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Table of English Tenses

Tense

Affirmative/Negative/Question

Use action in the present taking place once, never or several times facts actions taking place one after another action set by a timetable or schedule action taking place in the moment of speaking action taking place only for a limited period of time action arranged for the future action in the past taking place once, never or several times actions taking place one after another action taking place in the middle of another action action going on at a certain time in the past actions taking place at the same time action in the past that is interrupted by another action putting emphasis on the result action that is still going on action that stopped recently finished action that has an influence on the present action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking

Signal Words always, every , never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually if sentences type I (If I talk, )

Simple Present

A: He speaks. N: He does not speak. Q: Does he speak?

Present Progressive

A: He is speaking. N: He is not speaking. Q: Is he speaking?

at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now

Simple Past

A: He spoke. N: He did not speak. Q: Did he speak?

yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday if sentence type II (If I talked, )

Past Progressive

A: He was speaking. N: He was not speaking. Q: Was he speaking?

when, while, as long as

Present Perfect Simple

A: He has spoken. N: He has not spoken. Q: Has he spoken?

already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now

Present Perfect Progressive

A: He has been speaking. N: He has not been speaking. Q: Has he been speaking?

putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result) action that recently stopped or is still going on finished action that influenced the present action taking place before a certain time in the past sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration) action taking place before a certain time in the past sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action action in the future that cannot be influenced spontaneous decision assumption with regard to the future decision made for the future conclusion with regard to the future

all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week

Past Perfect Simple

A: He had spoken. N: He had not spoken. Q: Had he spoken?

already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day if sentence type III (If I had talked, )

Past Perfect Progressive

A: He had been speaking. N: He had not been speaking. Q: Had he been speaking?

for, since, the whole day, all day

Future I Simple A: He will speak. N: He will not speak. Q: Will he speak?

in a year, next , tomorrow If-Satz Typ I (If you ask her, shewill help you.) assumption: I think, probably, perhaps in one year, next week, tomorrow

Future I Simple A: He is going to speak. N: He is not going to speak. Q: Is he going to speak? (going to) Future I Progressive A: He will be speaking. N: He will not be speaking. Q: Will he be speaking?

in one year, next week, action that is going on at a certain tomorrow time in the future action that is sure to happen in the near future action that will be finished at a certain time in the future action taking place before a certain time in the future putting emphasis on the course of an action action that might take place if sentences type II (If I were you, I would go home.) by Monday, in a week

Future II Simple Future II Progressive

A: He will have spoken. N: He will not have spoken. Q: Will he have spoken?

A: He will have been speaking. N: He will not have been speaking. Q: Will he have been speaking?

for , the last couple of hours, all day long

Conditional I Simple

A: He would speak. N: He would not speak. Q: Would he speak?

Conditional I Progressive

A: He would be speaking. N: He would not be speaking. Q: Would he be speaking?

action that might take place putting emphasis on the course / duration of the action action that might have taken place in the past action that might have taken place in the past puts emphasis on the course / duration of the action if sentences type III (If I had seen that, I would have helped.)

Conditional II Simple Conditional II Progressive

A: He would have spoken. N: He would not have spoken. Q: Would he have spoken? A: He would have been speaking. N: He would not have been speaking. Q: Would he have been speaking?

English Tenses Examples

Explanation

Past

Present

Future

Simple Past action that takes place once, never or several times He played football every Tuesday.

Simple Present He plays football every Tuesday.

Future I Simple He will / is going to play football every Tuesday. He will play football and then he will go home. He will love football.

actions that happen one after another

He played football and then he went home. He loved football.

He plays football and then he goes home. He loves football.

state

Past Progressive action going on at that moment He was playing football. actions taking place at the same time He was playing football and she was watching.

Present Progressive Future I Progressive He is playing football. He is playing football and she is watching. He will be playing football. He will be playing football and she will be watching.

Past Perfect Simple Present Perfect Simple

Future II Simple

action taking place before a certain moment in time; emphasises the result

He had won five matches until that day.

He has won five matches so far.

He will have won five matches by then.

