Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

Acoustics I: sound eld calculations

Kurt Heutschi 2013-01-25

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

introduction

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

introduction
sound eld calculations: calculation of a situation specic location- and time dependency of sound eld variable (often p ) conditions for a valid solution:
fulllment of the wave equation or Helmholtz equation fulllment of the boundary conditions:
sources boundaries (borders of space)

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

analytical solutions only for special cases often simplications and approximations numerical solutions for the general case:
nite elements boundary elements time domain methods such as FDTD

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

Kirchho - Helmholtz integral

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

Kirchho - Helmholtz integral

Greens theorem: Helmholtz equation Kirchho - Helmholtz integral:

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

p (x , y , z , ) = e j r /c e j r /c 1 j 0 v S ( ) +p S ( ) = 4 r n r
S

dS

acoustical holography back

S : closed surface v S : sound particle velocity on and normal to S p S : sound pressure on S r : distance of the surface point to the receiver point (x , y , z )

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

Kirchho - Helmholtz integral

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

Kirchho-Helmholtz integral KHI is valid:

in the interior of S in the exterior of S on the surface S with a correction factor of 2

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

Kirchho-Helmholtz integral wave eld synthesis

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

Boundary Elements Method

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

Boundary Elements Method

typical radiation problem:

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

surface velocity is given as boundary condition search for sound pressure in the surroundings solution with the Boundary Elements Method:
discretisation of the radiator surface in n elements with KHI: p S ,i = n pS ,j , v S ,j ) j =1 f ( solve the system of equations with n unknowns p S ,i calculate sound pressure at any point with the KHI

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

Rayleigh Integral

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Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

Rayleigh Integral
radiation of an oscillating piston Kirchho-Helmholtz Integral special case: oscillating piston mounted in a hard wall
wall introduces boundary condition: vn = 0

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

Rayleigh Integral
replace the eect of the wall by a mirror source oscillating piston pulsating piston

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

Rayleigh Integral
evaluation of the Kirchho Helmholtz Integral:

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

p (x , y , z , ) = 1 e j r /c e j r /c = j 0 v S ( ) +p S ( ) 4 r n r
S

dS

acoustical holography back

contribution of sound pressure = 0!

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

Rayleigh Integral

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

Kirchho Helmholtz Integral simplies to the Rayleigh Integral: p (x , y , z , ) = j 0 2

S

v n (x , y , )

e jkr dS r

acoustical holography back

S: visible piston surface (front) vn : piston velocity

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

Kirchhos approximations

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

Kirchhos approximations: diraction problems

screen with opening:
plane wave hits the opening in a hard screen sound pressure eld behind the screen?

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

Kirchhos approximations: diraction problems

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

solution: application of the Rayleigh Integral

necessary: sound particle velocity in the opening Kirchhos approximation:
assume sound particle velocity as if no screen were present ignore boundaries error decreases with decreasing ratio wavelength / diameter

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

Kirchhos approximations: diraction problems

example: sound eld of a plane wave behind an opening of 25 cm diameter

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

sound eld behind opening with Kirchhos aproximation

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

Kirchhos approximations: diraction problems

Rayleigh Integral: p (x , y , z , ) = j 0 2
S

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

v n (x , y , )

e jkr dS r

acoustical holography back

approximation with Fresnel zones for receivers not too close:

ignore small changes of r distinguish phase in classes + (0 degrees) and (180 degrees) only corresponding regions in the opening: Fresnel zones

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

Kirchhos approximations: diraction problems

Fresnel zones in case of circular opening:

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

Kirchhos approximations: diraction problems

A1 A2 A3 A4 + ... r1 r2 r3 r4 Ai : area of the i -th Fresnel zone ri : average distance to the i -th Fresnel zone p for large openings: p A1 2r1

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

if opening = 1. Fresnel zone amplication of +6 dB re. free eld

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

Fresnel zones for reection problems

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

reection at inhomogeneous or nite surfaces:

half of the 1. Fresnel zone denes the relevant region on a reector concept allows for the estimation of situations with:
small reectors F (pre inhomogeneous reectors
2F A1 pre )

