You are on page 1of 4

1

Yield criteria for an isotropic material

The diagram shows a cross-section through a yield surface in principal stress space. The cross-section is taken perpendicular to the space-diagonal ! I = ! II = ! III on the

! -plane ! I + ! II + ! III = 3 p where p is the mean stress. The size and shape of the
cross-section may vary with p . In the case of a frictional material with no cohesion, the size of the cross-section is proportional to p . This is the cohesionless MohrCoulomb yield criterion. The shape of the yield surface is given by the radius R , measured perpendicular to the space diagonal. R is a function of p and the angle ! . For an isotropic material the yield surface must be symmetrical about three planes. If i , j and k are unit vectors in the direction of increasing ! I , ! II and ! III ,

! Ii + ! II j + ! IIIk = p ( i + j + k ) +

R cos " R sin " ( # i # j + 2k ) + ( i # j) so that 2 3 2

R cos # R sin # + 2 3 2 R cos # R sin # ! II = p " " 2 3 2 2 R cos # ! III = p + 2 3

!I = p "

R sin ! =
and

1 ((" I # p ) # (" II # p )) 2 3 (" III # p ) 2

R cos ! =

Therefore

(! I " ! II )2 + (! II " ! III )2 + (! III " ! I )2 =


$ 3R cos # R sin # ' $ 3R cos # R sin # ' 2 R sin # + & " " +& " = 3R 2 ) ) 2 2 ( % 2 2 ( %
2 2 2 2

which can also be written as

R2 =

1 (! I " ! II )2 + (! II " ! III )2 + (! III " ! I )2 3 1 2 2 = 2 ! I2 + ! II + ! III " 2 (! I! II + ! II! III + ! III! I ) 3 1 2 2 2 2 = ! I2 + ! II + ! III " ! I2 + ! II + ! III + 2 (! I! II + ! II! III + ! III! I ) 3 2 2 = ! I2 + ! II + ! III " 3 p2

((

((

2 2 = ! I2 + ! II + ! III + 3 p2 " 6 p2

2 2 = ! I2 + ! II + ! III + 3 p 2 " 2 (! I + ! II + ! III ) p

= (! I " p ) + (! II " p ) + (! III " p )


2 2

The relationship between the principal stresses and ! is

(! I " p )(! II " p )(! III " p )


$ R cos # R sin # ' $ R cos # R sin # ' $ 2 R cos # ' = &" + " ) &" )& ) % 2 3 2 (% 2 3 2 (% 2 3 ( 2 R2 R cos # cos 2 # " 3sin 2 # 6 3 R3 = cos 3 # " 3cos # sin 2 # 3 2 3 R3 R3 3 = * ( cos # + i sin # ) = * ( cos 3# + i sin 3# ) 3 2 3 3 2 3 R3 = cos 3# 3 2 3 =

3 In terms of the stress components ! ij the relationships

3 p = ! I + ! II + ! III = ! ii ,

R 2 = (! I " p ) + (! II " p ) + (! III " p )


2 2

= ! ij " pgij ! ij " pg ij = ! ij " p# ij ! ij " p# ij


and

)(

) (

)(

R3 1 k i i cos 3! = (" I # p ) (" II # p ) (" III # p ) = $ ij # p% ij $ k $k # p% k . j # p% j 3 3 2 3

)(

)(

The last result can be demonstrated by setting


1 !1 = !I 2 !2 = ! II 3 !3 = ! III

! ij = 0 if i " j
to give

1 j k i i ! i " p# ij ! k !k " p# k j " p# j 3 1 3 3 3 = ($ I " p ) + ($ II " p ) + ($ III " p ) 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 1 % $ I " 3$ I p + 3$ I p " p + $ II " 3$ II p + 3$ II p " p ( = ' * 3 2 2 3 * 3' & + $ III " 3$ III p + 3$ III p " p )

)(

)(

) ( )

%$ ( ( ( 2 % $ II 2 % $ III = $ I2 ' I " p * + $ II " p * + $ III " p * + ($ I + $ II + $ III ) p 2 " p 3 ' ' & 3 ) & 3 ) & 3 ) % $ + $ III ( 2 % $ III + $ I ( 2 % $ I + $ II ( = "$ I2 ' II " $ II " $ III + ($ I + $ II + $ III ) p 2 " p 3 * ' * ' * & ) & & 3 3 ) 3 ) 1 ($ I$ II + $ II$ III + $ III$ I )($ I + $ II + $ III ) + ($ I + $ II + $ III ) p 2 " p 3 3 = $ I$ II$ III " ($ I$ II + $ II$ III + $ III$ I ) p + ($ I + $ II + $ III ) p 2 " p 3 = $ I$ II$ III " = ($ I " p ) ($ II " p ) ($ III " p )

Stress invariants
The three stress invariants can be written in a number of different ways, for example,

I1 = ! ii 1 I 2 = ! ii! jj " ! ij! ij . 2 1 r j I 3 = # ijk # pqr! ip! q j ! k = det ! i 6

( )

In Cartesian coordinates,

I1 = ! x + ! y + ! z I2 =
2 1 2 2 2 2 2 !x + !y + !z " !x + !y + ! z2 + 2# xy + 2# yz + 2# zx 2 2 2 2 = ! x! y + ! y! z + ! z! x " # xy + # yz + # zx

((

) (

))

!x
I 3 = # yx

# xy # xz ! y # yz # zy !z

# zx

= ! x ! y! z " # yz# zy + # xy # yz# zx " # yx! z + # xz # yx# zy " ! y# zx


2 2 2 = ! x! y! z " ! x# yz " ! y# zx " ! z# xy + 2# xy# yz# zx

Thus in terms of principal stresses,

I1 = ! I + ! II + ! III I 2 = ! I! II + ! II! III + ! III! I . I 3 = ! I! II! III


Chris Williams

You might also like