Preachers was FrinciFally instituted for the study of the .oly ,criFtures and the sal<ation of their neighbours" is declared by their constitutions" so that not only from the rule of BishoF Augustine" which directs boo&s to be as&ed for e<ery day" but as soon as they ha<e read the Frologue of the said constitutions they may &now from the <ery title of the same that they are Fledged to the lo<e of

boo&s. But alasM a threefold care of suFerfluities" <iH." of the stomach" of dress" and of houses" has seduced these men and others following their eCamFle from the Faternal care of boo&s" and from their study. 1or" forgetting the Fro<idence of the ,a<iour =who is declared by the Psalmist to thin& uFon the Foor and needyB" they are occuFied with the wants of the Ferishing body" that their feasts may be sFlendid and their garments luCurious" against the rule" and the fabrics of their buildings" li&e the battlements of castles" carried to a height incomFatible with Fo<erty. Because of these three things" we boo&s" who ha<e e<er Frocured their ad<ancement and ha<e granted them to sit among the Fowerful and noble" are Fut far from their heart;s affection and are rec&oned as suFerfluities: eCceFt that they rely uFon some treatises of small <alue" from which they deri<e strange heresies and aFocryFhal imbecilities" not for the refreshment of souls" but rather for tic&ling the ears of the listeners. The .oly ,criFture is not eCFounded" but is neglected and treated as though it were commonFlace and &nown to all" though <ery few ha<e touched its hem" and though its deFth is such" as .oly Augustine declares" that it cannot be understood by the human intellect" howe<er long it may toil with the utmost intensity of study. 1rom this he who de<otes himself to it assiduously" if only .e will <ouchsafe to oFen the door who has established the sFirit of Fiety" may unfold a thousand lessons of moral teaching" which will flourish with the freshest no<elty and will cherish the intelligence of the listeners with the most delightful sa<ours. 8herefore the first Frofessors of e<angelical Fo<erty" after some slight homage Faid to secular science" collecting all their force of intellect" de<oted themsel<es to labours uFon the sacred scriFture" meditating day and night on the law of the +ord. And whate<er they could steal from their famishing belly" or interceFt from their half>co<ered body" they thought it the highest gain to sFend in buying or correcting boo&s. 8hose worldly contemForaries obser<ing their de<otion and study bestowed uFon them for the edification of the whole Church the boo&s which they had collected at great eCFense in the <arious Farts of the world. -n truth" in these days as ye are engaged with all diligence in Fursuit of gain" it may be reasonably belie<ed" if we sFea& according to human notions" that 4od thin&s less uFon those whom .e Fercei<es to distrust .is Fromises" Futting their hoFe in human Fro<idence" not considering the ra<en" nor the lilies" whom the 5ost .igh feeds and arrays. 3e do not thin& uFon Daniel and the bearer of the mess of boiled Fottage" nor recollect EliIah who was deli<ered from hunger once in the desert by angels" again in the torrent by ra<ens" and again in ,areFta by the widow" through the di<ine bounty" which gi<es to all flesh their meat in due season. 3e descend =as we fearB by a wretched anticlimaC" distrust of the di<ine goodness Froducing reliance uFon your own Frudence" and reliance uFon your own Frudence begetting anCiety about worldly things" and eCcessi<e anCiety about worldly things ta&ing away the lo<e as well as the study of boo&s: and thus Fo<erty in these days is abused to the inIury of the 8ord of 4od" which ye ha<e chosen only for Frofit;s sa&e. 8ith summer fruit" as the FeoFle gossiF" ye attract boys to religion" whom when they ha<e ta&en the <ows ye do not instruct by fear and force" as their age reDuires" but allow them to de<ote themsel<es to begging eCFeditions" and suffer them to sFend the time" in which they might be learning" in Frocuring the fa<our of friends" to the annoyance of their Farents" the danger of the boys" and the detriment of the order. And thus no doubt it haFFens that those who were not comFelled

to learn as unwilling boys" when they grow uF Fresume to teach though utterly unworthy and unlearned" and a small error in the beginning becomes a <ery great one in the end. 1or there grows uF among your Fromiscuous floc& of laity a Festilent multitude of creatures" who ne<ertheless the more shamelessly force themsel<es into the office of Freaching" the less they understand what they are saying" to the contemFt of the Di<ine 8ord and the inIury of souls. -n truth" against the law ye Flough with an oC and an ass together" in committing the culti<ation of the +ord;s field to learned and unlearned. ,ide by side" it is written" the oCen were Floughing and the asses feeding beside them: since it is the duty of the discreet to Freach" but of the simFle to feed themsel<es in silence by the hearing of sacred eloDuence. .ow many stones ye fling uFon the heaF of 5ercury nowadaysM .ow many marriages ye Frocure for the eunuchs of wisdomM .ow many blind watchmen ye bid go round about the walls of the ChurchM / idle fishermen" using only the nets of others" which when torn it is all ye can do to clumsily reFair" but can net no new ones of your ownM ye enter on the labours of others" ye reFeat the lessons of others" ye mouth with theatric effort the suFerficially reFeated wisdom of others. As the silly Farrot imitates the words that he has heard" so such men are mere reciters of all" but authors of nothing" imitating Balaam;s ass" which" though senseless of itself" yet became eloDuent of sFeech and the teacher of its master though a FroFhet. Reco<er yoursel<es" / Foor in Christ" and studiously regard us boo&s" without which ye can ne<er be FroFerly shod in the FreFaration of the 4osFel of Peace. Paul the AFostle" Freacher of the truth and eCcellent teacher of the nations" for all his gear bade three things to be brought to him by Timothy" his cloa&" boo&s and Farchments" affording an eCamFle to ecclesiastics that they should wear dress in moderation" and should ha<e boo&s for aid in study" and Farchments" which the AFostle esFecially esteems" for writing: A0D E,PEC-A++3" he says" the Farchments. And truly that cler& is criFFled and maimed to his disablement in many ways" who is entirely ignorant of the art of writing. .e beats the air with words and edifies only those who are Fresent" but does nothing for the absent and for Fosterity. The man bore a writer;s in&>horn uFon his loins" who set a mar& Tau uFon the foreheads of the men that sigh and cry" EHechiel iC.: teaching in a figure that if any lac& s&ill in writing" he shall not underta&e the tas& of Freaching reFentance. 1inally" in conclusion of the Fresent chaFter" boo&s imFlore of you: ma&e your young men who though ignorant are aFt of intellect aFFly themsel<es to study" furnishing them with necessaries" that ye may teach them not only goodness but disciFline and science" may terrify them by blows" charm them by blandishments" mollify them by gifts" and urge them on by Fainful rigour" so that they may become at once ,ocratics in morals and PeriFatetics in learning. 3esterday" as it were at the ele<enth hour" the Frudent householder introduced you into his <ineyard. ReFent of idleness before it is too late: would that with the cunning steward ye might be ashamed of begging so shamelessly: for then no doubt ye would de<ote yoursel<es more assiduously to us boo&s and to study.

C.APTER 9-T.E C/5P+A-0T /1 B//7, A4A-0,T 8AR,

Almighty Author and +o<er of Feace" scatter the nations that delight in war" which is abo<e all Flagues inIurious to boo&s. 1or wars being without the control of reason ma&e a wild assault on e<erything they come across" and" lac&ing the chec& of reason they Fush on without discretion or distinction to destroy the <essels of reason. Then the wise AFollo becomes the Python;s Frey" and Phronesis" the Fious mother" becomes subIect to the Fower of PhrenHy. Then winged Pegasus is shut uF in the stall of Corydon" and eloDuent 5ercury is strangled. Then wise Pallas is struc& down by the dagger of error" and the charming Pierides are smitten by the truculent tyranny of madness. / cruel sFectacleM where you may see the Phoebus of FhilosoFhers" the all>wise Aristotle" whom 4od .imself made master of the master of the world" enchained by wic&ed hands and borne in shameful irons on the shoulders of gladiators from his sacred home. There you may see him who was worthy to be lawgi<er to the lawgi<er of the world and to hold emFire o<er its emFeror" made the sla<e of <ile buffoons by the most unrighteous laws of war. / most wic&ed Fower of dar&ness" which does not fear to undo the aFFro<ed di<inity of Plato" who alone was worthy to submit to the <iew of the Creator" before he assuaged the strife of warring chaos" and before form had Fut on its garb of matter" the ideal tyFes" in order to demonstrate the archetyFal uni<erse to its author" so that the world of sense might be modelled after the suFernal Fattern. / tearful sightM where the moral ,ocrates" whose acts were <irtue and whose discourse was science" who deduced Folitical Iustice from the FrinciFles of nature" is seen ensla<ed to some rascal robber. 8e bemoan Pythagoras" the Farent of harmony" as" brutally scourged by the harrying furies of war" he utters not a song but the wailings of a do<e. 8e mourn" too" for Neno" who lest he should betray his secret bit off his tongue and fearlessly sFat it out at the tyrant" and now" alasM is brayed and crushed to death in a mortar by Diomedon. -n sooth we cannot mourn with the grief that they deser<e all the <arious boo&s that ha<e Ferished by the fate of war in <arious Farts of the world. 3et we must tearfully recount the dreadful ruin which was caused in EgyFt by the auCiliaries in the AleCandrian war" when se<en hundred thousand <olumes were consumed by fire. These <olumes had been collected by the royal Ptolemies through long Feriods of time" as Aulus 4ellius relates. 8hat an Atlantean Frogeny must be suFFosed to ha<e then Ferished: including the motions of the sFheres" all the conIunctions of the Flanets" the nature of the galaCy" and the Frognostic generations of comets" and all that eCists in the hea<ens or in the etherM 8ho would not shudder at such a haFless holocaust" where in& is offered uF instead of blood" where the glowing ashes of crac&ling Farchment were encarnadined with blood" where the de<ouring flames consumed so many thousands of innocents in whose mouth was no guile" where the unsFaring fire turned into stin&ing ashes so many shrines of eternal truthM A lesser crime than this is the sacrifice of JeFhthah or Agamemnon" where a Fious daughter is slain by a father;s sword. .ow many labours of the famous .ercules shall we suFFose then Ferished" who because of his &nowledge of astronomy is said to ha<e sustained the hea<en on his unyielding nec&" when .ercules was now for the second time cast into the flames. The secrets of the hea<ens" which Jonithus learnt not from man or through man but recei<ed by di<ine insFiration: what his brother Noroaster" the ser<ant of unclean sFirits" taught the Bactrians: what holy Enoch" the Frefect of Paradise" FroFhesied before he was ta&en from the world" and finally" what the first Adam taught his children of the things to come" which he had seen when caught uF in an ecstasy in the boo& of eternity" are belie<ed to ha<e Ferished in those horrid flames. The religion of the EgyFtians" which the boo& of the Perfect 8ord so commends: the eCcellent Folity of the older Athens" which Freceded by nine thousand