Past Perfect Progressive action taking place before a certain moment in time (and beyond), emphasises the duration He had been playing football for ten years.

Present Perfect Progressive He has been playing football for ten years.

Future II Progressive He will have been playing football for ten years.

Adjectives and Adverbs


Adjectives are used to modify nouns, e.g. The dog is loud. What is the dog like? loud Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs, e.g. The dog barks loudly. How does the dog bark? loudly

Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Form Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions: as as Example: Jane is as tall as John. not as as / not so as Example: John is not as tall as Arnie.

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er/-est)


one-syllable adjectives (clean, new, cheap) two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy, happy, pretty, dirty, clever) positive form comparative form superlative form

clean

cleaner

(the) cleanest

Exceptions in spelling when adding -er / -est silent e is dropped Example: late-later-latest final y after a consonant becomes i

Example: easy-easier-easiest final consonant after short, stressed vowel is doubled Example: hot-hotter-hottest

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (more/most)


adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y/-er) positive form comparative form superlative form

difficult

more difficult

most difficult

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)

positive form

comparative form

superlative form

good

better

best

bad / ill

worse

worst

little (amount)

less

least

little (size)

smaller

smallest

much / many

more

most

far (place + time)

further

furthest

far (place)

farther

farthest

late (time)

later

latest

late (order)

latter

last

near (place)

nearer

nearest

near (order)

next

old (people and things)

older

oldest

old (people)

elder

eldest

Form and Comparison of Adverbs


Adverbs are used to express how something is done (adjectives express how someone or something is). Example: The dog sleeps quietly. The dog is absolutely quiet. Form In general: adjective + -ly adjective adverb

slow

slowly

Exceptions in spelling exception example

silent e is dropped in true, due, whole

true truly

y becomes i

happy happily

le after a consonant is dropped

sensible sensibly

after ll only add y

full fully

Adjectives ending in -ic: adjective + -ally (exception: public-publicly) adjective adverb

fantastic

fantastically

Adjectives ending in -ly: use in a way / manner or another adverb with similar meaning adjective adverb

friendly

in a friendly way in a friendly manner

likely

probably

Exceptions adjective adverb (meaning) adverb (meaning)

good

well

difficult

with difficulty

public

publicly

deep

deep (place)

deeply (feeling)

direct

direct

directly (=soon)

hard

hard

hardly (=seldom)

high

high (place)

highly (figurative)

late

late

lately (=recently)

most

most

mostly (=usually)

near

near

nearly (=almost)

pretty

pretty (=rather)

prettily

short

short

shortly (=soon)

The following adjectives are also used as adverbs (without modification):

daily, enough, early, far, fast, hourly, little, long, low, monthly, much, straight, weekly, yearly,

Comparison Comparison (-er/-est)


Comparative ending in -er Superlative ending in -est

one-syllable adverbs (hard)

harder

hardest

adverbs with the same form as adjectives (early)

earlier

earliest

Comparison (more / most)


Comparative formed with more Superlative formed with most

adverbs ending in ly (happily)

more happily

most happily

Irregular comparisons positive form comparative superlative

well

better

best

badly

worse

worst

ill

worse

worst

little

less

least

much

more

most

far (place + time)

further

furthest

far (place)

farther

farthest

late (time)

later

latest

Adjective or Adverb
Adjectives are used to modify nouns: The dog is loud. Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs: The dog barks loudly. Linking Verbs Some verbs can only be used with adjectives, others might change their meaning when used with an adverb. verb used with an adjective used with an adverb

look

look good (= appearance)

look well (= healthy)

feel

feel good (= state of health/mind)

feel well (= have a good sense of touch)

smell

smell good (= odour)

smell well (= have a good sense of smell)

taste

taste good (= preference)

taste well (= have a good sense of taste)

The following verbs can only be used with adjectives:

be become get grow

keep remain seem sound

stay turn

Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary Verbs are the verbs be, do, have, will when they are followed by another verb (the full
verb) in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense or the passive.

