6-Unified Model_F11

1


SUMMARY FOR COMPLETE MIX ACTIVATE SLUDGE
USING THE UNIFIED MODEL OF GOODMAN AND ENGLANDE
- JWPCF 46;2,312 (1974) -


Unified Model

MLSS

The MLSS in the aeration tank is composed of five independent masses:

a) M
a
= active organic biomass (VSS mg /L) - both biodegradable and nonbiodegradable
b) M
e
= endogenous organic biomass (VSS mg/L) - nonbiodegradable
c) M
i
= inorganic end products of endogenous oxidation (mg ISS/L) - nonbiodegradable
d) M
iv
= influent wastewater suspended solids, VSS, that are organic and non-
biodegradable (mg VSS/L)
e) M
ii
= influent wastewater suspended solids, SS
0
, that are inorganic and
nonbiodegradable (mg ISS
o
/L)

Note:

a) + b) + c) represent total biomass
d) + e) = nonbiodegradable SS in influent of aeration tank

Q
w
, M
a
(M
ii
)'
(M
iv
)'
Primary Aeration Tank Secondary
Sedimentation Sedimentation
Tank Q Tank Q-Qw
So V S
e
M
iv
M
a
, (M
ii
)' (M
iv
)'
M
ii
(M
ii
)e
(M
iv
)e
Qr





Unified Model-Sato.wpd

2

Kinetics

Monod

a m
a
s
dM S
M
dt K S

=
+
(1)

1
a
dS dM
dt Y dt
= (2)

a
dM dS
Y
dt dt
=



McCarthy

Substituting (1) into (2) yields

1 1
m
a a
s s
dS dMa S kS
M M
dt Y dt Y K S K S

= = =
+ +
(3)

where k = :
m
/Y

1
a
a
S
dM dS
m
Y Y M
dt dt Y Ks S

= =
+


a
a
S
dM
m
M
dt Ks S

=
+




Eckenfelder

Since S << Ks

a a a
s s
dS kS kS
M M KS M
dt K S K
= = =
+
(4)

where K = k/Ks


Unified Model-Sato.wpd

3

McKinney

In the endogenous phase, there are enough biomass and biomass is not limiting factor: i.e.,
dS/dt f (Ma). Thus,

a m
dS
K S M K S
dt
= = (5)
where K
m
= K M
a

a
m
dM dS
a a K S
dt dt
= =


where a = Y = cell yield coefficient (BOD
5
, BOD
L
or COD basis) - mg microbial organic mass
synthesized per mg substrate metabolized per day

K
m
= overall substrate removal rate constant,
/
/
/
removed
remaining
mg LBOD
day
mg LBOD
| |
|
|
\



1. Substrate Removal

Mass balance for S

Accum = Inputs - Outputs " Rxns

e
o e su
dS
V QS QS r V
dt
= (1.1)

where S
o
= total influent substrate concentration (BOD
5
, BOD
L
or COD basis)
S
e
= effluent soluble substrate concentration (BOD
5
, BOD
L
or COD basis)

su
u
dS
r
dt
| |
=
|
\


Using McKinney expression:


e
su m e
u
dS
r K S
dt
| |
= =
|
\

e
o e m e
dS
V QS QS K S V
dt
=

Dividing by V

Aeration Tank
Q, So Q, Se, Ma
V, Se, Ma
Unified Model-Sato.wpd

4
1
e o e o
m e m e
d d d d
dS S S S
K S K S
dt t t t t
| |
= = +
|
\


where t
d
= V/Q

At steady state, dS
e
/dt = 0

/
1
1
o d o
e
m d
m
d
S t S
S
K t
K
t
= =
+
+


Substrate Removal:

0
0
1
or
1 1
e
e
m d m d
S S
S
K t S K t
= =
+ +
(1)

where S
o
= total influent substrate concentration (BOD
5
, BOD
L
or COD basis)
S
e
= effluent soluble substrate concentration (BOD
5
, BOD
L
or COD basis)
t
d
= aeration period = V/Q (hour or day basis)
K
m
= overall substrate removal rate constant (mg/L BOD removed per mg/LBOD
remaining per day)