years the Athens of 4reece: the charms of the Chaldaeans: the obser<ations of the Arabs and -ndians: the ceremonies of the Jews: the architecture of the Babylonians: the agriculture of 0oah the magic arts of 5oses: the geometry of Joshua: the enigmas of ,amson: the Froblems of ,olomon from the cedar of +ebanon to the hyssoF: the antidotes of AesculaFius: the grammar of Cadmus: the Foems of Parnassus: the oracles of AFollo: the argonautics of Jason: the stratagems of Palamedes" and infinite other secrets of science are belie<ed to ha<e Ferished at the time of this conflagration. 0ay" Aristotle would not ha<e missed the Duadrature of the circle" if only baleful conflicts had sFared the boo&s of the ancients" who &new all the methods of nature. .e would not ha<e left the Froblem of the eternity of the world an oFen Duestion" nor" as is credibly concei<ed" would he ha<e had any doubts of the Flurality of human intellects and of their eternity" if the Ferfect sciences of the ancients had not been eCFosed to the calamities of hateful wars. 1or by wars we are scattered into foreign lands" are mutilated" wounded" and shamefully disfigured" are buried under the earth and o<erwhelmed in the sea" are de<oured by the flames and destroyed by e<ery &ind of death. .ow much of our blood was shed by warli&e ,ciFio" when he was eagerly comFassing the o<erthrow of Carthage" the oFFonent and ri<al of the Roman emFireM .ow many thousands of thousands of us did the ten years; war of Troy dismiss from the light of dayM .ow many were dri<en by Anthony" after the murder of Tully" to see& hiding Flaces in foreign Fro<incesM .ow many of us were scattered by Theodoric" while Boethius was in eCile" into the different Duarters of the world" li&e sheeF whose sheFherd has been struc& downM .ow many" when ,eneca fell a <ictim to the cruelty of 0ero" and willing yet unwilling Fassed the gates of death" too& lea<e of him and retired in tears" not e<en &nowing in what Duarter to see& for shelterM .aFFy was that translation of boo&s which GerCes is said to ha<e made to Persia from Athens" and which ,eleucus brought bac& again from Persia to Athens. / glad and Ioyful returnM / wondrous Ioy" which you might then see in Athens" when the mother went in triumFh to meet her Frogeny" and again showed the chambers in which they had been nursed to her now aging childrenM Their old homes were restored to their former inmates" and forthwith boards of cedar with shel<es and beams of goFher wood are most s&ilfully Flaned: inscriFtions of gold and i<ory are designed for the se<eral comFartments" to which the <olumes themsel<es are re<erently brought and Fleasantly arranged" so that no one hinders the entrance of another or inIures its brother by eCcessi<e crowding. But in truth infinite are the losses which ha<e been inflicted uFon the race of boo&s by wars and tumults. And as it is by no means Fossible to enumerate and sur<ey infinity" we will here finally set uF the 4ades of our comFlaint" and turn again to the Frayers with which we began" humbly imFloring that the Ruler of /lymFus and the 5ost .igh 4o<ernor of all the world will establish Feace and disFel wars and ma&e our days tranDuil under .is Frotection.

C.APTER 9--/1 T.E 025ER/2, /PP/RT20-T-E, 8E .A9E .AD /1 C/++ECT-04 A ,T/RE /1 B//7, ,ince to e<erything there is a season and an oFFortunity" as the wise Ecclesiastes witnesseth" let us now Froceed to relate the manifold oFFortunities through which we ha<e been assisted by the di<ine

goodness in the acDuisition of boo&s. Although from our youth uFwards we had always delighted in holding social commune with learned men and lo<ers of boo&s" yet when we FrosFered in the world and made acDuaintance with the 7ing;s maIesty and were recei<ed into his household" we obtained amFler facilities for <isiting e<erywhere as we would" and of hunting as it were certain most choice Freser<es" libraries Fri<ate as well as Fublic" and of the regular as well as of the secular clergy. And indeed while we filled <arious offices to the <ictorious Prince and sFlendidly triumFhant 7ing of England" Edward the Third from the ConDuest>>whose reign may the Almighty long and Feacefully continue>>first those about his court" but then those concerning the Fublic affairs of his &ingdom" namely the offices of Chancellor and Treasurer" there was afforded to us" in consideration of the royal fa<our" easy access for the FurFose of freely searching the retreats of boo&s. -n fact" the fame of our lo<e of them had been soon winged abroad e<erywhere" and we were reForted to burn with such desire for boo&s" and esFecially old ones" that it was more easy for any man to gain our fa<our by means of boo&s than of money. 8herefore" since suFForted by the goodness of the aforesaid Frince of worthy memory" we were able to reDuite a man well or ill" to benefit or inIure mightily great as well as small" there flowed in" instead of Fresents and guerdons" and instead of gifts and Iewels" soiled tracts and battered codices" gladsome ali&e to our eye and heart. Then the aumbries of the most famous monasteries were thrown oFen" cases were unloc&ed and cas&ets were undone" and <olumes that had slumbered through long ages in their tombs wa&e uF and are astonished" and those that had lain hidden in dar& Flaces are bathed in the ray of unwonted light. These long lifeless boo&s" once most dainty" but now become corruFt and loathsome" co<ered with litters of mice and Fierced with the gnawings of the worms" and who were once clothed in FurFle and fine linen" now lying in sac&cloth and ashes" gi<en uF to obli<ion" seemed to ha<e become habitations of the moth. 0atheless among these" seiHing the oFFortunity" we would sit down with more delight than a fastidious Fhysician among his stores of gums and sFices" and there we found the obIect and the stimulus of our affections. Thus the sacred <essels of learning came into our control and stewardshiF: some by gift" others by Furchase" and some lent to us for a season. 0o wonder that when FeoFle saw that we were contented with gifts of this &ind" they were anCious of their own accord to minister to our needs with those things that they were more willing to disFense with than the things they secured by ministering to our ser<ice. And in good will we stro<e so to forward their affairs that gain accrued to them" while Iustice suffered no disFaragement. -ndeed" if we had lo<ed gold and sil<er goblets" high>bred horses" or no small sums of money" we might in those days ha<e furnished forth a rich treasury. But in truth we wanted manuscriFts not moneyscriFts: we lo<ed codices more than florins" and Freferred slender FamFhlets to FamFered Falfreys. Besides all this" we were freDuently made ambassador of this most illustrious Prince of e<erlasting memory" and were sent on the most <arious affairs of state" now to the .oly ,ee" now to the Court of 1rance" and again to <arious Fowers of the world" on tedious embassies and in times of danger" always carrying with us" howe<er" that lo<e of boo&s which many waters could not Duench. 1or this li&e a delicious draught sweetened the bitterness of our Iourneyings and after the FerFleCing intricacies and troublesome difficulties of causes" and the all but ineCtricable labyrinths of Fublic affairs afforded us a little breathing sFace to enIoy a balmier atmosFhere.

/ .oly 4od of gods in ,ion" what a mighty stream of Fleasure made glad our hearts whene<er we had leisure to <isit Paris" the Paradise of the world" and to linger there: where the days seemed e<er few for the greatness of our lo<eM There are delightful libraries" more aromatic than stores of sFicery: there are luCuriant Far&s of all manner of <olumes: there are Academic meads sha&en by the tramF of scholars: there are lounges of Athens: wal&s of the PeriFatetics: Fea&s of Parnassus: and Forches of the ,toics. There is seen the sur<eyor of all arts and sciences Aristotle" to whom belongs all that is most eCcellent in doctrine" so far as relates to this Fassing sublunary world: there Ptolemy measures eFicycles and eccentric aFogees and the nodes of the Flanets by figures and numbers: there Paul re<eals the mysteries: there his neighbour Dionysius arranges and distinguishes the hierarchies: there the <irgin Carmentis reFroduces in +atin characters all that Cadmus collected in Phoenician letters: there indeed oFening our treasuries and unfastening our Furse>strings we scattered money with Ioyous heart and Furchased inestimable boo&s with mud and sand. -t is naught" it is naught" saith e<ery buyer. But in <ain: for behold how good and how Fleasant it is to gather together the arms of the clerical warfare" that we may ha<e the means to crush the attac&s of heretics" if they arise. 1urther" we are aware that we obtained most eCcellent oFFortunities of collecting in the following way. 1rom our early years we attached to our society with the most eCDuisite solicitude and discarding all Fartiality all such masters and scholars and Frofessors in the se<eral faculties as had become most distinguished by their subtlety of mind and the fame of their learning. Deri<ing consolation from their symFathetic con<ersation" we were delightfully entertained" now by demonstrati<e chains of reasoning" now by the recital of Fhysical Frocesses and the treatises of the doctors of the Church" now by stimulating discourses on the allegorical meanings of things" as by a rich and well><aried intellectual feast. ,uch men we chose as comrades in our years of learning" as comFanions in our chamber" as associates on our Iourneys" as guests at our table" and" in short" as helFmates in all the <icissitudes of life. But as no haFFiness is Fermitted to endure for long" we were sometimes deFri<ed of the bodily comFanionshiF of some of these shining lights" when Iustice loo&ing down from hea<en" the ecclesiastical Freferments and dignities that they deser<ed fell to their Fortion. And thus it haFFened" as was only right" that in attending to their own cures they were obliged to absent themsel<es from attendance uFon us. 8e will add yet another <ery con<enient way by which a great multitude of boo&s old as well as new came into our hands. 1or we ne<er regarded with disdain or disgust the Fo<erty of the mendicant orders" adoFted for the sa&e of Christ: but in all Farts of the world too& them into the &indly arms of our comFassion" allured them by the most friendly familiarity into de<otion to oursel<es" and ha<ing so allured them cherished them with munificent liberality of beneficence for the sa&e of 4od" becoming benefactors of all of them in general in such wise that we seemed none the less to ha<e adoFted certain indi<iduals with a sFecial fatherly affection. To these men we were as a refuge in e<ery case of need" and ne<er refused to them the shelter of our fa<our" wherefore we deser<ed to find them most sFecial furtherers of our wishes and Fromoters thereof in act and deed" who comFassing land and sea" tra<ersing the circuit of the world" and ransac&ing the uni<ersities and high schools of <arious Fro<inces" were Healous in combatting for our desires" in the sure and certain hoFe of reward. 8hat le<eret could escaFe amidst so many &een>sighted huntersL 8hat little fish could e<ade in turn their hoo&s and nets and snaresL 1rom