The verb "be"


The verb be can be used as an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb for compound tenses and the passive voice. Note that be is an irregular verb: Simple Present: I am, he/she/it is, we/you/they are Simple Past: I/he/she/it was, we/you/they were Past Participle: been You can tell that in the following sentences be is an auxiliary because it is followed by another verb (the full verb). (For progressive forms use the "-ing" form of the full verb; for passive voice, use the past participle of the full verb.) Progressive Forms Present Progressive: He is playing football. Past Progressive: He was playing football. Present Perfect Progressive: He has been playing football. Past Perfect Progressive: He had been playing football. Passive Simple Present/Past: The house is/was built. Present/Past Perfect: The house has/had been built. Future I: The house will be built.

"be" as a full verb


The verb be can also be a full verb. In this case, it's not followed by another verb. If be is used as a full verb, we do not need an auxiliary in negative sentences or questions. positive sentence: They are fifteen years old. negative sentence: They are not fifteen years old. question:

Are they fifteen years old?

The verb "have"


The verb have, too, can be used both as an auxiliary and as a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb to form compound tenses in active and passive voice. (Use the past participle of the full verb.) Compound Tenses - Active Voice Present Perfect Simple: He has played football. Past Perfect Simple: He had played football. Present Perfect Progressive: He has been playing football. Past Perfect Progressive: He had been playing football. Compound Tenses - Passive Voice Present/Past Perfect: The house has/had been built. Note that have is an irregular verb, too: Simple Present: I/we/you/they have, he/she/it has Simple Past: I/he/she/it/we/you/they had Past Participle: had

"have" in positive sentences


As a full verb have indicates possession. In British English, however, we usually use have got (have being the auxiliary, got the full verb). full verb: I have a car. auxiliary verb: I have got a car. "have" in negative sentences and questions When we use have as a full verb, we must use the auxiliary do in negative sentences and questions. If we use have got, however, we do not need another auxiliary. have as a full verb: I do not have a car. Do I have a car? have as an auxiliary verb: I have not got a car. Have I got a car?

The verb "will"


The verb will can only be used as an auxiliary. We use it to form the future tenses. The auxiliary verb "will" Future I:

He will not play football. Future II: He will have played football. The verb will remains the same for all forms (no "s" for 3rd person singular). The short form for negative sentences is won't.' Examples: I will, he will I will not = I won't

The verb "do"


The verb do can be both an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use do in negative sentences and questions for most verbs (except not for be, will,have got and modal verbs) in Simple Present and Simple Past. (Use the infinitive of the full verb.) The auxiliary "do" in negative sentences Simple Present: He does not play football. Simple Past: He did not play football. The auxiliary "do" in questions Simple Present: Does he play football? Simple Past: Did he play football?

The verb do is irregular: Simple Present: I/we/you/they do, he/she/it does Simple Past: I/he/she/it/we/you/they did

The full verb "do"


As a full verb we use do in certain expressions. If we want to form negative sentences or questions using do as a full verb, we need another do as an auxiliary. positive sentence: She does her homework every day. negative sentence: She doesn't do her homework every day. question: Does she do her homework every day? Sentences without the auxiliary "do" In the following cases, the auxiliary do is not used in negative sentences/questions:

the full verb is "be"

Example: I am not angry. / Are you okay? the sentence already contains another auxiliary (e.g. have, be, will) Example: They are not sleeping. / Have you heard that? the sentence contains a modal verb (can, may, must, need, ought to, shall, should) Example: We need not wait. / Can you repeat that, please? the question asks for the subject of the sentence Example: Who sings that song?

Modal Verbs and their substitutes


Modal verbs are for example may, can, must, should, need. They express an ability, permission, wish etc. to do something. (I may, can, must swim.) Many modal verbs cannot be used in all of the English tenses. That's why we need to know the substitutes to these modal verbs. Modal Verb Substitute Example

must

to have to

I must swim. = I have to swim.

must not

not to be allowed to

I must not swim. = I am not allowed to swim.

can

to be able to

I can swim. = I am able to swim.

may

to be allowed to

I may swim. = I am allowed to swim.

need

to have to

I need to swim. = I have to swim.

need not

not to have to

I need not swim. = I don't have to swim.

shall / should/ ought to

to be supposed to / to be expected to / to be to

I shall / should / ought to swim. = I am supposed to swim. / I am expected to swim. / I am to swim.