The overall substrate removal rate constant, K
m
, can be adjusted for temperature according to the
following equation:

(K
m
)
T
= (K
m
)
20
(1.075
T-20
) where (K
m
)
20
= 15/hr = 360/day


2. Active Mass Accumulation - Mass balance for Ma

Accum = Inputs Outputs Rxns















Qw, Ma
Aeration Tank Secondary
Sed
Q Tank Q-Qw
So V, Ma, Se
(Ma)e
Qr
Unified Model-Sato.wpd

5

( )
( )
Rate of intentionally Rate of change Rate of entering
= -
in active cell active cell
discharging active cell
Rate of discharging Accidentally
-
active cell

(
( (
(
( (


(
(

Rate of synthesis Rate of cell loss due to
+ -
of active cell endogenous respiration
( (
( (



( )( ) 0
growth death
a
w a w a m e b a
e
dM
V Q M Q Q M aK S V k M V
dt
= +


where a = cell yield coefficient (BOD
5
, BOD
L
or COD basis),

mg microbial organic mass synthesized
----------------------------------------------------
mg substrate metabolized

k
b
= endogenous oxidation rate

mg bio-degradable active mass oxidized
---------------------------------------------------------------
mg bio-degradable active mass remaining per day

At steady state, dMa/dt = 0

Assuming the accidental Ma release is negligible: (Q - Q
w
) (Ma)
e
= 0

w a b a m e
Q M k M V aK S V + =

( )
a w b m e
M Q k V aK S V + =

m e m e
a
w
w b
b
aK S V aK S
M
Q
Q k V
k
V
= =
+
+


1
m e
a
b
s
aK S
M
k
t
=
+


Note: Assuming the accidental Ma release is negligible: Q - Q
w
) (M
a
)
e
= 0

( )( )
a
s
w a w a e w
M V V
SRT t
Q M Q Q M Q
= = =
+

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6

Active Mass Accumulation:

1
m e
a
b
s
a K S
M
k
t
=
+
(4)
where
a = cell yield coefficient (BOD
5
, BOD
L
or COD basis),

mg microbial organic mass synthesized
----------------------------------------------------
mg substrate metabolized

k
b
= endogenous oxidation rate

mg bio-degradable active mass oxidized /day
---------------------------------------------------------
mg bio-degradable active mass remaining

The endogenous oxidation rate, k
b
, is a function of both the temperature (T) and the SRT (t
s
),

( )
s
b b
t
T
k k =

The value of k
b
at the design sludge age and temperature can be determined from the k
b
value at T
= 20EC and SRT = 1 day, that is,

1 1
20
( ) 0.48
b
k d

=

To adjust k
b
to a SRT other than 1.0 at 20
o
C

1
20 20
(ln / ln 2)
0.75 ( ) ( ) ( )
s
t
s
b b
t
k k
(
=

(5)

Eq 5 indicates that the rate of endogenous oxidation of the sludge decreases with increasing SRT.

To adjust k
b
to a temperature other than 20
o
C and a SRT other than 1.0, substitute the value from
Eq 5 into Eq 6.

20
20
1.075 ( ) ( ) ( )
s s
t t T
b T b
k k

( =



This question is valid over the range of 5
0
- 35
o
C.

Therefore the active mass accumulation should be a function of both temperature and SRT and Eq
4 can be rewritten as follows:

Unified Model-Sato.wpd

7
1
( )
s
m s
a
t
b T
s
a K S
M
k
t
=
+
(5)


3. Accumulation of influent wastewater suspended solids that are inorganic and non-
biodegradable, M
ii




Qw, Ma
(Mii)'
(Miv)'
Primary Aeration Tank Secondary
Sedimentation Sedimentation
Tank Q Tank Q-Qw
So V Se
M
iv
Ma, (M
ii
)' (M
iv
)'
M
ii
(M
ii
)e
(M
iv
)e
Qr