the body of the ,acred +aw down to the boo&let containing the fallacies of yesterday" nothing could escaFe these searchers. 8as some de<out discourse uttered at the fountain>head of Christian faith" the holy Roman Curia" or was some strange Duestion <entilated with no<el arguments: did the solidity of Paris" which is now more Healous in the study of antiDuity than in the subtle in<estigation of truth" did English subtlety" which illumined by the lights of former times is always sending forth fresh rays of truth" Froduce anything to the ad<ancement of science or the declaration of the faith" this was instantly Foured still fresh into our ears" ungarbled by any babbler" unmutilated by any trifler" but Fassing straight from the Furest of wine>Fresses into the <ats of our memory to be clarified. But whene<er it haFFened that we turned aside to the cities and Flaces where the mendicants we ha<e mentioned had their con<ents" we did not disdain to <isit their libraries and any other reFositories of boo&s: nay" there we found heaFed uF amid the utmost Fo<erty the utmost riches of wisdom. 8e disco<ered in their fardels and bas&ets not only crumbs falling from the masters; table for the dogs" but the shewbread without lea<en and the bread of angels ha<ing in it all that is delicious: and indeed the garners of JoseFh full of corn" and all the sFoil of the EgyFtians" and the <ery Frecious gifts which Eueen ,heba brought to ,olomon. These men are as ants e<er FreFaring their meat in the summer" and ingenious bees continually fabricating cells of honey. They are successors of BeHaleel in de<ising all manner of wor&manshiF in sil<er and gold and Frecious stones for decorating the temFle of the Church. They are cunning embroiderers" who fashion the breastFlate and eFhod of the high Friest and all the <arious <estments of the Friests. They fashion the curtains of linen and hair and co<erings of ram;s s&ins dyed red with which to adorn the tabernacle of the Church militant. They are husbandmen that sow" oCen treading out corn" sounding trumFets" shining Pleiades and stars remaining in their courses" which cease not to fight against ,isera. And to Fay due regard to truth" without FreIudice to the Iudgment of any" although they lately at the ele<enth hour ha<e entered the lord;s <ineyard" as the boo&s that are so fond of us eagerly declared in our siCth chaFter" they ha<e added more in this brief hour to the stoc& of the sacred boo&s than all the other <ine>dressers: following in the footsteFs of Paul" the last to be called but the first in Freaching" who sFread the gosFel of Christ more widely than all others. /f these men" when we were raised to the eFiscoFate we had se<eral of both orders" <iH." the Preachers and 5inors" as Fersonal attendants and comFanions at our board" men distinguished no less in letters than in morals" who de<oted themsel<es with unwearied Heal to the correction" eCFosition" tabulation" and comFilation of <arious <olumes. But although we ha<e acDuired a <ery numerous store of ancient as well as modern wor&s by the manifold intermediation of the religious" yet we must laud the Preachers with sFecial Fraise" in that we ha<e found them abo<e all the religious most freely communicati<e of their stores without Iealousy" and Fro<ed them to be imbued with an almost Di<ine liberality" not greedy but fitting Fossessors of luminous wisdom. Besides all the oFFortunities mentioned abo<e" we secured the acDuaintance of stationers and boo&sellers" not only within our own country" but of those sFread o<er the realms of 1rance" 4ermany" and -taly" money flying forth in abundance to anticiFate their demands: nor were they hindered by any distance or by the fury of the seas" or by the lac& of means for their eCFenses" from sending or bringing to us the boo&s that we reDuired. 1or they well &new that their eCFectations

of our bounty would not be defrauded" but that amFle reFayment with usury was to be found with us. 0or" finally" did our good fellowshiF" which aimed to caFti<ate the affection of all" o<erloo& the rectors of schools and the instructors of rude boys. But rather" when we had an oFFortunity" we entered their little Flots and gardens and gathered sweet>smelling flowers from the surface and dug uF their roots" obsolete indeed" but still useful to the student" which might" when their ran& barbarism was digested heal the Fectoral arteries with the gift of eloDuence. Amongst the mass of these things we found some greatly meriting to be restored" which when s&ilfully cleansed and freed from the disfiguring rust of age" deser<ed to be reno<ated into comeliness of asFect. And aFFlying in full measure the necessary means" as a tyFe of the resurrection to come" we resuscitated them and restored them again to new life and health. 5oreo<er" we had always in our different manors no small multitude of coFyists and scribes" of binders" correctors" illuminators" and generally of all who could usefully labour in the ser<ice of boo&s. 1inally" all of both seCes and of e<ery ran& or Fosition who had any &ind of association with boo&s" could most easily oFen by their &noc&ing the door of our heart" and find a fit resting>Flace in our affection and fa<our. -n so much did we recei<e those who brought boo&s" that the multitude of those who had Freceded them did not lessen the welcome of the after>comers" nor were the fa<ours we had awarded yesterday FreIudicial to those of to>day. 8herefore" e<er using all the Fersons we ha<e named as a &ind of magnets to attract boo&s" we had the desired accession of the <essels of science and a multitudinous flight of the finest <olumes. And this is what we undertoo& to narrate in the Fresent chaFter.

C.APTER -G ./8" A+T./24. 8E PRE1ERRED T.E 8/R7, /1 T.E A0C-E0T," 8E .A9E 0/T C/0DE50ED T.E ,T2D-E, /1 T.E 5/DER0, Although the no<elties of the moderns were ne<er disagreeable to our desires" who ha<e always cherished with grateful affection those who de<ote themsel<es to study and who add anything either ingenious or useful to the oFinions of our forefathers" yet we ha<e always desired with more undoubting a<idity to in<estigate the well>tested labours of the ancients. 1or whether they had by nature a greater <igour of mental sagacity" or whether they FerhaFs indulged in closer aFFlication to study" or whether they were assisted in their Frogress by both these things" one thing we are Ferfectly clear about" that their successors are barely caFable of discussing the disco<eries of their forerunners" and of acDuiring those things as FuFils which the ancients dug out by difficult efforts of disco<ery. 1or as we read that the men of old were of a more eCcellent degree of bodily de<eloFment than modern times are found to Froduce" it is by no means absurd to suFFose that most of the ancients were distinguished by brighter faculties" seeing that in the labours they accomFlished of both &inds they are inimitable by Fosterity. And so Phocas writes in the Frologue to his 4rammar: ,ince all things ha<e been said by men of sense The only no<elty is>>to condense. But in truth" if we sFea& of fer<our of learning and diligence in

study" they ga<e uF all their li<es to FhilosoFhy: while nowadays our contemForaries carelessly sFend a few years of hot youth" alternating with the eCcesses of <ice" and when the Fassions ha<e been calmed" and they ha<e attained the caFacity of discerning truth so difficult to disco<er" they soon become in<ol<ed in worldly affairs and retire" bidding farewell to the schools of FhilosoFhy. They offer the fuming must of their youthful intellect to the difficulties of FhilosoFhy" and bestow the clearer wine uFon the money>ma&ing business of life. 1urther" as /<id in the first boo& of the De 9etula Iustly comFlains: The hearts of all men after gold asFire: 1ew study to be wise" more to acDuire: Thus" ,cienceM all thy <irgin charms are sold" 8hose chaste embraces should disdain their gold" 8ho see& not thee thyself" but Felf through thee" +onging for riches" not FhilosoFhy. And further on: Thus PhilosoFhy is seen ECiled" and PhiloFecuny is Dueen" which is &nown to be the most <iolent Foison of learning. .ow the ancients indeed regarded life as the only limit of study" is shown by 9alerius" in his boo& addressed to Tiberius" by many eCamFles. Carneades" he says" was a laborious and lifelong soldier of wisdom: after he had li<ed ninety years" the same day Fut an end to his life and his FhilosoFhiHing. -socrates in his ninety>fourth year wrote a most noble wor&. ,oFhocles did the same when nearly a hundred years old. ,imonides wrote Foems in his eightieth year. Aulus 4ellius did not desire to li<e longer than he should be able to write" as he says himself in the Frologue to the 0octes Atticae. The fer<our of study which Fossessed Euclid the ,ocratic" Taurus the FhilosoFher used to relate to incite young men to study" as 4ellius tells in the boo& we ha<e mentioned. 1or the Athenians" hating the FeoFle of 5egara" decreed that if any of the 5egarensians entered Athens" he should be Fut to death. Then Euclid" who was a 5egarensian" and had attended the lectures of ,ocrates before this decree" disguising himself in a woman;s dress" used to go from 5egara to Athens by night to hear ,ocrates" a distance of twenty miles and bac&. -mFrudent and eCcessi<e was the fer<our of Archimedes" a lo<er of geometry" who would not declare his name" nor lift his head from the diagram he had drawn" by which he might ha<e Frolonged his life" but thin&ing more of study than of life dyed with his life>blood the figure he was studying. There are <ery many such eCamFles of our FroFosition" but the bre<ity we aim at does not allow us to recall them. But" Fainful to relate" the cler&s who are famous in these days Fursue a <ery different course. Afflicted with ambition in their tender years" and slightly fastening to their untried arms the -carian wings of FresumFtion" they Frematurely snatch the master;s caF: and mere boys become unworthy Frofessors of the se<eral faculties" through which they do not ma&e their way steF by steF" but li&e goats ascend by leaFs and bounds: and" ha<ing slightly tasted of the mighty stream" they thin& that they ha<e drun& it dry" though their throats are hardly moistened. And because they are not grounded in the first rudiments at the fitting time" they build a tottering edifice on an unstable foundation" and now that they ha<e grown uF" they are ashamed to learn what they ought to ha<e

