Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cameron Highlands
Paphiopedilum barbatum
Photo : REACH/Amran
Bulbophyllum lobii
Photo : REACH/Amran
Report prepared by :
REBECCA PUTTOCK
TIM WALLSGROVE
You can get off alcohol and drugs, but you never get off orchids.
Never'…
In 2006, the British newspaper ‘The Daily Telegraph’ published the following article.
‘On the moist, spicy slopes of Borneo's 13,500ft Mount Kinabalu grows the Rothschild orchid, a
plant too sexy for its stalk. Named after Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, a 19th-century
connoisseur of the erotic potential of flora, this rarest of orchids has hardly ever been seen
outside its natural habitat. Which made it all the more surprising when six of them were found at
Heathrow airport in the luggage of 32-year-old Sian Tiong Lim, a fresh-faced pharmaceutical
researcher from Putney, south London. The plants had been smuggled into Britain to feed the
fevered demand of collectors for exotic orchids.
Last week Lim was jailed for four months - believed to be the stiffest sentence ever handed out
by a British court to a plant trafficker - but the world's endangered orchids can feel no safer. Last
week's court case heard that Lim, a recognised collector, had bought the orchids - more than a
hundred in total - in his native Malaysia. He claimed that he had only shipped them to London
because the local temperatures were too hot. Hot his haul certainly was. It included "some of the
most sought-after orchids in the history of orchid collection". Two were so rare that the senior
experts at the Royal Botanic Gardens in London, home to the world's largest orchid collection,
had never before encountered them.
The plants, all protected by international treaties, were destined for the black market, where
their value was estimated to be tens of thousands of pounds. Those infected by what is known as
"orchidelirium" describe a condition not just beyond addiction but beyond hope. Eric Hansen,
author of Orchid Fever, recalls a conversation with an otherwise down-to-earth neighborhood
flower grower who told him: "You can get off alcohol, drugs, women, food and cars, but once
you're hooked on orchids you're finished. You never get off orchids. Never”.’
Orchids have survived through the ages and now comprise the largest family of all flowering
plants on earth. Therefore it is no wonder that orchid enthusiasts, fanatics, traders and poachers
are fuelling the US$6 billion endangered plant black market, carving out smuggling routes that
crisscross the world. Due to the abundance of orchids in Malaysia, they are a prime source for
supplying this market. In many areas, such as the Cameron Highlands in Pahang, the threat to
the orchid populations is a constant problem, due to their continued theft from the local forestry.
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Driven by demand from local collectors, as well as wealthy buyers in the West, Japan and the
Middle East, poachers from the surrounding villages, tourists, nursery operators and "specialists"
come and collect the plants, often in large quantities. In most cases, the wild orchids are simply
pulled from the trees or dug from the ground. They are conventionally smuggled to their
destinations much the same as other endangered plants. Like drugs and arms, they are shipped
in personal luggage, parcels, car trunks and shipping containers, to name but a few methods.
Often smugglers will simply misdeclare a species on the import and export permits. This is very
easy to do because identifying each genus is more often than not, extremely difficult for non-
experts and many border controls are unable to recognise the rarer species, especially when they
are not in bloom. Bribes have also been known to make the process much easier. But
unfortunately for the orchid, the more risk involved in the smuggling process, the greater the
desire of the buyer. Carlo Blistery, legal counsel to the American Orchid Society, states,
“It adds to the attraction and they want to have it, no matter what”.
(www.telegraph.co.uk).
“Most orchid varieties can be easily grown in nurseries, but the plants produced in such
controlled conditions suffer from what some dealers describe as "the stigma of perfection". Their
colours may be artificially bright, their petal structure too uniform. Prettified and no challenge to
obtain, they lack the sensual, quasi-mystical aura of wild orchids. In the surreal demi-monde of
orchidelirium, such plants are impostors. Only the blooms raised by nature can be considered
authentic. Consumed by dreams of finding undiscovered orchids, some collectors make their
own, often perilous, journeys to the jungles.
More unscrupulous and less adventurous collectors rely on smugglers, of whom there are
thousands supplying a market that is estimated to double every 10 years. Their activities, coupled
with the destruction of native habitats, have driven some orchid varieties to the brink of extinction.
"There is a lunatic fringe to the orchid world," says Hansen, "and a fine line between the average
grower and the horticulturally insane. You will hear tales of murder, mayhem, betrayal and greed.
These plants have a long, rich history and they stir up the deepest of human passions. People
are mesmerised by them."
