iii

Preface


This Instructors Manual provides solutions to most of theproblems in ANTENNAS:
FOR ALL APPLICATIONS, THIRD EDITION. All problems are solved for which
answers appear in Appendix F of thetext, and in addition, solutions aregiven for alarge
fraction of the other problems. Including multiple parts, there are 600 problems in the
text and solutions arepresented herefor themajority of them.

Many of theproblemtitles aresupplemented by key words or phrases alluding to the
solution procedure. Answers areindicated. Many tips on solutions areincluded which
can bepassed on to students.

Although an objectiveof problemsolving is to obtain an answer, wehaveendeavored
to also provide insights as to how many of the problems are related to engineering
situations in thereal world.

TheManual includes an index to assist in finding problems by topic or principleand
to facilitatefinding closely-related problems.

This Manual was prepared with theassistanceof Dr. Erich Pacht.



Professor J ohn D. Kraus
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Ohio StateUniversity
2015 Neil Ave
Columbus, Ohio 43210

Dr. Ronald J . Marhefka
Senior Research Scientist/Adjunct Professor
TheOhio StateUniversity
ElectroscienceLaboratory
1320 Kinnear Road
Columbus, Ohio 43212

iv
Table of Contents


Preface iii

ProblemSolutions:
Chapter 2. AntennaBasics............................................................................................1
Chapter 3. TheAntennaFamily..................................................................................17
Chapter 4. Point Sources.............................................................................................19
Chapter 5. Arrays of Point Sources, Part I ..................................................................23
Chapter 5. Arrays of Point Sources, Part II .................................................................29
Chapter 6. TheElectric Dipoleand Thin Linear Antennas.........................................35
Chapter 7. TheLoop Antenna.....................................................................................47
Chapter 8. End-FireAntennas: TheHelical BeamAntennaand theYagi-Uda
Array, Part I ...............................................................................................53
Chapter 8. TheHelical Antenna: Axial and Other Modes, Part II .............................55
Chapter 9. Slot, Patch and Horn Antennas..................................................................57
Chapter 10. Flat Sheet, Corner and Parabolic Reflector Antennas...............................65
Chapter 11. Broadband and Frequency-Independent Antennas....................................75
Chapter 12. AntennaTemperature, RemoteSensing and Radar Cross Section............81
Chapter 13. Self and Mutual Impedances....................................................................103
Chapter 14. TheCylindrical Antennaand theMoment Method (MM) ......................105
Chapter 15. TheFourier TransformRelation Between ApertureDistribution
and Far-Field Pattern...............................................................................107
Chapter 16. Arrays of Dipoles and of Aperture..........................................................109
Chapter 17. Lens Antennas..........................................................................................121
Chapter 18. Frequency-SelectiveSurfaces and Periodic Structures
By Ben A. Munk......................................................................................125
Chapter 19. Practical Design Considerations of LargeApertureAntennas................127
Chapter 21. Antennas for Special Applications..........................................................135
Chapter 23. Baluns, etc. By Ben A. Munk..................................................................143
Chapter 24. AntennaMeasurements. By Arto Lehto and
Pertti Vainikainen....................................................................................147

Index 153
1

Chapter 2. Antenna Basics

2-7-1. Directivity.
Show that thedirectivity D of an antennamay bewritten

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
}}
O
=
-
-
t
| u | u
t
| u | u
4
2
2 max max
, ,
4
1
, ,
d r
Z
E E
r
Z
E E
D
Solution:


av U U D max ) , ( | u =
,
2
max max
) , ( ) , ( r S U | u | u = ,
}}
O =
t
| u
t
4
) , (
4
1
d U U
av


2
) , ( ) , ( r S U | u | u = ,
( ) ( )
Z
E E
S
| u | u
| u
, ,
) , (
-
=
Therefore
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
}}
O
=
-
-
t
| u | u
t
| u | u
4
2
2 max max
, ,
4
1
, ,
d r
Z
E E
r
Z
E E
D q.e.d.

Notethat =
2
r area/steradian, so
2
Sr U = or (watts/steradian) =(watts/meter
2
) meter
2


2-7-2. Approximate directivities.
Calculate the approximate directivity from the half-power beam widths of a
unidirectional antennaif thenormalized power pattern is given by: (a) Pn =cos u, (b) Pn
=cos
2
u, (c) Pn =cos
3
u, and (d) Pn =cos
n
u. In all cases thesepatterns areunidirectional
(+z direction) with Pn having avalueonly for zenith angles 0 s u s 90 and Pn =0 for
90 s u s 180. Thepatterns areindependent of theazimuth angle|.
Solution:

(a)
o o 1
HP
120 60 2 ) 5 . 0 ( cos 2 = = =

u , 278
) 120 (
000 , 40
2
= = D (ans.)
(b)
o o 1
HP
90 45 2 ) 5 . 0 ( cos 2 = = =

u , 94 . 4
) 90 (
000 , 40
2
= = D (ans.)
2

(c)
o o 3 1
HP
93 . 74 37.47 2 ) 5 . 0 ( cos 2 = = =

u , 3 . 7
) 75 (
000 , 40
2
= = D (ans.)
2-7-2. continued
(d) ) 5 . 0 ( cos 2
1
HP
n
= u ,
2 1
)) 5 . 0 ( (cos
000 , 10
n
D

= (ans.)

*2-7-3. Approximate directivities.
Calculate the approximate directivities fromthe half-power beamwidths of the three
unidirectional antennas having power patterns as follows:

P(u,|) =Pm sin u sin
2
|

P(u,|) =Pm sin u sin
3
|

P(u,|) =Pm sin
2
u sin
3
|

P(u,|) has avalueonly for 0 s u s t and 0 s | s t and is zero elsewhere.

Solution:
To find D using approximaterelations,

wefirst must find thehalf-power beamwidths.

u = 90
2
HPBW
or
2
HPBW
90 = u
For sin u pattern,
2
1
2
HPBW
90 sin sin = |
.
|

\
|
= u ,
|
.
|

\
|

2
1
sin
2
HPBW
90
1
, 90
2
1
sin
2
HPBW
1
|
.
|

\
|

,
o
HPBW 120 =

For sin
2
u pattern,
2
1
2
HPBW
90 sin sin
2 2
= |
.
|

\
|
= u ,

2
1
2
HPBW
90 sin = |
.
|

\
|
,
o
HPBW 90 =

For sin
3
u pattern,
2
1
2
HPBW
90 sin sin
3 3
= |
.
|

\
|
= u ,

3

3
2
1
2
HPBW
90 sin = |
.
|

\
|
,
o
HPBW 74.9 =
*2-7-3. continued
Thus,

70 . 3
) 90 )( 120 (
000 , 40
82 . 3
) 90 )( 120 (
253 , 41

deg. sq. 253 , 41
HP HP
= ~ = = =
| u
D (ans.)

45 . 4
) 9 . 74 )( 120 (
000 , 40
59 . 4
) 9 . 74 )( 120 (
253 , 41
= ~ = = (ans.)

93 . 5
) 9 . 74 )( 90 (
000 , 40
12 . 6
) 9 . 74 )( 90 (
253 , 41
= ~ = = (ans.)


*2-7-4. Directivity and gain.
(a) Estimatethedirectivity of an antennawith uHP =2, |HP =1, and (b) find thegain of
this antennaif efficiency k =0.5.

Solution:
(a)
4
HP HP
10 0 . 2
) 1 )( 2 (
000 , 40 000 , 40
= = =
| u
D or 43.0 dB (ans.)

(b)
4 4
10 0 . 1 ) 10 0 . 2 ( 5 . 0 = = = kD G or 40.0 dB (ans.)

2-9-1. Directivity and apertures.
Show that thedirectivity of an antennamay beexpressed as

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
}}
}} }}
-
-
=
Ap
Ap Ap
dxdy y x E y x E
dxdy y x E dxdy y x E
D
, ,
, ,
4
2

t


whereE(x, y) is theaperturefield distribution.

Solution: If thefield over theapertureis uniform, thedirectivity is amaximum(=Dm)
and thepower radiated is P' . For an actual aperturedistribution, thedirectivity is D and
thepower radiated is P. Equating effectivepowers
for P(u,|) =sinu sin
2
|
for P(u,|) =sinu sin
3
|
for P(u,|) =sin
2
u sin
3
|
4

P D P D = '
m
,
( ) ( )
}}
-
=
'
=
Ap
p
p
dxdy
Z
y x E y x E
A
Z
E E
A
P
P
D D
, ,
4
*
av av
2 m

t

2-9-1. continued
where
}}
=
p A
p
dxdy y x E
A
E ) , (
1
av


therefore
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
, ,
4
, ,
Ap Ap
Ap
E x y dxdy E x y dxdy
D
E x y E x y dxdy
t

-
-
=
}} }}
}}
q.e.d.

where
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
av av av av av
2
av
1 ( ) , ,
, ,
p e
ap
p
Ap
p
E E A E E E A
E A E x y E x y dxdy
E x y E x y dxdy
A
c
- - -
-
-
= = = =
}}
}}


2-9-2. Effective aperture and beam area.
What is themaximumeffectiveaperture(approximately) for abeamantennahaving half-
power widths of 30 and 35 in perpendicular planes intersecting in the beamaxis?
Minor lobes aresmall and may beneglected.

Solution:

o o
HP HP
30 35 ,
A
u | O ~ =
2 2
o o
2 2
1 . 3
35 30
3 . 57

~
O
=
A
em
A (ans.)

*2-9-3. Effective aperture and directivity.
What is the maximumeffective aperture of a microwave antenna with a directivity of
900?
Solution:
2
4 / ,
em
D A t =
2
2
6 . 71
4
900
4
2

t t

= = =
D
A
em
(ans.)

2-11-1. Received power and the Friis formula.
What is themaximumpower received at adistanceof 0.5 kmover afree-space1 GHz
circuit consisting of a transmitting antenna with a 25 dB gain and a receiving antenna
with a 20 dB gain? The gain is with respect to a lossless isotropic source. The
transmitting antennainput is 150 W.
5

Solution:

2 2
8 9
/ 3 10 /10 0.3 m, ,
4 4
t r
et er
D D
c f A A

t t
= = = = =
2-11-1. continued

mW 10.8 W 0108 . 0
500 ) 4 (
100 3 . 0 316
150
) 4 (
2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
= =

= = =
t t

r
D D
P
r
A A
P P
r t
t
er et
t r
(ans.)

*2-11-2. Spacecraft link over 100 Mm.
Two spacecraft areseparated by 100 Mm. Each has an antennawith D = 1000 operating
at 2.5 GHz. If craft A's receiver requires 20 dB over 1 pW, what transmitter power is
required on craft B to achievethis signal level?
Solution:
2
8 9
/ 3 10 / 2.5 10 0.12 m,
4
et er
D
c f A A

t
= = = = =
12 10
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 16 2
10
2 2 4 2 2 6 2
(required) 100 10 10 W
(4 ) (4 ) 10 (4 )
10 10966 W 11 kW ( )
10 0.12
r
t r r r
et
P
r r r
P P P P ans.
A D D
t t t

= =
= = = = = ~

2-11-3. Spacecraft link over 3 Mm.
Two spacecraft areseparated by 3 Mm. Each has an antennawith D =200 operating at 2
GHz. If craft A's receiver requires 20 dB over 1 pW, what transmitter power is required
on craft B to achievethis signal level?

Solution:
2
8 9
/ 3 10 / 2 10 0.15 m
4
et er
D
c f A A

t
= = = = =
12 10
2 2 2 2 2 2 12
10
2 2 2 4 2
100 10 10 W
(4 ) (4 ) 9 10
10 158 W ( )
4 10 0.15
r
t r r
et er
P
r r
P P P ans.
A A D
t t

= =

= = = =


2-11-4. Mars and Jupiter links.
(a) Design atwo-way radio link to operateover earth-Mars distances for dataand picture
transmission with aMars probeat 2.5 GHz with a5 MHz bandwidth. A power of 10
-19

6

W Hz
-1
is to bedelivered to theearth receiver and 10
-17
W Hz
-1
to theMars receiver. The
Mars antennamust beno larger than 3 min diameter. Specify effectiveapertureof Mars
and earth antennas and transmitter power (total over entirebandwidth) at each end. Take
earth-Mars distanceas 6 light-minutes. (b) Repeat (a) for an earth-J upiter link. Takethe
earth-J upiter distanceas 40 light-minutes.
2-11-4. continued
Solution:

(a)
8 9
/ 3 10 / 2.5 10 0.12 m c f = = =
19 6 13
17 6 11
(earth) 10 5 10 5 10 W
(Mars) 10 5 10 5 10 W
r
r
P
P


= =
= =
Take ) 5 . 0 ( m 5 . 3 1.5 (1/2) Mars) (
ap
2 2
= = = c t
e
A
Take kW 1 Mars) ( =
t
P
Take ) 5 . 0 ( m 350 5 1 (1/2) earth) (
ap
2 2
= = = c t
e
A

MW 9 . 6
350 5 . 3
12 . 0 ) 10 3 360 (
10 5 ) earth (
Mars) ( earth) (
Mars) ( ) earth (
2 2 8
11
2 2
=

=
=

t
et et
r t
P
A A
r
P P


To reducetherequired earth station power, taketheearth station antenna

2 2
m 3927 50 ) 2 / 1 ( = = t
e
A (ans.)
so
6 2
(earth) 6.9 10 (15/50) 620 kW ( )
t
P ans. = =

W 10 8
12 . 0 ) 10 3 360 (
3930 5 . 3
10
earth) ( Mars) (
Mars) ( ) earth (
14
2 2 8
3
2 2

=


= =
r
A A
P P
er et
t r

which is about 16% of the required 5 x 10
13
W. The required 5 x 10
13
W could be
obtained by increasing theMars transmitter power by afactor of 6.3. Other alternatives
would be(1) to reducethebandwidth (and datarate) reducing therequired valueof Pr or
(2) to employ amoresensitivereceiver.

7

As discussed in Sec. 12-1, the noise power of a receiving systemis a function of its
systemtemperature T and bandwidth B as given by P =kTB, where k =Boltzmanns
constant =1.38 x 10
23
J K
1
.

For B =5 x 10
6
Hz (as given in this problem) and T =50 K (an attainablevalue),

W 10 5 . 3 10 5 50 10 1.38 noise) (
15 6 23
= = P

2-11-4. continued
Thereceived power (8 x 10
14
W) is about 20 times this noisepower, which is probably
sufficient for satisfactory communication. Accordingly, with a 50 K receiving system
temperatureat theearth station, aMars transmitter power of 1 kW is adequate.

(b) The given J upiter distance is 40/6 =6.7 times that to Mars, which makes the
required transmitter powers 6.7
2
=45 times as much or therequired receiver powers 1/45
as much.

Neither appears feasible. But apractical solution would beto reducethebandwidth for
theJ upiter link by afactor of about 50, making B =(5/50) x 10
6
=100 kHz.

*2-11-5. Moon link.
A radio link fromthemoon to theearth has amoon-based 5 long right-handed mono-
filar axial-modehelical antenna(seeEq. (8-3-7)) and a2 W transmitter operating at 1.5
GHz. What should the polarization state and effective aperture be for the earth-based
antennain order to deliver 10
-14
W to thereceiver? Taketheearth-moon distanceas 1.27
light-seconds.
Solution:

8 9
/ 3 10 /1.5 10 0.2 m, c f = = =

From(8-3-7) thedirectivity of themoon helix is given by
60 5 12 = = D and
t

4
) moon (
2
D
A
et
=
FromFriis formula

RCP m 152
60 2
4 ) 27 . 1 10 (3 10 ) 4 ( 2
2 8 14
2
2 2 2 2
=

= = =

t

t
D P
r P
A P
r P
A
t
r
et t
r
er
or
about 14 mdiameter (ans.)

8

2-16-1. Spaceship near moon.
A spaceship at lunar distancefromtheearth transmits 2 GHz waves. If apower of 10 W
is radiated isotropically, find (a) the average Poynting vector at the earth, (b) the rms
electric field E at theearth and (c) thetimeit takes for theradio waves to travel fromthe
spaceship to the earth. (Take the earth-moon distance as 380 Mm.) (d) How many
photons per unit areaper second fall on theearth fromthespaceship transmitter?
2-16-1. continued
Solution:
(a)
2 2 18
2 6 2
aWm 5 . 5 Wm 10 5 . 5
) 10 (380 4
10
4
earth) (at PV

= =

= =
t t r
P
t
(ans.)

(b) Z E S / PV
2
= = or
2 / 1
) (SZ E =
or
1 9 2 / 1 18
nVm 45 10 45 ) 377 10 5 . 5 (

= = = E (ans.)

(c) s 27 . 1 10 3 / 10 380 /
8 6
= = = c r t (ans.)

(d) Photon =hf J 10 3 . 1 10 2 10 63 . 6
24 9 34
= = , where J s 10 63 . 6
34
= h
This is theenergy of a2.5 MHz photon. From(a),
2 1 18
m J s 10 5 . 5 PV

=

Therefore, number of photons =
1 2 6
24
18
s m 10 2 . 4
10 3 . 1
10 5 . 5

(ans.)

2-16-2. More power with CP.
Show that theaveragePoynting vector of acircularly polarized waveis twicethat of a
linearly polarized waveif themaximumelectric field E is thesamefor both waves. This
means that a mediumcan handletwiceas much power beforebreakdown with circular
polarization (CP) than with linear polarization (LP).
Solution:
From(2-16-3) wehavefor rms fields that
o
2
2
2
1
PV
Z
E E
S
av
+
= =
For LP,
2
1
2 1
o
(or ) 0, so
av
E
E E S
Z
= =
For CP,
2
1
1 2
o
2
, so
av
E
E E S
Z
= =
Therefore
LP CP
2S S = (ans.)
9


2-16-3. PV constant for CP.
Show that the instantaneous Poynting vector (PV) of a plane circularly polarized
traveling waveis aconstant.

Solution:

t E t E E
y x
e e sin cos
CP
+ = where
o
E E E
y x
= =
2-16-3. continued
2 2 2 2 1/2 2 2 1/2
CP o o o o
( cos sin ) (cos sin ) E E t E t E t t E e e e e = + = + = (aconstant)
Therefore
Z
E
S
2
o
ous) instantane ( or PV = (aconstant) (ans.)

*2-16-4. EP wave power
An elliptically polarized wavein amediumwith constants o = 0, r =2, cr = 5 has H-
field components (normal to the direction of propagation and normal to each other) of
amplitudes 3 and 4 A m
-1
. Find the average power conveyed through an area of 5 m
2

normal to thedirection of propagation.
Solution:

2 2 2 2 / 1 2
2
2
1
2 / 1 2
2
2
1
Wm 2980 ) 4 3 ( ) 5 / 2 ( 377
2
1
) ( ) / ( 377
2
1
) (
2
1
= + = + = + = H H H H Z S
r r av
c

kW 14.9 W 14902 2980 5 = = = =
av
AS P (ans.)

2-17-1. Crossed dipoles for CP and other states.
Two /2 dipoles arecrossed at 90. If thetwo dipoles arefed with equal currents, what is
thepolarization of theradiation perpendicular to theplaneof thedipoles if thecurrents
are (a) in phase, (b) phase quadrature (90 difference in phase) and (c) phase octature
(45 differencein phase)?

Solution:

(a) LP (ans.)

(b) CP (ans.)

(c) From(2-17-3) o c sin 2 sin 2 sin =
10

1
2 1
1
2
where tan ( / ) 45
45
22
AR cot 1/ tan 2.41 (EP)...( )
E E
ans.

o
c
c c

= =
=
=
= = =

*2-17-2. Polarization of two LP waves.
A wavetraveling normally out of thepage(toward thereader) has two linearly polarized
components
t E
x
e cos 2 =

( )

90 cos 3 + = t E
y
e

(a) What is theaxial ratio of theresultant wave?
(b) What is thetilt anglet of themajor axis of thepolarization ellipse?
(c) Does E rotateclockwiseor counterclockwise?
Solution:

(a) From(2-15-8) , 5 . 1 2 / 3 AR = = (ans.)

(b) t =90
o
(ans.)

(c) At 0, ;
x
t E E = = at / 4,
y
t T E E = = , thereforerotation is CW (ans.)

2-17-3. Superposition of two EP waves.
A wavetraveling normally outward fromthepage(toward thereader) is theresultant of
two elliptically polarized waves, onewith components of E given by

t E
y
e cos 2 = ' and ( )
2
cos 6
t
e + = ' t E
x

and theother with components given by t E
y
e cos 1 = ' ' and ( )
2
cos 3
t
e = ' ' t E
x

(a) What is theaxial ratio of theresultant wave?
(b) Does E rotateclockwiseor counterclockwise?

Solution:

2cos cos 3cos
6cos( / 2) 3cos( / 2) 6sin 3sin 3sin
y y y
x x x
E E E t t t
E E E t t t t t
e e e
e t e t e e e
' '' = + = + =
' '' = + = + + = + =


(a) Ex and Ey arein phasequadratureand AR 3/3 1 (CP) = = (ans.)
11


(b) At 0, 3 t = = E y , at / 4, 3 t T = = E x , thereforerotation is CCW (ans.)

*2-17-4. Two LP components.
An elliptically polarized plane wave traveling normally out of the page (toward the
reader) has linearly polarized components Ex and Ey. Given that Ex = Ey =1 V m
-1
and
that Ey leads Ex by 72,
(a) Calculateand sketch thepolarization ellipse.
(b) What is theaxial ratio?
(c) What is theanglet between themajor axis and thex-axis?

Solution:
(b)
o o
1 2
1
72 , 45 ) / ( tan = = =

o E E
From(2-17-3),
o
36 = c , therefore 38 . 1 tan / 1 AR = = c (ans.)

(c) From(2-17-3), o c tan / 2 tan 2 sin = or
o
45 = (ans.)

2-17-5. Two LP components and Poincar sphere.
Answer thesamequestions as in Prob. 2-17-4 for thecasewhereEy leads Ex by 72 as
beforebut Ex =2 V m
-1
and Ey = 1 V m
-1
.

Solution:

1 o
o
(b) tan 2 63.4
72

= =
=

17 . 2 AR and 8 . 24
o
= = c (ans.)

(c)
o
2 . 11 = (ans.)

*2-17-6. Two CP waves.
Two circularly polarized waves intersect at theorigin. One(y-wave) is traveling in the
positivey direction with E rotating clockwiseas observed fromapoint on thepositivey-
axis. Theother (x-wave) is traveling in thepositivex direction with E rotating clockwise
as observed fromapoint on thepositivex-axis. At theorigin, E for they-waveis in the
positivez direction at thesameinstant that E for thex-waveis in thenegativez direction.
What is thelocus of theresultant E vector at theorigin?
Solution:

12

Resolve2 waves into components or makesketch as shown. It is assumed that thewaves
haveequal magnitude.
*2-17-6. continued

Locus of E is astraight linein xy planeat an angleof 45
o
with respect to x (or y) axis.

*2-17-7. CP waves.
A wave traveling normally out of the page is the resultant of two circularly polarized
components
t j
right
e E
e
5 = and
( )

90
2
+
=
t j
left
e E
e
(V m
-1
). Find (a) theaxial ratio AR, (b)
thetilt anglet and (c) thehand of rotation (left or right).

Solution:

(a) AR 33 . 2 3 / 7
5 2
5 2
= =

+
= (ans.)
(b) Fromdiagram, t
o
45 = (ans.)
[Noteminus sign for RH (right-handed
polarization)]
13


(c) SinceE rotates counterclockwiseas afunction of time, RH. (ans.)

2-17-8. EP wave.
A wave traveling normally out of the page (toward the reader) is the resultant of two
linearly polarized components t E
x
e cos 3 = and ( )

90 cos 2 + = t E
y
e . For theresultant
wavefind (a) theaxial ratio AR, (b) thetilt anglet and (c) thehand of rotation (left or
right).
Solution:

(a) AR =3/2 =1.5 (ans.)

(b) t =0
o
(ans.)

(c) CW, LEP (ans.)

*2-17-9. CP waves.
Two circularly polarized waves traveling normally out of thepagehavefields given by
t j
left
e E
e
= 2 and
t j
right
e E
e
3 = (V m
-1
) (rms). For theresultant wavefind (a) AR, (b) the
hand of rotation and (c) thePoynting vector.

Solution:
(a) 5
3 - 2
3 2
AR =
+
= (ans.)

(b) REP (ans.)

(c)
2 2
2 2
mWm 34 Wm 034 . 0
377
9 4
PV

= =
+
=
+
=
Z
E E
R L
(ans.)

2-17-10. EP waves.
A wave traveling normally out of the page is the resultant of two elliptically polarized
(EP) waves, one with components t E
x
e cos 5 = and t E
y
e sin 3 = and another with
components
t j
r
e E
e
3 = and
t j
l
e E
e
= 4 . For theresultant wave, find (a) AR, (b) t and
(c) thehand of rotation.

Solution:

(a)
14


t t t t E
t t t t E
y
x
e e e e
e e e e
sin 2 sin 4 sin 3 sin 3
cos 12 cos 4 cos 3 cos 5
= + =
= + + =

2-17-10. continued

AR 6 2 / 12 = = (ans.)

(b) SinceEx and Ey arein time-phasequadraturewith Ex(max) >Ey(max), t =0
o
.
Or from(2-17-3), o c tan / 2 tan 2 sin = ,
o 1
46 . 9 ) AR / 1 ( tan = =

c
but
o
90 = o so = o tan
Therefore
o
0 = (ans.)

(c) At 0 , 12 , 0 = = =
y x
E E t
At 2 , 0 ), 90 t ( 4 /
o
= = = =
y x
E E T t e
Thereforerotation is CCW, so polarization is right elliptical, REP (ans.)

*2-17-11. CP waves.
A wave traveling normally out of the page is the resultant of two circularly polarized
components
t j
r
e E
e
2 = and
( )

45
4
+
=
t j
l
e E
e
. For theresultant wave, find (a) AR, (b) t
and (c) thehand of rotation.

Solution:

(a) 3
2
6
2 4
2 4
AR
1
1
= =

+
=

+
=
r
r
E E
E E
(ans.)
(b) When
o o
1
0 45 0, 2 and 4
r
t E E e
= = = Z Z

When
o o o
1 1 1
2 2 2 1
22 , 2 22 and 4 22
r
t E E e = = =
Z Z

so that
r
E E +
1
= 6
max
= E
o
1
2
22
Z
or
o
2
1
22 = (ans.)

Notethat therotation directions areoppositefor Er and E1

so that for , t e
1
2 but
r
E t E t e e = = +
Z Z


Also, t can be determined analytically by combining the waves into an Ex and Ey
component with values of

o o
5.60 30.4 and 2.95 16.3
x y
E E = =
Z Z

fromwhich
o
7 . 46 = o
E at t =T/4
CCW
E at t =0
15


*2-17-11. continued

Sincefrom(a) AR =3, c can bedetermined and from(2-17-3), thetilt angle
o
22.5 ( .) ans =

(c) E1 >Er so rotation is CW (LEP) (ans.)

2-17-12. Circular-depolarization ratio.
If theaxial ratio of awaveis AR, show that thecircular-depolarization ratio of thewave
is given by.
AR 1
AR 1
R

=
+


Thus, for purecircular polarization AR = 1 and R = 0 (no depolarization) but for linear
polarization AR = and R = 1.