learned while young" and thus they are comFelled to suffer for e<er for too hastily IumFing at dignities they ha<e not deser<ed. 1or these and the li&e reasons the tyros in the schools do not attain to the solid learning of the ancients in a few short hours of study" although they may enIoy distinctions" may be accorded titles" be authoriHed by official robes" and solemnly installed in the chairs of the elders. Just snatched from the cradle and hastily weaned" they mouth the rules of Priscian and Donatus: while still beardless boys they gabble with childish stammering the Categorics and Peri .ermeneias" in the writing of which the great Aristotle is said to ha<e diFFed his Fen in his heart;s blood. Passing through these faculties with baneful haste and a harmful diFloma" they lay <iolent hands uFon 5oses" and sFrin&ling about their faces dar& waters and thic& clouds of the s&ies" they offer their heads" unhonoured by the snows of age" for the mitre of the Fontificate. This Fest is greatly encouraged" and they are helFed to attain this fantastic clericate with such nimble steFs" by PaFal Fro<isions obtained by insidious Frayers" and also by the Frayers" which may not be reIected" of cardinals and great men" by the cuFidity of friends and relati<es" who" building uF ,ion in blood" secure ecclesiastical dignities for their neFhews and FuFils" before they are seasoned by the course of nature or riFeness of learning. AlasM by the same disease which we are deFloring" we see that the Palladium of Paris has been carried off in these sad times of ours" wherein the Heal of that noble uni<ersity" whose rays once shed light into e<ery corner of the world" has grown lu&ewarm" nay" is all but froHen. There the Fen of e<ery scribe is now at rest" generations of boo&s no longer succeed each other" and there is none who begins to ta&e Flace as a new author. They wraF uF their doctrines in uns&illed discourse" and are losing all FroFriety of logic" eCceFt that our English subtleties" which they denounce in Fublic" are the subIect of their furti<e <igils. Admirable 5iner<a seems to bend her course to all the nations of the earth" and reacheth from end to end mightily" that she may re<eal herself to all man&ind. 8e see that she has already <isited the -ndians" the Babylonians" the EgyFtians and 4ree&s" the Arabs and the Romans. 0ow she has Fassed by Paris" and now has haFFily come to Britain" the most noble of islands" nay" rather a microcosm in itself" that she may show herself a debtor both to the 4ree&s and to the Barbarians. At which wondrous sight it is concei<ed by most men" that as FhilosoFhy is now lu&ewarm in 1rance" so her soldiery are unmanned and languishing.

C.APTER G /1 T.E 4RAD2A+ PER1ECT-04 /1 B//7, 8hile assiduously see&ing out the wisdom of the men of old" according to the counsel of the 8ise 5an =Eccles. CCCiC.B: The wise man" he says" will see& out the wisdom of all the ancients" we ha<e not thought fit to be misled into the oFinion that the first founders of the arts ha<e Furged away all crudeness" &nowing that the disco<eries of each of the faithful" when weighed in a faithful balance" ma&es a tiny Fortion of science" but that by the anCious in<estigations of a multitude of scholars" each as it were contributing his share" the mighty bodies of the sciences ha<e grown by successi<e augmentations to the immense bul& that we now behold. 1or the disciFles" continually melting down the doctrines of their masters" and Fassing them again through the furnace"

dro<e off the dross that had been Fre<iously o<erloo&ed" until there came out refined gold tried in a furnace of earth" Furified se<en times to Ferfection" and stained by no admiCture of error or doubt. 1or not e<en Aristotle" although a man of gigantic intellect" in whom it Fleased 0ature to try how much of reason she could bestow uFon mortality" and whom the 5ost .igh made only a little lower than the angels" suc&ed from his own fingers those wonderful <olumes which the whole world can hardly contain. But" on the contrary" with lynC>eyed Fenetration he had seen through the sacred boo&s of the .ebrews" the Babylonians" the EgyFtians" the Chaldaeans" the Persians and the 5edes" all of which learned 4reece had transferred into her treasuries. 8hose true sayings he recei<ed" but smoothed away their crudities" Fruned their suFerfluities" suFFlied their deficiencies" and remo<ed their errors. And he held that we should gi<e than&s not only to those who teach rightly" but e<en to those who err" as affording the way of more easily in<estigating truth" as he Flainly declares in the second boo& of his 5etaFhysics. Thus many learned lawyers contributed to the Pandects" many Fhysicians to the Tegni" and it was by this means that A<icenna edited his Canon" and Pliny his great wor& on 0atural .istory" and Ptolemy the Almagest. 1or as in the writers of annals it is not difficult to see that the later writer always FresuFFoses the earlier" without whom he could by no means relate the former times" so too we are to thin& of the authors of the sciences. 1or no man by himself has brought forth any science" since between the earliest students and those of the latter time we find intermediaries" ancient if they be comFared with our own age" but modern if we thin& of the foundations of learning" and these men we consider the most learned. 8hat would 9irgil" the chief Foet among the +atins" ha<e achie<ed" if he had not desFoiled Theocritus" +ucretius" and .omer" and had not Floughed with their heiferL 8hat" unless again and again he had read somewhat of Parthenius and Pindar" whose eloDuence he could by no means imitateL 8hat could ,allust" Tully" Boethius" 5acrobius" +actantius" 5artianus" and in short the whole trooF of +atin writers ha<e done" if they had not seen the Froductions of Athens or the <olumes of the 4ree&sL Certes" little would Jerome" master of three languages" Ambrosius" Augustine" though he confesses that he hated 4ree&" or e<en 4regory" who is said to ha<e been wholly ignorant of it" ha<e contributed to the doctrine of the Church" if more learned 4reece had not furnished them from its stores. As Rome" watered by the streams of 4reece" had earlier brought forth FhilosoFhers in the image of the 4ree&s" in li&e fashion afterwards it Froduced doctors of the orthodoC faith. The creeds we chant are the sweat of 4recian brows" Fromulgated by their Councils" and established by the martyrdom of many. 3et their natural slowness" as it haFFens" turns to the glory of the +atins" since as they were less learned in their studies" so they were less Fer<erse in their errors. -n truth" the Arian heresy had all but ecliFsed the whole Church: the 0estorian wic&edness Fresumed to ra<e with blasFhemous rage against the 9irgin" for it would ha<e robbed the Eueen of .ea<en" not in oFen fight but in disFutation" of her name and character as 5other of 4od" unless the in<incible chamFion Cyril" ready to do single battle" with the helF of the Council of EFhesus" had in <ehemence of sFirit utterly eCtinguished it. -nnumerable are the forms as well as the authors of 4ree& heresies: for as they were the original culti<ators of our holy faith" so too they were the first sowers of tares" as is shown by <eracious history. And thus they went on from bad to worse" because in endea<ouring to Fart the seamless <esture of the +ord" they totally destroyed Frimiti<e simFlicity of doctrine" and

blinded by the dar&ness of no<elty would fall into the bottomless Fit" unless .e Fro<ide for them in .is inscrutable Frerogati<e" whose wisdom is Fast rec&oning. +et this suffice: for here we reach the limit of our Fower of Iudgment. /ne thing" howe<er" we conclude from the Fremises" that the ignorance of the 4ree& tongue is now a great hindrance to the study of the +atin writers" since without it the doctrines of the ancient authors" whether Christian or 4entile" cannot be understood. And we must come to a li&e Iudgment as to Arabic in numerous astronomical treatises" and as to .ebrew as regards the teCt of the .oly Bible" which deficiencies" indeed" Clement 9. Fro<ides for" if only the bishoFs would faithfully obser<e what they so lightly decree. 8herefore we ha<e ta&en care to Fro<ide a 4ree& as well as a .ebrew grammar for our scholars" with certain other aids" by the helF of which studious readers may greatly inform themsel<es in the writing" reading" and understanding of the said tongues" although only the hearing of them can teach correctness of idiom.

C.APTER G8.3 8E .A9E PRE1ERRED B//7, /1 +-BERA+ +EAR0-04 T/ B//7, /1 +A8 That lucrati<e Fractice of Fositi<e law" designed for the disFensation of earthly things" the more useful it is found by the children of this world" so much the less does it aid the children of light in comFrehending the mysteries of holy writ and the secret sacraments of the faith" seeing that it disFoses us Feculiarly to the friendshiF of the world" by which man" as ,. James testifies" is made the enemy of 4od. +aw indeed encourages rather than eCtinguishes the contentions of man&ind" which are the result of unbounded greed" by comFlicated laws" which can be turned either way: though we &now that it was created by Iurisconsults and Fious Frinces for the FurFose of assuaging these contentions. But in truth" as the same science deals with contraries" and the Fower of reason can be used to oFFosite ends" and at the same the human mind is more inclined to e<il" it haFFens with the Fractisers of this science that they usually de<ote themsel<es to Fromoting contention rather than Feace" and instead of Duoting laws according to the intent of the legislator" <iolently strain the language thereof to effect their own FurFoses. 8herefore" although the o<er>mastering lo<e of boo&s has Fossessed our mind from boyhood" and to reIoice in their delights has been our only Fleasure" yet the aFFetite for the boo&s of the ci<il law too& less hold of our affections" and we ha<e sFent but little labour and eCFense in acDuiring <olumes of this &ind. 1or they are useful only as the scorFion in treacle" as Aristotle" the sun of science" has said of logic in his boo& De Pomo. 8e ha<e noticed a certain manifest difference of nature between law and science" in that e<ery science is delighted and desires to oFen its inward Farts and disFlay the <ery heart of its FrinciFles" and to show forth the roots from which it buds and flourishes" and that the emanation of its sFrings may be seen of all men: for thus from the cognate and harmonious light of the truth of conclusion to FrinciFles" the whole body of science will be full of light" ha<ing no Fart dar&. But laws" on the contrary" since they are only human enactments for the regulation of social life" or the yo&es of Frinces thrown o<er the nec&s of their subIects" refuse to be brought to the standard of synteresis" the origin of eDuity" because they feel that they Fossess more of arbitrary will than rational

Iudgment. 8herefore the Iudgment of the wise for the most Fart is that the causes of laws are not a fit subIect of discussion. -n truth" many laws acDuire force by mere custom" not by syllogistic necessity" li&e the arts: as Aristotle" the Phoebus of the ,chools" urges in the second boo& of the Politics" where he confutes the Folicy of .iFFodamus" which holds out rewards to the in<entors of new laws" because to abrogate old laws and establish new ones is to wea&en the force of those which eCist. 1or whate<er recei<es its stability from use alone must necessarily be brought to nought by disuse. 1rom which it is seen clearly enough" that as laws are neither arts nor sciences" so boo&s of law cannot FroFerly be called boo&s of art or science. 0or is this faculty which we may call by a sFecial term geologia" or the earthly science" to be FroFerly numbered among the sciences. 0ow the boo&s of the liberal arts are so useful to the di<ine writings" that without their aid the intellect would <ainly asFire to understand them.