Around the modern cult of the orchid has grown a bizarre world of services catering to the
needs of connoisseurs. Those in America can avail themselves of orchid baby-sitters, orchid
doctors and orchid boarding houses. One prominent New York collector with 3,000 rare orchids
has a special greenhouse on top of his apartment with a cloud-making system and fans designed
to simulate tropical breezes. No qualities of character or intellect can protect against the plants'
strange allure. Confucius, Charles Darwin and Captain Bligh were all orchid obsessives.”
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Treaties, Laws and Bribery…
It was not until the 1960s that regulations were enforced to preserve wild orchids and their
habitats. They are now safeguarded by national laws and international treaties. Primary
protection comes from the 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), treaty. This treaty is signed by over 120 nations, including
Malaysia, and therefore any species found in the Cameron Highlands listed on the CITES
appendices, is legally untouchable.
The following is a web link to the complete list of all protected orchids from the CITES treaty.
http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/species.html
The CITES treaty fundamentally states that any species of plant that is endangered cannot be
commercially traded. The trade in nursery-produced orchids is still allowed and growers are able
to use plants to grow hybrids. This process is known as artificial propagation. The nurseries with
CITES approval can also export the cultured plants as well as trade within their own country.
However, despite the strict legislation of the treaty, there are many people who do not adhere to
the law and are frequently caught selling endangered orchids.
There is some unofficial ‘leeway’ in the whole system. It is possible to collect a small amount of
orchids from the wild for research purposes, but the problem is the lack of a clear line as to what
is considered excessive. However, to officially take orchids from the wild, authorisation via a
permit is required. These permits can be bought from the Forestry Department and can be
renewed annually. If the holder is caught smuggling wild or endangered orchids, the permit may
be revoked, but only after a warning letter is sent and not complied with. This combined with a
well greased bribing system, means people are rarely caught breaking the laws, and when they
are little is done about it apart from the occasional nominal fine. Without the dangers and risks
involved in the initial collection process, the forests are being stripped of numerous wild orchids,
some common to the area, but some extremely rare to the world.
In the Cameron Highlands there are over 600 species of wild orchid that have been discovered
and catalogued so far, many of which are covered by CITES. Some of these are illustrated below.
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Bulbophyllum lobii
Photo : REACH/Antony
Paphiodeilum barbatum
Photo : REACH/Antony
Phaius callosus
Photo : REACH/Amran
Although it appears simple to place the majority of the blame for wild orchid poaching with the
Orang Asli people, it is more the fault of those who recruit them to attain the plants on such a
large scale. The chief of one of the Orang Asli villages was recently interviewed and openly
admitted that nursery owners frequently gave them pictures of orchids, which they desired for
retail along with promises of money on collection. Also, unfortunately for the Orang Asli people,
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the considerable money which can be made from stolen orchids fails to reach them in any way
and many villagers are being exploited for other people’s financial gain. The same chief of the
Orang Asli village interviewed, (who asked to remain nameless), also admitted he knew collecting
orchids from the wild was wrong. However he was also confident, they would not be prosecuted if
caught as “Cameron Highlands is not a reserve”, he said.
The owner of Kea Farm had been granted a license many years previously to sell potted plants.
However this was abused from very early on when he was caught cultivating stolen wild orchids
in the nursery. Despite a warning letter from the Forestry Department threatening a maximum jail
term of 5 years and a substantial fine for excessive collection, he continued his role in the
smuggling trade. He is now awaiting sentence, which is looking like it will only amount to a mere
RM1000 – RM2000 fine. This is hardly a dent in the money he has made from his illegal activities
as it is common knowledge in the local villages that he has been selling wild orchids since 1990.
Sometimes bought from the poachers for as little as RM 1-2 per orchid, each can sell initially for
up to RM1000 and for as much as RM15000 at its final destination.
At the same time as the Kea Farm discovery, a nursery owner based just outside Tanah Rata
was also caught openly selling 2000 wild orchids by the side of the road. Although on a smaller
scale, this is enough to make a substantial dent in the population of some of the rarer orchid
species found.
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All illegal plants from both cases have been confiscated by the Forestry Department who are
currently undecided as to whether to attempt to return the plants to the wild, or auction them.
This highlights the problems involved at government levels. Clearly, the orchids should be
returned to the forest from where they were taken to help reestablish some of the decimated
populations.
Despite the fact that nurseries can play a huge role in the smuggling trade, the collectors are
more to blame than anyone else. Those who desire, and are happy to pay large amounts for rare
orchids, are fueling an industry of illegal exploitation and environmental damage. If the demand
ceased to exist, those involved in the smuggling chains at all levels will be forced to find other
sources of income. Unfortunately, it is likely that the demand will always be there and therefore it
is necessary to discover new methods of orchid preservation in their natural habitats. This begins
with conservation.