Solution:

Any wavemay beresolved into 2 circularly-polarized components of oppositehand, Er
and E1 for an axial ratio

1
1
min
max
AR
E E
E E
E
E
r
r

+
= =

fromwhich thecircular depolarization ratio
1 AR
1 AR
1
+

= =
r
E
E
R

Thus for purecircular polarization, AR =1 and thereis zero depolarization (R =0), while
for purelinear polarization AR = and thedepolarization ratio is unity (R =1). When
AR =3, R =.
16

17

Chapter 3. The Antenna Family

3-4-1. Alpine-horn antenna.
Referring to Fig. 3-4a, thelow frequency limit occurs when theopen-end spacing >/2
and thehigh frequency limit when thetransmission linespacing d ~ /4. If d =2 mmand
theopen-end spacing =1000 d, what is thebandwidth?

Solution:
D =opened end spacing, d =transmission linespacing

Bandwidth = 1000
2
2
min
max
= =
d
D

(ans.)

*3-4-2. Alpine-horn antenna.
If d =transmission line spacing, what open-end spacing is required for a 200-to-1
bandwidth?

Solution:

If d =transmission linespacing
min
/ 2 = and D =open-end spacing = 2 /
max
,

for 200-to-1 bandwidth, wemust have
max
min
2
200, or 200
2
D
D d
d

= = = (ans.)

*3-5-2. Rectangular horn antenna.
What is therequired apertureareafor an optimumrectangular horn antennaoperating at
2 GHz with 16 dBi gain?

Solution:

FromFig. 3-5 for m) 0.15 ( GHz 2 = = f ,

2
2
2
7.5 63.1
18 dBi 63.1, 0.19 m
7.5
wh
D wh

= = = = = (ans.)

18

*3-5-3. Conical horn antenna.
What is therequired diameter of aconical horn antennaoperating at 3 GHz with 14 dBi
gain?

Solution:

FromFig. 3-5 for m) 0.1 ( GHz 3 = = f ,

2 2
2
2
6.5 15.8
12 dBi 15.8, 0.09 m, 2 0.18 m
6.5
r
D r d r
t
t
= = = = = = = (ans.)

3-7-2. Beamwidth and directivity

For most antennas, the half-power beamwidth (HPBW) may be estimated as HPBW =
k/D, where is theoperating wavelength, D is theantennadimension in theplaneof
interest, andk is afactor which varies from0.9 to 1.4, depending on thefiled amplitude
taper across theantenna. Using this approximation, find thedirectivity and gain for the
following antennas: (a) circular parabolic dish with 2 mradius operating at 6 GHz, (b)
elliptical parabolic dish with dimensions of 1 m 10 moperated at 1 GHz. Assumek =
1 and 50 percent efficiency in each case.

Solution:

FromFig. 3-9 for 1600 MHz ( 0.1875 m), f = =

17 dBi 50 (for 100% efficiency) G D = = =

(a)
15 50
50, so 3.33
15
L
D L

= = = =
If spacing = 10 5 . 10
/
turns of number , / ~ = = =
t
t
L
n (ans.)

(b) Turn diameter = / 0.0596 6 cm t = ~ (ans.)

(c) Axial ratio AR 05 . 1
20
21
2
1 2
= =
+
=
n
n
(ans.)

19

Chapter 4. Point Sources

*4-3-1. Solar power
Theearth receives fromthesun 2.2 g cal min
-1
cm
-2
.
(a) What is thecorresponding Poynting vector in watts per squaremeter?
(b) What is thepower output of thesun, assuming that it is an isotropic source?
(c) What is therms field intensity at theearth dueto thesuns radiation, assuming all the
suns energy is at asinglefrequency?
Note: 1 watt =14.3 g cal min
-1
, distanceearth to sun =149 Gm.
Solution:
(a)
1 2
2 2
1
2.2g cal min cm
0.1539 W cm 1539 W m
14.3 g cal min
S

= = = (ans.)
(b)
2 2 22 26
P(sun) 4 1539 4 1.49 10 W 4.29 10 W S r t t = = = (ans.)

(c)
2 12 12 1
o o
/ , ( ) (1539 377) 762 V m S E Z E SZ

= = = = (ans.)

4-5-1. Approximate directivities.
(a) Show that thedirectivity for asourcewith at unidirectional power pattern given by
U =Um cos
n
u can beexpressed as D = 2(n+1). U has avalueonly for 0 s u s 90. The
patterns areindependent of theazimuth angle|. (b) Comparetheexact values calculate
from(a) with theapproximatevalues for thedirectivities of theantennas found in Prob.
2-7-2 and find thedB differencefromtheexact values.
Solution:
(a)
n
2
n n+1
0
0
2
4 2
If cos , 2(n+1)
2 sin cos cos
n+1
m
U U D
d
t t
t
u
t u u u u
= = = =

}
(ans.)
(b)

.
.
For n=1,
2.78 4.4 dBi
4 6.0 dBi
1.6 dB
approx
exact
exact approx
D
D
D D
~
=
=

.
.
For n=2,
4.94 6.9 dBi
6 7.8 dBi
0.9 dB
approx
exact
exact approx
D
D
D D
~
=
=

.
.
For n=3,
7.3 8.6 dBi
8 9.0 dBi
0.4 dB
approx
exact
exact approx
D
D
D D
~
=
=


20

*4-5-2. Exact versus approximate directivities.
(a) Calculate the exact directivities of the three unidirectional antennas having power
patterns as follows:
P(u,|) =Pm sin u sin
2
|

P(u,|) =Pm sin u sin
3
|

P(u,|) =Pm sin
2
u sin
3
|

P(u,|) has avalueonly for 0 s u s t and 0 s | s t and is zero elsewhere.

(b) Comparetheexact values in (a) with theapproximatevalues found in Prob. 2-7-3.

Solution:
(a)
4
4 4
, sin
( , ) A n
D d d d
P d
t
t t
u u |
u |
= = O =
O O
}}

For P(u,|) =Pm sin u sin
2
|,
2
2 2
0 0
0 0
4 4
sin sin
sin sin
sin
m
m
D
P
d d
d d
P
t t
t t
t t
u |
u | u |
u u |
= =
} }
} }
2
0 0
1 4 16
sin sin2 , 5.09
2 4 2
2 2
d D
t t u t t
u u u
t t t
| |
= = = = =
|
| || | \ .
| |
\ .\ .
}
(ans.)
Using thesameapproach, wefind,
for P(u,|) =Pm sin u sin
3
|,
2 3
0 0
4 4
6.0
4
sin sin
2 3
D
d d
t t
t t
t
u | u |
= = =
| || |
| |
\ .\ .
} }
(ans.)
for P(u,|) =Pm sin
2
u sin
3
|,
3 3
0 0
4 4
7.1
4 4
sin sin
3 3
D
d d
t t
t t
u | u |
= = =
| || |
| |
\ .\ .
} }
(ans.)

(b) Tabulating, wehave5.1 vs. 3.8, 6.0 vs. 4.6, and 7.1 vs. 6.1 (ans.)

4-5-3. Directivity and minor lobes.
Provethefollowing theorem: if theminor lobes of aradiation pattern remain constant as
the beamwidth of the main lobe approaches zero, then the directivity of the antenna
approaches aconstant valueas thebeamwidth of themain lobes approaches zero.
21

4-5-3. continued
Solution:
4 4
A M m
D
t t
= =
O O + O


where total beamarea
main lobebeamarea
minor lobebeamarea
A
M
m
O =
O =
O =


as 0, , so 4 (aconstant)
M A m m
D t O O O = O (ans.)

4-5-4. Directivity by integration.
(a) Calculate by graphical integration or numerical methods the directivity of a source
with aunidirectional power pattern given by U =cos u. Comparethis directivity value
with theexact valuefromProb. 4-5-1. U has avalueonly for 0 s u s 90 and 0 s | s
360 and is zero elsewhere.
(b) Repeat for aunidirectional power pattern given by U =cos
2
u.
(c) Repeat for aunidirectional power pattern given by U =cos
3
u.

Solution:

Exact values for (a), (b), and (c) are: 4, 6, and 8. (ans.)

4-5-5. Directivity.
Calculatethedirectivity for asourcewith relativefield pattern E =cos 2u cos u.

Solution:
Assuming aunidirectional pattern, (0 ), 24
2
D
t
u s s = (ans.)

22

23

Chapter 5. Arrays of Point Sources, Part I

5-2-4. Two-source end-fire array.
(a) Calculatethedirectivity of an end-firearray of two identical isotropic point sources in
phase opposition, spaced /2 apart along the polar axis, the relative field pattern being
given by
|
.
|

\
|
= u
t
cos
2
sin E
whereu is thepolar angle.
(b) Show that thedirectivity for an ordinary end-firearray of two identical isotropic point
sources spaced adistanced is given by
( ) ( ) t t d d
D
4 sin 4 1
2
+
= .
Solution:

(a) 2 D = (ans.)

5-2-8. Four sources in square array.
(a) Derive an expression for E(|) for an array of 4 identical isotropic point sources
arranged as in Fig. P5-2-8. Thespacing d between each sourceand thecenter point of
thearray is 3/8. Sources 1 and 2 arein-phase, and sources 3 and 4 in oppositephase
with respect to 1 and 2.
(b) Plot, approximately, thenormalized pattern.


FigureP5-2-8. Four sources in squarearray.

Solution:

(a) ( ) cos( cos ) cos( sin )
n
E d d | | | | | = (ans.)

24

5-5-1. Field and phase patterns.
Calculate and plot the field and phase patterns of an array of 2 nonisotropic dissimilar
sources for which thetotal field is given by

| | Z + = sin cos E
where ( ) 1 cos
2
cos + = + = |
t
o | d
Takesource1 as thereferencefor phase. SeeFig. P5-5-1.


FigureP5-5-1. Field and phasepatterns.

Solution:

SeeFigures 5-16 and 5-17.

5-6-5. Twelve-source end-fire array.
(a) Calculate and plot the field pattern of a linear end-fire array of 12 isotropic point
sources of equal amplitudespaced /4 apart for theordinary end-firecondition.
(b) Calculate the directivity by graphical or numerical integration of the entire pattern.
Notethat it is thepower pattern (squareof field pattern) which is to beintegrated. It is
most convenient to makethearray axis coincidewith thepolar or z-axis of Fig. 2-5 so
that thepattern is afunction of u.
(c) Calculate the directivity by the approximate half-power beamwidth method and
comparewith that obtained in (b).
Solution:

(b) 17 ( .)
(c) 10 ( .)
D ans
D ans
=
=


25

5-6-7. Twelve-source end-fire with increased directivity.
(a) Calculateand plot thepattern of alinear end-firearray of 12 isotropic point sources of
equal amplitude spaced /4 apart and phased to fulfill the Hansen and Woodyard
increased-directivity condition.
(b) Calculate the directivity by graphical or numerical integration of the entire pattern
and comparewith thedirectivity obtained in Prob. 5-6-5 and 5-6-6.
(c) Calculate the directivity by the approximate half-power beamwidth method and
comparewith that obtained in (b).

Solution:

(b) 26 ( .)
(c) 35 ( .)
D ans
D ans
=
=


5-6-9. Directivity of ordinary end-fire array.
Show that thedirectivity of an ordinary end-firearray may beexpressed as

( ) ( ) | | ( ) t t kd k k n nd
n
D
n
k
4 sin 2 1
1
1

=
+
=
Notethat
( )
( )
( )

=
+ =
(

1
1
2
2
2 cos 2
2
2 sin
n
k
k k n n
n

Solution: Changeof variable.

It is assumed that thearray has auniformspacing d between theisotropic sources. The
beamarea


( )
( )
2
2
2
0 0
sin 2 1
sin
sin 2
A
n
d d
n
t t
u u |

(
O =
(

} }

(1)
where anglefromarray axis u = .

Thepattern is not afunction of | so (1) reduces to


( )
( )
2
2
0
sin 2 2
sin
sin 2
A
n
d
n
t t
u u

(
O =
(

}
(2)
where / 2 (cos 1) d

t u = (2.1)
26


5-6-9. continued
Differentiating sin
2
d d d

t u u = (3)
or
1
sin
2
d
d

u u
t
=
(4)
and introducing (4) in (2)

( )
( )
2
2
2
0
sin 2 2
sin 2 2
d
A
n
d
n d
t

(
O =
(

}
(5)

Notenew limits with changeof variablefrom to / 2. u

When 0, / 2 0 and when , / 2 2 . d

u u t t = = = =
Since
( )
( )
2
1
1
sin 2
2( )cos(2 / 2)
2
n
k
n
n n k k

=
(
= +
(


(6)

(5) can beexpressed
1
2
2
0
1
2
[ 2( )cos(2 / 2)]
2
n
d
A
k
n n k k d
n d
t

=
O = +
}
(7)

Integrating (7)
2
1
2
1 0
2 2( )
sin(2 / 2)
2 2
d
n
A
k
n k
n k
n d k
t

=
(
O = +
(

(8)

or
1
2
1
2
2 sin(4 )
n
A
k
n k
nd kd
n d k

t t

=
(
O = +
(

(9)

and
2
1
1
2 4
2 sin(4 )
n
A
k
n d
D
n k
nd kd
k

t t
t t

=
= =
O
+

(10)

Therefore
1
1
1 sin(4 / )
2
n
k
n
D
n k
kd
nd k

t
t

=
=

+ +

q.e.d. (11)
Wenotethat when / 4, or amultiplethereof, thesummation termis zero and d D n = =
exactly.

This problemand the next one are excellent examples of integration with change of
variableand changeof limits.
27


Thefinal formfor D in (11) aboveis well adapted for acomputer program.

28

5-6-10. Directivity of broadside array.
Show that thedirectivity of abroadsidearray may beexpressed as

( ) ( ) | | ( ) t t kd k k n nd
n
D
n
k
2 sin 1
1
1

=
+
=
Solution:

Thesolution is similar to that for Prob. 5-6-9 with cos
2
d

t u =
where 0, / 2 and when = , /2= d d

u t u t t = = so that (8) of Prob. 5-6-9 becomes


1
2
1
2 ( )
sin(2 / 2)
2
d
n
A
k d
n k
n k
n d k

t
t

= +
(
O = +
(

1
2
1
2
2 2 sin(2 )
n
A
k
n k
nd kd
n d k

t t

=
(
O = +
(

1
2
1
4
sin(2 )
n
A
k
n k
nd kd
n d k

t t

=
(
O = +
(

2
1 1
1 1
4
sin(2 ) 1 sin(2 / )
n n
A
k k
n d n
D
n k n k
nd kd kd
k nd k

t t

t t t
t

= =
= = =
O | |
+ +
|
\ .

q.e.d.

Notethat when / 2, d = or a multiplethereof, thesummation termis zero and D n =
exactly.

Seeapplication of theaboverelations to theevaluation of D and of themain beamarea
A
O of an array of 16 point sources in Prob. 16-6-7 (c) and (d).

29

30

Chapter 5. Arrays of Point Sources, Part II

5-8-1. Three unequal sources.
Three isotropic in-line sources have /4 spacing. The middle source has 3 times the
current of theend sources. If thephaseof themiddlesourceis 0, thephaseof oneend
source+90 and phaseof theother end source-90, makeagraph of thenormalized field
pattern.
Solution:

Phasor addition
















5-8-7. Stray factor and directive gain.
Theratio of themain beamsolid angleOM to (total) beamsolid angleOA is called the
main beam efficiency. The ratio of the minor-lobe solid angle Om to the (total) beam
solid angleOA is called thestray factor. It follows that OM/OA +Om/OA =1. Show that
theaverage directivity gain over theminor lobes of ahighly directiveantennais nearly
equal to thestray factor. Thedirectivegain is equal to thedirectivity multiplied by the
normalized power pattern [=D Pn(u,|)], making it afunction of anglewith themaximum
valueequal to D.

Solution:
Stray factor =
m
A
O
O

En
0.6North
0.6South
0.2East
1.0West
0.24North-East
0.96North-West
31

5-8-7. continued
where total beamarea
main lobebeamarea
minor lobebeamarea
A
M
m
O =
O =
O =

4
4
( , )
( , )
M
n
m
A n
P d
P d
t
t
u |
u |
O
O
O
=
O O
}}
}}


4
1
Averagedirectivegain over minor lobes = (minor) = ( , )
4
M
av n
M
DG DP d
t
u |
t
O
O
O
}}

where 4 /
A
D t = O
Therefore
4
4 ( , )
1 4
(minor) =
4 4
M
n
m
av
M A M A
P d
DG
t
t u |
t
t t
O
O
O
=
O O O O
}}


If 4
M
t O << (antennahighly directive),

(minor)
m
av
A
DG
O
~
O
(stray factor) q.e.d.
*5-9-2. Three-source array.
Thecenter sourceof a3-sourcearray has a(current) amplitudeof unity. For asidelobe
level 0.1 of the main lobe maximumfield, find the Dolph-Tchebyscheff value of the
amplitudeof theend sources. Thesourcespacing d =/2.

Solution: Let theamplitudes (currents) of the3 sources beas in thesketch





/ 2, 10 d R = =

Let amplitudeof center source
o
1 2A = =
2
2
2 2
o o
2
o o
1 2, ( ) 2 1
2 1 10 2 11
5.5 2.345
n T x x R
x x
x x
= = =
= =
= =


1
A
O
2A
1
A
/ 2 / 2
32

5-9-2. continued
2 2
3 o 1 o 1 o 1
2 2 cos2 2 2 (2cos 1) 2 2 (2 1)
2 2
E A A A A A A w

= + = + = +
Let
o
/ w x x = so
2
2 2 1
3 o 1 o 1 2 2
o o
2 2 (2 1) 2 4 2 2 1
A x
E A A A x A x
x x
= + = + =
2 2
3 1 o 1
0.728 ( 2 ) 2 1 E A x A A x = + =

1 1
o 1 o
Therefore, 0.728 2 and 2.75
2 2 1 and 2 5.5 1 4.5
A A
A A A
= =
= = =


Thus, normalizing
o 1
2 1 and 2.75 4.5 0.61 A A = = = (ans.)

Amplitudedistribution is 0.61 1.00 0.61
Pattern has 4 minor lobes. For center source, amplitude 1 =
Thesidesourceamplitudes for different R values are:

R 8 10 12 15
A1 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.57


5-9-4. Eight source D-T distribution.
(a) Find theDolph-Tchebyscheff current distribution for theminimumbeamwidth of a
linear in-phase broadside array of eight isotropic sources. The spacing between the
elements is /4 and thesidelobelevel is to be40 dB down. Take| =0 in thebroadside
direction.
(b) Locatethenulls and themaximaof theminor lobes.
(c) Plot, approximately, thenormalized field pattern (0 s | s 360).
(d) What is thehalf-power beamwidth?
Solution:
(a) 0.14, 0.42, 0.75, 1.00, 1.00, 0.75, 0.42, 0.14

(b) Max. at:
21
o
, 27
o
, 36
o
, 48
o
, 61
o
, 84
o
, 96
o
, 119
o
, 132
o
, 144
o
, 153
o
, 159
o

Nulls at:
18
o
, 23
o
, 32
o
, 42
o
, 54
o
, 71
o
, 109
o
, 126
o
, 138
o
, 148
o
, 157
o
, 162
o


(d) HPBW
o
12 = (ans.)

33

*5-18-1. Two sources in phase.
Two isotropic point sources of equal amplitudeand samephasearespaced 2 apart. (a)
Plot agraph of thefield pattern. (b) Tabulatetheangles for maximaand nulls.
Solution:

(a) Power pattern
2
n n
P E =

















In
Instructional comment to pass on to students:

Thelobes with narrowest beamwidths arebroadside(90
o
), whilethewidest beamwidth
lobes are end-fire (0
o
and 180
o
). The four lobes between broadside and end-fire are
intermediate in beamwidth. In three dimensions the pattern is a figure-of-revolution
around thearray axis (0
o
and 180
o
axis) so that thebroadsidebeamis aflat disk, theend-
fire lobes are thick cigars, while the intermediate lobes are cones. The accompanying
figureis simply across section of thethree-dimensional spacefigure.

34

5-18-2. Two sources in opposite phase.
Two isotropic sources of equal amplitude and opposite phase have 1.5 spacing. Find
theangles for all maximaand nulls.

Solution:

Maximumat: 0
o
, 180
o
, 70.5
o
, 109.5
o
, Nulls at: 48.2
o
, 90
o
, 131.8
o



35

36

Chapter 6. The Electric Dipole and Thin Linear Antennas

*6-2-1. Electric dipole.
(a) Two equal static electric charges of oppositesign separated by adistanceL constitute
astatic electric dipole. Show that theelectric potential at adistancer fromsuch adipole
is given by
2
4
cos
r
QL
V
tc
u
=

whereQ is themagnitudeof each chargeand u is theanglebetween theradius r and the
linejoining thecharges (axis of dipole). It is assumed that r is very largecompared to L.
(b) Find thevector valueof theelectric field E at alargedistancefromastatic electric
dipoleby taking thegradient of thepotential expression in part (a).

Solution:

1 2
1 2
(a) (at ) ,
4 4
( / 2)cos , ( / 2)cos
Q Q
V r
r r
r r L r r L
tc tc
u u
=
= = +

2 2 2
2
1 1
4 ( / 2)cos ( / 2)cos
( / 2)cos ( / 2)cos
4 ( / 2) cos
cos
For , q.e.d.
4
Q
V
r L r L
Q r L r L
r L
QL
r L V
r
tc u u
u u
tc u
u
tc
| |
=
|
+
\ .
| | + +
=
|
+
\ .
>> =


3 2
3 3
1 1 2cos 1sin

(b) 0
sin 4
cos sin

2 4
V V V QL
V
r r r r r r
QL QL
r r
u u
u u | tc
u u
tc tc
c c c | |
= V = + + = +
|
c c c \ .
= +
E r r
r


or
3 3
cos sin
, , 0
2 4
r
QL QL
E E E
r r
u |
u u
tc tc
= = = (ans.)

*6-2-2. Short dipole fields.
A dipole antenna of length 5 cmis operated at a frequency of 100 MHz with terminal
current Io =120 mA. At timet =1 s, angleu =45, and distancer =3 m, find (a) Er, (b)
Eu, and (c) H|.
u
u
/ 2 L
/ 2 L
cos
2
L
u
cos
2
L
u
L
Q +
Q
1
r
r
2
r
37

*6-2-2. continued
Solution:

(a) From(6-2-12)

( )
6
6
8
( )
o
2 3
o
(2 )100 10
2 100 10 (1) (3)
3 10
3 o
12 8 2 6 3
2 3 2 o
cos 1 1
2
1 1
(120 10 )(0.05) cos45
2 (8.85 10 ) 3 10 (3 ) (2 )100 10 (3 )
2.83 10 (4.5 10 ) 2.86 10 9 V
j t r
r
j
I le
E
cr j r
e
j
j
e |
t
t
u
tc e
t t

( | |
( |
|
( \ .

| |
= +
|
\ .
| |
= +
|

\ .
= =
Z
/m ( .) ans

(b) From(6-2-13)
( )
2 2 o
2 2 3
o
2 o
sin 1 1
1.41 10 (8.65 10 )
4
8.77 10 81 V/m ( .)
j t r
I le j
E j
c r cr j r
ans
e |
u
u e
tc e

| |
= + + = +
|
\ .
=
Z


(c) From(6-2-15)
( )
5 4 o
2
4 o
sin 1
3.75 10 (2.36 10 )
4
2.39 10 81 A/m ( .)
j t r
I le j
H j
cr r
ans
e |
|
u e
t

| |
= + = +
|
\ .
=
Z

*6-2-4. Short dipole quasi-stationary fields.
For thedipoleantennaof Prob. 6-2-2, at adistancer =1 m, usethegeneral expressions
of Table6-1 to find (a) Er, (b) Eu, and (c) H|. Comparetheseresults to thoseobtained
using thequasi-stationary expressions of Table6-1.

Solution:

Using thesame approach for , , and
r
E E H
u |
as in solution to Prob. 6-2-2, wefind for
1m, r =
282 mV/m
242 mV/m
784 mA/m
r
E
E
H
u
|
=
=
=


38

*6-2-4. continued
Using quasi-stationary equations,

3 o
3 o o
3 3 2 6 12 3
o o
3 o o
3 3
o o
o
2
cos cos 120 10 (0.05cos45 )
0 (121 10 )
2 (2 ) (2 ) (100 10 )(8.85 10 )1
121mVm ( .)
sin sin
0 (61 10 ) 61mV/m ( .)
4 (4 )
sin
3.38 1
4
r
q l I l
E j
r j r j
ans
q l I l
E j ans
r j r
I l
H
r
u
|
u u
tc e tc t
u u
tc e tc
u
t

= = = =

=
= = = =
= =
4
0 338 A/m ( .) ans

=

*6-3-1. Isotropic antenna. Radiation resistance.
An omnidirectional (isotropic) antenna has a field pattern given by E =10I/r (V m
-1
),
whereI =terminal current (A) and r =distance(m). Find theradiation resistance.

Solution:
2 2
2
10 100
so
I E I
E S
r Z r Z
= = =

Let
2
power over sphere 4 , P r S t = = which must equal power
2
I R to the antenna
terminals. Therefore
2 2
4 and I R r S t =

2
2
2 2
1 100 400
4 3.33
120 120
I
R r
I r
t
t
= = = O (ans.)
*6-3-2. Short dipole power.
(a) Find the power radiated by a 10 cmdipole antenna operated at 50 MHz with an
averagecurrent of 5 mA. (b) How much (average) current would beneeded to radiate
power of 1 W?

Solution:
(a)
2
6
3
8 2
6 o
o
(2 )50 10
(5 10 )0.1
3 10 ( )
377 2.74 10 W 2.74 W
12 12
av
I l
P
t
|
c t t

| |

|

\ .
= = = = (ans.)
39

*6-3-2. continued
(b)
12
3
6
1
For 1W, 5 10 3.0 A
2.7 10
av
P I

| |
= = =
|
\ .
(ans.)

6-3-4. Short dipole.
For a thin center-fed dipole /15 long find (a) directivity D, (b) gain G, (c) effective
apertureAe, (d) beamsolid OA and (e) radiation resistanceRr. Theantennacurrent tapers
linearly fromits valueat theterminals to zero at its ends. Theloss resistanceis 1 O.

Solution:

(a) ( ) sin
n
E u u =
2 2
2 3
0 0 0
4
4 4 4 4
sin
sin sin 2 sin
4 3
1.5 or 1.76 dBi ( .)
4 2
2
3
A
D
d
d d d
ans
t t t
t
t t t t
u
u u u t u u
t
t
= = = =
O O
O
= = =
}}
} } }

(d) From(a), 8 /3 8.38 sr
A
t O = = (ans.)
(e)
2 2 2
2
o
1 1
From(6-3-14), 790 790 0.878
2 15
av
r
I
R L
I

| | | | | |
= = = O
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(ans.)
(b)
0.878
1.5 0.70 or 1.54 dBi
0.878 1
G kD = = =
+
(ans.)
(c)
2
2
3
where
8
e em em
A
A kA A


t
= = =
O

2
0.878 3
Therefore 0.058
0.878 1 8
e
A
t
= =
+
(ans.)

