Chapter #18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle Big Picture Themes 1.

. The main question facing the nation was, Will new lands won from Mexico have slaves or be free? 2. The answer to the question was hammered out in the Compromise of 1850. It said California was to be free, popular sovereignty (the people decide) for the rest of the lands. 3. A tougher fugitive slave law was a major concession to the South, but it wasnt enforced. This angered the Southerners. 4. The NorthSouth rift was widened with the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It repealed the Missouri Compromise which had kept the peace for a generation. In its place, popular sovereignty opened the Great Plains to potential slavery. Whereas the slave-land issue had been settled, now it was a big question mark. IDENTIFICATIONS: Stephen Douglas A democratic senator from Illinois that created the Kansas-Nebraska Act and forced it through Congress.________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________ Franklin Pierce President that won in the Election of 1852. He supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act and sent a diplomat to negotiate the Ostend Manifesto. ________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________ Compromise of 1850 Stated that California would be admitted as a free state, $10 million would be paid to texas, New Mexico and Utah would be open to popular sovereignty, and a new Fugitive Slave Law would be put into place _______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Zachary Taylor Won the presidential election of 1848 and did not support the Compromise of 1850. However, he died unexpectedly in 1850 which ultimately let the Compromise pass ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________ John C. Calhoun Part of the immortal trio. He is nickname as the great nullifier and he believed in clays compromise but still believed moer that slavery should just be left alone._______________________________________________________________________ Matthew C. Perry The diplomat sent to China to secure trading rights. He eventually was able to get the Treaty of Wanghia that gave America trading rights with China as well as the security of their ships.___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________

Henry Clay Was another member of the immortal trio. He was nicknamed the great compromiser and living up to us name, he tried to make a compromise of slavery. ________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________ Free-Soil Party Free-Soil Party was a party that was created because of skepticism of the two candidates in the election of 1850. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________ Fugitive Slave Law It was a prt of the Compromise of 1850 and it stated that it was a citizens duty to capture and return runaway slaves. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ Harriet Tubman Most famous worker for the Underground Railroad. She was able to save some 200 slaves before she stopped. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ Compromise of 1850 Stated that California would be admitted as a free state, $10 million would be paid to texas, New Mexico and Utah would be open to popular sovereignty, and a new Fugitive Slave Law would be put into place ________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Ostend Manifesto Ostend Manifesto was a document with Spain that said that America would agree to pay $120 million for cuba. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ Kansas-Nebraska Act Made by Stephan A. Douglas and stated that the Nebraska territory would be open up for popular sovereignty. By assuming that the south is going to get Kansas_and the north going to get Nebraska. ________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________

Chapter #19: Drifting Toward Disunion Big Picture Themes

1. Uncle Toms Cabin drove a wedge between the Northerner and Southerner. The South cried foul saying it gave a view of slavery that was too harsh and unrealistic, but it cemented each sections feelings on the issue. 2. Kansas became the battleground over slavery. Since slavery there was to be decided by popular vote, each side passionately fought for their position. Bloodshed resulted. 3. The Supreme Courts Dred Scott decision was huge. It said that Congress or a legislature cannot outlaw slavery in the territories. Effectively then, all new lands were possible slave lands. 4. A financial panic in 1857 added to the chaos and uncertainty. 5. Abe Lincoln arrived on the scene. Although he lost to Stephen Douglas for Illinois Senate, he made a name for himself there. 6. In 1860, Abe Lincoln won a very sectional race for president over 3 other candidates. The South had promised to leave the union if Abe won. He won, and the South indeed seceded. IDENTIFICATIONS: Hinton Helper The Impending Crisis of the South The Impending Crisis of the South was written by Hinton Helper and essentially was about non slave holding whites were the ones who suffered more than tehe South___________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________ George Fitzhugh American social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era. ________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________ John Brown The controversial man because he started a fight and caused lives to be lost but to the North, he was known as a hero. ________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________ Charles Sumner The Senator that was beaten by Brooks. Which made the north extremely angry an therefore, they publsihed Sumners speech everywhere. ____________________________________________________________________________ Dred Scott The black slave that sued for freedom but the court ruled that slaves could no sue in court and that any slave owner holding a slave goes into any territory, then the constitution protects their slavery. ___________________________________________ Abraham Lincoln A Kentucky raised and born man who was mostly self-educated. He married above his social status and eventually got the seat president of the United States. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________

John Crittenden Crittenden had a compromise that included federeal protection is the territories that have and will have slavery but it was shot down by Lincoln. ________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________ Bleeding Kansas The idea that Kansas started their civil war early and that people were killed even before the actual civil war happened. ________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________ American or Know-Nothing Party New party that was formed more out of hatred for blacks instead of being for or against slavery. They end up becoming one of the major party houses. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ Panic of 1857 Financial Crash in 1857 that happened mostly because of land speculation and gold incoming from California. It was mostly the North that was affected. ________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________

Lincoln-Douglas Debates The most notable debate was the one in Freeport Illinois. But these debates spanned from August to October and basically it was Lincoln and Douglas debated on various topics. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________ Freeport Doctrine The speech that Douglas made that said that if the people were to vote something and really believe in it, then it wouldnt continue as a personal law. ______________________________ Harper's Ferry Raid John Brown invaded Harpers Ferry to get weapons so he could arm black slaves that wanted to repel against. ________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________ Constitutional Union Party a former political party in the United States; formed in 1859 by former Whigs who hoped to preserve the Union ________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________ GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:

Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries Know: Harriet Beecher Stowe, Hinton Helper 1. Which book, Uncle Tom's Cabin or The Impending Crisis of the South was more important? Explain.