Mass Balance on M
ii


Accum = Inputs - Outputs " Rxns

( )
( ) ( )( )
'
'
ii
ii w ii w ii
e
d M
V QM Q M Q Q M
dt
=

Assume ( )( )
w ii
e
Q Q M is negligible

At steady state, d(M
ii
) /dt =0

( )
'
w ii ii
Q M QM =

( )
'
s
ii ii ii
w d
Q t
M M M
Q t
= =



Unified Model-Sato.wpd

8
Accumulation of the influent wastewater suspended solids that are organic and non-
biodegradable, M
iv



Similarly
( )
'
s
iv iv
d
t
M M
t
=


Note: Assumed ( )( )
w ii
e
Q Q M is negligible

( ) ( )
d
ii
s
ii w ii w
e
V
t Q
M V
t
M Q M Q Q
=
+


( ) ( )
d
ii
s
ii w ii w
e
V
t Q
M V
t
M Q M Q Q
=
+


d w
ii
s
ii w
V
t Q Q
M V
t Q
M Q
= =

d w
s
t Q
t Q
=

Further
( )
d
w
s s s
V
Q
Q Q t V
Q
t t t
= = =
w s
V Q t =
s
w
V
t
Q
=

Unified Model-Sato.wpd

9

4. Endogenous Mass Accumulation: - non biodegradable organic residue

In activated sludge systems, a non-biodegradable organic residue of cellular metabolism is
assumed to accumulate at the same rate as the rate of endogenous oxidation (k
b
). This is
expressed as
( )( ) ( )( ) 1.0
ts
e d b a s
T
M f k M t = (8)

where f
d
= biodegradable organic fraction of the active mass - mg biodegradable organic mass
per mg active mass
f
d
= 0.76 mg biodegradable organic mass / mg active mass
f
nd
= (1.0 - f
d
) = the non-biodegradable organic fraction of the active mass.


5. Non-biodegradable Inorganic Mass Accumulation:

The accumulation of non-biodegradable inorganic mass results from:

a) entrapment of influent wastewater inorganic suspended solids, ISS
o
, within the
treatment system.
b) buildup of inorganic and products of endogenous oxidation.

This accumulation will be designated as M
Ti
and can be determined from Eq 9.

M
Ti
= M
ii
+ M
i


( ) ( )( )
s
Ti ii ndi a e i
d
t
M M f M M M
t
| |
= + + +
|
\
(9)
Entrapment of
influent

( )
s
Ti ii i
d
t
M M M
t
| |
= +
|
\


where M
Ti
= non-biodegradable, inorganic suspended solids concentration (mg ISS/l)
M
ii
= non-biodegradable, inorganic suspended solids concentration in influent wastewater
(mg ISS
o
/l)
f
ndi
= non-biodegradable, inorganic fraction of the microbial mass
f
ndi
= 0.1

Unified Model-Sato.wpd

10

MLSS

The total mass under aeration is the sum of the components

T a e i iv ii
s s
a e i iv ii
d d
M = MLSS = M + M + M + M ' + M '
t t
= M + M + M + M + M
t t
| | | |
| |
\ \

( )
s
T a e i iv ii
d
t
MLSS M M M M M M
t
| |
= = + + + +
|
\
(2)

The true organic biomass = M
a
+ M
e
(3)

If the influent wastewater contains non-biodegradable suspended organic matter (M
iv
), it will
accumulate in the aeration basin as MLVSS.


MLVSS
Under these conditions the actual MLVSS under aeration is composed of

s
a e iv
d
t
MLVSS M M M
t
| |
= + +
|
\


where t
s
= sludge age or SRT, days

In domestic sewage approximately 10-30% of the influent volatile suspended solids concentration
is non-biodegradable. Industrial wastes may range from 0-100% non-biodegradable suspended
solids.