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

nite elements

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

nite elements

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

common method to solve dierential equations by discretization of the eld volume well suited for:
bounded eld regions such as vehicle interiors coupled structure/uid systems, e.g. simulation of airborne sound insulation in the laboratory simulation of inhomogeneous properties of the medium (c , density)

acoustical holography back

not well suited for:

radiation in unbounded space

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

nite elements
starting point: Helmholtz equation with given boundary conditions on the surface S approach: approximative solution for the sound eld p by residues: measurement of the quality of p
RV deviation of the Helmholtz equation in the simulation volume RS deviation of boundary conditions on the surface of S

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

solution requirement:
V

WRV dV +
S

WRS dS = 0

W : suitable weighting function

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

nite elements
discretization of the eld volume in nite elements establish one equation per element and node Assembly of the system of equations solve the system of equation for each frequency of interest

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

FDTD: nite dierences in the time domain

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

nite di. in the time domain (FDTD)

standard method to nd solutions of dierential equations numerically usage of the fundamental acoustical partial dierential equations in the time domain:
v grad (p ) = t p t = P0 div(v )

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

strategy:
discretization in space and time replacement of derivatives by dierences of neighbor points (space and time)
updating equations in time

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

nite di. in the time domain (FDTD)

2D-formulation:

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

p new

new old vx = vx (pright pleft ) old = p (vx right vx left ) (vy top vy bottom )

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

nite di. in the time domain (FDTD)

typical calculation:
impulse-like pressure distribution as starting condition time-stepwise updating of the eld variables at the grid points

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

advantage: no system of equation that has to be solved, impulse response as a result contains information about all frequencies disadvantage: implementation of boundary conditions is not straight forward

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

nite di. in the time domain (FDTD)

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

computational eort:
2D-simulation of a region of 200 m 40 m fmax = 2 kHz discretization in space: 0.02 m mesh size 10000 2000 = 20106 grid points calculation time a few hours

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

2-/3-D simulations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

mapping of 3-dimensional geometries onto 2 independent coordinates:

translation invariant situation rotation invariant situation

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

2-/3-D simulations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

2-/3-D simulations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

translation invariant situation

cartesian coordinate system situation geometry does not change in y -direction all derivatives of the sound eld equations in y -direction are set to 0 simulated source = coherent line source with extension in y -direction coherent - incoherent line source??

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

2-/3-D simulations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

rotation invariant situation

cylindrical coordinate system situation geometry does not change with angle all derivatives of the sound eld equations in -direction are set to 0 simulated source = point source in the origin caution: reections lead to focusing eects at the source position only strictly propagating waves allowed

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

nite di. in the time domain (FDTD)

example: road trac situation

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

road trac noise situation

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

nite di. in the time domain (FDTD)

example: Dreirosenbr ucke, sound radiation through 50 cm wide slits

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

nite di. in the time domain (FDTD)

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

Dreirosenbr ucke

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

nite di. in the time domain (FDTD)

example: Hardbr ucke, eect of absorbing layer at the bottom of bridge

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

nite di. in the time domain (FDTD)

reecting bridge:

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

Hardbr ucke - reecting

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

nite di. in the time domain (FDTD)

absorbing bridge:

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

Hardbr ucke - absorbing

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

nite di. in the time domain (FDTD)

example: railway line cutting

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

nite di. in the time domain (FDTD)

example: railway line cutting

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

E-Einschnitt-KB4KH8KW0KA0GL2

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

acoustical holography
Kirchho-Helmholtz integral is valid for all kind of surfaces

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

p (x , y , z , ) = 1 e j r /c e j r /c = j 0 v S ( ) +p S ( ) 4 r n r
S

dS

further simplications are possible for special surfaces

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

acoustical holography
for a plane S that closes in innity

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

sound pressure in the right half space is given as: j kr e jkr dS r

p (x , y , z , ) = j
S

p S ( ) cos 1

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

acoustical holography
equation from above describes p in 3D-space by a p representation on a 2D-plane principle of holography holography in practical applications:
simultaneous determination of sound pressure distribution (amplitude and phase) at discrete grid points on a suitable plane usage of microphone arrays sequential sampling by using a xed reference (phase) complete information about the 3D eld

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

acoustical holography back

Acoustics: Sound Field Calculations

introduction Kirchho Helmholtz integral

Boundary Elements Method Rayleigh Integral Kirchhos approximations

nite elements FDTD

example: road trac situation example: Dreirosenbr ucke Hardbr ucke example: railway line cutting

eth-acoustics-1

acoustical holography back