-~ --==.

-~

.. "'"'---- . - -_.

--...

I
I I I I I I
f

I
Rock anchors state of the art
by G. S. LITTLEJOHN, BSe. PhD, MICE, MIStructE. and D. A. BRUCE, BSe. AMICE. FGS FGS,

Originally published in 'Ground Engineering' magazine between May 1975 and May 1976

I j

J~
7. 0"110' flood. Brlntwood. E CM15 9AU. England

.,

I I

'ci','?;i"isiific<

t:... ';:;.nris . ~$C-",i'nt

. itt ,-...;,!.~t1e"MTQ#$tii'e.t
',"

51-C-~'j

I I I
I

Contents
Page PART 1 : DESIGN GENERAL INTRODUCTION DESIGN - AN INTRODUCTION UPLIFT CAPACITY OF TH!; ROCK ANCHOR SYSTEM Design procedures Experimental evidence Spacing Remarks BOND BETWEEN CEMENT GROUT AND ROCK Introduction Fixed anchor design Fixed anchor dimensions Theoretical evidence Experimental evidence Remarks 1

1
1 1 1

2 2
3

3 3 3 5
6

I I
"'-

7
8

BOND BETWEEN CEMENT GROUT AND STEEL TENDON Introduction The mechanisms of bond Fixed anchor design Distribution of bond Magnitude of bond Effect of rust on bond Remarks TENDON Introduction Tendon characteristics Allowable stresses and safety factors Tendon spacers Remarks GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

9 9

9
9

10
12 12 12 12 12 12 14 15 15 15

I I I I I I I

PART 2: CONSTRUCTION INTRODUCTION DRILLING Introduction Drilling methods Choice of drilling method Drilling equipment Drilling rates Flushing Alignment and deviation WATER TESTING AND WATERPROOFING TENDON Storage and handling Fabrication

Page 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 19

20
21 21 22 22 22

Homing GROUTS AND GROUTING Grout composition Admixtures Grout crushing strength Mixing Grouting methods Grouting pressures Quality control CORROSION AND CORROSION PROTECTION Mechanisms and causes of corrosion Classification of groundwater aggressiveness Degree of protection recommended in practice Corrosion protection systems employed in practice

22 23 23 23

25 25 26 27 27 28 28 29

':_l

->-

PART 3: STRESSING AND TESTING Page INTRODUCTION STRESSING Mode of stressing Practical aspects of stressing Choice of stressing system Monitoring procedures Presentation Interpretation Remarks TESTING Precontract component testing Acceptance testing of production anchors Long term monitoring of selected production anchors

31 31 31

31
31 33

34 35 36 37
38 38

39
42

Special test anchors Monitoring of the overall anchor rock structure system SERVICE BEHAVIOUR OF PRODUCTION ANCHORS Introduction Time - dependant behaviour of steel tendons Relaxation Creep Field observations Remarks GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

43
47 47 47 47 47 48 48

49 49 49

1
I
I

I
I