Unified Model-Sato.wpd

11

=====

(ME 4
th
, p. 593)

The total MLVSS in the aeration tank equals the biomass concentration X plus the nbVSS
concentration, Xi:

X
T
= X + X
i


where X
T
= total MLVSS
X = bVSS concentration in aeration tank, g/m
3

X
i
= nbVSS concentration in aeration tank, g/m
3


Qw, X
i
Aeration Tank Secondary
Sedimentation S, X
i,e
Q, X
o,i
Tank Q-Qw
V, X
i
Qr, X
i,r

( )
, , ,
i
o i i w i e w x i
dX
V QX X Q X Q Q r V
dt
= +

s c
w
V
t
Q
= = or
w
c
V
Q

= and
i w
X Q >> ( )
, i e w
X Q Q

, ,
i i
o i x i
c
dX X V
V QX r V
dt
= + (7-47; ME 4
th
, p. 593)

where X
o,i
= nbVSS concentrations in influent, g/m
3

X
i
= nbVSS concentration in aeration tank, g/m
3

r
X,i
= rate of nbVSS production from cell debris, g/m
3
.d

At steady state (dX
i
/dt = 0) and substituting Eq. (7-25) for r
X,i
in Eq. (7-47) yields

,
0
i
o i d d
c
X V
QX f k XV

= + (7-25; ME 4
th
, p. 586)


Unified Model-Sato.wpd

12

where r
xd
= k
d
f
d
X
r
xd
= rate of cell debris production, g VSS/m
3
.d
k
d
= endogenous decay rate constant, d
-1
f
d
= fraction of biomass that remains as cell debris = 0.10 0.15 gVSS/g VSS
X = bVSS concentration in aeration tank, g/m
3


,
,
i
o i d d
c
i o i c d d c
X V
QX f k XV
X V QX f k XV

= +
= +


,
,
i o i c d d c
c
i o i d d c
Q
X X f k X
V
X X f k X

= +
= +
(7-49)

Combining Eq. (7-43) and Eq. (7-49) for X and Xi produces the following equation that can be
used to determine the total MLVSS concentration:

X
T
= X + X
i


( )
[ ] [ ]
,
1
Heteotrophic Nonbiodegradable
MLVSS = + Cell debris +
biomass VSS in influent
o
c c
T d d c o i
d c
Y S S
X f k X X
k

= + +
+
( (
( (

(7-50)


(ME 4
th
, p 592-593) Solid production

,
T
X VSS T W
c
X V
P X Q

= = (7-45)

where P
X,VSS
= total solids wasted daily, gVSS/d
X
T
= total MLVSS in aeration tank, gVSS/m
3

V = volume of reactor, m
3


c
= solid retention time, d


By substituting Eq. (7-50) for X
T
in Eq. (7-45), the amount of VSS produced and wasted daily is
determined as follows:

Unified Model-Sato.wpd

13
( )
, ,
1
o
T c c
X VSS d d c o i
c d c c
Y S S
X V V
P f k X X
k

(
= = + +
(
+



Replacing with V/Q yields

( )
, ,
1
o
c c
X VSS d d c o i
d c c
Y S S Q
Q V
P f k X X
V k V

(
= + +
(
+



( )
, ,
1
o
X VSS d d o i
d c
Y S S Q
P f k XV QX
k
(
= + +
(
+

(7-51)

Equation (7-43) is substituted for the biomass (X) in Eq. (7-51) to show the daily VSS production
rate in terms of the substrate removed, influent nbVSS, and kinetic coefficients as follows:

Substituting
( )
1
o
c
d c
Y S S
X
k

=
+
and V = Q gives

( ) ( )
, ,
1 1
o o
c
X VSS d d o i
d c d c
Y S S Q Y S S
P f k Q QX
k k

(
= + +
(
+ +



( ) ( )
[ ]
, ,
1 1
A B C
Heterotrophic Nonbiodegradable
Cell debris
biomass VSS in influe
o c o
X VSS d d o i
d c d c
Y S S Q Y S S Q
P f k QX
k k

(
= + +
(
+ +

(
(

nt
(
(

(7-52, ME 4
th
, p 594)
From Eq. 8-16, P
x, TSS
is

,
0.85 0.85
x TSS
A B
P C E = + + +

E = inert TSS in influent
( )
o o
E Q TSS VSS =
where
TSS
o
= influent wastewater TSS, mg/L
VSS
o
= influent wastewater VSS, mg/L