*6-3-5. Conical pattern.
An antennahas aconical field pattern with uniformfield for zenith angles (u) from0 to
60 and zero field from60 to 180. Find exactly (a) the beamsolid angle and (b)
directivity. Thepattern is independent of theazimuth angle(|).
Solution:

(a)
o o o o
60 360 60 60
0 0 0 0
2 sin 2 cos sr
A
d d t u u t u t O = O = = =
} } }
(ans.)

40

*6-3-5. continued
(b)
4 4
4
A
D
t t
t
= = =
O
(ans.)

6-3-6. Conical pattern.
An antennahas aconical field pattern with uniformfiled for zenith angles (u) from0 to
45 and zero field from45 to 180. Find exactly (a) thebeamsolid angle, (b) directivity
and (c) effective aperture. (d) Find the radiation resistance if the E =5 V m
-1
at a
distanceof 50 mfor aterminal current I =2 A (rms). Thepattern is independent of the
azimuth angle(|).

Solution:

(a)
o
45
0
2 sin 1.84 sr
A
d t u u O = =
}
(ans.)
(b)
4 4
6.83
1.84
A
D
t t
= = =
O
(ans.)
(c)
2 2
2
0.543
1.84
e em
A
A A

= = = =
O
(ans.)
(d)
2 2
2 2 2
2
1 5
, 1.84 50 76.3
2 377
r A r
E
I R r R
Z
= O = = O (ans.)
*6-3-7. Directional pattern in u and |.
An antennahas auniformfield pattern for zenith angles (u) between 45 and 90 and for
azimuth (|) angles between 0 and 120. If E =3 V m
-1
at adistanceof 500 mfromthe
antennaand theterminal current is 5 A, find theradiation resistanceof theantenna. E =
0 except within theangles given above.
Solution:

(a)
o o o
o o
120 90 90
0 45 45
2
sin cos 1.48 sr
3
A
d d
t
u u | u O = = =
} }
(ans.)

(c)
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1 3
1.48 500 354
5 377
r A
E
R r
I Z
= O = = O (ans.)

41

*6-3-8. Directional pattern in u and |.
An antennahas auniformfield E =2 V m
-1
(rms) at adistanceof 100 mfor zenith angles
between 30 and 60 and azimuth angles | between 0 and 90 with E =0 elsewhere. The
antennaterminal current is 3 A (rms). Find (a) directivity, (b) effectiveapertureand (c)
radiation resistance.

Solution:

o o o
o o
90 60 60
0 30 30
(a) sin cos 0.575 sr ( .)
2
4
21.9 ( .)
0.575
A
d d ans
D ans
t
u u | u
t
O = = =
= =
} }

(b)
2 2
2
1.74
0.575
e em
A
A A

= = = =
O
(ans.)
(c)
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1 2
0.575 100 6.78
3 377
r A
E
R r
I Z
= O = = O (ans.)
*6-3-9. Directional pattern with back lobe.
Thefield pattern of an antennavaries with zenith angle(u) as follows: En (=Enormalized) =
1 between u =0 and u =30 (main lobe), En =0 between u =30 and u =90 and En =
1/3 between u =90 and u =180 (back lobe). Thepattern is independent of azimuth
angle(|). (a) Find theexact directivity. (b) If thefield equals 8 V m
-1
(rms) for u =0 at
adistanceof 200 mwith aterminal current I =4 A (rms), find theradiation resistance.

Solution:

(a)
o o
o
30 180
2
0 90
2
2 sin sin 2 (0.134 0.111) 2 (0.245)
3
A
d d
t
t u u u u t t O = + = + =
} }


4
8.16
2 (0.245)
D
t
t
= = (ans.)
(b)
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1 8
2 (0.245)200 653
4 120
r A
E
R r
I Z
t
t
= O = = O (ans.)

6-3-10. Short dipole.
The radiated field of a short-dipole antenna with uniform current is given by
( ) 30 sin E l I r | u = , wherel =length, I =current, r =distanceand u =pattern angle.
Find theradiation resistance.

42

6-3-10. continued
Solution:
Thecurrent I given in theproblemis apeak value, so weput
2 2
Power 4 Power
input radiated
1
2
r
I R Sr d
t
= O
}}

where
2
and is as given
E
S E
Z
=
so
2 2 2 2
2 3 2 2 2
2 2
0
2 30
2 sin 80 ( / ) 790( / )
120
r
l I
R r d l l
I r
t |
t u u t
t
= = = O
}
(ans.)

6-3-11. Relation of radiation resistance to beam area.
Show that theradiation resistanceof anantennais afunction of its beamareaOA as given
by
A r
I
Sr
R O =
2
2

whereS =Poynting vector at distancer in direction of pattern maximum
I =terminal current.

Solution:
Taking I as therms valueweset
2 2
Power Power
input radiated
r A
I R Sr = O , therefore
2
2 r A
Sr
R
I
= O q.e.d.

*6-3-12. Radiation resistance.
An antennameasured at adistanceof 500 mis found to haveafar-field pattern of |E| =
Eo(sinu)
1.5
with no | dependence. If Eo =1 V/mand Io =650 mA, find the radiation
resistanceof this antenna.

Solution:

From(6-3-5)
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
0 0
o o
3 4
0
0
120 120
sin sin
(0.65) (377)
(6.28 10 )(500)2 sin
3 sin(2 ) sin(4 ) 3
19.7 19.7 23.2 ( .)
8 4 32 8
r
s
E
R ds r d d
I Z
d
x x x
ans
t t
t
t
t t
u u u |
t u u
t

= =
=
( | |
= + = = O
| (
\ .
} } }
}

43

*6-5-1. /2 antenna.
Assumethat thecurrent is of uniformmagnitudeand in-phasealong theentirelength of a
/2 thin linear element.
(a) Calculateand plot thepattern of thefar field.
(b) What is theradiation resistance?
(c) Tabulatefor comparison:
1. Radiation resistanceof part (b) above
2. Radiation resistance at the current loop of a /2 thin linear element with
sinusoidal in-phasecurrent distribution
3. Radiation resistance of a /2 dipole calculated by means of the short dipole
formula
(d) Discuss thethreeresults tabulated in part (c) and givereasons for thedifferences.

Solution:

(a) ( ) tan sin[( / 2)cos ]
n
E u u t u = (ans.)

(b) 168 R = O (ans.)

(c) [from(b)] =168 ( .) R ans O

(sinusoidal ) 73 ( .)
(short dipole) =197 ( .)
R I ans
R ans
= O
O


(d) 168 O is appropriatefor uniformcurrent.
73 O is appropriatefor sinusoidal current.
197 O assumes uniformcurrent, but the short dipole formula does not take into
account thedifferencein distanceto different parts of thedipole(assumes >>L )
which is not appropriateand leads to alarger resistance(197 O) as compared to the
correct valueof 168 O.

6-6-1. 2 antenna.
The instantaneous current distribution of a thin linear center-fed antenna 2 long is
sinusoidal as shown in Fig. P6-6-1.
(a) Calculateand plot thepattern of thefar field.
(b) What is theradiation resistancereferred to acurrent loop?
(c) What is theradiation resistanceat thetransmission-lineterminals as shown?
(d) What is theradiation resistance/8 fromacurrent loop?
44

6-6-1. continued


FigureP6-6-1. 2 antenna.

Solution:

(a)
cos(2 cos ) 1
( )
sin
n
E
t u
u
u

= (ans.)

(b)
max
(at ) 259 R I = O (ans.)

(c) (at terminals) R = O (ans.)

(d)
max
(at /8 from ) 518 R I = O (ans.)

6-7-1. /2 antennas in echelon.
Calculateand plot theradiation-field pattern in theplaneof two thin linear /2 antennas
with equal in-phasecurrents and thespacing relationship shown in Fig. P6-7-1. Assume
sinusoidal current distributions.


FigureP6-7-1. /2 antennas in echelon.


Solution:
cos[( / 2)cos ] 2
( ) cos cos[( / 4) ]
sin 4
n
E
t u t
u t u
u
| |
= + |
|
\ .

45

*6-8-1. 1 and 10 antennas with traveling waves.
(a) Calculateand plot thefar-field pattern in theplaneof athin linear element 1 long,
carrying asingleuniformtraveling wavefor 2 cases of therelativephasevelocity p =1
and 0.5. (b) Repeat for thesinglecaseof an element 10 long and p =1.

Solution:
(a) From(6-8-5),
sin 1
( ) [sin ( cos )]
1 cos
n
E
p p
|
| t |
|
=

, patterns have4 lobes.

(b) Pattern has 40 lobes.

6-8-2. Equivalence of pattern factors.
Show that thefield pattern of an ordinary end-firearray of alargenumber of collinear
short dipoles as given by Eq. (5-6-8), multiplied by thedipolepattern sin |, is equivalent
to Eq. (6-8-5) for along linear conductor with traveling wavefor p =1.

Solution:
(1)
n
sin
2
Field pattern=
sin
2

(5-6-8)

where cos d | | o = +

(2) Field pattern =
sin[ (1 cos )]
2
sin
1 cos
b
p
pc
p
e
|
|
|

(6-8-5)

For ordinary end-fire, (cos 1) d | | =

Also if d is small (1) becomes
sin (1 cos )
2
(1 cos )
2
nd
d
|
|
|
|
| |

|
\ .

For larger , . n nd b ~ Also multiplying by the source factor sin| and taking the con-
stant / 2 1 d | = in thedenominator, (1) becomes


sin (1 cos )
2
sin
1 cos
d |
|
|
|
| |

|
\ .

46

6-8-2. continued
which is thesameas (2) for 1 p =

since
2
2 2 2
b fb b
pc f
e t |

= = q.e.d.

Notethat for agiven length b, thenumber n is assumed to besufficiently largethat d can
besmall enough to allow sin / 2 in (1) to bereplaced by / 2 .
47

48

Chapter 7. The Loop Antenna

7-2-1. Loop and dipole for circular polarization.
If ashort electric dipoleantennais mounted insideasmall loop antenna(on polar axis,
Fig. 7-3) and both dipole and loop are fed in phase with equal power, show that the
radiation is everywhere circularly polarized with a pattern as in Fig. 7-7 for the 0.1
diameter loop.

Solution:

Uniformcurrents areassumed.


2
2
120 sin
( )(loop)=
IA
E
r
|
t u
u

(1)


j60 sin
( )(dipole)=
IL
E
r
u
t u
u

(2)


2
4
2
(loop)=320
r
A
R t

| |
O
|
\ .
(3)


2 2
(dipole)=80
r
R L

t (4)
For equal power inputs,
2 2
loop dipole
(loop) (dipole)
r r
I R I R =


2 2 2 2
loop
2 4 2 2 2 2 2
dipole
80 (dipole)
(loop) 320 ( / ) 4 ( / )
r
r
I L L R
I R A A

t
t t
= = = (5)

loop
2
dipole
2 ( / )
I L
I A

t
= (6)
Therefore

2
dipole dipole
2 2
120 sin 60 sin
( )(loop)=
2 ( / )
L I A I L
E
r A r

|
t u t u
u
t
= (7)

which is equal in magnitudeto ( ) E
u
u (dipole) but in time-phasequadrature(no j).

Since the 2 linearly polarized fields ( E
|
of the loop and E
u
of the dipole) are at right
angles, are equal in magnitude and are in time-phase quadrature, the total field of the
loop-dipolecombination is everywherecircularly polarized with a sinu pattern. q.e.d.

49

7-2-1. continued

Equating themagnitudeof (1) and (2) (fields equal and currents equal) weobtain


2
2
L A
t

= (8)
which satisfies (6) for equal loop and dipolecurrents. Thus (8) is acondition for circular
polarization.

Substituting
2
( / 4) A d t = , where d =loop diameter in (8) and putting C d t =


2 2
2 2
1
2
4 2
L d C t
t

= = (9)

weobtain
12
(2 ) C L

= (10)

as another expression of thecondition for circular polarization.

Thus, for ashort dipole /10 long, theloop circumferencemust be


12
(2 0.1) 0.45 C

= =
(11)

and theloop diameter
0.45
0.14 d


t
= =
or 1.4 times the dipole length. If the dipole current tapers to zero at the ends of the
dipole, thecondition for CP is

2
4
L A
t

= (12)
and

12
( ) C L

=
(13)

For a /10 dipole the circumference must now be
12
(0.1) 0.316 C

= = and the loop

diameter
0.316
0.1 d


t
= ~ or approximately thesameas thedipolelength.

Thecondition of (10) is applied in theWheeler-typehelical antenna. SeeSection 8-22,
equation (8-22-4) and Prob. 8-11-1.

50

7-4-1. The 3/4 diameter loop.
Calculate and plot the far-field pattern normal to the plane of a circular loop 3/4 in
diameter with auniformin-phasecurrent distribution.

Solution:
3
2.36
4
C

t = =
From(7-3-8) or Table7-2, the E
|
pattern is given by
1
( sin ) J C

u
SeeFigure7-6.
*7-6-1. Radiation resistance of loop.
What is theradiation resistanceof theloop of Prob. 7-4-1?

Solution:

From(7-6-13) for loop of any size

2
2
2
0
60 ( )
C
r
R C J y dy

t =
}

where 3 4 2.36, 2 4.71 C C

t = = =

From(7-6-16),
2 2
2 o 1
0 0
( ) ( ) 2 (2 )
C C
J y dy J y dy J C

=
} }


By integration of the
o
( ) J y curvefrom0 to 2 ( 4.71) C

= ,
2
o
0
( ) 0.792
C
J y dy

=
}


Fromtables (J ahnkeand Emde),
1 1
(2 ) (4.71) 0.2816 J C J

= =

and
2
2
0
( ) 0.7920 2 0.2816 1.355
C
J y dy

== + =
}


Therefore
2
60 2.36 1.355 1894 (Round off to 1890 )
r
R t = = O O (ans.)

51

7-6-2. Small-loop resistance.
(a) Using aPoynting vector integration, show that theradiation resistanceof asmall loop
is equal to ( ) 320
2
2 4
t A where A =area of loop (m
2
). (b) Show that the effective
apertureof an isotropic antennaequals
2
/4t.

Solution:
(a)
2 2 2
max
2 2
A A
r
E r Sr
R
I ZI
O O
= =
From(7-5-2) and Table7-2,

2
max 2
120
sin sin
IA
E E
r
|
t
u u

= =

2
0
4 8
2 sin sin 2
3 3
A
d
t
t u u u t t O = = =
}


Therefore,
2 2 4 2 2 2
4 4
2 4 2 2
120 8
320 197
120 3
r
I A r A
R C
r I

t t
t
t
| |
= = O = O
|
\ .
q.e.d.

(b)
2 2
4 ,
4
A e
A
A

t
t
O = = =
O
q.e.d.
7-7-1. The /10 diameter loop.
What is themaximumeffectiveapertureof athin loop antenna0.1 in diameter with a
uniformin-phasecurrent distribution?

Solution:

A
O is thesameas for ashort dipole ( 8 /3 sr). t = SeeProb. 6-3-4a.

Therefore,
2
2 2
3
0.119
8
em
A
A


t
| |
= = =
|
O \ .
(ans.)

7-8-1. Pattern, radiation resistance and directivity of loops.
A circular loop antennawith uniformin-phasecurrent has adiameter d. What is (a) the
far-field pattern (calculateand plot), (b) theradiation resistanceand (c) thedirectivity for
each of threecases where(1) d =/4, (2) d =1.5 and (3) d =8?
52

7-8-1. continued
Solution:

Since all the loops have 1/3, C

> thegeneral expression for E

|
in Table7-2 must be
used. FromTable7-2 and Figures 7-10 and 7-11, theradiation resistanceand directivity
values are:

Diameter C

r
R Directivity
/4 0.785 76 O 1.5
1.5 4.71 2340 O 3.82
8 25.1 14800 O 17.1


*7-8-2. Circular loop.
A circular loop antennawith uniformin-phasecurrent has adiameter d. Find (a) thefar-
field pattern (calculateand plot), (b) theradiation resistanceand (c) thedirectivity for the
following threecases: (1) d =/3, (2) d =0.75 and (3) d =2.

Solution:

SeeProbs. 7-4-1 and 7-8-1. Radiation resistanceand directivity values are:

Diameter C

r
R Directivity
/3 1.05 180 O 1.5
0.75 2.36 1550 O 1.2
2 6.28 4100 O 3.6
*7-9-1. The 1 square loop.
Calculateand plot thefar-field pattern in aplanenormal to theplaneof asquareloop and
parallel to oneside. Theloop is 1 on aside. Assumeuniformin-phasecurrents.

53

*7-9-1. continued
Solution:

Pattern is that of 2 point sources in oppositephase. Referring to Case2 of Section 5-2,
wehavefor / 2 2 ( / 2) ,
r
d t t = =
( ) sin( cos )
n
E | t | =
resulting in a 4-lobed pattern with maxima at
o o
60 and 120 | = and nulls at
o o o
0 , 90 and 180 .
7-9-2. Small square loop.
Resolving thesmall squareloop with uniformcurrent into four short dipoles, show that
thefar-field pattern in theplaneof theloop is acircle.

Solution:


Thefield pattern (1,2) E of sides 1 and 2 of thesmall squareloop is theproduct of the
pattern of 2 point sources in oppositephaseseparated by d as given by

sin[( / 2)cos ]
r
d |

and thepattern of short dipoleas given by cos|

or (1,2) cos sin[( / 2)cos ]
r
E d | | =

For small d this reduces to
2
(1,2) cos
n
E | =

Thepattern of sides 3 and 4 is thesamerotated through 90
o
or in terms of | is given by

2
(3,4) sin
n
E | =
Thetotal pattern in theplaneof thesquareloop is then

2 2
( ) (1,2) (3,4) cos sin 1
n n n
E E E | | | = + = + =
Therefore ( ) E | is aconstant as afunction of | and thepattern is acircle. q.e.d.
54

Chapter 8. End-Fire Antennas: The Helical Beam Antenna and
the Yagi-Uda Array, Part I

8-3-1. A 10-turn helix.
A right-handed monofilar helical antennahas 10 turns, 100 mmdiameter and 70 mmturn
spacing. Thefrequency is 1 GHz. (a) What is theHPBW? (b) What is thegain? (c)
What is thepolarization state? (d) Repeat theproblemfor afrequency of 300 MHz.

Solution:
8
9
3 10
(a) 0.3 m (0.1) 0.314
10
0.314 0.07
1.047 0.233
0.3 0.3
C
C S

t

= = = =
= = = =

From(8-3-4)

O O
o
12 12
52 52
HPBW 32.5
( ) 1.047(10 0.233) C nS

= = =

(ans.)

(b) From(8-3-7),
2
12 30.7 or 14.9 dBi D C nS

~ = (ans.)

If losses arenegligiblethegain =D.

(c) Polarization is RCP. (ans.)

(d) At 300 MHz,
8 6
3 10 /300 10 1m = = , 0.314/1 0.314. C

= =

This is too small for theaxial modewhich requires that 0.7 1.4. C

< <
FromTableA-1,
2
41000
38.8 or 15.9 dBi
32.5
D = = or 1 dB higher.
Thelower valueis morerealistic

8-3-2. A 30-turn helix.
A right-handed monofilar axial-modehelical antennahas 30 turns, /3 diameter and /5
turn spacing. Find (a) HPBW, (b) gain and (c) polarization state.

Solution:
(a) From(8-3-4),
o o
o
12
12
52 52
HPBW 20.3
( )
(30 0.2)
3
C nS

t
~ = =

(ans.)
(b) For zero losses, G D =
55

8-3-2. continued

From(8-3-7),
2 2
12 12( /3) 30 0.2 79 or 19 dBi D C nS

t ~ = = (ans.)

(c) RCP (ans.)
8-3-3. Helices, left and right.
Two monofilar axial-modehelical antennas aremounted side-by-sidewith axes parallel
(in thex direction). Theantennas areidentical except that oneis wound left-handed and
the other right-handed. What is the polarization state in the x direction if the two
antennas arefed (a) in phaseand (b) in oppositephase?

Solution:

Assuming that x is horizontal, (a) LHP (ans.) (b) LVP (ans.)
56

Chapter 8. The Helical Antenna: Axial and Other Modes, Part II

*8-8-1. An 8-turn helix.
A monofilar helical antennahas o =12, n =8, D =225 mm. (a) What is p at 400 MHz
for (1) in-phase fields and (2) increased directivity? (b) Calculate and plot the field
patterns for p =1.0, 0.9, and 0.5 and also for p equal to thevaluefor in-phasefields and
increased directivity. Assume each turn is an isotropic point source. (c) Repeat (b)
assuming each turn has acosinepattern.

Solution:

(a) Therelativephasevelocity for in-phasefields is given by (8-8-9) as

1
cos
sin
p
C

o
o
=
+

Therelativephasevelocity for increased directivity is given by (8-8-12)

2 1
2
L
p
n
S
n

=
+
+


Fromthegiven valueof frequency and diameter , D C

can bedetermined. Introducing

it and thegiven values of and n o

0.802 for in-phasefields
0.763 for increased directivity
p
p
=
=

*8-11-1. Normal-mode helix.
(a) What is theapproximaterelation required between thediameter D and height H of an
antenna having theconfiguration shown in Fig. P8-11-1, in order to obtain a circularly
polarized far-field at all points at which thefield is not zero. Theloop is circular and is
horizontal, and thelinear conductor of length H is vertical. AssumeD and H aresmall
compared to the wavelength, and assume the current is of uniformmagnitude and in
phaseover thesystem.
(b) What is thepattern of thefar circularly polarized field?

57

*8-11-1. continued


FigureP8-5-3. Normal modehelix.
Solution:

Seesolution to Prob. 7-2-1.

(a)
12
(2 ) / D H

t = (ans.)

(b) sin E u = (ans.)

8-15-1. Design of quad-helix earth station antenna.
An array of four right-handed axial-mode helical antennas, shown in Fig. 8-54, can be
used for communications with satellites. Determine (a) the best spacing based on the
effectiveapertures of thehelixes, (b) thedirectivity of thearray. Assumethenumber of
turns is 20 and thespacing between turns is 0.25 .

Solution:

(a) From(8-3-7) thedirectivity of each helix is

2
12 (1.05) 20 0.25 66.15 D ~ =
2
2
66
5.26
4
e
A


t
= =
Thespacing is then 5.26 2.29 =

(b) At 2.29 spacing theeffectiveaperturefor thearray is
2
5.26 4 21.04 =

so for thearray
2
4 21.04
264 (24.2 dBi) D
t

= = (ans.)

58

Chapter 9. Slot, Patch and Horn Antennas

9-2-1. Two /2 slots.
Two /2-slot antennas arearranged end-to-end in alargeconducting sheet with aspacing
of 1 between centers. If the slots are fed with equal in-phase voltages, calculate and
plot thefar-field pattern in the2 principal planes. Notethat theH planecoincides with
thelineof theslots.

Solution:

Thin slots areassumed.



Thepattern in theE plane is acircle(E not afunction of angle) or ( ) 1 E | = (ans.)

In theH-plane wehaveby pattern multiplication that thepattern is theproduct of 2 in-
phaseisotropic sources spaced 1 and thepattern of a / 2 slot. Thepattern of the / 2
slot is thesameas for a / 2 dipolebut with and E H interchanged.

Thepattern of the2 isotropic sources is given by


( /2)cos ( /2)cos
or 2cos[( / 2)cos ] 2cos( cos )
j d j d
E H e e d
| u | u
| u t u
+
= + = =
Thetotal normalized pattern in theH-planeis then

cos[( / 2)cos ]
( ) cos( cos )
sin
n
E
t u
u t u
u
= (ans.)
*9-5-1. Boxed-slot impedance.
What is theterminal impedanceof aslot antennaboxed to radiateonly in onehalf-space
whosecomplementary dipoleantennahas adriving-point impedanceof Z =150 +j0 O?
Thebox adds no shunt susceptanceacross theterminals.

Solution:

From(9-5-12) theimpedanceof an unboxed slot is
35476
s
d d
Z
R jX
=
+


where
d
R is theresistanceand
d
X is thereactanceof thecomplementary dipole.
| measured in plane
perpendicular to page
d =
u
H H
59

*9-5-1. continued
Thus,
35476
236.5
150 0
s
Z
j
= =
+
O

Boxing theslot doubles theimpedanceso 2 236.5 473.0 473
s
Z = = ~ O (ans.)
*9-5-2. Boxed slot.
Thecomplementary dipoleof aslot antennahas aterminal impedanceZ =90 +j10 O. If
theslot antennais boxed so that it radiates only in onehalf-space, what is theterminal
impedanceof theslot antenna? Thebox adds no shunt susceptanceat theterminals.

Solution:
From(8-5-12) wehaveaboxed slot
35476
2 779 87
90 10
s
Z j
j
= = O
+
(ans.)
9-5-3. Open-slot impedance.
What dimensions arerequired of aslot antennain order that its terminal impedancebe75
+j0 O? Theslot is open on both sides.

Solution:
From(8-5-11),
35476 35476
473
75
d
s
Z
Z
= = = O

FromFig. 14-8 acenter-fed cylindrical dipolewith length-to-diameter ratio of 37 has a
resistance at 4
th
resonanceof 473 O (or twicethat of a cylindrical stub antenna of a
length-to-radius ratio of 37). Thewidth of thecomplementary slot should betwicethe
dipolediameter, so it should havealength-to-width ratio of 181 . At 4
th
resonancethe
dipoleis 2 long and theslot should bethesamelength. Thepattern will bemidway
between thosein Fig. 14-9 (right-hand column, bottomtwo patterns) but with E and H
interchanged.

Nothing is mentioned in theproblemstatement about pattern so thequestion is left open
as to whether this pattern would besatisfactory.

The above dimensions do not constitute a unique answer, as other shapes meeting the
impedancerequirement arepossible.

60

9-7-1. 50 and 100 O patches.
What valueof thepatch length W results in (a) a50 O and (b) a100 O input resistance
for arectangular patch as in Fig. 9-22a?

Solution:

From(9-7-7.1),
2 2
90
1
r
r
r
L
R
W
c
c
| || |
=
| |
\ . \ .


Solving for W
2
90
( 1)
r
r r
W L
R
c
c
=

Since
o
r
0.49
L

c
=
o
0.49 9.49
( 1)
r
r r
W
R
c

c
=

With 2.27
r
c =
o o
2.27 1 1
4.65 6.22
1.27
r r
W
R R
= =

(a)
o
For 50 , 0.88
r
R W = O =

(b)
o
For 100 , 0.62
r
R W = O =
9-7-3. Microstrip line.
For apolystyrenesubstrate(cr =2.7) what width-substratethickness ratio results in a50-
O microstrip transmission line?

Solution:

From(9-7-4) (seeFig. 9-21),

o o
377
or 2 2 2.6
[( / ) 2] 50 2.7
c
r c r
Z Z W
Z
t W t Z c c
= = = =
+
(ans.)
61

9-7-3. continued











2.6 field cells under strip plus 2 fringing cells = 4.6 cells giving
377
50
2.7 4.6
c
Z == = O

*9-9-1. Optimum horn gain.
What is theapproximatemaximumpower gain of an optimumhorn antennawith asquare
aperture9 on aside?

