EXPERIMENT 1 COMPUTATION OF PARAMETERS AND MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINES

1.1 AIM (i) To determine the positive sequence line parameters L and C per phase per kilometer of a three phase single and double circuit transmission lines for different conductor arrangements. (ii) To understand modelling and performance of short, medium and long lines. 1.2 OBJECTIVES i. To become familiar with different arrangements of conductors of a three phase single and double circuit transmission lines and to compute the G ! and G " for different arrangements. ii. To compute the series inductance and shunt capacitance per phase, per km of a three phase single and double circuit overhead transmission lines with solid and bundled conductors. iii. To become familiar with per phase equivalent of a three phase short and medium lines and to evaluate the performances for different load conditions. iv. (a) To become familiar with the theor# of long transmission line and stud# the effect of distributed parameters on voltage and currents, along the line, (b) calculate the surge $mpedance and surge impedance loading. Three Phase - Sy e!r"#a$ S%a#"&'(

Three Phase - Asy

e!r"#a$ Tra&s%)se*(

N) "&a$ +-M)*e$

B,&*$e #)&*,#!)rs

E-,".a$e&! +-M)*e$

1 EXERCISES( 1.1 % three&phase transposed line composed of one %C'", (,)*,+++ cmil, ),-, .obolink conductor per phase with flat hori/ontal spacing of ((m between phases a and b and between phases b and c. The conductors have a diameter of *.012 cm and a G " of (.)*3 cm. The line is to be replaced b# a three conductor bundle of %C'" ),,,+++&cmil, 10-, 4awk conductors having the same cross sectional area of aluminum as the single conductor line. The conductors have a diameter of 1.(,3* cm and a G " of +.55*3 cm. The new line will also have a flat hori/ontal configurations, but it is to be operated at a 4igher voltage and therefore the phase spacing is increased to ()m as measured from the Centre of the bundles. The spacing between the conductors in the bundle is )2 cm. (a) !etermine the inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometer of the above two Lines. (b) 6erif# the results using the available program. (c) !etermine the percentage change in the inductance and capacitance in the bundle Conductor s#stem. 7hich s#stem is better and wh#8 1.2 % single circuit three phase transposed transmission line is composed of four %C'" (,1,1,+++ cmil conductors per phase with flat hori/ontal spacing of () m between 9hases a and b and between phases b and c. The bundle spacing is )2 cm. The Conductor diameter is *.(0 cm. a) !etermine the inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometer of the line. b) 6erif# the results using available program. 1./ % *)2 k6 double circuit three phase transposed line is composed of two %C'", (,)*(,+++ cmil, )2-, bobolink conductors per phase with vertical conductor configuration as shown in :ig. (.(*. The conductors have a diameter of (.)1, in and the bundle spacing is (5 in. a) :ind the inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometer of the line. b) 6erif# the results using the available program. c) $f we change the relative phase position to acb&a;b;c;, determine the inductance and Capacitance per unit length using available program. d) 7hich relative phase position is better and wh#8

1.0 % 1*+ k6, 0+ 4< three phase transmissions is (0+ km long. The per phase resistance is +.(1) = per km and the reactance is +.)3, = per km and the shunt admittance is *.*+ > (+&0?3++seimens per km $t delivers )+ 7 at 11+ @6 with +.3 power factor lagging. Ase medium line B model i. !etermine the voltage and current at sending end and also compute voltage regulation and efficienc#. ii. 6erif# the results using the available program 1.1 % three phase transmission line has a per phase impedance of <C+.+*DE+.+) = per km and a per phase shunt admittance of #CE).+ > (+&0 'imens per km. The line is 1++ km long. Fbtain %.C! parameters of the transmission line. The line is sending )+, 7 and ,.5** 6%" at *2+@6.Ase medium B model 1.2 % three phase 2+ 4/, )++ k6 transmission line is 12+ km long. The line parameters per phase per unit length are found to be rC+.+1 =-km LC(.+0m4-km CC+.+(( G:-km !etermine the following using the program available use long line model. (a) The sending end voltage, current and efficienc# when the load at the receiving end is 0)+ 7 at +.5 power factor logging at )++ k6. (b) The receiving end voltage, current, efficienc# and losses when )5+ 7 and *1+ 6%" are being transmitted at )++ k6 from the sending end. c) The sending end voltage, current and efficienc# and losses when the receiving end load $mpedance is 1*+ = at )++@6 (d) The receiving end voltage when the line is open circuited and is energi/ed with )++k6 at the sending end. %lso, determine the reactance and 6%" of a three phase shunt reactor to be installed at the receiving end in order to limit the no load receiving end voltage to )++ k6. (e) The 6%" and capacitance to be installed at the receiving end for the loading Condition in (a) to keep the receiving end voltage at )++ k6 when the line is Hnergi/ed with )++ k6 at the sending end. (f) The line voltage profile along the line for the following casesI no load, rated load of 5++ 7 at +.5 power factor at sending end at )++ k6, line terminated in the '$L and 'hort circuited line.