======



Unified Model-Sato.wpd

14

6. Volatile Fraction of Aeration Basin Mixed Liquor

Fraction of volatile = (M
T
- M
Ti
) /M
T
(10)


7. Effluent Oxygen Demand

In calculating the effluent BOD concentration close attention should be paid to the method
of expressing the results. Possible methods are:

a) BOD
5
basis
b) BOD
L
basis
c) TOD basis or [BOD
L
= (TKN)(4.6)]

Regardless of the basis of expression of final values, it must be compatible with the other design
equations and their constraints. For example, if the effluent BOD
L
is required, then "S
o
in
equation 1 and "a" in Eq 7 must be based on ultimate BOD removal.


The effluent BOD results from two sources:

a) unmetabolized influent BOD as determined by Eq 1.
b) respiring organisms present in the effluent suspended solids (SS
e
).

The effluent BOD is computed from the sum of the unmetabolized BOD and the oxygen
equivalence of the protoplasm oxidized during the BOD test period of 5 or 20 days.

Therefore for a BOD
5
basis

(BOD
5
) eff = Soluble BOD
5
+ Solid BOD
5


Noting that BOD
5
is given by
( )
( )
5
5
1
b
k
L
BOD BOD e =
Thus

( ) 5
5
1
b
k
L
BOD
e
BOD
= (11)
Unified Model-Sato.wpd

15
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5
5
1.0 "
---------------
Ma in SSe

b
k
a
e d e
e
T
M
BOD S e b f SS
M

| |
= +
|
\
---------------------
Biodegradable portion of SSe, VSS
--
L
5
-----------------------
BOD of SSe
------------------------------------------
BOD of SSe

5
--------------------------------------------------------
Total BOD in effluent


where (BOD
5
)
e
= measured BOD
5
in effluent from final clarifier.
S
e
= measured soluble BOD
5
in effluent from final clarifier
b" = oxygen equivalent of degradable biomass (C
5
H
7
O
2
N) = 1.42 mg O
2
/mg VSS
k
b
= value from equation 6
t = duration of BOD incubation, 5 or 20 days
M
a
= value from equation 7 (mg/l)
M
T
= value from equation 2 (mg/l), MLSS
SS
e
= measured suspended solids concentration in effluent from final clarifier (mg/l)
f
d
= biodegradable organic fraction of the active mass

= 0.76 /
mg bio degradable organic mass
day
mg active mass
| |
|
\


At t , the above eqn becomes
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1.0 "
a
L e d e
e
T
M
BOD S b f SS
M
| |
= +
|
\
(12)

where b = 1.42 mg O
2
/mg VSS

The effluent BOD
L
is calculated by this equation.


8. Oxygen Uptake Rate, R
r


If all design calculations have been based on BOD
5
values then the oxygen utilization rate, R
r
,
is

Rr = (Rate of O
2
utilization via oxidation of substrate, BOD
5
) + (Rate of O
2
utilization via
oxidation of dead biomass)

Unified Model-Sato.wpd

16
( )
( )
( )( )( )( )
'
"
o e
r b d a
d
s
a S S
R b k f M
t
(

(
( = +

(


\----------\
Biodegradable of biomass
\----------------\
Rate of death of bacteria
\-----------------------\
BOD
L
from dead bacteria

\------------------\ \ Rate of O
2
utilization via oxidation of dead biomass
Rate of O
2
utilization !! Why not there is Me here? Because Me is non-biodegradable !!
via oxidation of substrate,
BOD
5



where R
r
= oxygen uptake rate of the mixed liquor (mg/l per hr or day)
a
5
' = oxygen demand rate for synthesis on BOD
5
basis (mg O
2
used/mg BOD
5
removed)
b" = oxygen equivalent of degradable biomass (C
5
H
7
O
2
N) = 1.42 mg O
2
/mg VSS


If all design calculations have been based on BOD
L
values then the oxygen utilization rate is

( )
( ) "
o e
a e
r
d s
S S
M M
R b
t t
( ( +
=
( (

(14)


Equation 14 can be used for BOD
5
data if the BOD removal rate constants, K
o
and K
e
, for the
influent and effluent respectively are known.