C.APTER G-8.3 8E .A9E CA2,ED B//7, /1 4RA55AR T/ BE ,/ D-+-4E0T+3 PREPARED 8hile we were constantly delighting oursel<es with the reading of boo&s" which it was our custom to read or ha<e read to us e<ery day" we noticed Flainly how much the defecti<e &nowledge e<en of a single word hinders the understanding" as the meaning of no sentence can be aFFrehended" if any Fart of it be not understood. 8herefore we ordered the meanings of foreign words to be noted with Farticular care" and studied the orthograFhy" Frosody" etymology" and syntaC in ancient grammarians with unrelaCing carefulness" and too& Fains to elucidate terms that had grown too obscure by age with suitable eCFlanations" in order to ma&e a smooth Fath for our students. This is the whole reason why we too& care to reFlace the antiDuated <olumes of the grammarians by imFro<ed codices" that we might ma&e royal roads" by which our scholars in time to come might attain without stumbling to any science.

C.APTER G--8.3 8E .A9E 0/T 8./++3 0E4+ECTED T.E 1AB+E, /1 T.E P/ET, All the <arieties of attac& directed against the Foets by the lo<ers of na&ed truth may be reFelled by a two>fold defence: either that e<en in an unseemly subIect>matter we may learn a charming fashion of sFeech" or that where a fictitious but becoming subIect is handled" natural or historical truth is Fursued under the guise of allegorical fiction. Although it is true that all men naturally desire &nowledge" yet they do not all ta&e the same Fleasure in learning. /n the contrary" when they ha<e eCFerienced the labour of study and find their senses wearied" most men inconsiderately fling away the nut" before they ha<e bro&en the shell and reached the &ernel. 1or man is naturally fond of two things" namely" freedom from control and some Fleasure in his acti<ity: for which reason no one without reason submits himself to the control of others" or willingly engages in any tedious tas&. 1or Fleasure crowns acti<ity" as beauty is a crown to youth" as Aristotle

truly asserts in the tenth boo& of the Ethics. Accordingly the wisdom of the ancients de<ised a remedy by which to entice the wanton minds of men by a &ind of Fious fraud" the delicate 5iner<a secretly lur&ing beneath the mas& of Fleasure. 8e are wont to allure children by rewards" that they may cheerfully learn what we force them to study e<en though they are unwilling. 1or our fallen nature does not tend to <irtue with the same enthusiasm with which it rushes into <ice. .orace has eCFressed this for us in a brief <erse of the Ars Poetica" where he says: All Foets sing to Frofit or delight. And he has Flainly intimated the same thing in another <erse of the same boo&" where he says: .e hits the mar&" who mingles Ioy with use. .ow many students of Euclid ha<e been reFelled by the Pons Asinorum" as by a lofty and FreciFitous roc&" which no helF of ladders could enable them to scaleM T.-, -, A .ARD ,A3-04" they eCclaim" A0D 8./ CA0 RECE-9E -T. The child of inconstancy" who ended by wishing to be transformed into an ass" would FerhaFs ne<er ha<e gi<en uF the study of FhilosoFhy" if he had met him in friendly guise <eiled under the cloa& of Fleasure: but anon" astonished by Crato;s chair and struc& dumb by his endless Duestions" as by a sudden thunderbolt" he saw no refuge but in flight. ,o much we ha<e alleged in defence of the Foets: and now we Froceed to show that those who study them with FroFer intent are not to be condemned in regard to them. 1or our ignorance of one single word Fre<ents the understanding of a whole long sentence" as was assumed in the Fre<ious chaFter. As now the sayings of the saints freDuently allude to the in<entions of the Foets" it must needs haFFen that through our not &nowing the Foem referred to" the whole meaning of the author is comFletely obscured" and assuredly" as Cassiodorus says in his boo& /f the -nstitutes of ,acred +iterature: Those things are not to be considered trifles without which great things cannot come to Fass. -t follows therefore that through ignorance of Foetry we do not understand Jerome" Augustine" Boethius" +actantius" ,idonius" and <ery many others" a catalogue of whom would more than fill a long chaFter. The 9enerable Bede has <ery clearly discussed and determined this doubtful Foint" as is related by that great comFiler 4ratian" the reFeater of numerous authors" who is as confused in form as he was eager in collecting matter for his comFilation. 0ow he writes in his ?Jth section: ,ome read secular literature for Fleasure" ta&ing delight in the in<entions and elegant language of the Foets: but others study this literature for the sa&e of scholarshiF" that by their reading they may learn to detest the errors of the 4entiles and may de<outly aFFly what they find useful in them to the use of sacred learning. ,uch men study secular literature in a laudable manner. ,o far Bede. Ta&ing this salutary instruction to heart" let the detractors of those who study the Foets henceforth hold their Feace" and let not those who are ignorant of these things reDuire that others should be as ignorant as themsel<es" for this is the consolation of the wretched. And therefore let e<ery man see that his own intentions are uFright" and he may thus ma&e of any subIect" obser<ing the limitations of <irtue" a study acceFtable to 4od. And if he ha<e found Frofit in Foetry" as the great 9irgil relates that he had done in Ennius" he will not ha<e done

amiss.

C.APTER G-9 8./ /24.T T/ BE ,PEC-A+ +/9ER, /1 B//7, To him who recollects what has been said before" it is Flain and e<ident who ought to be the chief lo<ers of boo&s. 1or those who ha<e most need of wisdom in order to Ferform usefully the duties of their Fosition" they are without doubt most esFecially bound to show more abundantly to the sacred <essels of wisdom the anCious affection of a grateful heart. 0ow it is the office of the wise man to order rightly both himself and others" according to the Phoebus of FhilosoFhers" Aristotle" who decei<es not nor is decei<ed in human things. 8herefore Frinces and Frelates" Iudges and doctors" and all other leaders of the commonwealth" as more than others they ha<e need of wisdom" so more than others ought they to show Heal for the <essels of wisdom. Boethius" indeed" beheld PhilosoFhy bearing a sceFtre in her left hand and boo&s in her right" by which it is e<idently shown to all men that no one can rightly rule a commonwealth without boo&s. Thou" says Boethius" sFea&ing to PhilosoFhy" hast sanctioned this saying by the mouth of Plato" that states would be haFFy if they were ruled by students of FhilosoFhy" or if their rulers would study FhilosoFhy. And again" we are taught by the <ery gesture of the figure that in so far as the right hand is better than the left" so far the contemFlati<e life is more worthy than the acti<e life: and at the same time we are shown that the business of the wise man is to de<ote himself by turns" now to the study of truth" and now to the disFensation of temForal things. 8e read that PhiliF than&ed the 4ods de<outly for ha<ing granted that AleCander should be born in the time of Aristotle" so that educated under his instruction he might be worthy to rule his father;s emFire. 8hile Phaeton uns&illed in dri<ing becomes the charioteer of his father;s car" he unhaFFily distributes to man&ind the heat of Phoebus" now by eCcessi<e nearness" and now by withdrawing it too far" and so" lest all beneath him should be imFerilled by the closeness of his dri<ing" Iustly deser<ed to be struc& by the thunderbolt. The history of the 4ree&s as well as Romans shows that there were no famous Frinces among them who were de<oid of literature. The sacred law of 5oses in Frescribing to the &ing a rule of go<ernment" enIoins him to ha<e a coFy made of the boo& of Di<ine law =Deut. C<ii.B according to the coFy shown by the Friests" in which he was to read all the days of his life. Certes" 4od .imself" who hath made and who fashioneth e<ery day the hearts of e<ery one of us" &nows the feebleness of human memory and the instability of <irtuous intentions in man&ind. 8herefore .e has willed that boo&s should be as it were an antidote to all e<il" the reading and use of which .e has commanded to be the healthful daily nourishment of the soul" so that by them the intellect being refreshed and neither wea& nor doubtful should ne<er hesitate in action. This subIect is elegantly handled by John of ,alisbury" in his Policraticon. -n conclusion" all classes of men who are consFicuous by the tonsure or the sign of cler&shiF" against whom boo&s lifted uF their <oices in the fourth" fifth" and siCth chaFters" are bound to ser<e boo&s with FerFetual <eneration.