Uncle Toms Cabin was more important because it aroused great opposition against slavery. The book, written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, was seen as an accurate representation of what slavery was in the South. Therefore, Uncle Toms Cabin was more important in rousing more abolitionists. The North-South Contest for Kansas Know: Beecher's Bibles, Border Ruffians 2. What went wrong with popular sovereignty in Kansas? Popular sovereignty in Kansas went horribly awry because abolitionists from Nebraska temporarily moved to Kansas just to vote it as a free state. However, the pro-slaverites saw that this was happening so they also sent their people from Missouri to Kansas which caused a mini civil war in the state alone. Kansas in Convulsion Know: John Brown, Pottawatomie Creek, Lecompton Constitution 3. What was the effect of "Bleeding Kansas" on the Democratic Party? The Democratic Party spilt into two because of the result of the Bleeding Kansas was the Lecompton Constitution. The Democratic Representative, President Buchanan, highly supported the Lecompton Constitution but the North was not in support. So as a result, the Northern Democrats just went away. "Bully" Brooks and His Bludgeon Know: Charles Sumner, Preston Brooks 5 What was the consequence of Brook's beating of Sumner in the North? The South? The results of Brooks beating of Sumner are the North was angry and regarded Brooks as a bully. The South regarded Brooks as a hero. "Old Buck" versus "The Pathfinder" Know: James Buchanan, John C. Fremont, The American Party 6. Assess the candidates in the 1856 election. James Buchanan was the nominee for the Democrats and he was muscular, white-haired, and really tall. Fremont was the candidate for the Republicans and he was from the west. The Republicans were against the extension of slavery and the democrats loved popular sovereignty. The Electoral Fruits of 1856 7. Interpret the results of the election of 1856. As a matter of fact, many northerners voted for Buchanan even though they wanted Fremont because they wanted to save the Union. The Dred Scott Bombshell Know: Dred Scott, Roger B. Taney 8 Why was the Dred Scott decision so divisive? The Dred Scott decision was divisive because it lessened the blacks humanity even more so than it already was. It was ruled during the Dred Scott case that slaves could not sue in court since they were not people. It also ruled that in whatever state a slave owner was in, the constitution protected the slave-owners slave rights. The Financial Crash of 1857 8 How did the Panic of 1857 make Civil War more likely? The Panic of 1857 made the Civil War more likely because it was during the Civil War that the North demanded a lot that the South did not agree with. Also, the South gained some things that the North did not agree with and therefore, it created a greater gap between the sections. An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges 10. Describe Abraham Lincoln's background.

Abraham Lincoln was born into a very poor family and he was always gangly looking. He however, married above him and was taught how to be patient. He was self-educated and was not smart but he was passionate about what he believed in. The Great Debate: Lincoln versus Douglas Know: Freeport Doctrine 11. What long term results occurred because of the Lincoln-Douglas debates? Because of the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Lincoln gained substantial fame and Douglas gained substantial hate because he spilt his party further. This hurt his chances of winning the presidential election of 1860. John Brown: Murderer or Martyr Know: Harper's Ferry, Robert E. Lee 12. Why were the actions of one (crazy?) man so important in the growing conflict between North and South? The actions of John Brown were so important in the growing conflict between the North and the South because both sides had a different point of view of the subject.

The Disruption of the Democrats Know: John C. Breckenridge, John Bell 13. What happened when the Democratic Party attempted to choose a candidate for the presidency in 1860? WHEN THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY ATTEMPTED TO CHOOSE A CANDIDATE, THEY ENDED UP LITERALLY SPLITTING INTO TWO DEMOCRATIC PARTIES AND ELECTED THEIR OWN CANDIDATE: BRECKINRIIDGE (SOUTH) AND DOUGLAS (NORTH)

A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union 14. Why was Lincoln chosen as the Republican candidate instead of Seward? LINCOLN WAS CHOSEN AS THE REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE BECAUSE HE WAS VITUALLY ENEMYLESS. ALSO SEWARD HAD GIVEN HIS IRREPRESSIBLE CONFLICT SPEECH THAT MANY DID NOT AGREE WITH.

The Electoral Upheaval of 1860 15. Did the South have any power in the national government after Lincolns election, or were they helpless? THEY HAD ALL THE POWER IN THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT AFTER LINCOLNS ELECTION BECAUSE THEY WERE EQUAL IN CONGRESS BUT THEY HAD THE MAJORITY IN COURT The Secessionist Exodus Know: Secession, Jefferson Davis 16.. What did President Buchanan do when the South seceded? Why? WHEN THE SOUTH SUCEDED, BUCHANAN WANTED TO ENFORCE THE CONSTITUTION WITH MILITARY FORCE. HOWEVER, HE COULD NOT BECAUSE THEY WERE NEEDED TO CONTROL THE INDIANS IN THE WEST. The Collapse of Compromise 17. What was the Crittendon Compromise and why did it fail? THE CRITTENDON COMPROMISE WAS DESIGNED TO APPEASE THE SOUTH. IT SAID THAT SLAVERY IN TERRITORIES NORTH OF 3630 WERE UNABLE TO HAVE SLAVERY BUT THEY WOULD HIRE FEDERAL PROTECTIONS IN ALL TERRITORIES THAT HAVE AND WILL HAVE SLAVERY. IT FAILED BECAUSE LINCOLN RULED IT DOWN.

Farewell to Union 18. What advantages did southerners see in secession? Who did they compare themselves to? THE ADVANTAGES THAT THE SOUTHERNERS SAW IN SECESSION INCLUDED THAT THEY DID NOT HAVE TO MAKE COMPROMISES ANYMORE WITH THE NORTH. THEY HAD THEIR OWN ECONOMY AND THEY WERE SELF SUFFICIENT SO THEY DIDNT SEE ANY HARM IN DOING SO.