9. Oxygen Requirement

The total oxygen requirement is composed of

a) oxygen for BOD removal
b) oxygen for nitrification

The oxygen required for BOD removal is determined from equation 15.

W
B
= (R
r
) (t
d
) ( Q
o
) (8.34) = rV (15)

where W
B
= O
2
required for BOD removal (#/day)
Q
o
= influent volumetric flow rate (MGD)

If oxygen is needed for nitrification then

Unified Model-Sato.wpd

17
W
N
= (4.6) (TKN)(8.34)(Q
o
)

where TKN = TKN that is converted to nitrate (mg/l); Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)
W
N
= O
2
required for nitrification (#/day)

and the total oxygen demand of the process is

W
T
= W
N
+ W
B
(16)

where W
T
= total oxygen requirement.


10. Sludge Wasting Rate, M
w


Solids are lost intentionally by wasting sludge from the final clarifier underflow and
unintentionally by the effluent suspended solids (SS
e
).


( )( ) ( )( ) [ ]
( )
1.0
8.34
w T d s o
d
T
s
M M t t SSe Q
ts
t
M SSe
t
| |
( =
|

\
| |
= =
|
\
(17)

where M
w
= sludge wasting rate (#MLSS/day)

w
w T
Q
M M SS
Q
| |
=
|
\


11. Sludge Recycle Ratio

Equation 18 for the sludge recycle ratio, R, assumes that

a) sludge wasting is continuous at a mass wasting rate, M
w
.
b) sludge is wasted from the recycle line at the clarifier underflow solids concentration of
C
u
.
c ) the suspended solids concentration in the clarifier underflow is

C
u
= (10
6
)/(SVI).

Note:

( / ) 1000
( / | )
Sludge volume after settling mL L mg mL
SVI
MLSS mg L g g
| |
= =
|
\


Unified Model-Sato.wpd

18
1000 1000
u
g mL mg mg
C
mL L g L
| |
| || |
= =
| | |
\ \
\

R = [(M
w
- (8.34)(Q
o
)(MLSS))/(8.34 Q
o
)][(SVI)/((MLSS)(SVI) - 10
6
)] (18)

where R = recycle ratio = Q
R
/Q
o
(MGD/MGD)
M
w
= sludge wasting rate (#MLSS/day)
SVI = sludge volume index of the MLSS in the aeration basin (ml/gm)


12. Volume of Air Required

Sufficient oxygen must be supplied to the aeration basin to meet the microbial
requirements for nitrification and BOD removal. This has been determined from Eq 16.

Since equipment manufacturers rate aeration devices using tap water at standard
conditions, the "rated" performance of an aerator must be converted to actual process conditions.
This is accomplished by application of temperature corrections and by factors designated " and $
which relate waste characteristics to tap water characteristics. Thus, the actual amount of oxygen
required under process conditions (W
T
) can be related to the amount transferred under standard
test conditions (W
o
) by equation 19.


20
( )
9.2
T s l
T o
C C
W W



| |
=
|
\
(19)

where
W
T
= mass transfer rate of oxygen at process conditions (#/day)
W
o
= mass transfer rate of oxygen at standard conditions, i.e., T = 20
o
C, tap water (#/day)
= 1.024
" = (K
L
a)
waste
/(K
L
a)
water

$ = (DO sat)
waste
/(DO sat)
water
at process temperature
T = process temperature (
o
C)
C
s
= (D.O sat)
water
at T (mg/L)
C
i
= mixed liquor D.O. concentration (mg/l)

W
o
is converted to a volumetric air flow rate for diffused aeration by Eq 20.


( )
100 1 1 100
23 0.075 1440
A o
w Q W
eff
| |
| || || |
= =
| | | |
\ \ \
\
(20)

where
eff = rated oxygen transfer efficiency of the aerator at standard conditions (%)
Q
A
= air flow rate required to transfer W
o
at standard conditions (scfm)
Unified Model-Sato.wpd

19

These equations assume that air contains 23% oxygen (w/w) and has a density of 0.075#/c.f.