2.1 AIM To understand the formation of network matrices, the bus admittance matri> J and the bus impedance matri> < of a power network, to effect certain required changes on these matrices and to obtain network solution using these matrices. 2.2 OBJECTIVES i. To write a computer program to form bus admittance matri> J, given the impedances of the elements of a power network and their connectivit# (mutual coupling between elements neglected) ii. To modif# the matri> J to effect specified changes in the configuration of the network. iii. To obtain network solution, that is, to determine the bus voltages given bus current inEections. iv. To obtain certain specified columns of the bus impedance matri> < or the full matri> < using the factors of J or the inverse of J.

EXPERIMENT 2 FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE AND IMPEDANCE MATRICES AND SOLUTION OF NET3OR4S

(. Asing a te>t editor create an input file in the sequence given below for formation of J and < matri> for the 0&bus s#stem. Check the results obtained using the available 'oftware. "un the program and print the modified 5 matri> for the 0 bus s#stem for the removal of the following components, one at&a&timeI a. Line )&0 b. Transformer )&*

SYSTEM DATA
KF F: .A'H' KF F: T"%K':F" H"' 'J'TH .%'H 6% I 0 KF F: T"%K' $''$FK L$KH'I 2 I 1 KF F: '4AKT HLH HKT' I 1 I (++.++ "L$KL9A .(1*+ .+5++ .+5,+ .151+ .,1*+ "L$KL9A .++++ .++++ ML$KL9A .2(5+ .*,++ .)+,+ .0)++ (.+2++ ML$KL9A .*+++ (**+ 4.CL$KL9A .++++ .++++ .++++ .++++ .++++ T%9L$KL9A (.++++ (.++++ "%T 22.++++ 02.++++ *+.++++ 22.++++ )+.++++ "%T *+.++++ 22.++++

TRANSMISSION LINE DATA L KF ' .A' " .A' ( ( 0 1 ( ) * ) 0 ) 2 1 2 1 * TRANSFORMER DATA TKF ' .A' " .A' ( 0 2 1 ) * S6UNT CAP7REACTOR DATA ' KF .A' KF ( ) 1 0

'4AKTL 6%" 1.++++ 1.2+++

EXPERIMENT / LOAD FLO3 ANAL5SIS - I( SOLUTION OF LOAD FLO3 AND RELATED PROBLEMS USING GAUSS-SEIDEL MET6OD
AIM 8i) To understand, the basic aspects of stead# state anal#sis of power s#stems that are required for effective planning and operation of power s#stems. (ii) To understand, in particular, the mathematical formulation of load flow model in comple> form and a simple method of solving load flow problems of small si/ed s#stem using Gauss&'eidel iterative algorithm OBJECTIVES i. To write a computer program to solve the set of non&linear load flow equations using Gauss&'eidel Load :low (G'L:) algorithm and present the results in the format required for s#stem studies. ii. To investigate the convergence characteristics of G'L: algorithm for normall# loaded small s#stem for different acceleration factors. iii. To investigate the effects on the load flow results, load bus voltages and line transformer loadings, due to the following control actionsI a. 6ariation of voltage settings of 9&6 buses b. 6ariation of shunt compensation at 9&N buses c. 6ariation of tap settings of transformer d. Generation shifting or rescheduling. INPUT FILE( 9F7H" :LF7 %K%LJ'$' $I 'FLAT$FK F: 9F7H" :LF7 "HL%TH! 9"F.LH ' .J G%A''& 'H$!HL

CASE(1 0&.A' 'J'TH &.%'H C%'H&9FF" 6FLT%GH 9"F:$LHI %CCK :%CTF"C( K% HI "FLL KFI 6$$ 'H H'TH" !%THI 0 1 ) 2 1 ( 1 (++ (++.++ .+++( (.++++ ( +.++++ .++++ .++++ +.+ +.++ (.+1+ 1 2+.++++ .++++ .++++ (++.+ &1+.++ (.+1+ * 22.+++ (*.+++ (.+++ ) +.+++ +.+++ (.+++ 2 *+.+++ (5.+++ (.+++ 0 2+.+++ 2.+++ (.+++ ( ( 0 +.(1*+ +.2(5 +.+++ 22.+ 1 ( ) +.+5++ +.*,+ +.+++ 02.+ * ) 0 +.+5,+ +.)+, +.+++ *+.+ ) 2 1 +.151+ +.0)+ +.+++ 22.+ 2 1 * +.,1*+ (.+2+ +.+++ )+.+ ( ) * +.++++ +.(**+ (.+++ *+.+ 1 0 2 +.++++ +.*+++ (.+++ 22.+ ( ) 1.+ 1 0 1.2