Solution:
Assuming a uniform E in the E -direction and cosine
distribution in the H -direction, as in thesketches, and with
phase everywhere the same, the aperture efficiency from
(19-1-50) is
2
2 2 2 2
o o 2
(2/ ) /( / 2) 8/ 0.81
( )
av
ap
av
E
E E
E
c t t = = = =
A moredetailed evaluation of
ap
c for asimilar distribution is
given in thesolution to Prob. 19-1-7.

Assuming no losses,
2
4
Power gain =
e
A
D
t

=

where
2 2 2
0.81 10 81
e ap em ap p
A A A c c = = = =

and 4 81 1018 or 30 dBi D t = =

E
E
o
E
o
E
E
W
t
Strip line
Ground plane
62

Thesamegain is obtained by extrapolating the
E
a

linein Fig. 9-29ato 10 . However,
this makes
H E
a a

> and not equal as in this problem.
*9-9-1. continued
In an optimumhorn, the length (which is not specified in this problem) is reduced by
relaxing the allowable phase variation at the edge of the mouth by arbitrary amounts
(
o o
90 2 0.25 rad in the -planeand 144 2 0.4 rad in the -plane). E H t t = = This results
in less gain than calculated above, whereuniformphaseis assumed over theaperture.

From(9-9-2), which assumes 60% apertureefficiency, thedirectivity of the 10 square
horn is
2 2
7.5 / 7.5 10 750 or 29 dBi
p
D A = = =

To summarize: when uniformphase is assumed ( 0.81)
ap
c = as in the initial solution
above, 1018 or 30 dBi D = but for an optimum(shorter) horn ( 0.6)
ap
c = , 750 D = or
29 dBi.
9-9-2. Horn pattern.
(a) Calculateand plot theE-planepattern of thehorn of Prob. 9-9-1, assuming uniform
illumination over theaperture.
(b) What is thehalf-power beamwidth and theanglebetween first nulls?

Solution:

(a) From(5-12-18) thepattern of auniformapertureof length a is


sin
sin( sin )
2
sin
2
n
a
E
a

t u
t u
'
= =
'
(1)

where aperturelength =10
anglefrombroadside
a
u
=
=


(b) FromTable5-8,
o
HPBW 50.8/10 5.08 = = (ans.)

Introducing
o
5.08/ 2 2.54 = into (1) yields 0.707
n
E = which confirms that
o
5.08

is the
trueHPBW since
2 2
0.707 0.5
n n
P E = = =

63

Using (5-7-7) and setting nd a

= for acontinuous aperture,

1 1 o
BWFN 2sin (1/ ) 2sin (1/10) 11.48 a

= = = (ans.)
9-9-2. continued
Setting nd a

= assumes n very largeand d

very small, but wehavenot assumed that

their product nd

is necessarily very large. If wehad, wecould write

BWFN 2/ a

= rad
and obtain
o
BWFN 2/10 rad =11.46 =
for adifferenceof
o
0.02.
9-9-3. Rectangular horn antenna.
What is therequired apertureareafor an optimumrectangular horn antennaoperating at
2 GHz with 12 dBi gain?

Solution:

From(9-9-2) or Fig. 3-5b,
2
2
7.5
,
7.5
p
p
A D
D A

~ =

1.2
10 15.85, =0.15 m D = =

2 2
15.85
(0.15) 0.0475 m
7.5
p
A = =
9-9-4. Conical horn antenna.
What is therequired diameter of aconical horn antennaoperating at 2 GHz with a12 dBi
gain?

Solution:
FromFig. 3-5b,
2
2
6.5 r
D
t

~
Thediameter 2 d r = is 2
6.5
D
d
t
= ,
1.2
10 15.85 D = = , 0.15 m =

64

15.85
2 0.15 26.4 cm
6.5
d
t
= =

9-9-5. Pyramidal horn.
(a) Determinethelength L, apertureaH and half-angles in E and H planes for apyramidal
electromagnetic horn for which theapertureaE =8. Thehorn is fed with arectangular
waveguidewith TE10 mode. Takeo =/10 in theE planeand o =/4 in theH plane.
(b) What aretheHPBWs in both E and H planes?
(c) What is thedirectivity?
(d) What is theapertureefficiency?

Solution:

(a) For a 0.1 tolerancein theE-plane, therelation with dimensions in wavelengths is
shown in thesketch.

Fromwhich
2 2 2
/ 4 0.2 0.01
E
L a L L

+ = + +

with 8 (given),
E
a

=
2
/.8 80
E
L a

= = (ans.)

In theH-planewehavefromthesketch that

1 o
1 o
/ 2 6.33 and 12.7
/ 2 tan 4/80 2.9 ( .)
/ 2 tan 6.33/80 4.5 ( .)
H H
E
H
a a
ans
ans

u
u

= =
= =
= =


(c) If thephaseover theapertureis uniform 0.81
ap
c = (seesolution to Probs. 19-1-7
and 9-9-1),
4 8 12.7 0.81 1034 or 30.1 dBi D t = =

However, the phase has been relaxed to
o
36 2 0.1 t = rad in the E-plane and to
o
90 2 0.25 t = rad in theH-plane, resulting in reduced apertureefficiency, so
ap
c must
beless than 0.8. If theE-planephaseis relaxed to
o
90 and theH-planephaseto
o
144 ,
0.6
ap
c , which is appropriate for an optimumhorn. Thus, for the conditions of this
problemwhich arebetween an optimumhorn and uniformphase, 0.6 0.8.
ap
c < < Taking
0.7
ap
c ~ ,
4 8 12.7 0.7 894 or 29.5 dBi D t = = (ans.)

(b) Assuming uniformphasein theE-plane,

0.1 L

+
/ 2
E
u
/ 2
E
a

L

80.25
/ 2
H
u
/ 2
H
a

80
65

o o
o o
50.8 50.8
(HPBW) 6.35 6.4
8
E
E
a

~ = = ~ (ans.)
and fromtheapproximation
9-9-5. continued
41000 41000
894
(HPBW) (HPBW) 6.4(HPBW)
E H H
D = = =

so
o
(HPBW) 7.2
H
~

FromTable9-1 for an optimumhorn,

o
o
o
o
56
(HPBW) 7
8
67
(HPBW) 5.3
12.7
E
H
~ =
= =
(ans.)

The true (HPBW)
E
for this problem is probably close to
o
6.4 . While the true
(HPBW)
H
is probably closeto
o
5.3.

(d) 0.7
ap
c = frompart (c). (ans.)

66

Chapter 10. Flat Sheet, Corner and Parabolic Reflector
Antennas

10-2-1. Flat sheet reflector.
Calculate and plot the radiation pattern of a /2 dipole antenna spaced 0.15 froman
infinite flat sheet for assumed antenna loss resistance RL =0 and 5 O. Express the
patterns in gain over a/2 dipoleantennain freespacewith thesamepower input (and
zero loss resistance).
Solution:

From(10-2-1) thegain over a / 2 referencedipoleis given by


12
11
11 12
( ) 2 sin( cos )
f r
L
R
G S
R R R
| |
| |
=
|
+
\ .
(1)
where,
spacing of dipolefromreflector
anglefromperpendicular to reflector
S
|
=
=

(SeeFig. 10-2.)
Notethat (1) differs from(10-2-1) in that 0
L
R = in thenumerator under thesquareroot
sign since the problemrequests the gain to be expressed with respect to a lossless
referenceantenna.

Maximumradiation is at 0, | = so (1) becomes,

12
73.1
( ) 2 sin(2 0.15)
73.1 29.4
f
L
G
R
| t
| |
=
|
+
\ .

and for 0
L
R =
( ) 2.09 or 6.41 dB (=8.56 dBi)
f
G | = (ans.)

Notethat
12
R is for aspacing of 0.3 ( 2 0.15 ) = . SeeTable13-1.
Notethat 10 , ( ) 1.89 or 5.52 dB (=7.67 dBi)
L f
R G | = O = (ans.)
Notethat ( )
f
G | is thegain with respect to areference / 2 dipoleand moreexplicitly
can bewritten ( )[ / ].
f
G A HW |

Theloss resistance 10
L
R = O results in about 0.9 dB reduction in gain with respect to a
lossless referencedipole. If thereferencedipolealso has 10 O loss resistance, thegain
reduction is about 0.3 dB.

67

10-2-1. continued
The above gains agree with those shown for 0
L
R = and extrapolated for 10
L
R = O
at 0.15 S = in Fig. 10-4. Notethat in Fig. 10-4 an equal loss resistanceis assumed in
thereferenceantenna.

The pattern for 0
L
R = should be intermediate to those in Fig. 10-3 for spacings of
0.125 (= /8) and 0.25 (= /4). Thepattern for 10
L
R = O is smaller than theonefor
0
L
R = but of thesameshape(radius vector differing by aconstant factor).
10-3-1. Square-corner reflector.
A square-corner reflector has a driven /2 dipole antenna space /2 fromthe corner.
Assume perfectly conducting sheet reflectors of infinite extent (ideal reflector).
Calculateand plot theradiation pattern in aplaneat right angles to thedriven element.

Solution:

From(10-3-6) thegain of alossless corner reflector over areference / 2 dipoleis given
by
12
11
11 14 12
( ) 2 [cos( cos ) cos( sin )]
2
f r r
R
G S S
R R R
| | |
| |
=
|
+
\ .

For / 2 S = and maximumradiation direction
o
( 0 ) | = this becomes

12
73.1
( ) 4 3.06 or 9.7 dB (=11.9 dBi)
73.1 3.8 2 24
f
G |
| |
= =
|
+ + \ .


SeeTable13-1 and Fig. 13-13 for themutual resistancevalues for
14
R at 1 separation
and
12
at 0.707 R separation. Theabovecalculated gain agrees with thevalueshown by
thecurvein Fig. 10-11. Thepattern should beidentical to theonein Fig. 10-12a.
10-3-2. Square-corner reflector.
(a) Show that therelativefield pattern in theplaneof thedriven /2 element of asquare-
corner reflector is given by
( ) | |
( )
u
u
u
sin
cos 90 cos
sin cos 1

r
S E =
whereu is theanglewith respect to theelement axis. Assumethat thecorner-reflector
sheets areperfectly conducting and of infiniteextent.
68

10-3-2. continued

(b) Calculateand plot thefield pattern in theplaneof thedriven element for aspacing of
/2 to thecorner. Comparewith thepattern at right angles (Prob. 10-3-1).

Solution:

(a) The pattern in the plane of the dipole (E plane) is that of an array of three / 2
elements arranged as in thesketch with amplitudes 1:2:1 and phasing as indicated.












By pattern multiplication the pattern is the product of the pattern of an array of 3
isotropic sources with amplitudes and phasing 1: 2: 1 + and thepattern of / 2 dipole
(6-4-4). Thus,
o
cos(90 cos )
(2 1 sin 1 sin )
sin
r r
E S S
u
u u
u
=
Z Z

or, seephasor sketch,
o
cos(90 cos )
2[1 cos( sin )]
sin
r
E S
u
u
u
=

Dropping thescalefactor 2 yields theresults sought, q.e.d.
*10-3-4. Square-corner reflector.
(a) Calculate and plot the pattern of a 90 corner reflector with a thin center-fed /2
driven antennaspaced 0.35 fromthecorner. Assumethat thecorner reflector is of
infiniteextent.
(b) Calculatetheradiation resistanceof thedriven antenna.
(c) Calculate the gain of the antenna and corner reflector over the antenna alone.
Assumethat losses arenegligible.

1 I =
1 I =
2 I = +
S
S
u
2cos( sin )
r
S u
sin 1 r
S u Z
1 sin
r
S u Z
o
2 0
Z
Phasor sketch
69

*10-3-4. continued
Solution:
(a) From(10-3-6) thenormalized field pattern for 0.35 S = is

o o
[cos(126 cos ) cos(126 sin )]
( )
1.588
n
E
| |
|

=

(b)
11 14 12
2 73.1 24.8 25 73.3
r
R R R R = + = + = O (ans.)

(c) From(10-3-6) for 0 and 0.35 S | = =
12
( ) 2(73.1/73.3) 1.588 3.17 or 10.0 dB (=12.1 dBi)
f
G | = = (ans.)
10-3-5. Square-corner reflector versus array of its image elements.
Assumethat thecorner reflector of Prob. 10-3-4 is removed and that in its placethethree
images used in theanalysis arepresent physically, resulting in 4-element driven array.
(a) Calculateand plot thepattern of this array.
(b) Calculatetheradiation resistanceat thecenter of oneof theantennas.
(c) Calculatethegain of thearray over oneof theantennas alone.

Solution:

(a) 4-lobed pattern as in Fig. 10-9 with shapeof pattern of Prob. 10-3-4a.

(b) 73.3
r
R = O (ans.)

(c) ( ) 1.59 or 4.0 dB (=6.1 dBi)
f
G | = (ans.)
sincepower is fed to all 4 elements instead of to only one (Power gain down by afactor
of 4 or by 6 dB).
*10-3-6. Square-corner reflector array.
Four 90 corner-reflector antennas arearranged in lineas abroadsidearray. Thecorner
edges areparallel and side-by-sideas in Fig. P10-3-6. Thespacing between corners is
1. Thedriven antennain each corner is a/2 element spaced 0.4 fromthecorner. All
antennas are energized in phase and have equal current amplitude. Assuming that the
properties of each corner arethesameas if its sides wereof infiniteextent, what is (a) the
gain of thearray over asingle/2 antennaand (b) thehalf-power beamwidth in theH
plane?

70

*10-3-6. continued

FigureP10-3-6. Square-corner reflector array.

Solution:

(a) From(10-3-6) thegain of onecorner reflector with 0.4 S = is given by

12
o o
73.1
( ) 2 (cos144 cos0 )
73.1 18.6 42
2 0.870 1.81 3.15 or 10 dB (=12.1 dBi)
f
G |
| |
=
|
+ \ .
= = ~

Under lossless conditions,
( )
2
( ) 1.64 16.3
f
D G | = =
Thus, themaximumeffectiveapertureof onecorner is
2 2
2
16.3
1.3
4 4
em
D
A


t t
= ~ =
Theeffectiveapertureof asinglecorner may then berepresented by arectangle1 1.3
as in thesketch below.














1.3
1
terminals
/ 2 dipole
0.4
em
A
90
o
corner reflector

71

*10-3-6. continued
In an array of 4 reflectors as in Fig. P10-3-6 theedges of theapertures overlap 0.3 so
that the reflectors are too close. However, at the 1 spacing the total aperture is
2
4 1 4 = and thetotal gain of thearray under lossless conditions is

2
4
4 4 50 or 17 dBi
em
A
G D
t
t

= = = ~ (ans.)

No interaction between corner reflectors has been assumed. With wider spacing ( 1.3 ) =
theexpected gain 16.3 4 65 or 18 dBi. = =

(b) Assuming auniformaperturedistribution, theHPBW is given approximately from
Table5-8 by
o o o
HPBW =50.8 / 50.8 / 4 12.7 L

= =
To determinetheHPBW moreaccurately, let us usethetotal antennapattern. By pattern
multiplication it is equal to theproduct of an array of 4 in-phaseisotropic point sources
with 1 spacing and thepattern of asinglecorner reflector as given by

1sin(4 sin ) 1
( ) [cos(0.8 cos ) cos(0.8 sin )]
4 sin( sin ) 1.809
n
E
t |
| t | t |
t |
=

Theis thenormalizing factor for thearray and 1/1.809 for thecorner reflector. Thus,
when
o
0 , | = ( ) 1.
n
E | = Notethat | must approach zero in thelimit in thearray factor
to avoid an indeterminateresult.

Half of theaboveapproximateHPBW is
o o
12.7 / 2 6.35. = Introducing it into theabove
equation yields
o
( ) 0.703. For 6.30 , ( ) 0.707
n n
E E | | | = = = as tabulated below.

| ( )
n
E |
6.35
o
0.703
6.30
o
0.707

Thus,
o
HPBW 2 6.30 12.6 = = (ans.)

The 4-source array factor is much sharper than the corner reflector pattern and largely
determines theHPBW.

Returning to part (a) for the directivity, let us calculate its value with the approximate
relation of (2-7-9) using theHPBW of part (b) for theH-planeand theHPBW of 78
o
for
theE-planefromExample6-4.1.


72

*10-3-6. continued
Thus,
40000
40.7 (=16 dBi)
12.6 7.8
D ~ =

as compared to 50 (=17 dBi) D ~ as calculated in part (a).

Although thedirectivity of 16.3 for asinglecorner reflector should beaccurate, sinceit is
determined fromthepattern viatheimpedances*, thedirectivity of 50 for thearray of 4
corner reflectors involves some uncertainty (apertures overlapping). Nevertheless, the
two methods agreewithin 1 dB.
____________________________
*Assuminginfinitesides

10-3-7. Corner reflector. /4 to the driven element.
A square-corner reflector has a spacing of /4 between the driven /2 element and the
corner. Show that thedirectivity D =12.8 dBi.

Solution:

For thecaseof no losses,

( )
2
( ) 1.64, and for / 4 and 0,
f
D G S | | = = =
(10-3-6) becomes
12
73.1
( ) 2 3.39
73.1 12.7 35
f
G |
| |
= =
|
\ .

Therefore, ( )
2
( ) 1.64 18.9 or 12.8 dBi
f
D G | = = (ans.)
10-3-8. Corner reflector. /2 to the driven element.
A square-corner reflector has adriven /2 element /2 fromthecorner.
(a) Calculateand plot thefar-field pattern in both principal planes.
(b) What aretheHPBWs in thetwo principal planes?
(c) What is theterminal impedanceof thedriven element?
(d) Calculate the directivity in two ways: (1) fromimpedances of driven and image
dipoles and (2) fromHPBWs, and compare. Assume perfectly conducting sheet
reflectors of infiniteextent.

73

10-3-8. continued
Solution:

(a) FromProb. 10-3-2 thepattern in theE-planeis given by


o
1 cos(90 cos )
( ) [1 cos( sin )]
2 sin
n
E
u
u t u
u
= (1)

From(10-3-6) thepattern in theH-planeis given by


1
( ) [cos( cos ) cos( sin )]
2
n
E u t | t | = (2)
Notethat ( )
n
E u =maximumfor
o
90 u = while ( )
n
E | =maximumfor
o
0. | =

(b) Assuming initially that HPBW( ) u HPBW( ) | ~ and noting fromFig. 10-11 that for
/ 2 S = thedirectivity is about 12 dBi, wehavefrom(2-7-9) that

o
2
40000
16 or HPBW( ) 50
HPBW( )
D u
u
~ ~ ~ and
o
o
HPBW( ) 50
25
2 2
u
= =

Introducing
o o o
90 25 65 u = = in (1) yields ( )
n
E u which is too high. By trial and error,
weobtain
o
( ) 0.707 when =34.5 .
n
E u u ~

Therefore,
o o
HPBW( ) 2 34.5 69 u ~ = (ans.)

Introducing
o
25 | = in (2) yields ( ) 0.60
n
E | = which is too low. By trial and error, we
obtain ( ) 0.707
n
E | ~ when
o
21. | =

Therefore,
o o
HPBW( ) 2 21 42 | ~ = (ans.)

(c) Theterminal impedanceof thedriven element is (seeProb. 10-3-1 solution),

73.1 3.8 2 24 125
T
R = + + = O (ans.)
FromProb. 10-3-1 solution,

( )
2
( ) 1.64 15.4 (=11.9 dBi) by impedance
f
D G | = = (ans.)

o o
40000
13.8 (=11.4 dBi) by beamwidths
69 42
D ~ =

(ans.)
74

10-3-8. continued

The 15.4 D = valueis, of course, moreaccuratesinceit is based on thepattern viathe
impedances. Thetwo methods differ, however, by only 0.4 dB.

*10-7-2. Parabolic reflector with missing sector.
A circular parabolic dish antennahas an effectiveapertureof 100 m
2
. If one30 sector
of the parabola is removed, find the new effective aperture. The rest of the antenna,
including thefeed, is unchanged.

Solution:












The full dish has an effective aperture
2
100 m.
e
A = Assuming that the dish character-
istics areindependent of angle ( ), | removing one
o
45 sector reduces theeffectiveaper-
tureto 7/8 of its original valueprovided thefeed is modified and so as not to illuminate
the area of the missing sector. However, the feed is not modified and, therefore, its
efficiency is down to 7/8. Therefore, the net aperture efficiency is (7/8)
2
and the net
effectiveapertureis
2 2
(7/8) 100 76.6 m = (ans.)
|
45
o
Sector
removed
|
75

76

Chapter 11. Broadband and Frequency-Independent Antennas

*11-2-2. The 2 cone.
Calculatetheterminal impedanceof aconical antennaof 2 total angleoperating against
avery largeground plane. Thelength l of theconeis 3/8.

Solution:

From(11-2-2) for ,
k
Z and noting that when u is small
o
( 20 ) u <

Then
4
cot
4
u
u
| |
~
|
\ .


or
4
120ln
k
Z
u
=

and with (11-2-4) and (11-2-5) for
,
and (11-2-3) for
m i
Z Z

so 270 350
i
Z j = + O (ans.)
11-5-1. Log spiral.
Design a planar log-spiral antenna of the type shown in Fig. 11-11 to operate at
frequencies from1 to 10 GHz. Makeadrawing with dimensions in millimeters.

Solution:

High frequency limit =10 GHz,
8 9
3 10 /10 10 30 mm = =

Low frequency limit =1 GHz, 300 mm =

Take
o
77.6 (seeFig. 11-10) | =

From(11-5-5), antiln ( /tan ) =antiln ( /4.55) r u | u =






77

11-5-1. continued

u r R
0 rad 1 1.5 mm
/ 2 t 1.41 2.12
t 2.00 3.00
3 / 2 t 2.82 4.23
2t 4.00 6.00
5 / 2 t 5.66 8.50
3t 8.00 12.0
7 / 2 t 11.3 17.0
4t 16.0 24.0
9 / 2 t 22.6 34.0
5t 32.0 48.0
11 / 2 t 45.2 68.0
6t 64.0 96.0

Spiral is likeonein Fig. 11-10. If gap d at center is equal to /10 at high frequency
limit, then gap should be30/10 =3 mmand radius R of actual spiral =3/2 =1.5 mm.

If diameter of spiral is / 2 at low frequency limit, then theactual spiral radius should be
300/(2 2) 75 mm. =

This requires that 4.55ln(75/1.5) 17.8 5.7 u t = = =

For good measurewemake 6 u t = . Thus, thespiral has 3 turns ( 6 u t = ).

Thetablegives datafor theactual spiral radius R in mmversus theangleu in rad. The
overall diameter of thespiral is 96 2 192 mm = which at 1 GHz is 192/300 =0.64 .

Calling theabovespiral number 1, draw an identical spiral rotated through / 2 t rad, a
third rotated through t rad and a fourth rotated through 3 / 2 t rad. Metalizetheareas
between spirals 1 and 4 and between spirals 2 and 3, leaving theremaining areas open.
Connect thefeed across thegap at theinnermost ends of thespirals as in Fig. 11-11.

78

11-7-1. Log periodic.
Design an optimum log-periodic antennaof thetypeshown in Fig. 11-17 to operateat
frequencies from100 to 500 MHz with 11 elements. Give(a) length of longest element,
(b) length of shortest element, and (c) gain.

Solution:

FromFig. 11-19 let us select thepoint where
o
15 o = intersects theoptimumdesign line
which should result in an antennawith slightly morethan 7 dBi gain. Fromthefigure,
k=1.195. The desired frequency ratio is 5 =F =250/50. Thus, from(7) the required
number of elements musts beat least equal to

log log5
9.0
log log1.195
F
n
k
= = =

at 250 MHz, 1.2 m, / 2 0.6 m = = (ans.)

at 50 MHz, 6 m, / 2 3 m = = (ans.)

If element 1 is 0.6 in long, then element 10 (= n+1) is 0.6
9
1.195 = 2.98 m or
approximately 3 mas required.

Adding adirector in front of element 1 and areflector in back of element 10 brings the
total number of elements to 12. (ans.)

Thelength
2
of any element with respect to thelength , of thenext shorter element is
given by
2 1
/ 1.195 k = = (ans.)

From(11-7-5) (notegeometry of Fig. 11-18), thespacing s between any two elements is
related to thelength of theadjacent shorter element by

o
( 1) 0.195
0.364
2tan 2tan15
k
s
o

= = =

(ans.)

[Notethat (11-7-6) gives s with respect to adjacent longer elements.]

Finally, connect theelements as in Fig. 11-17.

79

11-7-2. Stacked LPs.
Two LP arrays likein theworked exampleof Sec. 11-7 arestacked as in Fig. 11-21a.
(a) Calculate and plot the vertical plane field pattern. Note that pattern multiplication
cannot beapplied.
(b) What is thegain?

Solution:

Fromtheworked exampleof Sec. 11-7,

o
15 , 1.2, 4, 7.6 (8) and 1 9 k F n n o = = = = + =

Consider that
min max
1mand 4 m. = =

Therefore,
8
1 1 1 9
0.5 mand 0.5 1.2 2 m
n
n
k
+
= = = = =

From(11-7-6) thedistancebetween elements 1 and 9 is

2
1 1
0
( 1)
where 0.5 m
2tan
n n
n
k k
S
o

= =

and

7
o
0
0.2 1.2
=0.187+0.224+0.268+0.322+0.387+0.464+0.557+0.669 =3.08 m
4tan15
n
n
S
=

Thestacked LPs areshown in sideview in thesketch below. Elements 1 through 9 are
included in thecalculation. Element 1 is / 2 resonant at 1 mwavelength and element 9
is / 2 resonant at 4 mwavelength. A director element is added ahead of element 1 and
areflector element is added after element 9 making atotal of 11 elements.

In the 60

angle stacking arrangement the stacking distance is 0.5 mor / 2 at 1 m

wavelength and 3.65 mor 0.91 at 4 mwavelength. At thegeometric mean wavelength
(2 m) thestacking distanceis 1.25 mor 0.625 .










80

11-7-2. continued
































Let us calculatethevertical planepattern at 2 mwavelength whereelements 3, 4 and 5 of
theupper and lower LPs areactive. As an approximation, let us consider that the3 active
elements areauniformordinary end-firearray with spacing equal to theaverageof the
spacing between elements 3 and 4 and between 4 and 5.

For element 4 wetake
4
/ 2 = . Then from(11-7-6)

45 o
1 1.2 1
0.187
4tan 4tan15
k
S
o

= = =


81

11-7-2. continued
and
34
0.187/1.2 0.155 S = =

0.155 .187
0.171
2
av
S
+
= =

Theend-firearray field pattern is given by
1sin / 2
3 sin / 2
n
E

=
where
o
2 0.171
/ 2 (cos 1) 30.8 (cos 1), 3
2
n
t
| |

= = =

Each LP (end-firearray) has abroad cardiod-shaped pattern liketheones shown in Fig.
11-21awith onepattern directed up 30
o
and theother down 30
o
.