C.APTER G9 /1 T.E AD9A0TA4E, /1 T.E +/9E /1 B//7, -t transcends the Fower of human intellect" howe<er deeFly it may ha<e drun& of the Pegasean fount" to de<eloF fully the title of the Fresent chaFter. Though one should sFea& with the tongue of men and angels" though he should become a 5ercury or Tully" though he should grow sweet with the mil&y eloDuence of +i<y" yet he will Flead the stammering of 5oses" or with Jeremiah will confess that he is but a boy and cannot sFea&" or will imitate Echo rebounding from the mountains. 1or we &now that the lo<e of boo&s is the same thing as the lo<e of wisdom" as was Fro<ed in the second chaFter. 0ow this lo<e is called by the 4ree& word FhilosoFhy" the whole <irtue of which no created intelligence can comFrehend: for she is belie<ed to be the mother of all good things: 8isdom <ii. ,he as a hea<enly dew eCtinguishes the heats of fleshly <ices" the intense acti<ity of the mental forces relaCing the <igour of the animal forces" and slothfulness being wholly Fut to flight" which being gone all the bows of CuFid are unstrung. .ence Plato says in the Phaedo: The FhilosoFher is manifest in this" that he disse<ers the soul from communion with the body. +o<e" says Jerome" the &nowledge of the scriFtures" and thou wilt not lo<e the <ices of the flesh. The godli&e Genocrates showed this by the firmness of his reason" who was declared by the famous hetaera Phryne to be a statue and not a man" when all her blandishments could not sha&e his resol<e" as 9alerius 5aCimus relates at length. /ur own /rigen showed this also" who chose rather to be unseCed by the mutilation of himself" than to be made effeminate by the omniFotence of woman>>though it was a hasty remedy" reFugnant ali&e to nature and to <irtue" whose Flace it is not to ma&e men insensible to Fassion" but to slay with the dagger of reason the Fassions that sFring from instinct. Again" all who are smitten with the lo<e of boo&s thin& cheaFly of the world and wealth: as Jerome says to 9igilantius: The same man cannot lo<e both gold and boo&s. And thus it has been said in <erse: 0o iron>stained hand is fit to handle boo&s" 0or he whose heart on gold so gladly loo&s: The same men lo<e not boo&s and money both" And boo&s thy herd" / EFicurus" loathe: 5isers and boo&men ma&e Foor comFany" 0or dwell in Feace beneath the same roof>tree. 0o man" therefore" can ser<e both boo&s and 5ammon. The hideousness of <ice is greatly reFrobated in boo&s" so that he who lo<es to commune with boo&s is led to detest all manner of <ice. The demon" who deri<es his name from &nowledge" is most effectually defeated by the &nowledge of boo&s" and through boo&s his multitudinous deceits and the endless labyrinths of his guile are laid bare to those who read" lest he be transformed into an angel of light and circum<ent the innocent by his wiles. The re<erence of 4od is re<ealed to us by boo&s" the <irtues by which .e is worshiFFed are more eCFressly manifested" and the rewards are described that are Fromised by the truth" which decei<es not" neither is decei<ed. The truest li&eness of the beatitude to come is the contemFlation of the sacred writings" in which we behold in turn the Creator and the creature" and draw from streams of FerFetual gladness. 1aith is established by the Fower of boo&s: hoFe is strengthened by their solace" insomuch that by Fatience

and the consolation of scriFture we are in good hoFe. Charity is not Fuffed uF" but is edified by the &nowledge of true learning" and" indeed" it is clearer than light that the Church is established uFon the sacred writings. Boo&s delight us" when FrosFerity smiles uFon us: they comfort us inseFarably when stormy fortune frowns on us. They lend <alidity to human comFacts" and no serious Iudgments are FroFounded without their helF. Arts and sciences" all the ad<antages of which no mind can enumerate" consist in boo&s. .ow highly must we estimate the wondrous Fower of boo&s" since through them we sur<ey the utmost bounds of the world and time" and contemFlate the things that are as well as those that are not" as it were in the mirror of eternity. -n boo&s we climb mountains and scan the deeFest gulfs of the abyss: in boo&s we behold the finny tribes that may not eCist outside their nati<e waters" distinguish the FroFerties of streams and sFrings and of <arious lands: from boo&s we dig out gems and metals and the materials of e<ery &ind of mineral" and learn the <irtues of herbs and trees and Flants" and sur<ey at will the whole Frogeny of 0eFtune" Ceres" and Pluto. But if we Flease to <isit the hea<enly inhabitants" Taurus" Caucasus" and /lymFus are at hand" from which we Fass beyond the realms of Juno and mar& out the territories of the se<en Flanets by lines and circles. And finally we tra<erse the loftiest firmament of all" adorned with signs" degrees" and figures in the utmost <ariety. There we insFect the antarctic Fole" which eye hath not seen" nor ear heard: we admire the luminous 5il&y 8ay and the Nodiac" mar<ellously and delightfully Fictured with celestial animals. Thence by boo&s we Fass on to seFarate substances" that the intellect may greet &indred intelligences" and with the mind;s eye may discern the 1irst Cause of all things and the 2nmo<ed 5o<er of infinite <irtue" and may immerse itself in lo<e without end. ,ee how with the aid of boo&s we attain the reward of our beatitude" while we are yet soIourners below. 8hy need we say moreL Certes" Iust as we ha<e learnt on the authority of ,eneca" leisure without letters is death and the seFulture of the li<ing" so contrariwise we conclude that occuFation with letters or boo&s is the life of man. Again" by means of boo&s we communicate to friends as well as foes what we cannot safely entrust to messengers: since the boo& is generally allowed access to the chambers of Frinces" from which the <oice of its author would be rigidly eCcluded" as Tertullian obser<es at the beginning of his AFologeticus. 8hen shut uF in Frison and in bonds" and utterly deFri<ed of bodily liberty" we use boo&s as ambassadors to our friends" and entrust them with the conduct of our cause" and send them where to go oursel<es would incur the Fenalty of death. By the aid of boo&s we remember things that are Fast" and e<en FroFhesy as to the future: and things Fresent" which shift and flow" we FerFetuate by committing them to writing. The felicitous studiousness and the studious felicity of the all>Fowerful eunuch" of whom we are told in the Acts" who had been so mightily &indled by the lo<e of the FroFhetic writings that he ceased not from his reading by reason of his Iourney" had banished all thought of the FoFulous Falace of Eueen Candace" and had forgotten e<en the treasures of which he was the &eeFer" and had neglected ali&e his Iourney and the chariot in which he rode. +o<e of his boo& alone had wholly engrossed this domicile of chastity" under whose guidance he soon deser<ed to enter the gate of faith. / gracious lo<e of boo&s" which by the grace of baFtism transformed the child of 4ehenna and

nursling of Tartarus into a ,on of the 7ingdomM +et the feeble Fen now cease from the tenor of an infinite tas&" lest it seem foolishly to underta&e what in the beginning it confessed to be imFossible to any.

C.APTER G9T.AT -T -, 5ER-T/R-/2, T/ 8R-TE 0E8 B//7, A0D T/ RE0E8 T.E /+D Just as it is necessary for the abundant stores of <ictuals for so it is fitting for the Church assaults of Fagans and heretics state to FreFare arms and to Fro<ide the soldiers who are to fight for it" 5ilitant to fortify itself against the with a multitude of sound writings.

But because all the aFFliances of mortal men with the laFse of time suffer the decay of mortality" it is needful to reFlace the <olumes that are worn out with age by fresh successors" that the FerFetuity of which the indi<idual is by its nature incaFable may be secured to the sFecies: and hence it is that the Preacher says: /f ma&ing many boo&s there is no end. 1or as the bodies of boo&s" seeing that they are formed of a combination of contrary elements" undergo a continual dissolution of their structure" so by the forethought of the clergy a remedy should be found" by means of which the sacred boo& Faying the debt of nature may obtain a natural heir and may raise uF li&e seed to its dead brother" and thus may be <erified that saying of Ecclesiasticus: .is father is dead" and he is as if he were not dead: for he hath left one behind him that is li&e himself. And thus the transcriFtion of ancient boo&s is as it were the begetting of fresh sons" on whom the office of the father may de<ol<e" lest it suffer detriment. 0ow such transcribers are called antiDuarii" whose occuFations Cassiodorus confesses Flease him abo<e all the tas&s of bodily labour" adding: 6.aFFy effort"6 he says" 6laudable industry" to Freach to men with the hand" to let loose tongues with the fingers" silently to gi<e sal<ation to mortals" and to fight with Fen and in& against the illicit wiles of the E<il /ne.6 ,o far Cassiodorus. 5oreo<er" our ,a<iour eCercised the office of the scribe when .e stooFed down and with .is finger wrote on the ground =John <iii.B" that no one" howe<er eCalted" may thin& it unworthy of him to do what he sees the wisdom of 4od the 1ather did. / singular serenity of writing" to Fractise which the Artificer of the world stooFs down" at whose dread name e<ery &nee doth bowM / <enerable handicraft Fre>eminent abo<e all other crafts that are Fractised by the hand of man" to which our +ord humbly inclines .is breast" to which the finger of 4od is aFFlied" Ferforming the office of a FenM 8e do not read of the ,on of 4od that .e sowed or Floughed" wo<e or digged: nor did any other of the mechanic arts befit the di<ine wisdom incarnate eCceFt to trace letters in writing" that e<ery gentleman and sciolist may &now that fingers are gi<en by 4od to men for the tas& of writing rather than for war. 8herefore we entirely aFFro<e the Iudgment of boo&s" wherein they declared in our siCth chaFter the cler& who cannot write to be as it were disabled. 4od himself inscribes the Iust in the boo& of the li<ing: 5oses recei<ed the tables of stone written with the finger of 4od. Job desires that he himself that Iudgeth would write a boo&. BelshaHHar trembled when he saw the fingers of a man;s hand writing uFon the wall" 5ene te&el Fhares. - wrote" says Jeremiah" with in& in the boo&.

Christ bids his belo<ed disciFle John" 8hat thou seest write in a boo&. ,o the office of the writer is enIoined on -saiah and on Joshua" that the act and s&ill of writing may be commended to future generations. Christ .imself has written on .is <esture and on .is thigh 7ing of 7ings and +ord of +ords" so that without writing the royal ornaments of the /mniFotent cannot be made Ferfect. Being dead they cease not to teach" who write boo&s of sacred learning. Paul did more for building uF the fabric of the Church by writing his holy eFistles" than by Freaching by word of mouth to Jews and 4entiles. .e who has attained the FriHe continues daily by boo&s" what he long ago began while a soIourner uFon the earth: and thus is fulfilled in the doctors writing boo&s the saying of the ProFhet: They that turn many to righteousness shall be as the stars for e<er and e<er. 5oreo<er" it has been determined by the doctors of the Church that the longe<ity of the ancients" before 4od destroyed the original world by the Deluge" is to be ascribed to a miracle and not to nature: as though 4od granted to them such length of days as was reDuired for finding out the sciences and writing them in boo&s: amongst which the wonderful <ariety of astronomy reDuired" according to JoseFhus" a Feriod of siC hundred years" to submit it to ocular obser<ation. 0or" indeed" do they deny that the fruits of the earth in that Frimiti<e age afforded a more nutritious aliment to men than in our modern times" and thus they had not only a li<elier energy of body" but also a more lengthened Feriod of <igour: to which it contributed not a little that they li<ed according to <irtue and denied themsel<es all luCurious delights. 8hoe<er therefore is by the good gift of 4od endowed with gift of science" let him" according to the counsel of the .oly ,Firit" write wisdom in his time of leisure =Eccles. CCC<iii.B" that his reward may be with the blessed and his days may be lengthened in this Fresent world. And further" if we turn our discourse to the Frinces of the world" we find that famous emFerors not only attained eCcellent s&ill in the art of writing" but indulged greatly in its Fractice. Julius Caesar" the first and greatest of them all" has left us Commentaries on the 4allic and the Ci<il 8ars written by himself: he wrote also two boo&s De Analogia" and two boo&s of Anticatones" and a Foem called -ter: and many other wor&s. Julius and Augustus de<ised means of writing one letter for another" and so concealing what they wrote. 1or Julius Fut the fourth letter for the first" and so on through the alFhabet: whilst Augustus used the second for the first" the third for the second" and so throughout. .e is said in the greatest difficulties of affairs during the 5utinensian 8ar to ha<e read and written and e<en declaimed e<ery day. Tiberius wrote a lyric Foem and some 4ree& <erses. Claudius li&ewise was s&illed in both 4ree& and +atin" and wrote se<eral boo&s. But Titus was s&illed abo<e all men in the art of writing" and easily imitated any hand he chose: so that he used to say that if he had wished it he might ha<e become a most s&ilful forger. All these things are noted by ,uetonius in his +i<es of the G--. Caesars.

