INNOVATIONS IN POLICE STRATEGY Problem OrIented POLICING Community Problem Oriented Policing Why community policing and problem

oriented policing originated? 1. Legitimacy problem o Police were isolated and alineated from the community, specifically from the ethnic minority populations. 2. Ability of police powers o Traditional policing bankrupted! 3. Complex police role o Most police work involved order maintenance and service activities. 4. Citizens influence o Citizens are important as coproducers of police services. Crime Prevention (obrazki i mapki) Problem Oriented Policing We should think the police as a government agency providing a wide range of miscellaneous services. Herman Goldstein o Police are PRISONERS of 911 system. o It forces the police into a REACTIVE role: devoting most of their resources to responding to calls for service. This reactive role means that the police think in terms of ISOLATED INCIDENTS (calls). o This prevents any SERIOUS PLANNING with respect to underlying problems. Problem-oriented policing is an approach to policing in which discrete pieces of police business (each consisting of a cluster of similar incidents, whether crime or acts of disorder, that the police are expected to handle) are subject to microscopic examination (drawing on the especially honed skills of crime analysts and the accumulated experience of operating field personnel) in hopes that what is freshly learned about each problem will lead to discovering a new and more effective strategy for dealing with it. Problem-oriented policing places a high value on new responses that are preventive in nature, that are not dependent on the use of the criminal justice system, and that engage other public agencies, the community and the private sector when their involvement has the potential for significantly contributing to the reduction of the problem. 1970s Research Findings Police deal with a range of community problems, many of which are not strictly criminal in nature. Arrest and prosecution alonethe traditional functions of the criminal justice systemdo not always effectively resolve problems. Giving the officers, who have great insight into community problems, the discretion to design solutions is extremely valuable to solving the problems. Police can use a variety of methods to redress recurrent problems. The community values police involvement in non-criminal problems and recognizes the contribution the police can make to solving these problems.

The Problem-Solving Process SARA Model Scanning for specific relations in criminal behavior or social problems to discover correlations with other deviant activities. Analysis of collected information from public and private sources. Response by developing and implementing solutions. Assessment of the results of officers efforts. Problem Oriented Policing Scanning Officers can look for and identify possible problems in their beat. Examine calls for service and complaints to identify potential problems. Consultation with residents living in the officers area of responsibility. 1. 2. 3. Analysis Collect information and analyze it. Focus on 3 categories of problem characteristics: Actors (victims, offenders, third parties), Incidents (physical setting, social context, sequence of events), and Past responses (by the community and its institution).

Response based on the analysis, develop a strategy to address the problem and implement a response. The response should go beyond traditional crime control strategies, Use strategies and tactics that will have an impact on the conditions that generate crime and disorder-rather than just treat the symptom itself. Assessment an evaluation of the effectiveness of the response. The feedback allows the police to revise their response if it is not successful, To examine whether or not they identified the problem correctly. Simply assessment of calls for service rates are not enough; utilize new assessment methods such as photographs to measure changes in physical disorder.

Crime or disorder results when 1. likely offenders and 2. suitable targets come together in 3. time and space, 4. in the absence of capable guardians for that target. A simple version of a problem analysis triangle looks like this:

Handlers control offenders. Guardians protect targets and victims. Managers control places. Effective problem-solving requires understanding how offenders and their targets/victims come together in places, and understanding how those offenders, targets/victims, and places are or are not effectively controlled. Understanding the weaknesses in the problem analysis triangle in the context of a particular problem will point the way to new interventions. A complete problem analysis triangle looks like this:

Zero-Tolerance Policing Theoretically based on broken windows theory. The police primarily focus on disorder, minor crime, and the appearance of crime. It restores order by aggressively implementing criminal and civil laws. Increased order will reduce fear of crime among the citizens and signal to potential criminals that law breaking will not be tolerated. o Petty thefts or legitimised ELECTRICITY THEFT!? o IS IT A SIGNAL TO MAJOR CRIMES AND ANARCHY? Broken Windows Policing Neighborhood Environment Policing The rule of [o]ne unrepaired broken window is a signal that no one cares, and so breaking more windows costs nothing is the major force behind Broken Windows Policing. Neighborhood disorder creates citizens fear of crime, Someone cares about the neighborhood, and Consideration of citizens support for legitimacy and assistance 1. Several light bulbs on the sign need to be replaced, 2. the metal security gate (unused and thus altogether unnecessary) is wrenched from its track with pieces dangerously protruding, 3. the brick facing needs repair, and to be replaced. 4. the run down theme continues inside where ceiling tiles need

Zero-Tolerance Policing Differences Zero tolerance policing focuses on a CRIME ATTACK model. Suppressive policing, a more traditional policing The community may not able to provide support for crime control strategies; therefore, the police must take primary responsibility for crime control. No analysis of problems; it specifically focuses on certain types of behavior, such as urinating in public, not paying the fare of subway by jumping the turnstiles, prostitution, loitering, aggressive panhandling, graffiti. Place-specific interventions are the major police tactic. Zero tolerance policing to hot spots. More militaristic organizational design that is both centralized and internally focused.

COMPSTAT: A New Policing Paradigm COMPSTAT (Compare Stats) is a strategic control system developed to gather and disseminate information on the New York Police Departments (NYPDs) crime problems and to track efforts to deal with them. NYPD the then executive team developed COMPSTAT to support NYPD in maintaining security and enhancing quality of life activities. COMPSTAT is *a+ goal-oriented strategic management process that builds upon the police organizational paradigms of the past and blends them with the strategic management fundamentals of the business sector. COMPSTAT PRINCIPLES COMPSTAT principles characterize strategic leadership and strategic choice to develop management commitment and capacity. The principles are as follows: Clarify the agencys mission; Give priority to operational objectives; Simplify managerial accountability; Become more adept at scanning the environment to identify problems early and develop strategies; Increase organizational flexibility; and Learn about what works and what does not through the empirical assessment of what happened. Zero-Tolerance Policing Implementation in New York City