The total field pattern in the resultant of these patterns and a broadside array of 2 in-
phaseisotropic sources stacked vertically and spaced 0.625 with pattern given by

o
cos[(2 0.625/ 2)sin ] cos(112.5 sin ) E t | | = =

This pattern is shown in Fig. 16-11. Numerical addition of the LP patterns and multi-
plication of the resultant by the broadside pattern yields the total field pattern for
2 m = shown in thesketch. At 1m = theup-and-down minor lobes disappear but the
main beamis about the same. At 4 m = the main beamis narrower but the up-and-
down minor lobes arelarger.

(b) Each LP has again 7 ~ dBi. Fromtheequation of Prob. 5-2-3, thedirectivity of 2
in-phaseisotropic sources with 0.625 spacing is 2.44 or 3.9 dBi. So for 2 m = , the
gain may beas much as 7 3.9 10.9 dBi + ~ (ans.)

At both 1mand 4 m = = thegain may beless than this.

TheHPBW in thevertical planeis about
o
47 and in thehorizontal planeabout
o
76.
Fromtheapproximatedirectivity relation, wehave, neglecting minor lobes,

41000
11.5 or 10.6 dBi
47 76
D = =

(ans.)

Actual directivity is probably 10 dBi.

82

Chapter 12. Antenna Temperature, Remote Sensing and Radar
Cross Section

*12-2-1. Antenna temperature.
An end-fire array is directed at the zenith. The array is located over flat nonreflecting
ground. If 0.9 OA is within 45 of thezenith and 0.08 OA between 45 and thehorizon
calculate the antenna temperature. The sky brightness temperature is 5 K between the
zenith and 45 fromthezenith, 50 K between 45 fromthezenith and thehorizon and
300 K for theground (below thehorizon). Theantennais 99 percent efficient and is at a
physical temperatureof 300K.

Solution:

0.9 is at 5 K
0.08 is at 50 K
A
A
O
O

Therefore 0.02 is at 300 K
A
O

From(12-1-8),

1
[5 0.9 50 0.08 300 0.02 ] 4.5 4 6 14.5 K
A A A A
A
T = O + O + O = + + =
O
(ans.)
*12-2-2. Earth-station antenna temperature.
An earth-station dish of 100 m
2
effectiveapertureis directed at thezenith. Calculatethe
antenna temperature assuming that the sky temperature is uniformand equal to 6 K.
Taketheground temperatureequal to 300 K and assumethat 1/3 of theminor-lobebeam
areais in theback direction. Thewavelength is 75 mmand thebeamefficiency is 0.8.

Solution:

From(12-1-8),

1 2 1
[6 0.8 6 0.2 300 0.2 ] 4.8 0.8 20 25.6 K
3 3
A A A A
A
T = O + O + O = + + =
O
(ans.)
83

*12-3-4. Satellite TV downlink.
A transmitter (transponder) on a Clarke orbit satellite produces an effective radiated
power (ERP) at an earth station of 35 dB over 1 W isotropic.
(a) DeterminetheS/N ratio (dB) if theearth station antennadiameter is 3m, theantenna
temperature25 K, thereceiver temperature75 K and thebandwidth 30 MHz. Takethe
satellitedistanceas 36,000 km. Assumetheantennas aparabolic reflector (dish-type) of
50 percent efficiency. (SeeExample12-3.1).
(b) If a10-dB S/N ratio is acceptable, what is therequired diameter of theearth station
antenna?

Solution:

(a) SatelliteERP =35 dB (over 1 W isotropic)

ERP =
2 2
4 / , ERP/ 4
t t t et t et
PD P A PA t t = =

From(12-3-3),

2
2 2 2 2
ERP
4
t et er er
sys sys
PA A A S
N kT r B kT r B

t
= = , ERP =35 dB or 3162

2 2 2
1 1
1.5 3.53 m
2 2
er
A r t t = = = , 25 75 100 K
sys
T = + =

23 2 14 7
3162 3.53
16.6 or 12.2 dB
4 1.38 10 100 3.6 10 3 10
S
N t


= =

(ans.)

(b) If only 10 dB S/N ratio is acceptable, the dish aperture could be 2.2 dB
( 12.2 10 dB) = less or 60% of thet 1.5
2
=7.07 m
2
areaspecified in part (a).

Thereforeacceptablearea
2 2
7.07 0.6 4.24 m r t = = =

For adiameter
12
2 2(4.24/ ) 2.3 m r t = = = (ans.)
*12-3-5. System temperature.
The digital output of a 1.4 GHz radio telescope gives the following values (arbitrary
units) as afunction of thesidereal timewhilescanning auniformbrightness region. The
integration timeis 14 s, with 1 s idletimefor printout. Theoutput units areproportional
to power.

84

*12-3-5. continued

Time Output Time Output
31
m
30
s
234 32
m
45
s
229
31 45 235 33 00 236
32 00 224 33 15 233
32 15 226 33 30 230
32 30 239 33 45 226

If thetemperaturecalibration gives 170 units for 2.9 K applied, find (a) therms noiseat
thereceiver, (b) theminimumdetectabletemperature, (c) thesystemtemperatureand (d)
theminimumdetectableflux density. Thecalibration signal is introduced at thereceiver.
The transmission line fromthe antenna to the receiver has 0.5 dB attenuation. The
antenna effectiveapertureis 500 m
2
. Thereceiver bandwidth is 7 MHz. Thereceiver
constant k' =2.

Solution:

(a) Noise output readings 234, 235, etc. with respect to average value (231), are
squared, averaged and then squarerooted for root-mean-square(rms) noisevalue4.71.

Therms noiseat receiver is then
4.71
2.9 0.08 K
170
= (ans.)
(b) Transmission lineattenuation =0.5 dB for efficiency of 0.89.

Therefore,
min
0.08/ 0.89 0.09 K T A = = (ans.)

(c) From(12-2-3),

12 6 12
min
( ) 0.09(7 10 14)
445 K
2
sys
T ft
T
k
A A
= = =
'
(ans.)

(d) From(12-1-7),

23
min
min
2 2 1.38 10 0.09
497 mJ y 500 mJ y (rounded off)
500
e
k T
S
A

A
A = = = ~ (ans.)

85

12-3-6. System temperature.
Find thesystemtemperatureof areceiving systemwith 15 K antennatemperature, 0.95
transmission-line efficiency, 300 K transmission-line temperature, 75 K receiver first-
stage temperature, 100 K receiver second-stage temperature and 200 K receiver third-
stagetemperature. Each receiver stagehas 16 dB gain.

Solution:

From(12-2-1) and (12-2-2),
1 1 100 200
15 300 1 75
.95 .95 40 40
15 15.8 78.9 2.6 5.3 117.6 K ( .)
sys
T
ans
| | | |
= + + + +
| |
\ . \ .
= + + + + =

*12-3-7. Solar interference to earth station.
Twiceayear thesun passes through theapparent declination of thegeostationary Clarke-
orbit satellites, causing solar-noise interference to earth stations. A typical forecast
noticeappearing on U.S. satelliteTV screens reads:

ATTENTION CHANNEL USERS:
WE WILL BE EXPERIENCING
SOLAR OUTAGES FROM
OCTOBER 15 TO 26
FROM 12:00 TO 15:00 HOURS

(a) If theequivalent temperatureof thesun at 4 GHz is 50,000 K, find thesuns signal-to-
noiseration (in decibels) for an earth station with a3-mparabolic dish antennaat 4 GHz.
Takethesuns diameter as 0.5 and theearth-station systemtemperatureas 100 K.
(b) Comparethis result with that for thecarrier-to-noseratio calculated in Example12-
3.1 for atypical Clarke-orbit TV transponder.
(c) How long does the interference last? Note that the relation
e A
A
2
= O gives the
solid beamanglein steradians and not in squaredegrees.
(d) Why do the outages occur between October 15 and 26 and not at the autumnal
equinox around September 20 when thesun is crossing theequator?
(e) How can satelliteservices work around asolar outage?






86

*12-3-7. continued

Solution:
(a) Earth station
min
2
sys
e
kT
S
A
=
sun 2
2 2 2
s s A A A
e e A
kT k T k T
S
A A
O A A O
= = =
O


Assuming 50% apertureefficiency as in Prob. 12-3-4,

2 2
3
2
0.075
1.59 10 sr 5.22 sq. deg.
1
1.5
2
A
e
A

t

O = = = =
Therefore,
4 o 2
sun
min
5 10 (.25 )
18.8 or 12.7 dB
100 5.22
s s
sys A
S T S
N S T
t O
= = = =
O
(ans.)

(b) FromProb. 12-3-4,

12.7 12.2 0.5 = dB more than satellite carrier, resulting in degradation of TV picture
quality. Thephenomenon may bedescribed as noise jamming by thesun.

(c) At half-power, solar noisewill bereduced to only 3 0.5 2.5 = dB below carrier.
Assuming low side-lobes, the solar interference should not last more than the time it
takes thesun to drift between first nulls. Using this criterion wehave

Solar drift rate
Time 4(min/deg) BWFN (deg) =
FromTable15-1,

HPBW
o o o
66 / 66 /(3 0.075) 1.65 and Time 4 2 1.65 13.2 min D

= = = ~ = (ans.)

Allowing for theangular extent of thesun (approx.
o
12 ) increases thetimeby about 2
minutes.
sq. deg.
87

*12-3-9. Critical frequency. MUF.
Layers may be said to exist in the earths ionosphere where the ionization gradient is
sufficient to refract radio waves back to earth. [Although thewaveactually may bebent
gradually along a curved path in an ionized region of considerable thickness, a useful
simplification for somesituations is to assumethat thewaveis reflected as though froma
horizontal perfectly conducting surface situated at a (virtual) height h.] The highest
frequency at which this layer reflects avertically incident waveback to theearth is called
thecritical frequency fo. Higher frequencies at thevertical incidencepass through. For
waves at obliqueincidence(|>0 in Fig. P12-3-9) themaximum usable frequency (MUF)
for point-to-point communication on the earth is given by MUF =fo/cos |, where | =
angle of incidence. The critical frequency N f
o
9 = , where N =electron density
(number m
-3
). N is afunction of solar irradiation and other factors. Both fo and h vary
with timeof day, season, latitudeand phaseof the11-year sunspot cycle. Find theMUF
for (a) adistanced =1.3 Mmby F2-layer (h =3 25 km) reflection with F2-layer electron
density N =6 x 10
11
m
-3
; (b) adistanced =1.5 Mmby F2-layer (h =275 km) reflection
with N =10
12
m
-3
; and (c) a distance d =1 Mmby sporadic E-layer (h =100 km)
reflection N =8 x 10
11
m
-3
. Neglect earth curvature.


FigureP12-3-9. Communication path viareflection fromionospheric layer.


Solution:

MUF =MaximumUsableFrequency for communication viaionospheric reflection.

(a)
5
11 12 1 1 o
o 5
6.5 10
9 9(6 10 ) 6.97 MHz, tan [( / 2)/ ] tan 63.43
3.25 10
f N d h |

| |
= = = = = =
|

\ .

o
cos 0.477, MUF / cos 6.97/ 0.447 15.6 MHz f | | = = = = (ans.)

88

*12-3-9. continued
5
12 12 -1 o
o 5
7.5 10
(b) 9(10 ) 9 MHz, tan 69.86 , cos 0.344
2.75 10
f | |
| |
= = = = =
|

\ .

MUF 9/ 0.344 26.1MHz = = (ans.)

5
11 12 -1 o
o 5
5 10
(c) 9(8 10 ) 8.05 MHz, tan 78.69 , cos 0.196
10
f | |
| |
= = = = =
|
\ .

6
MUF 8.05 10 / 0.196 41.0 MHz = =
12-3-10. mUF for Clarke-orbit satellites.
Stationary communication (relay) satellites are placed in the Clarke orbit at heights of
about 36 Mm. This is far above the ionosphere, so that the transmission path passes
completely through theionospheretwice, as in Fig. 12-3-10. Sincefrequencies of 2 GHz
and above are usually used the ionosphere has little effect. The high frequency also
permits wide bandwidths. If the ionosphere consists of a layer 200 mthick between
heights of 200 and 400 kmwith auniformelectron density N =10
12
m
-1
, find thelowest
frequency (or minimum usable frequency, mUF) which can be used with a
communication satellite(a) for vertical incidenceand (b) for paths 30 fromthezenith.
(c) For an earth station on the equator, what is the mUF for a satellite 15 above the
eastern or western horizon?


FigureP12-3-10. Communication path viageostationary Clarke-orbit relay satellite.

Solution:

mUF =minimumusablefrequency for transmission through ionosphere

(a)
12 12 12
mUF 9( ) 9(10 ) 9 MHz N = = = (ans.)

89

12-3-10. continued
Although MUF =mUF, whether it is oneor theother, depends on thepoint of view. It is
MUF for reflection and mUF for transmission. Below critical frequency, wave is
reflected; abovecritical frequency, waveis transmitted.

(b)
o
mUF 9 MHz/cos30 10.4 MHz = = (ans.)

(c)
o
mUF 9 MHz/cos75 34.8 MHz = = (ans.)

A typical Clarkeorbit satellitefrequency is 4 GHz, which is 115
9 6
( 4 10 /34.8 10 ) =
times higher in frequency than the mUF, so that at 4 GHz, transmission through the
ionospherecan occur at much lower elevation angles than 15
o
.
*12-3-11. Minimum detectable temperature.
A radio telescope has the following characteristics: antenna noise temperature 50 K,
receiver noise temperature 50 K, transmission-line between antenna and receiver 1 dB
loss and 270 K physical temperature, receiver bandwidth 5 MHz, receiver integration
time5 s, receiver (system) constant 2 / t = ' k and antennaeffectiveaperture500 m
2
. If
two records are averaged, find (a) the minimumdetectable temperature and (b) the
minimumdetectableflux density.

Solution:
(a) For 1 dB loss,
2
1/1.26 0.79 c = =

From(12-2-1),
1 50
50 270 1 50 71.8 63.3 185 K
.79 .79
sys
T
| |
= + + = + + =
|
\ .

From(12-2-3),

min 12 6 12
185
0.058 K 0.06 K (rounded off)
( ) (5 10 5 2) 2
sys
k T
T
f t n
t
'
A = = = ~
A
(ans.)

wheren =number of records averaged

(b) From(12-1-7),
23
min
min
2 2 1.38 10 0.058
320 mJ y
500
e
kT
S
A

A = = = (ans.)

90

12-3-12. Minimum detectable temperature.
A radio telescope operates at 2650 MHz with the following parameters: system
temperature 150 K, predetection bandwidth 100 MHz, postdetection time constant 5 s,
systemconstant k =2.2 and effectiveapertureof antenna800 m
2
. Find (a) theminimum
detectabletemperatureand (b) theminimumdetectableflux density. (c) If four records
areaveraged, what changeresults in (a) and (b)?

Solution:
(a)
min 8 12
2.2 50
0.015 K
(10 5)
T

A = =

(ans.)
(b)
23
min
2 1.38 10 0.015
52 mJ y
800
S

A = = (ans.)

min
min
0.015
(c) 0.008 K
4
52
26 mJ y
4
T
S
A = =
A = =
(ans.)
*12-3-13. Interstellar wireless link.
If an extraterrestrial civilization (ETC) transmits 10
6
W, 10 s pulses of right-hand circ-
ularly polarized 5 GHz radiation with a 100 mdiameter dish, what is the maximum
distance at which the ETC can be received with an SNR =3. Assume the receiving
antenna on the earth also has a 100 mdiameter antenna responsive to right circular
polarization, that both antennas (theirs and ours) have50 percent apertureefficiency, and
that theearth station has asystemtemperatureof 10 K and bandwidth of 0.1 Hz.

Solution: (Note: Problemstatement should specify S/N =3.)

From(12-3-3),
8
2 2 9
3 10
, 0.06 m
5 10
t er et
sys
PA A S c
N r BkT f

= = = =

6 2 2
2 38 2
2 2 23
10 [ (50) 0.5][ (50) 0.5]
1.03 10 m
( / ) (0.6) (0.1)(1.38 10 )(10)(3)
t er et
sys
PA A
r
BkT S N
t t

= = =

Therefore,
19
1.02 10 m 1000 light years r = ~ (ans.)

91

*12-3-14. Backpacking penguin.
This penguin (Fig. P12-3-14) participated in a study of Antarctic penguin migration
habits. Its backpack radio with /4 antennatransmitted dataon its body temperatureand
its heart and respiration rates. It also provided information on its location as it moved
with its flock across theicecap. Thebackpack operated at 100 MHz with apeak power
of 1 W and abandwidth of 1- kHz of tone-modulated datasignals. If Tsys =1000 K and
SNR =30 dB, what is themaximumrange? Thetransmitting and receiving antennas are
/4 stubs.

FigureP12-3-14. Antarctic backpacking penguin.
Solution:

From(12-3-3),
8
2 2 6
3 10
, 3 m
100 10
t er et
sys
PA A S c
N r BkT f

= = = =

2 2
2
2 2
2
11 2
2 3 23 3
1.5 1.5
4 4
( / ) ( / )
1.5(3)
1
4
9.3 10 m
(3) (10 10 )(1.38 10 )(1000)(10 )
t
t er et
sys sys
P
PA A
r
BkT S N BkT S N

t t

t

| || |
| |
\ .\ .
= =
| |
|
\ .
= =



Therefore,
5
9.6 10 m 960 km r = ~ (ans.)
*12-3-17. Low earth orbit communications satellite.
A communications satellitein low earth orbit (LEO) has rup =1500 kmand rdown =1000
km, with an uplink frequency of 14.25 GHz and adown link frequency of 12 GHz. Find
thefull-circuit C/N if thetransmitting earth station ERP is 60dBW and thesatelliteERP
is 25 dBW. Assumethesatellitereceiver G/T is 5 dB/K and theearth-station G/T is 30
dB/K.



92

*12-3-17. continued
Solution:

FromProb. 12-3-15,
2 2

t et er
sys
PA A C
N r kT
= and using
2
4
e
A
G
t

= , wehave
2
2 2

(4 )
t t r
sys
PGG C
N r kT

t
=

Wenow defineeffectiveradiated power =ERP =
t t
PG , Power loss
2 2 2
(4 ) / L r t = =

This gives
1 1
(ERP)
L
r
sys
G C
N k T
| |
| || |
= | | |
|
\ .\ .
\ .


For theuplink,
8
up up 9
up up up
(sat) 3 10 1 1
0.021m, and (ERP)
14.25 10 (sat)
r
sys
G c C
f N L k T

| | | |
| | | |
= = = = | | | |
| |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .


Working in dB, ERPup =60 dBW,
2
6
up
4 (1.5 10 )
10log 179.1dB
0.021
L
t | |
= =
|
\ .


23
10log(1.38 10 ) 228.6 dB, k

= =
-1
(sat.)
5 dB K
(sat.)
r
sys
G
T
=
So
up
60 179.1 228.6 5 114.5 dB
C
N
| |
= + + =
|
\ .

Similarly,
down
25 174 228.6 30 109.6
C
N
| |
= + + =
|
\ .

FromProb. 12-3-1,
1 1 1
11
11.45 10.96
up down
1 1
1.45 10
10 10
C C C
N N N

| | | | | |
= + = + =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .


10
11
1
6.89 10 108.4 dB
1.45 10
C
N

= = =

(ans.)
*12-3-18. Direct broadcast satellite (DBS).
Direct broadcast satelliteservices provideCD quality audio to consumers viasatellites in
geosynchronous orbit. The World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC) has
established theserequirements for such services.



93

*12-3-18. continued

Frequency band 11.7 to 12.2 GHz (Ku band)
Channel bandwidth 27 MHz
Minimumpower flux density -103 dBW/m
2
Receiver figureof merit (G/T) 6 dB/K
Minimumcarrier-to-noiseratio 14 dB

(a) Find the effective radiated power (ERP) over 1 W isotropic needed to produce the
specified flux density at theEarths surfacefroma DBS satellitein a 36,000 kmorbit.
(b) If thesatellitehas a100 W transmitter and is operated at 12 GHz, what sizecircular
parabolic dish antennamust beused to achievetherequired ERP? Assume50 percent
efficiency. (c) Does aconsumer receiver with circular 1 mdish antennawith 50 percent
efficiency and systemnoisetemperatureof 1000 K meet thespecified G/T? (d) By how
much does the systemspecified in parts (a) through (c) exceed the required carrier-to-
noiseratio?

Solution:
(a) Since ERP
t t
PG = and thepower flux density
2
( ) ,
4
t t
PG
r
r

t
=
wehave
2
7 2
ERP
103 dB Wm
4 (3.6 10 ) t

7 2 10.3 5
ERP 4 (3.6 10 ) 10 8.16 10 W t

= = (ans.)

(b)
2
2 2
4 ERP 4 ( )( / 2)

t
A d
G k k
P
t t t

= = =
2 5 2
2 2
ERP( )4 8.16 10 (0.025) 4
1.0 m
4 (100)(4)(3.14) (0.5)
t
d
P k

t

= = = (ans.)

(c) For a1-mreceiveantennaand 1000 K noisetemperature,

2
1 1
2 2
4 4 ( )(1/ 2)
0.5 5.48 K 7.4 dB K
(0.03) (1000)
e
A G
k
T T
t t t

= = = = (yes) (ans.)

(d) TheC/N for achannel bandwidth B is

2
5
7 23 7
1 1 1 0.03 1 1
ERP 8.16 10 (5.5)
4 (3.6 10 ) 1.38 10 2.7 10
52.9 17.2 dB
C G
N L k T B t

| | | || || || | | | | |
= =
| | | | | | |
\ .\ .\ .\ . \ . \ . \ .
= =


94

*12-3-18. continued

ThereforeC/N exceeds requirement (14 dB) by 17.2 14 3.2 dB = (ans.)
12-3-19. Simplified expression for C/N.
Theexpression for C/N provided in P12-3-15 may besimplified by making thefollowing
substitutions:

Effectiveisotropic radiated power =ERP =PtGt (W)
Link path loss =Llink =4tr
2
/
2


Thecarrier-to noiseratio may then bewritten as

sys
r
link
1 1
ERP
T
G
k L N
C
=

whereGr/Tsys is thereceiveantennagain divided by thesystemnoisetemperature. This
ratio, referred to as G over T, is commonly used as afigureof merit for satelliteand
earth station receivers. Find theC/N ratio for theuplink to asatelliteat theClarkeorbit
(r =36,000 km) equipped with a1 mparabolic dish antennawith efficiency of 50 percent
and a receiver with noise temperature of 1500 K. Assume that the transmitting earth
station utilizes a 1 kW transmitter and a 50 percent efficient 10 mdish antenna and
operates at afrequency of 6 GHz.

Solution:

2 2 7
19
1 1 4 4 (3.6 10 )
ERP , 0.05 m, 8.18 10
0.05
r
sys
G C r
L
N L K T
t t

| | | | | || | | |
= = = = = | | | | |
|
\ .\ . \ . \ . \ .

2
2 2
8 1
2
4 ( )(5)
0.5
4 ( )(5) (0.05)
ERP 1000 0.5 1.97 10 W, 1.3 K
(0.05) 1500
r
t t
sys
G
PG
T
t t
t t

| |
= = = = =
|
\ .

8
19 23
11
1 1
Therefore, (1.97 10 ) (1.3)
8.18 10 1.38 10
2.3 10 113.5 dB ( .)
C
N
ans

| || |
=
| |
\ .\ .
= =


95

12-3-22. Galileos uncooperative antenna.
When the Galileo spacecraft arrived at J upiter in 1995, ground controllers had been
struggling for 3 years to open thespacecrafts 5 mhigh-gain communications dish, which
was to operateat 10 GHz (X band). Unableto deploy this antennabecauseof prelaunch
loss of lubricant, alow-directivity (G =10 dB) S-band antennaoperating at 2 GHz had to
beused to relay all pictures and datafromthespacecraft to theEarth. For aspacecraft
transmit power of 20 W, distanceto Earth of 7.6 x 10
11
m, and 70 mdish with 50 percent
efficiency at thereceiving station, find (a) themaximumachievabledatarateif the5 m
X-band antenna had deployed and (b) the maximumdata rate using the 1 mS-band
antenna.

Solution:
1 1
ERP
r
sys
G C
N L K T
| |
| || |
= | | |
|
\ .\ .
\ .

(a) For the5-mX-band antenna,
2
6
2
4 ( )(2.5)
ERP 20 0.5 2.74 10 W
(0.03)
t t
PG
t t | |
= = =
|
\ .


2 2 11
29
4 4 (7.6 10 )
1.01 10 ,
0.03
r
L
t t

| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .

2
2
4 1
4 ( )(35)
0.5
(0.03)
5.37 10 K
500
r
sys
G
T
t t

= =

6 4 5
29 23
1 1
Therefore, (2.74 10 ) (5.37 10 ) 1.05 10
1.01 10 1.38 10
C
N

| || |
= =
| |
\ .\ .


Themaximumdatarate
5
1.44 1.44(1.05 10 ) 152 kBits/s
C
M
N
= = ~ (ans.)

*12-4-1. Antenna temperature with absorbing cloud.
A radio source is occulted by an intervening emitting and absorbing cloud of unity
optical depth and brightness temperature 100 K. The source has a uniformbrightness
dis-tribution of 200 K and asolid angleof 1 squaredegree. Theradio telescopehas an
effective aperture of 50 m
2
. If the wavelength is 50 cm, find the antenna temperature
when theradio telescopeis directed at thesource. Thecloud is of uniformthickness and
has an angular extent of 5 squaredegrees. Assumethat theantennahas uniformresponse
over thesourceand cloud.

96

*12-4-1. continued
Solution:
From(12-4-1) and (12-1-6), (1 )
c c c s
A c s
A A
T T e T e
t t
O O
A = +
O O


2
2
2 2
5/57.3 0.00152 sr
1/57.3 0.00030 sr
/ 0.5 /50 0.005 sr
c
s
A em
A
O = =
O = =
O = = =


Therefore,
1 1
.00152 .0003
100(1 ) 200 23.6 K
.005 .005
A
T e e

A = + = (ans.)
12-4-3. Forest absorption.
An earth-resourcesatellitepassiveremote-sensing antennadirected at theAmazon River
Basin measures anight-timetemperatureTA =21C. If theearth temperatureTe =27C
and theAmazon forest temperatureTf =15C, find theforest absorption coefficient tf.

Solution:
From(12-4-2),
294 288
0.5 and 0.693
300 288
f A f
f
f e
T T
e
T T
t
t

A
= = = =


(ans.)
*12-4-4. Jupiter signals.
Flux densities of 10
-20
W m
-2
Hz
-1
arecommonly received fromJ upiter at 20 MHz. What
is thepower per unit bandwidth radiated at thesource? Taketheearth-J upiter distanceas
40 light-minutes and assumethat thesourceradiates isotropically.

Solution:
1 8 1 11
40 light min 60 s min 3 10 ms 7.20 10 m r

= =

2
1
4
t r
P P
f f r t
=
A A


or
2 20 2 22 1
4 10 4 7.2 10 65.1kW Hz
t r
P P
r
f f
t t

= = =
A A
(ans.)

97

12-5-1. Radar detection
A radar receiver has asensitivity of 10
-12
W. If theradar antennaeffectiveapertureis 1
m
2
and thewavelength is 10 cm, find thetransmitter power required to detect an object
with 5 m
2
radar cross section at adistanceof 1 km.

