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introduction
introduction
sound eld calculations: calculation of a situation specic location- and time dependency of sound eld variable (often p ) conditions for a valid solution:
fulllment of the wave equation or Helmholtz equation fulllment of the boundary conditions:
sources boundaries (borders of space)
analytical solutions only for special cases often simplications and approximations numerical solutions for the general case:
nite elements boundary elements time domain methods such as FDTD
p (x , y , z , ) = e j r /c e j r /c 1 j 0 v S ( ) +p S ( ) = 4 r n r
S
dS
S : closed surface v S : sound particle velocity on and normal to S p S : sound pressure on S r : distance of the surface point to the receiver point (x , y , z )
surface velocity is given as boundary condition search for sound pressure in the surroundings solution with the Boundary Elements Method:
discretisation of the radiator surface in n elements with KHI: p S ,i = n pS ,j , v S ,j ) j =1 f ( solve the system of equations with n unknowns p S ,i calculate sound pressure at any point with the KHI
Rayleigh Integral
Rayleigh Integral
radiation of an oscillating piston Kirchho-Helmholtz Integral special case: oscillating piston mounted in a hard wall
wall introduces boundary condition: vn = 0
Rayleigh Integral
replace the eect of the wall by a mirror source oscillating piston pulsating piston
Rayleigh Integral
evaluation of the Kirchho Helmholtz Integral:
p (x , y , z , ) = 1 e j r /c e j r /c = j 0 v S ( ) +p S ( ) 4 r n r
S
dS
Rayleigh Integral
v n (x , y , )
e jkr dS r
Kirchhos approximations
v n (x , y , )
e jkr dS r
nite elements
nite elements
common method to solve dierential equations by discretization of the eld volume well suited for:
bounded eld regions such as vehicle interiors coupled structure/uid systems, e.g. simulation of airborne sound insulation in the laboratory simulation of inhomogeneous properties of the medium (c , density)
nite elements
starting point: Helmholtz equation with given boundary conditions on the surface S approach: approximative solution for the sound eld p by residues: measurement of the quality of p
RV deviation of the Helmholtz equation in the simulation volume RS deviation of boundary conditions on the surface of S
solution requirement:
V
WRV dV +
S
WRS dS = 0
nite elements
discretization of the eld volume in nite elements establish one equation per element and node Assembly of the system of equations solve the system of equation for each frequency of interest
strategy:
discretization in space and time replacement of derivatives by dierences of neighbor points (space and time)
updating equations in time
p new
new old vx = vx (pright pleft ) old = p (vx right vx left ) (vy top vy bottom )
advantage: no system of equation that has to be solved, impulse response as a result contains information about all frequencies disadvantage: implementation of boundary conditions is not straight forward
computational eort:
2D-simulation of a region of 200 m 40 m fmax = 2 kHz discretization in space: 0.02 m mesh size 10000 2000 = 20106 grid points calculation time a few hours
2-/3-D simulations
2-/3-D simulations
2-/3-D simulations
2-/3-D simulations
Dreirosenbr ucke
E-Einschnitt-KB4KH8KW0KA0GL2
acoustical holography
acoustical holography
Kirchho-Helmholtz integral is valid for all kind of surfaces
p (x , y , z , ) = 1 e j r /c e j r /c = j 0 v S ( ) +p S ( ) 4 r n r
S
dS
acoustical holography
for a plane S that closes in innity
p (x , y , z , ) = j
S
p S ( ) cos 1
acoustical holography
equation from above describes p in 3D-space by a p representation on a 2D-plane principle of holography holography in practical applications:
simultaneous determination of sound pressure distribution (amplitude and phase) at discrete grid points on a suitable plane usage of microphone arrays sequential sampling by using a xed reference (phase) complete information about the 3D eld
eth-acoustics-1