Infinitive and Gerund


There are certain words in English that are usually followed by an infinitive or gerund. If you are not sure whether to use the infinitive or gerund, check out our lists or look the words up in a dictionary.

Infinitive
Use Certain words are followed by an infinite verb with or without to. Use and Word Lists Example

as the subject of a clause

To know you is to love you.

after certain expressions (without to)

Why not go to the cinema?

after certain verbs (without to)

I can swim.

after certain verbs (with to)

He wants to swim.

after certain verbs with interrogatives (infinitive constructions)

They dont know how to swim.

after certain verbs with objects (without to)

He made her swim.

after certain verbs with objects (with to)

They wanted him to swim.

after certain adjectives and their comparisons

Its easier to swim downstream.

after nouns deriving from the verbs mentioned above

We made a promise to swim. (derived from the verb to promise)

Gerund
Form ing form of the verb

Exceptions in Spelling
Use Certain words are followed by an Ing-Form. Use and Word Lists Example

as the subject of a clause

Cycling is good for your health.

after certain adjectives

Hes afraid of going by plane.

after certain prepositions

Before going to bed he turned off the lights.

after certain verbs

I enjoy cooking.

after certain verbs with prepositions I am looking forward to seeing you again.

after certain nouns

We had problems finding our way back home.

Words followed either by Infinitive or Ing-Form Use and Word Lists Example

same meaning

I started to read. / I started reading.

same meaning but different use She forbids us to talk. / She forbids talking.

different meaning

He stopped to smoke. / He stopped smoking.

infinitive or present participle

I saw him go up the stairs. / I saw him going up the stairs.

Nouns - Articles, Plural and Possessive Case


Important things to keep in mind when using nouns are which article to use and how to form the plural and how to form the possessive case.

Article
Direct article - the example: the house Indirect article a / an a - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a consonant example: a car, a university an - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a vowel example: an apple, an hour Plural general rule: singular form + s example: a car - two cars after s, ch, x, z the plural is formed by adding es example: a box - two boxes y after a consonant is changed to ie before the plural s example: a city - two cities But: y after a vowel is not changed example: a boy - two boys After o the plural is usually formed by adding es (this is not the case, however, with words used for electric gadgets and music: radio, video, disco) example: a tomato - two tomatoes

Possessive Case of Nouns


adding 's of phrase

usually used for people

usually used for things

Ronny's brother

the name of the school

If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things, often the s is added instead of using an of phrase.

example: Germany's economy or the ecomony of Germany When using the possessive case with a time, s is added. example: a three weeks' holiday

Passive Voice
Use of Passive Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action. Example: My bike was stolen. In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it. Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows: Example: A mistake was made. Form of Passive Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs) Example: A letter was written. Examples of Passive Tense Subject Verb Object

Simple Present

Active: Passive:

Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita

writes

a letter.

is written wrote was written has written has been written will write will be written can write

by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter.

Simple Past

Active: Passive:

Present Perfect

Active: Passive:

Future I

Active: Passive:

Hilfsverben

Active:

Passive:

A letter

can be written

by Rita.

Examples of Passive Tense Subject Verb Object

Present Progressive

Active: Passive:

Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter

is writing

a letter.

is being written was writing was being written had written had been written will have written will have been written would write would be written would have written would have been written

by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita.

Past Progressive

Active: Passive:

Past Perfect

Active: Passive:

Future II

Active: Passive:

Conditional I

Active: Passive:

Conditional II

Active: Passive:

Passive Sentences with Two Objects Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on. Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

Active: Passive: Passive:

Rita A letter I

wrote

a letter

to me.

was written was written

to me a letter

by Rita. by Rita.