Solution:

4 2 12 3 4 2
2 2
4 10 4 (10 ) (0.1)
25 mW
(1) 5
r
t
P r
P
A
t t
o


= = =

(ans.)
*12-5-3. RCS of electron.
The alternating electric field of a passing electromagnetic wave causes an electron
(initially at rest) to oscillate (Fig. P12-5-3). This oscillation of the electron makes it
equivalent to a short dipole antenna with D =1.5. Show that the ratio of the power
scattered per steradian to the incident Poynting vector is given by
2 2
( sin / 4 )
o
e m u t ,
wheree and m arethechargeand mass of theelectron and u is theangleof thescattered
radiation with respect to thedirection of theelectric field E of theincident wave. This
ratio times 4t is the radar cross section of the electron. Such reradiation is called
Thompson scatter.

FigureP12-5-3.

Solution:
From(6-2-17), themagnitudeof theelectric dipolefar-field is
o
2
o
sin
4
I l
E
c r
u
e u
tc
=

Theforceon theelectron dueto theincident field
o
E is
2
o
F eE ma m l e = = =
So,
o
2
eE
l
me
=
Since
o
2
o 2
o
( ) sin
,
4
eE
e
m
I e E
c r
u
e e u
e
e
tc
| |
|
\ .
= =
Thus, thescattered power density
2 2 2 2
o
2
o
4 sin 1
4
4
scat
r E e E
S
Z c m Z
u
t u
t
tc
| |
= =
|
\ .

98

*12-5-3. continued
and sincetheincident power density
2
o
,
inc
E
S
Z
= theratio of scattered to incident power is
( )
2
o
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
o o
2 2
o o o o o
sin 1
4
4 sin 1 sin 1 sin 1
4 4 1/ 4
scat
inc
e E
c m Z S e e e
E S c m m m
Z
u
t
tc u u u
o
t c t c c t
| |
|
| | | | | |
\ .
= = = = = | | |
|
\ . \ . \ .

For
28 2
sin 1, 1 10 m u o

= ~ (ans.)
*12-5-5. Detecting one electron at 10 km.
If the Arecibo ionospheric 300 mdiameter antenna operates at 100 MHz, how much
power is required to detect a singleelectron at a height (straight up) of 10 kmwith an
SNR 0 dB? SeeFig. P12-5-5. Thebandwidth is 1 Hz, Tsys =100 K and theaperture
efficiency =50 percent.

FigureP12-5-5.

Solution:

2 4
(4 )
t t er
PG A S
N r kTB
o
t
= ,
8
6
3 10
3 m,
100 10

= =

2 4 2
0.5 (150) 3.53 10 m
er
A t = =
4
4
2 2
4 4 (3.53 10 )
4.93 10
3
e
t
A
G
t t

= = =
Thus,
2 4 2 4 4 23
16
4 4 28
(4 ) ( / ) (4 ) (10 ) (1.38 10 )(100)(1)(1)
1.25 10 W
(4.93 10 )(3.53 10 )(1 10 )
t
t er
r kTB S N
P
G A
t t
o

= = =

(ans.)

99

12-5-6. Effect of resonance on radar cross section of short dipoles.
(a) Calculatetheradar cross section of alossless resonant dipole(ZL =-jXA) with length =
/10 and diameter =/100. (SeeSecs. 2-9, 14-12).
(b) Calculatetheradar cross section of thesamedipolefrom
( ) | |
2 4
6
1 2 ln
34
b L
L

, whereL
is thedipolelength and b is its radius.
(c) Compare both values with the maximumradar cross section shown in Fig. 12-9.
Comment on results.

Solution:

(a)
2 2
0.714 4 0.119 1.5 = (ans.)

(b)
5 2
2 10

(ans.)

(c)
2
0.83 (ans.)

Summary and comparison:

In (a) resonance is obtained by making .
L A
Z jX = In (c) resonance is obtained
( 0)
A
X = by increasing thelength to 0.47 (with 0,
L
Z = terminals short-circuited).

Thecross section in (c) is larger than in (a) becausethedipoleis physically longer.

In (b) the dipole is non-resonant because 0
L
Z = (terminals short-circuited) and the
length (0.1 ) is much less than the resonant length (0.47 ), resulting in a very small
radar cross section.

It appears that if ashort dipole(length 0.1 ) s is resonated by making ,
L A
Z jX = its
radar cross section
2
(0.714 ) approaches the cross section of a resonant / 2 dipole
(length =0.47 ), regardless of how short it is, provided it is lossless.

A short dipolemay beresonated ( )
L A
Z jX = by connecting astub of appropriatelength
across its terminals,

Case o Condition
(a)
2
0.714 Resonant short dipole, length 0.1 ( )
L A
Z jX =
(b)
5 2
2 10

Non-resonant 0.1 dipole( 0)

L
Z =
(c)
2
0.83 Resonant 0.47 dipole( 0)
L
Z =
(resonant dipole, )
s t L A
A Z jX o = =
*
(matched dipole, )
em L A
A Z Z =
Directivity
100

12-5-6. continued

Thus,






or by connecting lumped inductance, thus


*12-5-12 Fastball velocity.
A 20 GHz radar measures aDoppler shift of 6 kHz on abaseball pitchers fastball. What
is thefastballs velocity?

Solution:

8 3
9
2 (3 10 )(6 10 )
, 45 m/s 162 km/h 101 mi/h
2 2(20 10 )
f v c f
v
f c f
A A
= = = = = =

(ans.)
*12-5-13. Radar power for fastball measurement.
To measure the velocity of the fastball of Prob. 12-5-12 with the 20 GHz radar at a
distanceof 100 m, what power is required for an SNR =30 dB? Theradar uses aconical
horn with diameter =8 cmand apertureefficiency cap =0.5. Theball diameter =7 cm
and it has a radar cross section (RCS) half that of a perfectly conducting sphereof the
samediameter.

Solution:
3 4
,
(4 )
t t r
PGG S
N r kTB
o
t
=
8
9
3 10
0.015 m,
20 10

= =

2 2
2 2
6.5 6.5 (0.04)
0.5 72.6
(0.015)
t r
r
G G kD k
t t

= = = = = ,
2 3 2
0.5 (0.035) 1.9 10 m o t

= =

Dipole
Stub
101

*12-5-13. continued

3 4 3 4 23 6 3
t 2 3
(4 ) ( / ) (4 ) (100) (1.38 10 )(600)(10 )(10 )
160 mW
(72.6) (1.9 10 )
t r
r kTB S N
P
GG
t t
o

= = ~

(ans.)

*12-5-14. Anticollision radar.
To provide anticollision warnings, forward-looking radars on automobiles, trucks and
other vehicles (see Fig. P12-5-14) can alert the driver of vehicles ahead that are
decelerating too fast or havestopped. Thebrakelight on thevehicleahead may not be
working or it may be obscured by poor visibility. To warn of clear-distance decrease
rates of 9 m/s or more, what doppler shift must a20 GHz radar beableto detect?

FigureP12-5-14.

Solution:
8
9
2 3 10
, 0.015 m, 9 m/s,
20 10
2 2 2(9)
1.2 kHz ( .)
0.015
f v c
v
f c f
vf v
f ans
c

A
= = = = =

A = = = =

*12-5-18. Police radar.
A pulsed speed measuring radar must be able to resolve the returns formtwo cars
separated by 30 m. Find the maximum pulse width that can be used to prevent
overlapping of thereturns fromthetwo vehicles.

Notethat it takes t = 2R/c seconds for asignal to travel fromthetransmitter to atarget
and return, wheret is thetime, R is therangeand c is thevelocity in themedia. If t is the
pulse width, then it can be shown that the range resolution (the minimum range
differencebetween objects for which thereturns do not overlap in time) is given by
102

*12-5-18. continued
2
1 2
t c
R R R = = A

wherethesubscripts denotethedifferent objects.

Solution:
2
or
2
c R
R
c
t
t
A
A = =

Thepulsewidth must beless than
8
8
2(10)
6.6 10 s 66 ns
3 10
t

= = =

(ans.)
*12-5-20. Sea clutter.
Search-and-rescue aircraft using radar to locate lost vessels must contend with
backscatter fromthesurfaceof theocean. Theamplitudeof thesereturns (know as sea
clutter) depends on thefrequency and polarization of theradar waveform, thesizeof the
illuminated patch on thesurface, theangleof incidence, and theseastate. Thescattering
geometry is shown in Fig. P12-5-20. To characterize sea cluster independently on the
radar footprint on thesurface, thescattering cross section of theocean may bespecified
per unit area. This parameter, designated oo, has dimensions of square meters of dB
above a square meter (dBsm). The total RCS of a patch of ocean surface is found by
multiplying oo by theareaof thepatch. For areascattering, theradar equation is written

2 2
o patch 4
4
e
r t
A
P P A
r

o
t
= .

For a pulsed radar with pulse width t and 3 dB antenna beamwidth of u rad, the
illuminated area for low grazing angleis approximately (ct/2)(ru). Theradar equation
may thereforebewritten as

( )
2 2 2 2
o
o 4 3
4 2 8
e e
r t r
A A c c
P P r P
r r
o tu t
o u
t t
| |
= =
|
\ .


(a) Determinethereceived power fromseaclutter at arangeof 10 kmfor amonostatic
pulsed radar transmitting a1 s pulsewith 1 kW peak power at afrequency of 6 GHz.
Assumea1.5 mcircular dish antennawith 50 percent efficiency and seastate4 (oo =-30
dBsm/m
2
at C band). (b) For areceiver bandwidth of 10 kHz and noisefigureof 3.5 dB,
find thereceiver noisepower. (c) If this radar used to search for aship with RCS =33

103

*12-5-20. continued
dBsmunder these conditions, what signal-to-noise and signal-to-clutter ratios can be
expected?

FigureP12-5-20. Seasearch-and-rescuegeometry.

Solution:
2 2 8
o
3 9
3 10
, 0.05 m
8 6 10
e
t r
A c
P P
r
o tu

t

= = =

(a)
3dB
0.05
0.033 radians
1.5 D

u ~ = =

2 2 2 3010 8 6
15
4 3
[ (0.75) ] (0.05) (10 )(3 10 )(1 10 )(0.033)
(1000) 3.1 10 W
8 (10 )
r
P
t
t

= = (ans.)

(b) Thereceiver noisepower is

3.510 23 4 17
(10 )(1.38 10 )(290)10 8.96 10 W
n f
P N kTB

= = = (ans.)

(c) For aship with
2
33 dB m at 10 km. r o = =

2 2 2 2 2 3310
3
4 4 4
[ (0.75) ] (0.05) (10 )
1000 1.24 10 W
4 4 (10 )
e
r t
A
P P
r
o t
t t

= = =

Thus, thesignal-to-noise(S/N) and signal-to-clutter (S/C) ratios are:

3 3
17 15
1.24 10 1.2 10
1384 31.4 dB ( .), 40 16 dB ( .)
8.96 10 3.1 10
S S
ans ans
N C



= = = = = =


104

Chapter 13. Self and Mutual Impedances

*13-4-1. A 5/2 antenna.
Calculate the self-resistance and self-reactance of a thin, symmetrical center-fed linear
antenna5/2 long.

Solution:

From(13-5-2),

11
30[0.577 ln(2 ) Ci(2 ) Si(2 )], where 5 Z n n j n n t t t = + + =
Since 2 2 5 10 1, n t t t = = >> wehavefrom(13-3-18),
sin(10 )
Ci(10 ) 0
10
t
t
t
= =
And from(13-3-22),
cos(10 ) 1
Si(10 ) 1.539
2 10 2 10
t t t
t
t t
= = =

and
11
30[0.577 ln(10 ) 0] 120.7 R t = + = O (ans.)

11
30 1.539 46.2 X = = O (ans.)

13-6-1. Parallel side-by-side /2 antennas.
Calculate the mutual resistance and mutual reactance for two parallel side-by-side thin
linear /2 antennas with aseparation of 0.15.

Solution:

From(13-7-6),

2 2 2 2
21
30{2Ci( ) Ci[ ( )] Ci[ ( )]} R d d L L d L L | | | = + + +

where 0.15 , 0.5 d L = =

and
21
30[2Ci(0.942) Ci(6.42) Ci(0.138)] R =

From(13-3-16) or Ci tableor fromFig. 13-5 and from(13-3-18), wehave

21
30(0.60 0 0.577 ln0.138) 60.1 R = = O (ans.) (comparewith Fig. 13-13)


105

13-6-1. continued

From(13-7-7),

2 2 2 2
21
30{2Si( ) Si[ ( )] Si[ ( )]} X d d L L d L L | | | = + + +
and
21
30[2Si(0.942) Si(6.42) Si(0.138)] X =

From(13-3-20) or Si tableor fromFig. 13-5 and from(13-3-21), wehave

11
30(1.8 1.42 0.138) 7.3 X = = O (ans.) (comparewith Fig. 13-13)

*13-6-3. Three side-by-side antennas.
Three antennas are arranged as shown in Fig. P13-6-3. The currents are of the same
magnitudein all antennas. Thecurrents arein-phasein (a) and (c), but thecurrent in (b)
is in anti-phase. The self-resistance of each antenna is 100 O, while the mutual
resistances are: Rab =Rbc =40 O and Rac =-10 O. What is theradiation resistanceof
each of theantennas? Theresistances arereferred to theterminals, which arein thesame
location in all antennas.

FigureP13-6-3. Threeside-by-sideantennas.

Solution:

100 40 10 50
2 100 80 20
50
a s ab ac
b s ab
c a
R R R R
R R R
R R
= + = = O
= = = O
= = O
(ans.)


13-8-1. Two /2 antennas in echelon.
Calculatethemutual resistanceand reactanceof two parallel thin linear /2 antennas in
echelon for thecasewhered =0.25 and h =1.25 (seeFig. 13-16).

Solution:

Use(13-9-1), (13-9-2), (13-3-16) and (13-3-20) where 1.25 and 0.25 h d = =
106

Chapter 14. The Cylindrical Antenna and the Moment Method
(MM)

14-10-1. Charge distribution.
Determine the electrostatic charge distribution on a cylindrical conducting rod with a
length-diameter ratio of 6.

Solution:

Dividerod into 6 equal segments. By symmetry charges areas shown. Neglecting end
faces, thepotential at point P12 is

3 3 1 2 2 1
12
1
(P )
4 2 2 10 26 50 82
Q Q Q Q Q Q
V
a a a a a a tc
| |
= + + + + +
|
\ .


Writing similar expression for
23 34
(P ) and (P ), V V equating them(since the potential is
constant along therod) and solving for thecharges yields:

1 2 3
: : 1.582:1.062:1.000 Q Q Q = (ans.)
14-12-2. /10 dipole impedance.
Show that theconvergenceor truevalueof theself impedanceZs of thedipoleof Table
14-4 is 1.852-j1895 O.

Solution:

Using
s
Z values of Table14-4, plot vs.
s
R N to suitablelargescaleand suppressed zero
and notethat
s
R approaches aconstant (convergence) valueas N becomes largewhich
should agreewith Richmonds valuegiven following (14-12-34). Calculate
s
R for larger
values of N than 7, if desired. Do samefor
s
X .
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
Q
107



108

Chapter 15. The Fourier Transform Relation Between Aperture
Distribution and Far-Field Pattern

*15-3-1. Pattern smoothing.
An idealized antenna pattern-brightness distribution is illustrated by the 1-dimensional
diagramin Fig. P15-3-1. The brightness distribution consists of a point source of flux
density S and auniformsource2 wide, also of flux density S. Thepoint sourceis 2
fromthecenter of the2 source. Theantennapattern is triangular (symmetrical) with a
2 beamwidth between zero points and with zero responsebeyond.
(a) Draw an accurategraph of theobserved flux density as afunction of anglefromthe
center of the2 source.
(b) What is themaximumratio of theobserved to theactual total flux density (2S)?


FigureP15-3-1. Pattern smoothing.

Solution:
Ratio =1/2 (ans.)
15-6-1. Number of elements.
In Fig. 15-15 how many elements n havebeen assumed?

Solution:

FromFig. 15-15,
2 1 1
4 nd d

=

or n =8

109

110

Chapter 16. Arrays of Dipoles and of Apertures

*16-2-1. Two /2-element broadside array.
(a) Calculateand plot thegain of abroadsidearray of 2 side-by-side/2 elements in free
spaceas afunction of thespacing d for values of d from0 to 2. Express thegain with
respect to asingle/2 element. Assumeall elements are100 percent efficient.
(b) What spacing results in thelargest gain?
(c) Calculateand plot theradiation field patterns for /2 spacing. Show also thepatterns
of the/2 referenceantennato theproper relativescale.

Solution:

(a) From(16-2-27),

12
00 11 12
( )( / ) [2 /( )] cos[( cos )/ 2]
f r
G A HW R R R d | | = +

In broadsidedirection / 2 | t =
so
12
00 11 12
( )( / ) [2 /( )]
f
G A HW R R R | = +
where
00 11
73.1 R R = = O

and
12
R is afunction of thespacing as given in Table13-1 (p. 453). A few values of the
gain for spacings from0 to 1 arelisted below:

Spacing Gain over / 2 reference
0.0 1.00
0.1 1.02
0.2 1.08
0.3 1.19
0.4 1.36
0.5 1.56
0.6 1.72
0.7 1.74
0.8 1.64
0.9 1.49
1.0 1.38
etc.

Notethat


2
( / 2) 4 ( / 2)/ 4 (30/ 73.1 ) 1.64 or 2.15 dBi
em
D A t t t = = =
111

*16-2-1. continued

so D of 2 in-phase / 2 elements at 0.67 spacing is equal to 4.9 2.15 7.1 + = dBi as
above.

(b) By interpolation, thehighest gain occurs for aspacing of about 0.67 for which the
gain is about 1.76 or 4.9 dB (=7.1 dBi). At spacings over 1 no gains exceed this.
16-3-1. Two /2-element end-fire array.
A 2-element end-firearray in freespaceconsists of 2 vertical side-by-side/2 elements
with equal out-of-phasecurrents. At what angles in thehorizontal planeis thegain equal
to unity:
(a) When thespacing is /2?
(b) When thespacing is /4?

Solution:

(a) From(16-3-18),

12
00 11 12
( )( / ) [2 /( )] sin[( cos )/ 2]
f r
G A HW R R R d | | =
When / 2, d =
12
00 11 12
( )( / ) [2 /( )] sin[( / 2)cos )]
f
G A HW R R R | t | =

where
00 11
73.1 R R = = O

and fromTable13-1,
12
12.7 R = O

so ( )( / ) 1.31sin[( / 2)cos )]
f
G A HW | t | =

For unit gain, sin[( / 2)cos )] 1/1.31 0.763 t | = =

or
o o
cos 49.8 /90 0.553 | = = and
o o
56 , 124 | = (ans.)

(b) When / 4,
12
00 11 12
( )( / ) [2 /( )] sin[( / 4)cos ]
f
G A HW R R R | t | =

where
00 11
73.1 R R = = O

and fromTable13-1,
12
40.9 R = O
112

16-3-1. continued

so ( )( / ) 2.13sin[( / 4)cos ]
f
G A HW | t | =

For unit gain, sin[( / 4)cos ] 1/ 2.13 0.47 t | = =

o o o o
cos 28 / 45 0.62 and 52 , 128 | | = = = (ans.)
*16-3-2. Impedance and gain of 2-element array.
Two thin center-fed /2 antennas aredriven in phaseopposition. Assumethat thecurrent
distributions aresinusoidal. If theantennas areparallel and spaced 0.2,
(a) Calculatethemutual impedanceof theantennas.
(b) Calculatethegain of thearray in freespaceover oneof theantennas alone.

Solution:

(a) This is asingle-electron W8J K array.

FromSec. 13-7,
12
52 21 Z j = O (ans.)

(b) From(16-5-8) and assuming losses,


12
o
2 73
( )(max)( / ) sin36
73 52
2.64 0.588 1.55 or 3.8 dB (=6.0 dBi) ( .)
f
G A HW
ans
|
| |
=
|
\ .
= =

16-4-3. Two-element array with unequal currents.
(a) Consider two /2 side-by-side vertical elements spaced a distance d with currents
related by I2 =aI1/o. Develop thegain expression in aplaneparallel to theelements and
thegain normal to theelements, taking avertical /2 element with thesamepower input
as reference (0 s a s 1). Check that these reduce to Eq. (16-4-15) and Eq. (16-4-13)
when a =1.
(b) Plot thefield patterns in both planes and also show thefield pattern of thereference
antennain proper relativeproportion for thecasewhered =/4, a =and o =120.

Solution:
(a)
2 12 2 12
11 11 12
( ) { /[ (1 ) 2 cos ]} (1 2 cos )
f
G R R a aR a a u o = + + + +
113

16-4-3. continued

where sin
r
d u o = +
( ) ( ) but with cos
f f r
G G d | u | o = = +

*16-6-1. Impedance of D-T array.
(a) Calculate the driving-point impedance at the center of each element of an in-phase
broadside array of 6 side-by-side /2 elements spaced /2 apart. The currents have a
Dolph-Tchebyscheff distribution such that theminor lobes have1/5 thefield intensity of
themajor lobe.
(b) Design afeed systemfor thearray.

Solution:

(a) FromProb. 5-9-5 and the6 sources havethedistribution:

1 2 3 4 5 6
0.93 0.84 1.00 1.00 0.84 0.93

Normalizing thecurrent for element 1, thedistribution is

1.00 0.90 1.08 1.08 0.90 1.00

Using impedance data fromChap. 13 and assuming thin elements, the driving point
impedanceof element 1 is

1
6
73 43 0.9( 12 29) 1.08(3 18) 1.08( 2 12) 0.9(1 10) 1 3
73 10.8 3.2 2 0.9 1 (43 26 19.4 13 9 3) 63 29 = ( .)
R j j j j j j
j j R ans
= + + + + + + +
= + + + + + = O


In likemanner,

2 5 3 4
46 2 , ( .) 53 10 , ( .) R R j ans R R j ans = = O = = O
16-6-3. Square array.
Four isotropic point sources of equal amplitudearearranged at thecorners of asquare, as
in Fig. P16-6-3. If thephases areas indicated by thearrows, determineand plot thefar-
field patterns.




114

16-6-3. continued

Figure16-6-3. Squarearray.

Solution:

Pattern is arounded square.


o o o
o o
1.00 at 0 , 90 , 180
0.895 at 45 , 135
n
n
E
E
|
|
= =
= =

*16-6-4. Seven short dipoles. 4-dB angle.
A linear broadside(in-phase) array of 7 short dipoles has aseparation of 0.35 between
dipoles. Find theanglefromthemaximumfield for which thefield is 4 dB (to nearest
0.1).

Solution:

Thedipoles areassumed to bealigned collinearly so that thepattern of asingledipoleis
proportional to sin| where| is theanglefromthearray. Thus






Sincethedipoles arein-phase, themaximumfield is at
o o
max
90 or ( ) 90. E | | = =

Thenormalized pattern is given by
1sin / 2
sin
sin / 2
n
n
E
n

= (1)
wheren =7
(2 / ) 0.35 cos , 4 20log , 1.585 x x t | = = =

0.35
|
115

*16-6-4. continued

Therefore, ( 4 dB) 1/1.585 0.631
n
E = =

Setting (1) equal to 0.631, n =7 and solving (seenotebelow) yields
o
( 4 dB) 78.3 | =

Anglefrom
max
( ) E | is
o o o
90 78.3 11.7 = (ans.)

Note: Use trial and error to solve (1) for ( 4 dB) | or calculate pattern with small
increments in | .

16-6-5. Square array.
Four identical short dipoles (perpendicular to page) are arranged at the corners of a
square/2 on aside. Theupper left and lower right dipoles arein thesamephasewhile
the2 dipoles at theother corners arein theoppositephase. If thedirection to theright (x
direction) corresponds to | =0, find theangles | for all maximaand minimaof thefield
pattern in theplaneof thepage.

Solution:
Pattern maxima at
o o
45 , 135 | = Pattern minimaat
o o o
0 , 90 , 180 | =
*16-6-7. Sixteen-source broadside array.
A uniformlinear array has 16 isotropic in-phase point sources with at spacing /2.
Calculateexactly (a) thehalf-power beamwidth, (b) thelevel of thefirst sidelobe, (c) the
beam solid angle, (d) the beam efficiency, (e) the directivity and (f) the effective
aperture.

Solution:

(a) From(5-6-9),

o
o
1 sin(1440 cos )
(HP) 0.707
16 sin(90 cos )
E
|
|
= =
By trial and error,
o o o o o
86.82 and HPBW 2(90 86.82 ) 6.36 6 22 ( .) ans | ' = = = =

(b) From(5-18-10),

K =1 (first minor lobe)
1
0.215 or -13.3 dB
16sin[(2 1) /32]
ML
E
t
~ =
+

116

*16-6-7. continued

This is only approximate(becomes exact only for very largen).
To determinethelevel moreaccurately, wefind theapproximateanglefor themaximum
of thefirst minor lobefrom(5-18-5).

1 1 o
(2 1) 3
cos cos 79.2
1 2
2 16
2
m
K
nd

|

+
~ = =


Then from(5-6-9) wecalculateE at angles closeto 79.2
o
and find that E peaks at 79.7
o

with 0.22012 or -13.15 dB ( .) E ans =

Although (5-18-5) locates theanglewherethenumerator of (5-18-5) is amaximum(=1),
thedenominator is not constant. Seediscussion of Sec. 5-18 (p. 159) and also Fig. 5-47
(p. 100).

(c) Fromequation for D in Prob. 5-6-10, thesummation termis zero for / 2 d = so
that D =16 exactly.

Since 4 / , 4 / 4 /16 / 4 sr
A A
D D t t t t = O O = = = (ans.)

(d) HPBW 1/ 1/(16 0.5) 1/8 rad in direction nd

| ~ = = ,
BW in u direction 2 rad t =

Therefore, 2 (1/8) / 4 sr and / 1or 100%
M M M A
t t c O = = = O O =

This result is too large since with any minor lobes
M
c must be less than unity (or
M A
O < O ).

For an exact evaluation, wehavefromProb. 5-6-10 that

2
1
1
2
1
2
cos sin(2 cos )
n
M
k
n k
n d kd
n d k
u

u
t u t u

=
(
O = +
(

o
1 o
o
2 o
o
where 90
90
angleto first null
u
u

=
= +
=


From(5-7-7),
1 1 1 o
o
sin (1/ ) sin [1/(16 0.5)] sin (1/8) 7.18 nd

= = = =
Therefore,
o o
1 2
82.82 and 97.18 u u = =


117

*16-6-7. continued
Thus

o
o
97.18
1
2
1 90
4
cos sin(2 cos )
n
M
k
n k
n d kd
n d k

t u t u

=
(
O = +
(

1
2 2
1
2 0.5 4 15
0.125 sin(0.25 ) sin(0.125 )
16 16 0.5 1
n
M
k
n k
n d kd
n d k

t
t t t

=
(
O = + = +
(

10 14 13 12 11
25 ) sin(0.75 ) sin(0.25 ) sin(0.375 ) sin(0.5 ) sin(0.6
6 2 3 4 5
t t t t t + + + + +

9 8 7 6 5
sin(0.875 ) sin(1.00 ) sin(1.25 ) sin(1.375 ) sin(1.5 )
7 8 9 10 11
t t t t t + + + + +

4 3 2 1
sin(1.625 ) sin(1.75 ) sin(1.875 ) sin(2.00 )
12 13 14 15
t t t t
(
+ + + +
(

M
O = 0.0982 +0.03125 [5.740 +4.950 +4.003 +3.000 +2.033 +1.179 +0.492
+0 0.550 0.554 0.455 0.308 0.163 0.055 +0]
=0.0982 +0.03125 19.312 0.702 sr =
M
= O

/ 0.702/( / 4) 0.894
M M A
c t = O O = = (ans.)