EXPERIMENT 0
PROBLEMS USING NE3TON-RAP6SON AND FAST DECOUPLED MET6OD AIM( (iO To understand the following for medium and large scale power s#stems. a) athematical formulation of load flow problem in real variable form. b) Kewton "aphson method of load flow (K"L:) solution. c) :ast decoupled method of load flow (:!L9) solution. (ii) To become proficient in the usage of software for practical problem solving in the areas of power s#stem planning and operation. (iii) To become proficient in the usage of software in solving problems using Kewton& "aphson and :ast decoupled load flow methods. OBJECTIVES( (i) To investigate the convergence characteristics of load flow solutions using K"L: and :!L9 algorithms for different si/ed s#stems and compare the same with that of G'L: algorithm. (ii) To investigate the effect of variation of voltage control parameters such as generator voltage magnitude setting, off nominal tap ratio of transformer and 6%" inEections of shunt capacitors-inductor on the voltage profile and transmission loss of the s#stem. (iii) To assess the effect of single outage contingencies such as a line outages and generator outages. (iv) To investigate the convergence of load flow solution of a two bus s#stem for different load conditions, understand the e>istence of ma>imum load abilit# condition and to verif# the both, numericall# (using load flow package) anal#ticall# using the two bus s#stem equations. EXERCISE( 1. O9!a"& !he $)a* :$); s)$,!")& :)r !he '".e& 2 9,s 1 $"&e %);er sys!e ,s"&' NRLF e!h)* ,s"&' AU PO3ER LAB SOFT3ARE. sh);& "& e<%er" e&! 2

EXPERIMENT 1 FAULT ANAL5SIS

AIM( To become familiar with modeling and anal#sis of power s#stem under faulted condition and to compute the fault level post fault voltage and current for different t#pes of fault both s#mmetrical and uns#mmetrical. OBJECTIVES( (. To carr#out fault anal#sis for s#mmetrical and uns#mmetrical faults in small s#stems using the Thevenin;s equivalent circuit in the sequences and phase domains at the faulted bus but without the use of software. 1. To conduct fault anal#sis on a given s#stem using software available and obtain fault anal#sis report with fault level and current at the faulted point and post&fault voltages and currents in the network for the following faults (a) Three&phase&to&ground (b) Line&to&ground (c) Line&to&Line (d) !ouble&line&to&ground *. To stud# the variation in fault levels and currents in the s#stem when it is interconnected to neighboring s#stems. EXERCISE( (. $t is proposed to conduct fault anal#sis on two alternative configurations of )&bus s#stem given in fig shown below.

G(, G1I (++ 6%, 1+@6, >D C >& C>dP C 1+QR >+C)QR >n C 2Q T(, T1I (++ 6%, 1+@6-*)2@6R >leak C 5Q L(, L1I >DC>&C(2QR >+C2+Q on the base of (++ 6% The first configuration, case (a), comprises star&star transformers and the second configuration, case (b), comprises star&delta transformers. i. :or a three phase to ground (solid) fault, line to line fault, line to ground fault, double line to ground fault at bus ), determine the fault current and 6% at faulted bus, post fault bus voltages, fault current distribution in different elements of the network using Thevenin equivalent circuit. !raw a single&line diagram showing the above results. ii. Check the results obtained in (i) using available fault anal#sis software. The )&bus s#stem in (i) above is interconnected to a neighboring s#stem at tie bus 2, through a tie&line *& 2, whose parameters are the same as that of lines L( and L1. The fault level at bus 2 in the neighboring s#stem is 2++ 6%. "ecompute the fault distribution in different elements of the network using available software. 1. (i) :or the s#stem given in the figure appl# a line&to&ground (solid) fault at bus ) and determine the fault current and fault 6% at faulted bus, post&fault bus voltages and fault current contribution b# each generator, both in sequences and phase domain using the available software. (ii) Check the fault current at bus ) computed in (i) above using Thevenin equivalent and the respective sequence network connection.