Participles
There are three kinds of participles in English: present participle, past participle and perfect participle. You probably know the first two from certain tenses and adjective forms. Apart from that, participles are also used to shorten sentences. Past Participle The past participle is the participle that you find in the third column of lists with irregular verbs. You surely know this form: from perfect tenses (z. B. Present Perfect Simple) I have spoken. from passive voice The letter was written. as an adjective form I was bored to death. Perfect Participle The perfect participle can be used to shorten or combine clauses that have the same subject if one action (the one where the perfect participle is used) is completed before the next action starts. Example: She bought a bike and cycled home. Having bought a bike, she cycled home. one action has been going on for a period of time when another action starts. Example: He had been living there for such a long time that he didn't want to move to another town. Having lived there for such a long time, he didn't want to move to another town. The perfect participle can be used for active and passive voice. active voice: having + past participle (Having cooked, he set the table.) passive voice: having been + past participle (Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.) The past participle can also be used to shorten or combine passive clauses that have the same subject. Example: The boy was given an apple. He stopped crying. Given an apple, the boy stopped crying.

Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are mainly used in spoken English and informal texts. (The more formal a conversation or text, the less phrasal verbs are found.) Phrasal verbs consist of a verb plus a particle (preposition, adverb). The particle can change the meaning of the verb completely, e.g.: look up consult a reference book (look a word up in a dictionary) look for seek (look for her ring) look forward anticipate with pleasure (look forward to meeting someone)

There are no rules that might explain how phrasal verbs are formed correctly - all you can do is look them up in a good dictionary and study their meanings. In our lists, you will find some frequently used phrasal verbs and their meanings. Frequently Used Phrasal Verbs with:

break, bring, call, carry, come, do, fall, get, go, keep, look, make, put, run, set, take, turn The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:

English

Usage

Example

on in

days of the week months / seasons time of day year

on Monday in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour

after a certain period of time (when?) for night for weekend a certain point of time (when?)

at

at night at the weekend at half past nine

since

from a certain point of time (past till now) over a certain period of time (past till now) a certain time in the past earlier than a certain point of time telling the time telling the time

since 1980

for

for 2 years

ago

2 years ago

before

before 2004

to past to / till / until

ten to six (5:50) ten past six (6:10) from Monday to/till Friday

marking the beginning and end of a period of time

till / until

in the sense of how long something is going to last in the sense of at the latest up to a certain time

He is on holiday until Friday.

by

I will be back by 6 oclock. By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.

Prepositions Place (Position and Direction)


English Usage Example

in

room, building, street, town, country book, paper etc. car, taxi picture, world

in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work the picture on the wall London lies on the Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio

at

meaning next to, by an object for table for events

place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work) attached for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio

on

by, next to, beside

left or right of somebody or something

Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car. the bag is under the table

under

on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else lower than something else but above ground covered by something else meaning more than getting to the other side (also across) overcoming an obstacle

below

the fish are below the surface put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall a path above the lake walk across the bridge swim across the lake drive through the tunnel go to the cinema go to London / Ireland go to bed

over

above

higher than something else, but not directly over it getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side

across

through

something with limits on top, bottom and the sides movement to person or building movement to a place or country for bed enter a room / a building

to

into

go into the kitchen / the house go 5 steps towards the house jump onto the table

towards

movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it) movement to the top of something

onto

from

in the sense of where from

a flower from the garden walk across the bridge swim across the lake drive through the tunnel go to the cinema go to London / Ireland go to bed

across

getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side

through

something with limits on top, bottom and the sides movement to person or building movement to a place or country for bed enter a room / a building

to

into

go into the kitchen / the house go 5 steps towards the house jump onto the table a flower from the garden

towards

movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it) movement to the top of something

onto

from

in the sense of where from

Other important Prepositions

English by on

Usage

Example

from of

who gave it who/what does it belong to what does it show who made it walking or riding on horseback entering a public transport vehicle entering a car / Taxi

a present from Jane a page of the book the picture of a palace a book by Mark Twain on foot, on horseback get on the bus

in

get in the car

off

leaving a public transport vehicle leaving a car / Taxi rise or fall of something

get off the train

out of by

get out of the taxi prices have risen by 10 percent by car, by bus she learned Russian at 45 we were talking about you