By graphical integration (see Example 4-5.6 and Fig. 4-8b)
M
c was found to be
approximately 0.90, in good agreement with theaboveresult. Thegraphical integration
took afraction of thetimeof theaboveanalytical integration and although less accurate,
provided confidencein theresult becauseit is much less susceptibleto gross errors.

(e) As noted in (c), 16 D = (ans.)

(f) From
2
4 /
em
D A t = ,
2 2 2
/ 4 16 / 4 1.27
em
A D t t = = = (ans.)
*16-8-6. Four-tower broadcast array.
A broadcast array has 4 identical vertical towers arranged in an east-west line with a
spacing d and progressivephaseshift o. Find (a) d and (b) o so that thereis amaximum
field at | =45 (northeast) and a null at | =90 (north). There can be other nulls and
maxima, but no maximumcan exceed theoneat 45. Thedistanced must beless than
/2.

Solution:

|
E W
d
118

*16-8-6. continued
(a)

Null at
o
90 | = requires that
o o
90 or 180 o =

For maximumfield (fields of all towers in phase) set

o
max
cos 0 and 90 / 2 rad d | | o o t = + = = =

so
o
max
/ 2
0.354
cos (2 / )cos45
d
o t

| | t
= = = (ans.)

If
o
180 rad, o t = =
o
0.707 ,
(2 / )cos45
d
t

t
= = but this exceeds 0.5

(b) Therefore,
o
90 o = (ans.)
16-10-1. Eight-source scanning array.
A linear broadside array has 8 sources of equal amplitude and /2 spacing. Find the
progressivephaseshift required to swing thebeam(a) 5, (b) 10 and (c) 15 fromthe
broadsidedirection. (d) Find BWFN when all sources arein phase.

Solution:







Broadsideis set at
o
90. | = Set
max
cos 0 d | | o = + =

Therefore,
o o
max
2 2
cos cos95 15.7
2
d
t t
o |

= = = + (ans.)
o o o
180 cos85 15.7 o = =

Thus, depending on whether
o o
is +15.7 or 15.7 , o the beamis
o
5 left or right of
broadside.

In thesameway, wehave
d d
o
o
90
0
|

=
=

|
119

16-10-1. continued
(b)
o o
31.3 ( .) for beam10 ans o = left or right of broadside

(c)
o o
46.6 ( .) for beam15 ans o = left or right of broadside

(d) From(5-7-7) the angle of the first null frombroadside, when the sources are in-
phase ( 0), o = is given by thecomplementary angle

1 1 o
o o
90 sin ( / ) sin (1/ 4) 14.48 nd |

= = = =

Therefore, BWFN
o
2 14.48 28.96 29 = = ~ (ans.)

Fromthelong broadsidearray equation (5-7-10),

BWFN
o o
2 / 1/ 2 rad 180 / 2 28.65 nd t ~ = = =
TheHPBW is abit less than BWFN/2. For long broadsidearrays, wehavefromTable
5-8 (p.155) that

o o
HPBW 50.8 / 50.8/3.5 14.5 L

= = =
*16-16-1. Terminated V. Traveling wave.
(a) Calculateand plot thefar-field pattern of aterminated-V antennawith 5 legs and 45
included angle.
(b) What is theHPBW?

Solution:

(a) The field pattern for each leg of the V is shown at the left and the combined
field pattern at theright. Minor lobes areneglected except for theprincipal sidelobeof
theV.






(b) HPBW ~ 17
o
(ans.)

120

*16-16-2. E-type rhombic.
Design amaximumE-typerhombic antennafor an elevation angleo =17.5.

Solution:

FromTable16-1 (p. 590) for amaximumE rhombic,

o
o o
2
1/(4sin ) 1/(4sin17.5 ) 0.83 ( .)
90 72.5 ( .)
0.5/sin 5.5 ( .)
H ans
ans
L ans

o
| o
o
= = =
= =
= =

16-16-3. Alignment rhombic.
Design an alignment-typerhombic antennafor an elevation angleo =17.5.

Solution:

FromTable16-1 (p. 590) for an alignment rhombic,

o
o o
2
1/(4sin17.5 ) 0.83 ( .)
90 72.5 ( .)
0.371/sin 4.1 ( .)
H ans
ans
L ans

| o
o
= =
= =
= =

*16-16-4. Compromise rhombic.
Design acompromise-typerhombic antennafor an elevation angleo =17.5 at aheight
aboveground of /2.

Solution:

FromTable16-1 (p. 590) for a compromiserhombic,

o o o
2 o
o o o
0.5 ( .)
90 17.5 72.5 ( .)
tan[( )sin 17.5 ] 1 0.5
sin17.5 2 sin17.5 tan( sin17.5 )
H ans
ans
L
L

|
t
t t
=
= =
| |
=
|
\ .



121

*16-16-4. continued
or
o
0.56
tan(16.3 )
L
L

=

By trial and error, 5.14 L

= (ans.)

16-16-5. Compromise rhombic.
Design a compromise-type rhombic antenna for an elevation angle o =17.5 with leg
length of 3.

Solution:

FromTable16-1 (p. 590),
o
1 o
o
1/(4sin17.5 ) 0.83 ( .)
3 0.371
sin 67 ( .)
3cos17.5
H ans
ans

|

= =
| |
= =
|
\ .

*16-16-6. Compromise rhombic.
Design acompromise-typerhombic antennafor an elevation angleo =17.5 at aheight
aboveground of /2 and aleg length of 3.

Solution:

FromTable16-1 (p. 590, bottomentry),

1
sin tan tan(2 sin ) 4 tan( 2 )
H L
H L


| o t o t t
=

where (1 sin cos )/ 2 | o =

By trial and error,
o
60 | ~ (ans.)
122

Chapter 17. Lens Antennas

17-2-1. Dielectric lens.
(a) Design a plano-convex dielectric lens for 5 GHz with a diameter of 10. Thelens
material is to beparaffin and theF number is to beunity. Draw thelens cross section.
(b) What type of primary antenna pattern is required to produce a uniformaperture
distribution?

Solution:

8 9
( ) 3 10 /(5 10 ) 0.06 m 60 mm
1so 10 600 mm ( diameter)
1.4 (seeTable17-1)
a
F L d d
n

= = =
= = = = =
=


Thereforefrom(17-2-7),

(1.4 1)600
1.4cos 1
R
u

u R sin R u
o
0 600 mm 0 mm
o
10 634 110
o
20 761 260
o
22 805 300 / 2 d =












(b) From(17-2-14), power density at edgeof lens is

o 3
2 o
o
(1.4cos22 1)
0.35 or 4.6 dB down
(1.4 1) (1.4 cos22 )
S
S
u

= =




Focus 600 mm L = Lens
(lower-half mirror image)
/ 2 300 mm d =
o
22 u =
R
123

17-2-1. continued

To reduce side lobes, this much or even more taper may be desirable. To obtain a
uniformaperturedistribution, as requested in theproblem, requires afeed antennaat the
focus with moreradiation (up about 4.6 dB) at 22
o
off axis than on axis. This is difficult
to achieve without unacceptable spillover unless the lens is enclosed in a conical horn,
except that at edgelocations whereE is parallel to theedge, E must bezero. To reduce
this effect acorrugated horn could beused.
17-3-1. Artificial dielectric.
Design an artificial dielectric with relativepermittivity of 1.4 for useat 3 GHz when the
artificial dielectric consists of (a) copper spheres, (b) copper disks, (c) copper strips.

Solution:

FromTable17-2,

(a)
3
(sphere) 1 4 1.4
r
Na c t = + =
At 3 GHz,
8 1 9
3 10 ms /3 10 Hz 0.1m 100 mm

= = =

For , takea(radius) 5 mmfromwhich a << =
3
3 3 3
1.4 1 0.4
255,000 m
4 4 (5 10 )
N
a t t

= = =

(ans.)

Thedielectric volumeper sphere=1/255,000
6 3
4 10 m

=

Whilethevolumeof each sphereis given by
3 3 3 7 3
(4/3) (4/3) (5 10 ) 5.2 10 m a t t

= =

Therefore,
6
7
volumeof dielectric 4 10
7.7
volumeof sphere 5.2 10

= =

6 13 2
(4 10 ) 1.59 10 15.9 mm =sideof cubeversus spherediameter =2 5 10 mm

= = =


Thus, there is 15.9 10 5.9 mm = between
adjacent spheres in acubical latticeso thereis
room for the spheres without touching,
provided thelatticeuniform.


124

17-3-1. continued

(b)
3
(discs)=1+5.33
r
Na c , and taking (radius) 5 mm (diameter =10 mm), a =

3
3 3
1.4 1
600,000 m
5.33(5 10 )
N

= =

(ans.)

The dielectric volume per disc
6 3
1/ 600,000 1.7 10 m

= = for a cube side length of

6 13
(1.7 10 ) 12 mm

~ , so that there is 12 10 2 mm = minimum spacing between

adjactent discs in auniformlattice.

(c)
2
(strips)=1+7.85
r
Nw c
Taking w (width) =10 mm,
2
2 3
1.4 1
51,000 m
7.85(10 )
N

= = (ans.)

as viewed in cross section (seeFig. 17-8a). Thesquareareaper strip is then 1/51,000
5 2
2 10 m

= for across-sectional areasidelength

5 12
(2 10 ) 4.5 mm.

=

This is less than the strip width. However, if the
squareis changed to arectangleof thesameareawith
sidelength ratio of 9 as in thesketch, theedges of the
strips are separated by 3.5 mmand the flat sides by
1.5 mm.

The above answers are not unique and are not
necessarily thebest solutions.



*17-4-1. Unzoned metal-plate lens.
Design an unzoned plano-concaveE-planetypeof metal platelens of theunconstrained
typewith an aperture10 squarefor usewith a3 GHz linesource10 long. Thesource
is to be20 fromthelens (F =2). Maketheindex of refraction 0.6.
(a) What should thespacing between theplates be?
(b) Draw theshapeof thelens and givedimensions.
(c) What is thebandwidth of thelens if themaximumtolerablepath differenceis /4?

10 mm
Strip
Rectangular
area
Crosssection
125

*17-4-1. continued
Solution:
8 9
3 10 /(3 10 ) 0.1m 100 mm
0.6, 2 so / 2 (Fig.17-13)

n F A L
= = =
= = =
(b) Expressing dimensions in , wehavefrom(17-4-4)

(1 ) (1 0.6)20 8
1 cos 1 0.6cos 1 0.6cos
n L
R
n

u u u

= = =



u R

sin R

u
o
0 20 0
o
10 19.6 3.4
o
15.25 19.0 5.0

(a)From(17-4-2),
2 12 2 12
o o
[1 ( / 2 ) ] or / 2(1 ) n b b n = =
For (ans.)

(c) From(17-4-12),
Bandwidth
2
2
(1 )
n
n t

o
cos 20 19cos15.25 1.67 t L R

u = = =


(a) From(17-4-2),
2 12 2 12
o o
[1 ( / 2 ) ] or / 2(1 ) n b b n = =

For
o
0.6, 0.625 62.5 mm n b = = = (ans.)

(b) From(17-4-12), Bandwidth
2
2 /(1 ) n n t

o =

o
cos 20 19cos15.25 1.67 t L R

u = = =

Therefore, Bandwidth
2
2 0.6 0.25
0.28 or 28%
(1 0.6 )1.67

= =

(ans.)




5 Lens
(lower-half
mirror image) 20 L =
o
15.25 u =
t
R
inesourcewith
to line

E
126

Chapter 18. Frequency-Selective Surfaces and Periodic
Structures. By Ben A. Munk

18-9-1. Unloaded tripole.
Determinetheapproximatelength of thelegs of an unloaded trislot operating at f =15
GHz with
(a) No dielectric substrate.
(b) Dielectric substratecr =2.2 and thickness 0.50 mmlocated on both sides of theFSS
(usearithmetic averageof cr and co for ceff).
(c) DetermineDx just short enough that no grating lobes arepresent when scanning in the
xy planefor any angleof incidence.

Solution:

(a) For oneleg of thetripole, i.e., themonopolelength

2.0
0.5 cm
4 4

= = (ans.)

(b)
eff
2.2 c = sinceit is thesameon both sides
eff
2 2
1.35 cm
1.48 2.2
= = =
eff
1.35
0.337 cm
4 4

= = (ans.)

(c) For thescattering case, (15-6-1) can bewritten as
sin sin
/
i s
x
m
D
q q

+ =

Sincegrating lobes start in theplaneof thearray,
o
90 and 1
i s
m q q = = =

So 2 / , / 2 2/ 2 1cm
x x
D D = = = = (ans.)

18-9-2. Four-Legged loaded element.
Determinetheapproximatedimensions for afour legged loaded element operating at f =
15 GHz with
(a) No dielectric substrate.
(b) Dielectric substratecr =2.2 and thickness 0.50 mmlocated on only onesidetheFSS
(estimateceff).
127

18-9-2. continued

(c) Leaveaseparation of 1 mmbetween adjacent elements (rectangular grid); determine
thelowest onset frequency for grating lobes for any angleof incidence.

Solution:

(a) For aloop typeelement, thesizeshould be
eff
/ 4 across.

So / 4 2.0/ 4 0.50 cm = = (ans.)

(b)
ff
2.2 1.0 3.2
1.6
2 2
e
c
+
= = = ,
eff
2/ 1.6 2/1.265 1.58 cm = = =

eff
/ 4 0.4 cm = (ans.)

(c) As in Prob. 18-9-1, thecondition wewant to meet is

2 / or 2
x x
D D = =

With no dielectric, 0.5 0.1 0.6 cm
x
D = + =

so
8
2
3 10
1.2 cm, 25 GHz
1.2 10
f

= = =

(ans.)

With dielectric, 0.4 0.1 0.5 cm
x
D = + =

so
8
2
3 10
1cm, 30 GHz
1 10
f

= = =

(ans.)
128

Chapter 19. Practical Design Considerations of Large Aperture
Antennas

*19-1-3. Efficiency of rectangular aperture with partial taper.
Calculatetheapertureefficiency and directivity of an antennawith rectangular aperture
x1y1 with auniformfield distribution in they direction and acosinefield distribution in
thex direction (zero at edges, maximumat center) if x1 =20 and y1 =10.
Solution:

FromProb. 19-1-6 solution,

(a) 0.81or 81%
ap
c = (ans.)
(b) 4 10 20 0.81 2036 or 33 dBi D t = = (ans.)
*19-1-4. Efficiency of rectangular aperture with full taper.
Repeat Prob. 19-1-3 for thecasewheretheaperturefield has acosinedistribution in both
thex and y directions.
Solution:

FromProb. 19-1-7 solution,

(a) 0.657 66%
ap
c = ~ (ans.)
(b) 4 10 20 0.657 1651or 32 dBi D t = = (ans.)
19-1-5. Efficiency of aperture with phase ripple.
A squareunidirectional aperture(x1y1) is 10 on asideand has adesign distribution for
theelectric field which is uniformin thex direction but triangular in they direction with
maximumat the center and zero at the edges. Design phase is constant across the
aperture. However, in the actual aperture distribution there is a plus-and-minus-30
sinusoidal phasevariation in thex direction with aphasecycleper wavelength. Calculate
(a) the design directivity, (b) the utilization factor, (c) the actual directivity, (d) the
achievement factor, (e) theeffectiveapertureand (f) theapertureefficiency.
Solution:

Referring to Sec. 19-1,
129

19-1-5. continued

Let
max max
Designfield Actual field
( , ) ( , ) 1 E x y E x y ' = =

Design:
1
( , )
av
p
E E x y dxdy
A
' ' =
}}
(1)

10 5
0 0
2 1
5 2
p
y
dxdy
A

= =
} }



Note: This result can bededuced directly from
thefigureby noting that averageheight of triangle
is max.


(b) Utilization factor,
u
k :


*
1
1 ( , ) ( , )
u
p av av
k
E x y E x y
dxdy
A E E
=
| || | ' '
| |
' '
\ .\ .
}}
(2)

2
10 5
2
0 0
1 3
( .)
4 1 2
(1/ 2) 5
p
ans
y
dxdy
A

= =
| |
|
\ .
} }
(3)

Notethat for in-phasefields (19-1-50) is asimplified formof (2) giving


( )
2 2
2
(1/ 2)
3/ 4 as in (3)
1/3
av
u
av
E
k
E
= = = (4)

(a) Design directivity, (design): D


2
2 2
4 4
(design) (100 )(3/ 4) 940 ( .)
p u
D A k ans
t t


= = = (5)

Turning attention now to theeffect of thephasevariation:


10 5
0 0
2 2 1
cos sin (0.933)
6 5 2
av
p
x y
E dx dy
A
t t

| |
= =
|
\ .
} }
(6)

E
10
10
y
x
130

19-1-5. continued















Notethat fromfigures above,
1 0.866
2 0.933
2
av
E
+
~ =

(d) Achievement factor, :
a
k

1 ( , ) ( , )
1 ( , ) ( , )
p av av
a
p av av
E x y E x y
dxdy
A E E
k
E x y E x y
dxdy
A E E
-
-
| || | ' '
| |
' '
\ .\ .
=
| || |
| |
\ .\ .
}}
}}


2
2
4/3
0.87 ( .)
1 1
2 ( /5 )
[(1/ 2)0.933]
a
p
k ans
y dxdy
A

= =
}}
(7)

where
*
( ) ( ) 1 E x E x =

Notethat gain loss dueto total phasevariation across aperture(not surfacedeviation) is
from(19-2-3)


2 o
cos 360
g
k
o

' | |
=
|
\ .
, where
o o
o o
30 0.707 21.2
360 360
o

'
= =

or
2 o
cos 21.2 0.87 as in (7)
g a
k k = = =



( , ) E x y av
E
x
E
131

19-1-5. continued

(c) Directivity:

2
4 3
4 100 0.87 818 ( .)
4
p
u a
A
D k k ans
t
t

= = =

(e) Effectiveaperture, :
e
A
2
2
65.2 ( .)
4
e p u a
A D A k k ans

t
= = =
(f) Apertureefficiency, :
ap
c
0.65
ap a u
k k c = = (ans.)

Note: Although phase errors with small correlation distance ( ) ~ as in Prob. 19-1-5
reduce the directivity and, hence, increase
A
O , the HPBW is not affected appreciable.
However, for larger correlation distances ( ) >> the scattered radiation becomes more
directive, causing thenear sidelobes to increaseand ultimately themain beamand the
HPBW may beaffected.
*19-1-6. Rectangular aperture. Cosine taper.
An antenna with rectangular aperture x1y1 has a uniformfield in the y direction and a
cosinefield distribution in thex direction (zero at edges, maximumat center). If x1 =16
and y1 =8, calculate(a) theapertureefficiency and (b) thedirectivity.
Solution:















1
1
8
16
y
x

=
=

1
x
o
1
( ) sin
x
E x E
x
t
=
x
y
1
y
o
E
E
E
o
E
132

*19-1-6. continued

Although thetaper in thex-direction is described as acosinetaper, let us represent it by a
sinefunction as follows:

(a) From(19-1-50),
( )
( )
2
2
( )
( )
av
ap
av
E x
E x
c =

where
1
1 1
o o o 1
0 0
1 1 1 1 1 0
2 1
( ) ( ) sin cos
x
x x
av
E E E x x x
E x E x dx dx
x x x x x
t t
t t
| |
= = = =
|
\ .
} }


1 1
2 2
2 2 2 o o
0 0
1 1 1
1
[ ( )] ( ) sin
2
x x
av
E E x
E x E x dx dx
x x x
t
= = =
} }


Therefore,
2
o
2
2
o
2
8
0.811or 81%
1
2
ap
E
E
t
c
t
| |
|
\ .
= = = ~

(b)
2
0.81 8 16 103.7
e ap em
A A c = = =

2 2
2
4
(4 103.7 )/ 1304 or 31.2 dBi
e
A
D
t
t

= = =
19-1-7. Rectangular aperture. Cosine tapers.
Repeat Prob. 19-1-6 for thecasewheretheaperturefield has acosinedistribution in both
thex and y directions.
Solution:

Let thedistribution berepresented by


o
1 1
( , ) sin sin
x x
E x y E
x y
t t
=




133

19-1-7. continued
1 1 1 1
1 1
o
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
o o 1 1
2
1 1 1 1 0 0
1
(a) ( , ) ( , ) sin sin
4
cos cos
x y x y
av
x y
E x y
E x y E x y dxdy dx dy
x y x y x y
E E x y x y
x y x y
t t
t t
t t t
= =
( (
= =
( (

} } } }


1 1 1 1
2 2
2 2 2 2 o o
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
[ ( , )] ( , ) sin sin
4
x y x y
av
E E x y
E x y E x y dxdy dx dy
x y x y x y
t t
= = =
} } } }

Therefore,
2
o 2
4
2
o
4
16 4
0.657 or 66%
1
4
ap
E
E
t
c
t
| |
|

\ .
= = = ~

(b)
2
0.657 8 16 84.1
e ap em
A A c = = =

2
2 2
4 4 84.1
1057 or 30.2 dBi
e
A
D
t t

= = =
*19-1-8. A 20 line source. Cosine-squared taper.
(a) Calculateand plot thefar-field pattern of acontinuous in-phaselinesource20 long
with cosine-squared field distribution.
(b) What is theHPBW?
Solution:



The field along the line may be
represented by

2
1
( ) cos
2
x
E x
x
t
=

(a) Thefield pattern ( ) E u is theFourier transformof thedistribution ( ) E x along the
line. Thus,
1
1
10
(2 / )cos 2 (2 / )cos
10
( ) ( ) cos [( / 2)( /10 )]
x
j x j x
x
E E x e dx x e dx

t u t u
u t
+ +

= =
} }


E(x)
20
+x1 x1
134

*19-1-8. continued

Let / s x = fromwhich dx ds =

Then
10 10
2 2 cos 2 cos
10 10
10 10
2 cos 2 cos
10 10
1 cos( /10)
( ) cos ( / 20)
2
cos( /10)
2 2
j s j s
j s j s
s
E s e ds e ds
e ds s e ds
t u t u
t u t u
t
u t

t
+ +

+ +

+
= =
= +
} }
} }

and
sin(20 cos ) 1 sin(20cos 1) sin(20cos 1)
( )
2 cos 2 [2cos (1/10)] [2cos (1/10)]
n
E
t u u t u t
u
t u u t u t
( +
= + +
(
+




2
2
sin(20 cos ) 4cos
1
2 cos 4cos 0.01
t u u
t u u
| |
=
|

\ .
(ans.) (1)

(b) Fromgraph or by trial and error from(1),

o o o
HPBW 2(90 87.9 ) =4.2 = (ans.)

FromTable4-3 for a 20 uniform aperture,

o
HPBW =50.8/ 50.8/ 20 2.5 L

= =

Thus, thecosine-squared aperturedistribution has nearly twicetheHPBW of theuniform
aperture, but its sidelobes aremuch lower with first sidelobedown 31 dB as compared
to only 13 dB down for a 20 uniformaperturedistribution.
135

136

Chapter 21. Antennas for Special Applications

21-4-2. Horizontal dipole above imperfect ground.
Calculatethevertical planefield pattern broadsideto ahorizontal /2 dipoleantenna/4
aboveactual homogeneous ground with constants cr =12 and o =2 x 10
-3
O
-1
m
-1
at (a)
100 kHz and (b) 100 MHz.
Solution:
3 1 1
o
, 12, 2 10 m , / 4
r
h c o

' = = = O =

2 12
2 12
sin ( cos )
sin ( cos )
r
r
o c o

o c o

=
+
(1)

1 cos(2 sin ) sin(2 sin ) E h j h | o | o
= + +
Z
(2)

(b)
3
8 12
o
2 10
0.36 at 100 MHz
2 10 8.85 10
r
o
c
ec t

'' = = =

12 0.4 12
r r r
j j c c c ' '' = = ~

Introducing
r
c into (1), (1) into (2) and evaluating (2) as afunction of o results in the
pattern shown. Thepattern for perfectly conducting ground ( ) o = is also shown for
comparison (sameas pattern of 2 isotropic sources in phaseopposition and spaced / 2 ).
For perfectly conducting ground the field doubles ( 2 E = ) at the zenith (
o
90 o = ), but
with theactual ground of theproblem, it is reduced to about 1.55 (down 2.2 dB) because
of partial absorption of thewavereflected fromtheground.


(a) At 100 kHz, 360 and 1
r
c

'' = ~ , so thepattern is approximately thesameas for

o = in thesketch.

137

21-9-1. Square loop.
Calculateand plot thefar-field pattern in theplaneof aloop antennaconsisting of four
/2 center-fed dipoles with sinusoidal current distribution arranged to formasquare/2
on aside. Thedipoles areall in phasearound thesquare.
Solution:

Squarish pattern with rounded edges.

Maximum-to-minimumfield ratio =1.14

*21-9-3. DF and monopulse.
Many direction-finding (DF) antennas consist of small (in terms of ) loops giving a
figure-of-eight pattern as in Fig. P21-9-3a. Although the null is sharp the bearing
(direction of transmitter signal) may haveconsiderableuncertainty unless theS/N ratio is
large. To resolve the 180 ambiguity of the loop pattern, an auxiliary antenna may be
used with theloop to giveacardiod pattern with broad maximumin thesignal direction
and null in theoppositedirection.
The maximumof a beamantenna pattern, as in Fig. P21-9-3b, can be employed to
obtain abearing with theadvantageof ahigher S/N ratio but with reduced pattern change
per unit angle. However, if 2 receivers and 2 displace beams are used, as in Fig.
P21-9-3c, a large power-pattern change can be combined with a high S/N ratio. An
arrangement of this kind for receiving radar echo signals can givebearing information on
asinglepulse(monopulse radar). If thepower received on beam1 is P1 and on beam2
is P2, then if P2 >P1 thebearing is to theright. If P1 >P2 thebearing is to theleft and if
P1 =P2 the bearing is on axis (boresight). (With 4 antennas, bearing information left-
right and up-down can beobtained.)

(a) If thepower pattern is proportional to cos
4
u, as in Fig. P21-9-3c, determineP2/P1 if
theinterbeam(squint) angleo =40 for Au =5 and 10.

(b) Repeat for o =50.

(c) DeterminetheP0/P1 of thesinglepower pattern of Fig. P21-9-3b for Au =5 and 10 if
thepower pattern is also proportional to cos
4
u.

(d) Tabulatetheresults for comparison and indicateany improvement of thedoubleover
thesinglebeam.