C.APTER G9-/1 ,./8-04 D2E PR/PR-ET3 -0 T.E C2,T/D3 /1 B//7, 8e are not only rendering ser<ice to 4od in FreFaring <olumes of new boo&s" but also eCercising an office of sacred Fiety when we treat boo&s carefully" and again when we restore them to their FroFer Flaces

and commend them to in<iolable custody: that they may reIoice in Furity while we ha<e them in our hands" and rest securely when they are Fut bac& in their reFositories. And surely neCt to the <estments and <essels dedicated to the +ord;s body" holy boo&s deser<e to be rightly treated by the clergy" to which great inIury is done so often as they are touched by unclean hands. 8herefore we deem it eCFedient to warn our students of <arious negligences" which might always be easily a<oided and do wonderful harm to boo&s. And in the first Flace as to the oFening and closing of boo&s" let there be due moderation" that they be not unclasFed in FreciFitate haste" nor when we ha<e finished our insFection be Fut away without being duly closed. 1or it beho<es us to guard a boo& much more carefully than a boot. But the race of scholars is commonly badly brought uF" and unless they are bridled in by the rules of their elders they indulge in infinite Fuerilities. They beha<e with Fetulance" and are Fuffed uF with FresumFtion" Iudging of e<erything as if they were certain" though they are altogether ineCFerienced. 3ou may haFFen to see some headstrong youth laHily lounging o<er his studies" and when the winter;s frost is sharF" his nose running from the niFFing cold driFs down" nor does he thin& of wiFing it with his Foc&et>hand&erchief until he has bedewed the boo& before him with the ugly moisture. 8ould that he had before him no boo&" but a cobbler;s aFronM .is nails are stuffed with fetid filth as blac& as Iet" with which he mar&s any Fassage that Fleases him. .e distributes a multitude of straws" which he inserts to stic& out in different Flaces" so that the halm may remind him of what his memory cannot retain. These straws" because the boo& has no stomach to digest them" and no one ta&es them out" first distend the boo& from its wonted closing" and at length" being carelessly abandoned to obli<ion" go to decay. .e does not fear to eat fruit or cheese o<er an oFen boo&" or carelessly to carry a cuF to and from his mouth: and because he has no wallet at hand he droFs into boo&s the fragments that are left. Continually chattering" he is ne<er weary of disFuting with his comFanions" and while he alleges a crowd of senseless arguments" he wets the boo& lying half oFen in his laF with sFuttering showers. Aye" and then hastily folding his arms he leans forward on the boo&" and by a brief sFell of study in<ites a Frolonged naF: and then" by way of mending the wrin&les" he folds bac& the margin of the lea<es" to the no small inIury of the boo&. 0ow the rain is o<er and gone" and the flowers ha<e aFFeared in our land. Then the scholar we are sFea&ing of" a neglecter rather than an insFecter of boo&s" will stuff his <olume with <iolets" and Frimroses" with roses and Duatrefoil. Then he will use his wet and FersFiring hands to turn o<er the <olumes: then he will thumF the white <ellum with glo<es co<ered with all &inds of dust" and with his finger clad in long>used leather will hunt line by line through the Fage: then at the sting of the biting flea the sacred boo& is flung aside" and is hardly shut for another month" until it is so full of the dust that has found its way within" that it resists the effort to close it. But the handling of boo&s is sFecially to be forbidden to those shameless youths" who as soon as they ha<e learned to form the shaFes of letters" straightway" if they ha<e the oFFortunity" become unhaFFy commentators" and where<er they find an eCtra margin about the teCt" furnish it with monstrous alFhabets" or if any other fri<olity stri&es their fancy" at once their Fen begins to write it. There the +atinist and soFhister and e<ery unlearned writer tries the fitness of his Fen"

a Fractice that we ha<e freDuently seen inIuring the usefulness and <alue of the most beautiful boo&s. Again" there is a class of thie<es shamefully mutilating boo&s" who cut away the margins from the sides to use as material for letters" lea<ing only the teCt" or emFloy the lea<es from the ends" inserted for the Frotection of the boo&" for <arious uses and abuses>>a &ind of sacrilege which should be Frohibited by the threat of anathema. Again" it is Fart of the decency of scholars that whene<er they return from meals to their study" washing should in<ariably Frecede reading" and that no grease>stained finger should unfasten the clasFs" or turn the lea<es of a boo&. 0or let a crying child admire the Fictures in the caFital letters" lest he soil the Farchment with wet fingers: for a child instantly touches whate<er he sees. 5oreo<er" the laity" who loo& at a boo& turned uFside down Iust as if it were oFen in the right way" are utterly unworthy of any communion with boo&s. +et the cler& ta&e care also that the smutty scullion ree&ing from his stewFots does not touch the lily lea<es of boo&s" all unwashed" but he who wal&eth without blemish shall minister to the Frecious <olumes. And" again" the cleanliness of decent hands would be of great benefit to boo&s as well as scholars" if it were not that the itch and FimFles are characteristic of the clergy. 8hene<er defects are noticed in boo&s" they should be FromFtly reFaired" since nothing sFreads more Duic&ly than a tear and a rent which is neglected at the time will ha<e to be reFaired afterwards with usury. 5oses" the gentlest of men" teaches us to ma&e boo&cases most neatly" wherein they may be Frotected from any inIury: Ta&e" he says" this boo& of the law" and Fut it in the side of the ar& of the co<enant of the +ord your 4od. / fitting Flace and aFFroFriate for a library" which was made of imFerishable shittim>wood" and was all co<ered within and without with goldM But the ,a<iour also has warned us by .is eCamFle against all unbecoming carelessness in the handling of boo&s" as we read in ,. +u&e. 1or when .e had read the scriFtural FroFhecy of .imself in the boo& that was deli<ered to .im" .e did not gi<e it again to the minister" until .e had closed it with his own most sacred hands. By which students are most clearly taught that in the care of boo&s the merest trifles ought not to be neglected.

C.APTER G9--,./8ET. T.AT 8E .A9E C/++ECTED ,/ 4REAT ,T/RE /1 B//7, 1/R T.E C/55/0 BE0E1-T /1 ,C./+AR, A0D 0/T /0+3 1/R /2R /80 P+EA,2RE 0othing in human affairs is more unIust than that those things which are most righteously done" should be Fer<erted by the slanders of malicious men" and that one should bear the reFroach of sin where he has rather deser<ed the hoFe of honour. 5any things are done with singleness of eye" the right hand &noweth not what the left hand doth" the lumF is uncorruFted by lea<en" nor is the garment wo<en of wool and linen: and yet by the tric&ery of Fer<erse men a Fious wor& is mendaciously transformed into some monstrous act. Certes" such is the unhaFFy condition of sinful nature" that not merely in acts that are morally doubtful it adoFts the worse conclusion: but often it deFra<es by iniDuitous sub<ersion those which ha<e the aFFearance of rectitude.

1or although the lo<e of boo&s from the nature of its obIect bears the asFect of goodness" yet" wonderful to say" it has rendered us obnoCious to the censures of many" by whose astonishment we were disFaraged and censured" now for eCcess of curiosity" now for the eChibition of <anity" now for intemFerance of delight in literature: though indeed we were no more disturbed by their <ituFeration than by the bar&ing of so many dogs" satisfied with the testimony of .im to whom it aFFertaineth to try the hearts and reins. 1or as the aim and FurFose of our inmost will is inscrutable to men and is seen of 4od alone" the searcher of hearts" they deser<e to be rebu&ed for their Fernicious temerity" who so eagerly set a mar& of condemnation uFon human acts" the ultimate sFrings of which they cannot see. 1or the final end in matters of conduct holds the same Fosition as first FrinciFles in sFeculati<e science or aCioms in mathematics" as the chief of FhilosoFhers" Aristotle" Foints out in the se<enth boo& of the Ethics. And therefore" Iust as the truth of our conclusions deFends uFon the correctness of our Fremises" so in matters of action the stamF of moral rectitude is gi<en by the honesty of aim and FurFose" in cases where the act itself would otherwise be held to be morally indifferent. 0ow we ha<e long cherished in our heart of hearts the fiCed resol<e" when Pro<idence should grant a fa<ourable oFFortunity" to found in FerFetual charity a .all in the re<erend uni<ersity of /Cford" the chief nursing mother of all liberal arts" and to endow it with the necessary re<enues" for the maintenance of a number of scholars: and moreo<er to enrich the .all with the treasures of our boo&s" that all and e<ery of them should be in common as regards their use and study" not only to the scholars of the said .all" but by their means to all the students of the before>named uni<ersity for e<er" in the form and manner which the following chaFter shall declare. 8herefore the sincere lo<e of study and Heal for the strengthening of the orthodoC faith to the edifying of the Church" ha<e begotten in us that solicitude so mar<ellous to the lo<ers of Felf" of collecting boo&s where<er they were to be Furchased" regardless of eCFense" and of ha<ing those that could not he bought fairly transcribed. 1or as the fa<ourite occuFations of men are <ariously distinguished according to the disFosition of the hea<enly bodies" which freDuently control our natural comFosition" so that some men choose to de<ote themsel<es to architecture" others to agriculture" others to hunting" others to na<igation" others to war" others to games" we ha<e under the asFect of 5ercury entertained a blameless Fleasure in boo&s" which under the rule of right reason" o<er which no stars are dominant" we ha<e ordered to the glory of the ,uFreme Being" that where our minds found tranDuillity and Feace" thence also might sFring a most de<out ser<ice of 4od. And therefore let our detractors cease" who are as blind men Iudging of colours: let not bats <enture to sFea& of light: and let not those who carry beams in their own eyes Fresume to Full the mote out of their brother;s eye. +et them cease to Ieer with satirical taunts at things of which they are ignorant" and to discuss hidden things that are not re<ealed to the eyes of men: who Ferchance would ha<e Fraised and commended us" if we had sFent our time in hunting" dice>Flaying" or courting the smiles of ladies.