travelling (other than walking or horseriding) for age

at about

for topics, meaning what about

Pronouns (Personal, Possessive, Relative and Reflexive Pronouns) Pronouns are words like I, me (personal pronouns) or my, mine (possessive pronouns). Personal Pronouns - Subject Form example: We have got some books. Personal Pronouns - Object Form example: The books are for us. Possessive Adjectives example: These are our books. Possessive Pronouns example: The books are ours. Reflexive Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns

subject form

object form

possessive adjective

possessive pronoun

me

my

mine

myself

you

you

your

yours

yourself

he

him

his

his

himself

she

her

her

hers

herself

it

it

its

its

itself

we

us

our

ours

ourselves

you

you

your

yours

yourselves

they

them

their

theirs

themselves

example: He can carry the bags himself.

Relative Pronouns
example: This is the man who lives next door

Relative Pronouns relative pronoun use example

who

subject or object pronoun for people

I told you about the woman who lives next door.

which

subject or object pronoun for animals and things

Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?

which

referring to a whole sentence

He couldnt read which surprised me.

whose

possession for people animals and things

Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?

whom

object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we

I was invited by the professor whom I met at the

colloquially prefer who)

conference.

that

subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible)

I dont like the table that stands in the kitchen.

Relative Adverbs
A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes the sentence easier to understand. This is the shop in which I bought my bike. This is the shop where I bought my bike.

relative adverb

meaning

use

example

when

in/on which

refers to a time expression

the day when we met him

where

in/at which

refers to a place

the place where we met him

Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)


If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speakers exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request. Statements When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:

Type direct speech

Example I speak English.

reported speech He says that he speaks English. (no backshift) reported speech He said that he spoke English. (backshift)

Type direct speech with interrogative

Example Why dont you speak English?

reported speech He asked me why I didnt speak English. direct speech without interrogative reported speech He asked me whether / if I spoke English. Requests Do you speak English?

Type

Example

direct speech

Carol, speak English.

reported speech He told Carol to speak English.

Object Pronouns
singular: me, you, him, her, it plural: us, you, them

Subject Pronoun I I talk to you. You You talk to me. He He calls you. She She looks at you.

Object Pronoun Me You talk to me. You I talk to you. Him

Noun

for oneself

One person I talk to a boy or a man

You call him. Her a girl or a woman You look at her.

It It is a cat. It is a banana. We We talk together. You You learn English. They They eat ice cream.

It You feed it. You eat it.

an animal, an idea, a place, a situation, a thing, time, weather, an emotion one banana = it

Us I + you = we Someone talks tous. me + you = us You I teach youEnglish. Them Someone gavethem ice cream. people = they / them things = they / them

VERBS
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

alight

alighted, alit

alighted, alit

arise

arose

arisen

awake

awoke, awaked

awoken, awaked

be

was, were

been

bear

bore

borne, born

beat

beat

beaten, beat

become

became

become

beget

begot

begotten

begin

began

begun

bend

bent

bent

bereave

bereaved, bereft

bereaved, bereft

beseech

besought, beseeched

besought, beseeched

bet

bet, betted

bet, betted

bid

bade, bid

bidden, bid, bade

bide

bade, bided

bided

bind

bound

bound

bite

bit

bitten

bleed

bled

bled

bless

blessed, blest

blessed, blest

blow

blew

blown

break

broke

broken

breed

bred

bred

bring

brought

brought

broadcast

broadcast, broadcasted

broadcast, broadcasted

build

built

built

burn

burnt, burned

burnt, burned

burst

burst

burst

bust

bust, busted

bust, busted

buy

bought

bought

can

could

(kein Participle)