138

*21-9-3. continued

FigureP21-9-3. Direction finding: (a) with loop mull, (b) with beammaximumand (c)
with doublebeam(monopulse).
Solution:

(a)
o
40 o =
4 o o
o 2
4 o o
1
4 o o
o 2
4 o o
1
cos (20 5 )
5 , 1.290 or 1.1 dB
cos (20 5 )
cos (20 10 )
10 , 1.672 or 2.2 dB
cos (20 10 )
P
P
P
P
u
u

A = = =
+

A = = =
+

(b)
o
50 o =
4 o o
o 2
4 o o
1
4 o o
o 2
4 o o
1
cos (25 5 )
5 , 1.386 or 1.4 dB
cos (25 5 )
cos (25 10 )
10 , 1.933 or 2.9 dB
cos (25 10 )
P
P
P
P
u
u

A = = =
+

A = = =
+


4 o
o 0
4 o
1
4 o
o 0
4 o
1
cos 0
(c) 5 , 1.015 or 0.06 dB
cos 5
cos 0
10 , 1.063 or 0.26 dB
cos 10
P
P
P
P
o
o
= = =
= = =


(d) Over 1 dB moreat 5
o
and about 2 dB moreat 10
o
.

139

*21-10-1. Overland TV for HP, VP and CP.
(a) A typical overland microwavecommunications circuit for AM, FM or TV between a
transmitter on atall building and adistant receiver involves 2 paths of transmission, one
direct path (length ro) and onean indirect path with ground reflection (length r1 +r2), as
suggested in Fig. P21-10-1. Let h1 =300 mand d =5 km. For afrequency of 100 MHz
calculate the ratio of the power received per unit area to the transmitted power as a
function of the height h2 of the receiving antenna. Plot these results in decibels as
abscissaversus h2 as ordinatefor 3 cases with transmitting and receiving antennas both
(1) vertically polarized, (2) horizontally polarized and (3) right-circularly polarized for h2
values from0 to 100 m. Assumethat thetransmitting antennais isotropic and that the
receiving antennas arealso isotropic (all havethesameeffectiveaperture). Consider that
theground is flat and perfectly conducting.
(b) Comparetheresults for the3 types of polarization, and show that circular polarization
is best fromthestandpoint of both thenoncriticalness of theheight h2 and theabsenceof
echo or ghost signals. Thus, for horizontal or vertical polarization thedirect and ground-
reflected waves may cancel at certain heights while at other heights, where they
reinforce, theimages on theTV screen may beobjectionablebecausethetimedifference
viathe2 paths produces adoubleimage(adirect imageand its ghost).
(c) Extend the comparison of (b) to consider the effect of other buildings or structures
that may produceadditional paths of transmission.
Note that direct satellite-to-earth TV downlinks are substantially free of these
reflection and ghost imageeffects.

FigureP21-10-1. Overland microwavecommunication circuit.
Solution:

(a) and (b) answers in Appendix F, pg. 919-920.

(c) Theeffect of reflection fromother buildings or structures (or fromaircraft) can be
minimized by theuseof CP transmit and receiveantennas of thesamehand, particularly
when thesestructures aremany wavelengths in sizeand reflection is specular. Trouble-
somereflections can bereduced by placing non-reflecting absorbers on thestructure.

140

*21-12-1. Signaling to submerged submarines.
Calculate the depths at which a 1 V m
-1
field will be obtained with E at the surface
equal to 1 V m
-1
at frequencies of 1, 10, 100 and 1000 kHz. What combination of
frequency and antennas is most suitable?
Solution:

FromTableA-6, take 80 and 4
r
c o ' = = for seawater. At thehighest frequency (1000
kHz), , o ec >> so that / 2 o eo = can beused at all four frequencies.

At 1 kHz,
3 7
1
2 10 4 10 4
0.13 Npm
2
t t
o

= =
Since
6
o
6 13.8
10 , log
y
E
e y e
E
o
o o

= = = =

and
at 1 kHZ, depth 106 m
at 10 kHz, 35 m
at 100 kHz, 11m
at 1000 kHz 3.5 m
y
y
y
y
=
=
=
=
(ans.)

Fromthestandpoint of frequency, 1 kHz gives greatest depth. However, from(21-2-3)
theradiation resistanceof amonopoleantennaas afunction of its height ( )
p
h is

2
400
p
r
h
R

| |
= O
|
\ .

For 300 mat 1 kHz
p
h =

2
4
5
300
400 4 10 (or 400 )
3 10
r
R
| |
= = O O
|
\ .


With such asmall radiation resistance, radiation efficiency will bepoor. At 10 kHz the
radiation resistanceis ahundred times greater. A practical choiceinvolves acompromise
of sea water loss, land (transmitting) antenna effective height, and submarine antenna
efficiency as afunction of thefrequency.

141

*21-13-1. Surface-wave powers.
A 100-MHz waveis traveling parallel to acopper sheet (|Zc| =3.7 x 10
-3
O) with E ( =
100 V m
-1
rms) perpendicular to thesheet. Find (a) thePoynting vector (watts per square
meter) parallel to sheet and (b) thePoynting vector into thesheet.
Solution:

(a)
2 2
2
tosheet
o
100
26.5 Wm
377
y
E
S
Z

= = =

(ans.)
(b)
2 2 3
2 2
intosheet 2
o
100 3.7 10
182 Wm
377 2
e c e c
E
S H R Z R Z
Z

| |
= = = =
|
\ .
(ans.)


21-13-2. Surface-wave powers.
A 100-MHz waveis traveling parallel to aconducting sheet for which |Zc| =0.02 O. If E
is perpendicular to thesheet and equal to 150 V m
-1
(rms), find (a) watts per squaremeter
traveling parallel to thesheet and (b) watts per squaremeter into thesheet.
Solution:

(a)
2 2
2
tosheet
o
150
59.7 Wm
377
y
E
S
Z

= = =

(ans.)

(b)
2 2 2
2 2
intosheet 2
o
150 2 10
2.24 mWm
377 2
e c e c
E
S H R Z R Z
Z

| |
= = = =
|
\ .
(ans.)


*21-13-3. Surface-wave power.
A plane3-GHz wavein air is traveling parallel to theboundary of aconducting medium
with H parallel to theboundary. Theconstants for theconducting mediumare o =10
7

O
-1
m
-1
and r =cr =1. If thetraveling-waverms electric field E =75 mV m
-1
, find the
averagepower per unit arealost in theconducting medium.
Solution:
2
2
intosheet 2
o
e c e c
E
S H R Z R Z
Z
= =
7 9
o
7
4 10 2 3 10
0.034
2 2 10
e c
R Z
e t t
o


= = = O

142

*21-13-3. continued

Therefore,
2
2
intosheet
0.75
0.034 1.35 nWm
377
S
| |
= =
|
\ .
(ans.)

21-13-4. Surface-wave current sheet.
A TEM waveis traveling in air parallel to theplaneboundary of aconducting medium.
Show that if K =sv, whereK is thesheet-current density in amperes per meter, s is the
surface charge density in coulombs per square meter and v the velocity of the wave in
meters per second, it follows that K =H, whereH is themagnitudeof theH field of the
wave.
Solution:



1 1
2
Q m Q 1
A m I m
m s s m
s
K v

= = = = =




By Amperess law, integral of H around strip of width w equals current enclosed or

ds =I wK =
}
H

and (notethat ) wH wK H K H K = = (ans.)

*21-13-6. Coated-surface wave cutoff.
A perfectly conducting flat sheet of large extent has a dielectric coating (cr =3) of
thickness d =5 mm. Find the cutoff frequency for the TMo (dominant) mode and its
attenuation per unit distance.

Solution:

1
o o
2 8.89
3 1 Np m
t
o


= = (ans.) 0
c
f = (ans.)
143

144

Chapter 23. Baluns, etc. By Ben A. Munk

23-3-1. Balun 200 O, antenna 70 O.
A TypeIII balun has thecharacteristic impedanceequal to Zcp =200 O and theelectrical
length is equal to lp =7.5 cm. It is connected to an antennawith impedanceZA =70 O.
(a) Find thebalun impedancejXp at f =500, 1000 and 1500 MHz.
(b) Calculatetheparallel impedances ZA || jXp at 500 1000 and 1500 MHz and plot them
in aSmith Chart normalized to Zo =50 O. Check that all theseimpedances lieon acircle
with adiameter spanning over (0,0) and ZA =70 O. Alternatively, you may determineZA
|| jXp graphically in aSmith Chart.
(c) Explain what effect it would haveon thebandwidth if wechanged Zcp to 150 O or
250 O.

Solution:

(a)
8
8
3 10 7.5
60 cm, 0.125
5 10 60
p
L
L

= = = =

8
9
3 10 7.5
30 cm, 0.250
1 10 30
p
M
M

= = = =

8
9
3 10 7.5
20 cm, 0.375
1.5 10 20
p
H
H

= = = =

Fromthe Smith Chart, by moving the number of wavelengths around fromthe short
(zero) position, it is found that

for 500 MHz, 200
p
f jX j = = O (ans.)

for 1000 MHz,
p
f jX j = = O (ans.)

for 1500 MHz, 200
p
f jX j = = O (ans.)

Alternatively, thetransmission lineequation can beused.

(b)
2 2
2 2
A p A p A p
A p
A p A p
Z jX Z X jZ X
Z jX
Z jX Z X
+
= =
+ +


For mid frequency, ,
p A p A
X Z X Z = =

145

23-3-1. continued
For low frequency,
2 2
2 2
70 200 70 200
200, 62.36 21.83
70 200
p A p
j
X Z jX j
+
= = = +
+


Normalized to
o
50, Z =
o
1.25 0.44
A p
Z jX
j
Z
= +

Similarly, for high frequency, 200, 62.36 21.83
p A p
X Z jX j = =


o
1.25 0.44
A p
Z jX
j
Z
=

Seeaccompanying figureof Smith Chart


146

23-3-1. continued

To find these values by the Smith Chart, it is a matter of adding the values as admit-
tances. This is accomplished by finding their position as impedances, projecting the
values through the origin an equal distance, adding them, then projecting the added
values an equal distanceto theother sideof theorigin.

(c) For 150 , it is found that 57.48 26.82
cp A p
Z Z jX j = O =

or normalized as 1.15 0.54 j =

For 250 , it is found that 64.91 18.18
cp A p
Z Z jX j = O =

or normalized as 1.30 0.36 j =

It is easily seen that the 150 O value decreases the bandwidth and the 250 O value
increases the bandwidth. Note: The closer the values are to the origin, the better the
VSWR.

23-3-5 Stub impedance.
(a) What is theterminal impedanceof aground-planemounted stub antennafed with a
50-O air-filled coaxial lineif theVSWR on thelineis 2.5 and thefirst voltageminimum
is 0.17 fromtheterminals?
(b) Design atransformer so that theVSWR =1.

Solution:



o
o
o
tan
tan
T
m
T
Z jZ x
Z Z
Z jZ x
|
|
+
=
+
(1)





min
o
where impedanceon lineat 0
lineimpedance 50 0
stub antennaterminal impedance=
m m
T T T
Z V R j
Z j
Z R jX
= = +
= = + O
= +


Rearranging (1) in terms of real and imaginary parts:
Vmin
ZT
VSWR =2.5
Zo =50 O
.17
147

23-3-5 continued

o
tan
T m
m T
X R
R R x
R
|
| |
=
|
\ .
by equating reals, (2)
and

o
o
tan tan
T m
T
R R
x X R x
R
| | = + by equating imaginaries (3)

o
o
50/ 2.5 20, 50, tan tan(360 .17) 1.82
m
R R x | = = = = =

From(2),
20
20 1.82 0.728
50
T T T
R X X = =
From(3),
20
1.82 50 1.82, 0.728 91
50
T T T T
R X R X = + = +
Fromwhich, 56 50
T T T
Z R jX j = + = O (ans.)

148

Chapter 24. Antenna Measurements.
By Arto Lehto and Pertti Vainikainen

24-3-1. Uncertainty of pattern measurement due to reflected wave.
The level of a wave reflected fromthe ground is 45 dB below the level of the direct
wave. How largeof errors (in dB) arepossiblein themeasurement of:
(a) main lobepeak;
(b) -13 dB sidelobe;
(c) -35 dB sidelobe?

Solution:

FromSec. 24-3b and sincethereflected waveis
(45/20)
45 dB or 10 0.0056

= ,

(a) 1 0.0056 0.9944 or 0.049 dB = (ans.)

1 0.0056 1.0056 or +0.049 dB + = (ans.)

(b)
(13/20)
13 dB sidelobes provides 10 0.2238

=

so
0.2238 0.0056
0.9749 or 0.22 dB
0.2238

= (ans.)


0.2238 0.0056
1.0251 or +0.22 dB
0.2238
+
= (ans.)

(c)
(35/20)
35 dB sidelobes provides 10 0.0178

=

so
0.0178 0.0056
0.6838 or 3.30 dB
0.0178

= (ans.)


0.0178 0.0056
1.3162 or +2.38 dB
0.0178
+
= (ans.)
24-3-2. Range length requirement due to allowed phase curvature.
The maximum allowed phase curvature in the measurement of a very low-sidelobe
antenna is 5. The width of the antenna is 8 mand it operates at 5.3 GHz. Find the
required separation between thesourceand AUT.


149

24-3-2. continued

Solution:





Similar to Fig. 24-5, let d bethedistancecausing thephaseerror.

Then
2
2 2
( )
2
D
R d R
| |
+ = +
|
\ .

2 2
2 2 2
2 ,
4 8
D D
R dR d R R
d
+ + = + ~

For a
o
5 phaseerror,

2 5
(rad)
180
kd d
t
t

= =

so,
5 1
360 72
d

= =

Therefore,
2 2
1 9
72
8
D D
R

= =

Since,
8
9
3 10 9 64
0.0566 m, 10,176 m
5.3 10 0.0566
R

= = > =

24-4-1. Design of elevated range.
Design an elevated range(rangelength, antennaheights, sourceantennadiameter) for the
measurement of a1.2 mreflector antennaoperating at 23 GHz.

Solution:
8
10
3 10
0.013 m
2.3 10

= =

so,
2 2
2 2 (1.2)
221m
0.013
D
R

> = = (ans.)

/ 2 D
R
R
d
150

24-4-1. continued
Fromcombining requirements in (24-4-1) and (24-4-2)

5 5 1.2 6 m
R
H D ~ = = (ans.)

and similarly for
T R
H H =

From(24-4-1),
1.5 1.5 0.013 221
0.72 m
6
T
R
R
D
H

> = = (ans.)

24-4-2. Time required for near-field scanning.
Estimate the time needed for a planar near-field measurement of a 2 mantenna at 300
GHz. Thesampling speed is 10 samples per second.

Solution:

8
11
3 10 2 m
0.001m, 2000
3 10 0.001m
D

= = = =

Sampleat 2 per wavelength, so samples =4000 per lineper side

Total samples =
3 2 6
2 (4 10 ) 32 10 =

6
6
32 10
3.2 10 sec 888 hrs 54min 37 days
10 samples/sec
t

= = = ~ (ans.)
24-5-1. Power requirement for certain dynamic range.
TheAUT has again of 40 dBi at 10 GHz. Thegain of thesourceantennais 20 dBi. The
separation between theantennas is 200 m. Thereceiver sensitivity (signal level that is
sufficient for measurement) is 105 dBm. Find theminimumtransmitted power that is
needed for adynamic rangeof 60 dB.

Solution:

From(24-5-2) and since
2 2
10
0.03
1.42 10 98 dB
4 4 200 R

t t
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .



151

24-5-1. continued

dB
40 dBi +20 dBi 98 dB 38 dB
R
T
P
P
| |
= =
|
\ .


With 105 dBm needed at aminimumfor thereception and a60 dB dynamic range,
then
105 dBm 38 dB 60 dB 7 dBm
0.2 mW ( .)
t
t
P
P ans
= + + =
=


24-5-2. Gain measurement using three unknown antennas.
Threehorn antennas, A, B, and C aremeasured in pairs at 12 GHz. Theseparation of
antennas is 8 m. Thetransmitted power is +3 dBm. Thereceived powers are-31 dBm,
36 dBm, and -28 dBmfor antennas pairs AB, AC, and BC, respectively. Find thegains
of theantennas.

Solution:

From(24-5-2),
2 8
10
3 10
, 0.025 m
4 1.2 10
T
T R
R
P
G G
P R

| |
= = =
|
\ .


2 2
8
0.025
6.18 10 or 72 dB
4 4 8 R

t t
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

then
31dBm 3 dBm 72 dB 38 dB
36 dBm 3 dBm 72 dB 33 dB
28 dBm 3 dBm 72 dB 41dB
A B AB
A C AC
B C BC
G G C
G G C
G G C
= = + =
= = + =
= = + =


2
, ,
B AB AB AB
B C C BC
C AC AC AC
G C C C
G G G C
G C C C
| |
= = =
|
\ .

So
1
(41dB +33 dB 38 dB) 18 dBi
2
BC AC
C
AB
C C
G
C
= = = (ans.)

33 dB 18 dB 15 dBi
AC
A
C
C
G
G
= = = (ans.)


152

24-5-2. continued
41 dB 18 dB 23 dBi
BC
B
C
C
G
G
= = = (ans.)
24-5-3. Gain measurement using celestial radio source.
At 2.7 GHz the antenna temperature increases 50 K as a 20 mreflector is pointed to
Cygnus A. Find theantennagain and apertureefficiency.

Solution:

From(24-5-7),
23
5
2 26 2
8 8 1.38 10 50
1.79 10 52.5 dBi
785 10 (0.111)
A
k T
G
S
t t

A
= = = =



2 5 2
2
1.79 10 (0.111)
175.5 m
4 4
e
G
A

t t

= = =

For a20 mcircular reflector,
2
175.5
0.56 or 56%
(10)
e
ap
p
A
A
c
t
= = =

24-5-4. Impedance in laboratory.
You try to measure the impedance of a horn antenna with 15 dBi gain at 10 GHz in a
normal laboratory roomby pointing themain lobeof theantennaperpendicularly towards
a wall 2 maway. The power reflection coefficient of the wall is 0.3 and it can be
assumed to cover practically thewholebeamof theAUT. Estimatetheuncertainty of the
measurement of thereflection coefficient of theAUT dueto thereflection of thewall.

Solution:

Thenormalized received power fromthehorn to thewall and back into thehorn

2
4
R
T R
T
P
G G
P R

t
| |
=
|
\ .


2 2
7
0.03
0.3 5 dB, 0.03 m, 3.6 10 64 dB
4 R 4 2 2

t t
| | | |
= = = = = =
| |
\ . \ .



153

24-5-4. continued
5 dB 15 dBi 15 dBi 64 dB 39 dB
0.000126 in power
=0.01122 in voltage
R
T
P
P
= + + =
=

So theuncertainty is about 1%.
154

INDEX
Indexreadsasfollows: Entry(Problemnumber) page
A
Aperture
withphaseripple(19-1-5) 127
withtapereddistribution(19-1-3) 127,
(19-1-4) 127, (19-1-6) 130, (19-1-7) 131,
(19-1-8) 132
Array
broadside(5-6-10) 27, (16-2-1) 109
sevenshort dipoles(16-6-4) 113
sixteensource(16-6-7) 114
end-fire(16-3-1) 110
four sourcesinsquare(5-2-8) 23
ordinary end-fire(5-6-9) 25
square-corner reflector (10-3-6) 68
three-source(5-9-2) 30
threeunequal sources(5-8-1) 29
twelve-sourceend-fire(5-6-5) 24, (5-6-7) 25
two-element, unequal currents(16-4-3) 111
two-sourceend-fire(5-2-4) 23
two-sourcesinoppositephase(5-18-2) 33
Artificial dielectric (17-3-1) 122
B
Backpackingpenguin(12-3-4) 90
Balun(23-3-1) 143
Beamwidth(3-7-2) 18
Broadcast array, four-tower (16-8-6) 116
Broadsidearray
twoelement (16-2-1) 109
sevenshort dipoles(16-6-4) 113
sixteensource(16-6-7) 114

C
Carrier-to-noiseratio(C/N) (12-3-19) 93
Circularly polarizedwave(2-16-2) 8, (2-16-3) 8,
(2-17-6) 11, (2-17-7) 12, (2-17-9) 13,
(2-17-11) 14,
Coated-surfacewavecutoff (21-13-6) 141
Conical antenna(11-2-2) 75
Conical pattern(6-3-5) 38, (6-3-6) 39
Critical frequency (12-3-9) 86
D
Depolarizationratio(2-17-2) 15
Detectingoneelectron(12-5-5) 97
Dielectric, artificial (17-3-1) 122
Dipole
electric (6-2-1) 35
short (6-2-2) 35, (6-2-4) 36, (6-3-2) 37,
(6-3-4) 38, (6-3-10) 40
Directionfinding(21-9-3) 136
Directional pattern, withback lobe(6-3-9) 40
Directional patterninu and| (637) 39,
(638), 40
Directivegain(5-8-7) 29
Directivity (2-7-1) 1, (2-7-2) 1, (2-7-3) 2, (2-7-4)
3, (2-9-1) 3, (2-9-3) 4, (3-7-2) 18, (4-5-1) 19,
(4-5-2) 20, (4-5-3) 20, (4-5-4) 21, (4-5-5) 21,
(5-2-4) 23, (5-6-5) 24, (5-6-9) 25, (5-6-10) 27
Dolph-Tchebyscheff array (5-9-4) 31, (16-6-1)
112
Dynamic range, power requirement (24-5-1) 149
E
Echelonarray (6-7-1) 43
Eelevatedrangedesign(24-4-1) 148
Effectiveaperture(2-9-2) 4, (2-9-3) 4
Elliptically polarizedwave(2-16-4) 9, (2-17-3)
10, (2-17-4) 11, (2-17-8) 13, (2-17-10) 13
End-firearray, twoelement (16-3-1) 110
F
Fieldpattern(5-5-1) 24, (5-6-5) 24
two-sourcesinphase(5-18-1) 32
Forest absorption(12-4-3) 95
Friisformula(2-11-1) 4
G
Gain(2-7-4) 3, (9-9-1) 60
Gainmeasurement
usingcelestial radiosource(24-5-3) 151
usingthreeunknownantennas(24-5-2) 150
Galileospacecraft (12-3-22) 94
155

H
Helical antennas
axial mode(8-3-1) 53, (8-3-2) 53, (8-3-3) 54,
(8-8-1) 55, (8-15-1) 56
normal mode(8-11-1) 55
Hornantenna(3-4-1) 17, (3-4-2) 17, (3-5-2) 17,
(3-5-3) 18
Horns(9-9-1) 60, (9-9-2) 61, (9-9-3) 62, (9-9-4)
62, (9-9-5) 63
I
Impedance
2-element array (16-3-2) 111
5/2antenna(13-4-1) 103
antennasinechelon(13-8-1) 104
dipole(14-12-2) 105
Impedance
Dolph-Tchebyscheff array (16-6-1) 112
inlaboratory (24-5-4) 151
open-slot (9-5-3) 58
side-by-sideantennas(13-6-1) 103, (13-6-3)
104
slot (9-5-1) 57
stubantenna(23-3-5) 145
Isotropic antenna(6-3-1) 37
J
J upiter signals(12-4-4) 95
L
Lenses(17-2-1) 121, (17-4-1) 123
Linearly polarizedwaves(2-17-2) 10
Link
interstellar wireless(12-3-13) 89
MarsandJ upiter (2-11-4) 5
Moon(2-11-5) 7
satellite(12-3-4) 82
spacecraft (2-11-2) 5, (2-11-3) 5
spaceshipnear moon(2-16-1) 7
Loadedelement (18-9-2) 125
Log-periodic antenna(11-7-1) 77, (11-7-2) 78
Log-spiral antenna(11-5-1) 75
Loop
/10(7-7-1) 50
3/4(7-4-1) 49
circular (7-8-2) 51
directivity (7-8-1) 50
radiationresistance(7-6-1) 49, (7-8-1) 50
square(7-9-1) 51, (7-9-2) 52
Loop-dipolefor CP (7-2-1) 47
Low earthorbit satellite(12-3-17) 90
M
Maximumuseablefrequency (MUF) (12-3-9) 86
Microstripline(9-7-3) 59
Minimumusablefrequency (mUF) (12-3-10) 87
Moment method, chargedrod(14-10-1) 105
Monopulse(21-9-3) 136
N
Near-fieldscanning, timerequired(24-4-2) 149
O
OverlandTV (21-10-1) 138
P
Patches, 50and100O (9-7-1) 59
Pattern
directional withback lobe(6-3-9) 40
directional inu and|. (6-3-7) 39, (6-3-8) 40
elements(15-6-1) 107
factors(6-8-2) 44
horn(9-9-2) 61
measurement, uncertainty (24-3-1) 147
smoothing(15-3-1) 107
Patternsover imperfect ground(21-4-2) 135
Phasepattterns(5-5-1) 24
Poincarsphere(2-17-5) 11
Polarization(2-16-4) 9, (2-17-1) 9, (2-17-2) 10,
(2-17-3) 10, (2-17-4) 11, (2-17-5) 11, (2-17-
6) 11, (2-17-7) 12, (2-17-8) 13, (2-17-9) 13,
(2-17-10) 13, (2-17-11) 14,
Poyntingvector (2-16-2) 8, (2-16-3) 8
Q
Quad-helix antenna(8-15-1) 56
R
Radar crosssection(12-5-6) 98
Radar detection(12-5-1) 96, (12-5-12) 99,
(12-5-13) 99, (12-5-14) 100, (12-5-18) 100,
(12-5-20) 101
Radiationresistance(6-3-1) 37, (6-3-11) 41,
(6-3-12) 41, (6-5-1) 42, (6-6-1) 42, (7-6-1) 49
Rangelength(24-3-2) 147
RCS of electron(12-5-3) 96
Reflector
flat sheet (10-2-1) 65
parabolic withmissingsector (10-7-2) 73
square-corner (10-3-1) 66, (10-3-2) 66,
(10-3-4) 67, (10-3-5) 68, (10-3-6) 68,
(10-3-7) 71, (10-3-8) 71
Rhombic
156

alignment (16-16-3) 119
compromise(16-16-4) 119, (16-16-5) 120,
(16-16-6) 120
E-type(16-16-2) 119
S
Satellite
downlink (12-3-4) 82, See alsoLink
direct-broadcast (DBS) (12-3-18) 91
low earthorbit (LEO) (12-3-17) 90
Scanningarray
eight-source(16-10-1) 117
Slots(9-2-1) 57, (9-5-1) 57, (9-5-2) 58, (9-5-3)
58
Solar interference(12-3-7) 84
Solar power (4-3-1) 19
Squarearray (16-6-3) 112, (16-6-5) 114
Squareloop(21-9-1) 136
Stray factor (5-8-7) 29
Stubimpedance(23-3-5) 145
Submarines, communicationwith(21-12-1) 139
Surface-wave
current sheet (21-13-4) 141
cutoff (21-13-6) 141
powers(21-13-1) 140, (21-13-2) 140,
(21-13-3) 140
T
Temperature
withabsorbingcloud(12-4-1) 94
antenna(12-2-1) 81, (12-2-2) 81
minimumdetectable(12-3-11) 88, (12-3-12)
89
system(12-3-5) 82, (12-3-6) 84

Travelingwaveantennas(6-8-1) 44
U
Unloadedtripole(18-9-1) 125
V
V antenna(16-16-1) 118