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The diagram shows a cross-section through a yield surface in principal stress space. The cross-section is taken perpendicular to the space-diagonal ! I = ! II = ! III on the
! -plane ! I + ! II + ! III = 3 p where p is the mean stress. The size and shape of the
cross-section may vary with p . In the case of a frictional material with no cohesion, the size of the cross-section is proportional to p . This is the cohesionless MohrCoulomb yield criterion. The shape of the yield surface is given by the radius R , measured perpendicular to the space diagonal. R is a function of p and the angle ! . For an isotropic material the yield surface must be symmetrical about three planes. If i , j and k are unit vectors in the direction of increasing ! I , ! II and ! III ,
! Ii + ! II j + ! IIIk = p ( i + j + k ) +
!I = p "
R sin ! =
and
R cos ! =
Therefore
R2 =
1 (! I " ! II )2 + (! II " ! III )2 + (! III " ! I )2 3 1 2 2 = 2 ! I2 + ! II + ! III " 2 (! I! II + ! II! III + ! III! I ) 3 1 2 2 2 2 = ! I2 + ! II + ! III " ! I2 + ! II + ! III + 2 (! I! II + ! II! III + ! III! I ) 3 2 2 = ! I2 + ! II + ! III " 3 p2
((
((
2 2 = ! I2 + ! II + ! III + 3 p2 " 6 p2
3 p = ! I + ! II + ! III = ! ii ,
)(
) (
)(
)(
)(
! ij = 0 if i " j
to give
1 j k i i ! i " p# ij ! k !k " p# k j " p# j 3 1 3 3 3 = ($ I " p ) + ($ II " p ) + ($ III " p ) 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 1 % $ I " 3$ I p + 3$ I p " p + $ II " 3$ II p + 3$ II p " p ( = ' * 3 2 2 3 * 3' & + $ III " 3$ III p + 3$ III p " p )
)(
)(
) ( )
%$ ( ( ( 2 % $ II 2 % $ III = $ I2 ' I " p * + $ II " p * + $ III " p * + ($ I + $ II + $ III ) p 2 " p 3 ' ' & 3 ) & 3 ) & 3 ) % $ + $ III ( 2 % $ III + $ I ( 2 % $ I + $ II ( = "$ I2 ' II " $ II " $ III + ($ I + $ II + $ III ) p 2 " p 3 * ' * ' * & ) & & 3 3 ) 3 ) 1 ($ I$ II + $ II$ III + $ III$ I )($ I + $ II + $ III ) + ($ I + $ II + $ III ) p 2 " p 3 3 = $ I$ II$ III " ($ I$ II + $ II$ III + $ III$ I ) p + ($ I + $ II + $ III ) p 2 " p 3 = $ I$ II$ III " = ($ I " p ) ($ II " p ) ($ III " p )
Stress invariants
The three stress invariants can be written in a number of different ways, for example,
( )
In Cartesian coordinates,
I1 = ! x + ! y + ! z I2 =
2 1 2 2 2 2 2 !x + !y + !z " !x + !y + ! z2 + 2# xy + 2# yz + 2# zx 2 2 2 2 = ! x! y + ! y! z + ! z! x " # xy + # yz + # zx
((
) (
))
!x
I 3 = # yx
# xy # xz ! y # yz # zy !z
# zx