cast

cast

cast

catch

caught

caught

choose

chose

chosen

cleave

cleft, cleaved, clove

cleft, cleaved, cloven

cling

clung

clung

clothe

clothed, clad

clothed, clad

come

came

come

cost

cost

cost

creep

crept

crept

crow

crowed

crew, crowed

cut

cut

cut

deal

dealt

dealt

dig

dug

dug

do

did

done

draw

drew

drawn

dream

dreamt, dreamed

dreamt, dreamed

drink

drank

drunk

drive

drove

driven

dwell

dwelt, dwelled

dwelt, dwelled

eat

ate

eaten

fall

fell

fallen

feed

fed

fed

feel

felt

felt

fight

fought

fought

find

found

found

flee

fled

fled

fling

flung

flung

fly

flew

flown

forbid

forbad, forbade

forbid, forbidden

forecast

forecast, forecasted

forecast, forecasted

forget

forgot

forgotten

forsake

forsook

forsaken

freeze

froze

frozen

geld

gelded, gelt

gelded, gelt

get

got

got, gotten

gild

gilded, gilt

gilded, gilt

give

gave

given

gnaw

gnawed

gnawed, gnawn

go

went

gone

grind

ground

ground

grip

gripped, gript

gripped, gript

grow

grew

grown

hang

hung

hung

have

had

had

hear

heard

heard

heave

heaved, hove

heaved, hove

hew

hewed

hewed, hewn

hide

hid

hidden, hid

hit

hit

hit

hold

held

held

hurt

hurt

hurt

keep

kept

kept

kneel

knelt, kneeled

knelt, kneeled

knit

knitted, knit

knitted, knit

know

knew

known

lay

laid

laid

lead

led

led

lean

leant, leaned

leant, leaned

leap

leapt, leaped

leapt, leaped

learn

learnt, learned

learnt, learned

leave

left

left

lend

lent

lent

let

let

let

lie

lay

lain

light

lit, lighted

lit, lighted

lose

lost

lost

make

made

made

may

might

(kein Participle)

mean

meant

meant

meet

met

met

melt

melted

molten, melted

mow

mowed

mown, mowed

pay

paid

paid

pen

pent, penned

pent, penned

plead

pled, pleaded

pled, pleaded

prove

proved

proven, proved

put

put

put

quit

quit, quitted

quit, quitted

read

read

read

rid

rid, ridded

rid, ridded

ride

rode

ridden

ring

rang

rung

rise

rose

risen

run

ran

run

saw

sawed

sawn, sawed

say

said

said

see

saw

seen

seek

sought

sought

sell

sold

sold

send

sent

sent

set

set

set

sew

sewed

sewn, sewed

shake

shook

shaken

shall

should

(kein Participle)

shear

sheared

shorn, sheared

shed

shed

shed

shine

shone

shone

shit

shit, shitted, shat

shit, shitted, shat

shoe

shod, shoed

shod, shoed

shoot

shot

shot

show

showed

shown, showed

shred

shred, shredded

shred, shredded

shrink

shrank, shrunk

shrunk

shut

shut

shut

sing

sang

sung

sink

sank

sunk

sit

sat

sat

slay

slew

slain

sleep

slept

slept

slide

slid

slid

sling

slung

slung

slink

slunk

slunk

slit

slit

slit

smell

smelt, smelled

smelt, smelled

smite

smote

smitten

sow

sowed

sown, sowed

speak

spoke

spoken

speed

sped, speeded

sped, speeded

spell

spelt, spelled

spelt, spelled

spend

spent

spent

spill

spilt, spilled

spilt, spilled

spin

spun

spun

spit

spat

spat

split

split

split

spoil

spoilt, spoiled

spoilt, spoiled

spread

spread

spread

spring

sprang, sprung

sprung

stand

stood

stood

steal

stole

stolen

stick

stuck

stuck

sting

stung

stung

stink

stank, stunk

stunk

stride

strode

stridden

strike

struck

struck

string

strung

strung

strive

strove

striven

swear

swore

sworn

sweat

sweat, sweated

sweat, sweated

sweep

swept

swept

swell

swelled

swollen, swelled

swim

swam

swum

swing

swung

swung

take

took

taken

teach

taught

taught

tear

tore

torn

telecast

telecast, telecasted

telecast, telecasted

tell

told

told

think

thought

thought

throw

threw

thrown

thrust

thrust

thrust

tread

trod

trodden

understand

understood

understood

wake

woke, waked

woken, waked

wear

wore

worn

weave

wove

woven

wed

wed, wedded

wed, wedded

weep

wept

wept

wet

wet, wetted

wet, wetted

win

won

won

wind

wound

wound

wring

wrung

wrung

write

wrote

written

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