C.APTER G-G /1 T.E 5A00ER /1 +E0D-04 A++ /2R B//7, T/ ,T2DE0T, -t has e<er been difficult so to restrain men by the laws of rectitude"

that the astuteness of successors might not stri<e to transgress the bounds of their Fredecessors" and to infringe established rules in insolence of licence. Accordingly" with the ad<ice of Frudent men" we ha<e Frescribed the manner in which we desire that the communication and use of our boo&s should be Fermitted for the benefit of students. -mFrimis" we gi<e and grant all and singular the boo&s" of which we ha<e made a sFecial catalogue" in consideration of affection" to the community of scholars li<ing in >>>> .all at /Cford" as a FerFetual gift" for our soul and the souls of our Farents" and also for the soul of the most illustrious 7ing Edward the Third from the ConDuest" and of the most Fious Eueen PhiliFFa" his consort: to the intent that the same boo&s may be lent from time to time to all and singular the scholars and masters of the said Flace" as well regular as secular" for the ad<ancement and use of study" in the manner immediately following" that is to say: 1i<e of the scholars soIourning in the .all aforesaid shall be aFFointed by the 5aster thereof" who shall ha<e the charge of all the boo&s" of which fi<e Fersons three and not fewer may lend any boo& or boo&s for insFection and study: but for coFying or transcribing we direct that no boo& shall be allowed outside the walls of the house. Therefore" when any scholar secular or religious" whom for this FurFose we regard with eDual fa<our" shall see& to borrow any boo&" let the &eeFers diligently consider if they ha<e a duFlicate of the said boo&" and if so" let them lend him the boo&" ta&ing such Fledge as in their Iudgment eCceeds the <alue of the boo& deli<ered" and let a record be made forthwith of the Fledge and of the boo& lent" containing the names of the Fersons deli<ering the boo& and of the Ferson who recei<es it" together with the day and year when the loan is made. But if the &eeFers find that the boo& as&ed for is not in duFlicate" they shall not lend such boo& to any one whomsoe<er" unless he shall belong to the community of scholars of the said .all" unless FerhaFs for insFection within the walls of the aforesaid house or .all" but not to be carried beyond it. But to any of the scholars of the said .all" any boo& may be lent by three of the aforesaid &eeFers" after first recording" howe<er" his name" with the day on which he recei<es the boo&. 0e<ertheless" the borrower may not lend the boo& entrusted to him to another" eCceFt with the Fermission of three of the aforesaid &eeFers" and then the name of the first borrower being erased" the name of the second with the time of deli<ery is to be recorded. Each &eeFer shall ta&e an oath to obser<e all these regulations when they enter uFon the charge of the boo&s. And the reciFients of any boo& or boo&s shall thereuFon swear that they will not use the boo& or boo&s for any other FurFose but that of insFection or study" and that they will not ta&e or Fermit to be ta&en it or them beyond the town and suburbs of /Cford. 5oreo<er" e<ery year the aforesaid &eeFers shall render an account to the 5aster of the .ouse and two of his scholars whom he shall associate with himself" or if he shall not be at leisure" he shall aFFoint three insFectors" other than the &eeFers" who shall Feruse the catalogue of boo&s" and see that they ha<e them all" either in the <olumes themsel<es or at least as reFresented by deFosits. And the more fitting season for rendering this account we belie<e to be from the 1irst of July until the festi<al of the Translation of the 4lorious 5artyr ,. Thomas neCt following.

8e add this further Fro<ision" that anyone to whom a boo& has been lent" shall once a year eChibit it to the &eeFers" and shall" if he wishes it" see his Fledge. 5oreo<er" if it chances that a boo& is lost by death" theft" fraud" or carelessness" he who has lost it or his reFresentati<e or eCecutor shall Fay the <alue of the boo& and recei<e bac& his deFosit. But if in any wise any Frofit shall accrue to the &eeFers" it shall not be aFFlied to any FurFose but the reFair and maintenance of the boo&s.

C.APTER GG A0 EG./RTAT-/0 T/ ,C./+AR, T/ REE2-TE 2, B3 P-/2, PRA3ER, Time now clamours for us to terminate this treatise which we ha<e comFosed concerning the lo<e of boo&s: in which we ha<e endea<oured to gi<e the astonishment of our contemForaries the reason why we ha<e lo<ed boo&s so greatly. But because it is hardly granted to mortals to accomFlish aught that is not rolled in the dust of <anity" we do not <enture entirely to Iustify the Healous lo<e which we ha<e so long had for boo&s" or to deny that it may Ferchance sometimes ha<e been the occasion of some <enial negligence" albeit the obIect of our lo<e is honourable and our intention uFright. 1or if when we ha<e done e<erything" we are bound to call oursel<es unFrofitable ser<ants: if the most holy Job was afraid of all his wor&s: if according to -saiah all our righteousness is as filthy rags" who shall Fresume to boast himself of the Ferfection of any <irtue" or deny that from some circumstance a thing may deser<e to be reFrehended" which in itself FerhaFs was not reFrehensible. 1or good sFrings from one selfsame source" but e<il arises in many ways" as Dionysius informs us. 8herefore to ma&e amends for our iniDuities" by which we ac&nowledge oursel<es to ha<e freDuently offended the Creator of all things" in as&ing the assistance of their Frayers" we ha<e thought fit to eChort our future students to show their gratitude as well to us as to their other benefactors in time to come by reDuiting our forethought for their benefit by sFiritual retribution. +et us li<e when dead in their memories" who ha<e li<ed in our bene<olence before they were born" and li<e now sustained by our beneficence. +et them imFlore the mercy of the Redeemer with unwearied Frayer" that the Fious Judge may eCcuse our negligences" may Fardon the wic&edness of our sins" may co<er the laFses of our feebleness with the cloa& of Fiety" and remit by .is di<ine goodness the offences of which we are ashamed and Fenitent. That .e may Freser<e to us for a due season of reFentance the gifts of .is good grace" steadfastness of faith" loftiness of hoFe" and the widest charity to all men. That .e may turn our haughty will to lament its faults" that it may deFlore its Fast most <ain elations" may retract its most bitter indignations" and detest its most insane delectations. That .is <irtue may abound in us" when our own is found wanting" and that .e who freely consecrated our beginning by the sacrament of baFtism" and ad<anced our Frogress to the seat of the AFostles without any desert of ours" may deign to fortify our outgoing by the fitting sacraments. That we may be deli<ered from the lust of the flesh" that the fear of death may utterly <anish and our sFirit may desire to be dissol<ed and be with Christ" and eCisting uFon earth in body only" in thought and longing our con<ersation may be in .ea<en. That the 1ather of mercies and the 4od of all consolation may graciously come to meet the Frodigal returning from the hus&s: that .e may recei<e the Fiece of sil<er that has been lately found and transmit it by .is holy angels into .is eternal treasury. That .e may rebu&e

with .is terrible countenance" at the hour of our deFarture" the sFirits of dar&ness" lest +e<iathan" that old serFent" lying hid at the gate of death" should sFread unforeseen snares for our feet. But when we shall be summoned to the awful Iudgment>seat to gi<e an account on the testimony of conscience of all things we ha<e done in the body" the 4od>5an may consider the Frice of the holy blood that .e has shed" and that the -ncarnate Deity may note the frame of our carnal nature" that our wea&ness may Fass unFunished where infinite lo<ing>&indness is to be found" and that the soul of the wretched sinner may breathe again where the Feculiar office of the Judge is to show mercy. And further" let our students be always diligent in in<o&ing the refuge of our hoFe after 4od" the 9irgin 5other of 4od and Blessed Eueen of .ea<en" that we who for our manifold sins and wic&ednesses ha<e deser<ed the anger of the Judge" by the aid of her e<er>acceFtable suFFlications may merit .is forgi<eness: that her Fious hand may deFress the scale of the balance in which our small and few good deeds shall be weighed" lest the hea<iness of our sins FreFonderate and cast us down to the bottomless Fit of Ferdition. 5oreo<er" let them e<er <enerate with due obser<ance the most deser<ing Confessor Cuthbert" the care of whose floc& we ha<e unworthily underta&en" e<er de<outly Fraying that he may deign to eCcuse by his Frayers his all>unworthy <icar" and may Frocure him whom he hath admitted as his successor uFon earth to be made his assessor in .ea<en. 1inally" let them Fray 4od with holy Frayers as well of body as of soul" that .e will restore the sFirit created in the image of the Trinity" after its soIourn in this miserable world" to its Frimordial FrototyFe" and grant to it for e<er to enIoy the sight of .is countenance: through our +ord Jesus Christ. Amen. T.E E0D /1 T.E P.-+/B-B+/0 /1 5A,TER R-C.ARD DE A204ER9-++E" ,2R0A5ED DE B2R3" +ATE B-,./P /1 D2R.A5 T.-, TREAT-,E 8A, 1-0-,.ED -0 /2R 5A0/R./2,E /1 A2C7+A0D /0 T.E @T. DA3 /1 JA02AR3" -0 T.E 3EAR /1 /2R +/RD /0E T./2,A0D T.REE .20DRED A0D 1/RT3>1/2R" T.E 1-1T3>E-4.T. 3EAR /1 /2R A4E BE-04 EGACT+3 C/5P+ETED" A0D T.E E+E9E0T. 3EAR /1 /2R P/0T-1-CATE DRA8-04 T/ A0 E0D: T/ T.E 4+/R3 /1 4/D. A5E0.

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