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This is where the big debate begins. The question is whether smuggling hastens the extinction
of wild orchids or whether it helps to preserve them. Many people, who are aware of the situation,
actively defend orchid collectors and the smuggling trade. They believe that habitat loss is
inevitable due to the fact that development and corruption appear to go hand in hand. They argue
that this makes it impossible to protect the rainforests in which most wild orchid species grow.
Without firm laws being enforced, it may be the case that it is essential to harvest as many
orchids as possible before the ecosystems that surround them are destroyed. Many orchid
growers and collectors claim they just want to gather endangered species from the wild to
conserve them.
Today, many orchids that are extinct in the wild due to habitat destruction continue to grow in
greenhouses throughout the world. This allows the possibility of reintroducing them to their
natural environments in the future. In the eyes of many orchid growers, it is the trade restrictions
that endanger orchids, as it limits the freedom to cultivate, sell and exchange, which therefore
helps to increase the orchid populations. Many also claim that it is the smugglers who preserve
the various species for humanity to enjoy.
However, most environmentalists see things very differently and claim orchid collectors ‘can’t
see the forest for the trees’. Rather than attempt to protect a particular plant variety, the
conservationists focus on preserving entire ecosystems, which is of course beneficial not just to
the orchids, but also to the hundreds of other species of flora and fauna found within them. This
method of ecology will secure the future of the rainforests, and will therefore guarantee that an
environment exists for any orchids currently preserved in controlled greenhouses to be returned
to.
As has happened in many cases, if an area is under threat from logging, mining, or
development for example, orchid collectors have been known to strip the wild of all species just in
case they cannot be protected. However, a lot of these rainforests may yet be saved, and
therefore there is a big difference between removing a few specimens from the wild to ensure that
a species never goes extinct and removing every last orchid from an ecosystem.
Environmentalists claim that collectors are motivated by greed, as there are numerous areas of
rainforest that are well managed and secure from development, yet they have had every orchid
removed from them in the name of ‘preservation’. Also, removing any species from an ecosystem
can destroy the balance and consequently have detrimental effects on many other organisms.
REACH is currently attempting to establish the region as a National Park, as this status would
ensure more strictly enforced legislation and provide better protection for the local rainforests.
One of their primary aims is to maintain the biodiversity of the local area and secure it for future
generations. This includes not just the 600 species of orchids that are found locally by the
REACH orchid team but also the huge range of plants and animals native to the region. In an
ongoing campaign, they are attempting to research and catalogue all local species of wild orchid,
(as well as many other ferns, trees and wild flowers), and make them all more common in the
wild. Embi Abdullah, a member of REACH is quoted as saying,
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"There's so much about the forest we don’t know. It is being destroyed and the plants stolen for
smuggling, and we don’t even know everything that’s in there yet.”
People such as Embi believe increasing awareness will decrease the demand by collectors for
rarer species. This would therefore minimise the supply from the smuggling trade and eventually
put an end to the poaching. By cataloging and reproducing plants in the wild, it reduces the need
for the illegal trade as species become more easily billable, recognizable by authorities and more
accessible for everyone to enjoy.
Just last year, the orchid genus Monomeria Barbata, (shown below), which was not thought to
be found anywhere in Malaysia, was discovered in the Cameron Highlands. This is just one
example of the possibilities of what the local rainforests may hold, and therefore it is essential that
it is preserved, not just for the orchids, but for everything else that resides within it.
Monomeria barbata
Photo: REACH/Amran
Support is always welcome in the Cameron Highlands from tourists, volunteers, locals and the
government. Please visit the REACH website for more details.
www.reach.org.my
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Bibliography...
Government of Malaysia. 2001. Environmental Quality Act and Regulations, MDC Publishers, 1-
49.
Holttum, R.E. 1964. A Revise Flora of Malaya: Orchids of Malaya, Government Printing Office of
Singapore, 207, 401, 454, 528.
Weng, Chan Ngai. 2006. Cameron Highlands: Issues and Challenges in Sustainable
Development, Bujaya Enterprise Publishing, 12-26.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1508457/'You-can-get-off-alcohol-and-drugs,-but-you-
never-get-off-orchids.-Never'.html (Accessed 16/06/2008)
http://www.volunteerabroadnews.org/index.php?op=Default&postCategoryId=47&blogId=7
(Accessed 17/06/2008)
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