EXPERIMENT 2 TRANSIENT AND SMALL SIGNAL STABILIT5 ANAL5SIS OF SINGLE-MAC6INE INFINITE BUS S5STEM
AIM ( To become familiar with various aspects of the transient and small signal stabilit# anal#sis of 'ingle& achine $nfinite .us (' $.) s#stem. OBJECTIVES ( (i) To understand modeling and anal#sis of transient and small signal stabilit# of a ' $. power s#stem. (ii) To e>amine the transient stabilit# of a ' $. and determine the critical clearing time of the s#stem through simulation b# trial and error. (iii) To determine transient stabilit# margin ( 7) for different fault conditions. (iv) To obtain linearised swing equation and to determine the roots of characteristic equation , damped frequenc# of oscillation and undamped natural frequenc#. EXERCISE ( (i) % power s#stem comprising a thermal generating plant with four 222 6%, 1)k6, 0+4< units supplies power to an infinite bus through a transformer and two transmission lines. The data for the s#stem in p.u on a base of 111+ 6%, 1) k6 is given below. %n equivalent generator representing the ) units, characteri/ed b# classical modelI

Md; C +.* p.u 4C *.2 7&s- 6% Transformer I M C +.(2 p.u Line ( I M C +.2 p.u Line 1 I M C +.3* p.u 9lant operating conditionI 9 C +.3 p.u R pfC +.3(lag) R Ht C (.+ p.u

$t is proposed to e>amine the transient stabilit# of the s#stem for a three&phase&to ground fault at the end of line 1 near 4.T bus occurring at time tC + sec. The fault is cleared at +.+, sec. b# simultaneous opening of the two circuit breakers at both the ends of line 1.(case() (a) Calculate the initial conditions necessar# for the classical model of the machine for the above pre&fault operating condition, determine the critical clearing angle and time for the fault using SHqual %rea CriterionP and hence comment on the stabilit# of the s#stem for this fault. SOLUTION: Computation of stator current It = S* / E * T = (0.9-j0.436) / 1.0 = 0.9- j0.436 C) %,!a!")& ): !he !er "&a$ .)$!a'e E = Et + jXdIt = 1.1305 + j0.27 Computation of infinite bus volta e EB = Et Jx4( 4+J ) X4 = Xt! + X3 = 0.47 ".#. I! = $ / Et = 0.9 ".#. I = -% / E = - 0.435".#. E& = 0.7933-j0.4275 Computation of an le of separation bet!een E" an# Eb ' = (E1 - (E& = 0.72)2 !*d I+ t,- .+ . t- &#/ / t*0-. */ !-+-!-.1- t,-. E = 1.16 (41074 It = 0.99(2.52 Et =1(2).31 Critical clearin an le2 34/' = 5$6('67X '0) + $367X14/'67X $267X14/'0 8 / 5 $367X $267X8 $367X = E& E / (Xd + Xt! + X9 .--1) = 1.09) $267X = 0 To fin# $MA% :

7+t-! t,- +*#9t 19-*!*.1'67X = 1)0 / .-1 ($- / $3:*x) = 124.94 d-;!-- = 2.1) !*d

Substitutin in t&e above formula

34/ '1 = (0.9(2.1)-0.72)) + 1.09 * 14/124.94)/1.09 '1 = 51.)) d-; = 0.905 !*d To fin# critical clearin time2 T1 = <(2=('1 '0)) / +0 $6 = 0.0)5/ b) 'imulate the above sequence of fault occurrence and clearance using the 'oftware available and plot the swing curve (rotor angle versus time) as well as the curves showing angular velocit# and real power delivered b# the plant versus time (c) !etermine the critical clearing angle and time for the above fault through trial and error method b# repeating the simulation in (b) for different fault clearing times and compare the critical clearing angle and time obtained.(case1) Case *I Three&phase&to&ground fault at the mid point of line 1 occurs at tC+ sec and is cleared at tC+.+, sec b# the simultaneous opening of two breakers in line 1. Comment on the transient stabilit# of the s#stem under case 1 and case * and compare the severit# of the faultsR cases (,1 and * from the point of view of ma>imum rotor swing and also b# comparing the clearing time margin available. *. !etermine the stead#&state stabilit# margin ( 7) available for the s#stem under the given operating condition in e>ercise 0.2.(. %lso determine the transient stabilit# margin ( 7) available for the operating condition given in e>ercise 0.2.(. for the three cases of fault, case (, case 1 and case *. Can the severit# of the fault be measured using this margin8 'tead# state stabilit# margin C (9ma> T 9+)U base . 7. 9ma> C H6 - M C H; Hb - M C (.(0 U +.3 - (+.*15 D +.* D +.(2 ) C (.*), .7. 'ubstituting the value in the above formula 'tabilit# margin C ((.*), T +.3) U 111+ C 331.*) .7. Transient stabilit# margin C (9ma> (stable) T 9+) ).

.7.

$s proposed to e>amine the small&signal stabilit# characteristics of the s#stem given in e>ercise (. about the stead#&state operating condition following the loss of line 1R %ssume the damping coefficient @! C (.2 p.u torque - p.u speed deviation. (a) 7rite the lineari/ed swing equation of the s#stem. Fbtain the characteristic equation, its roots, damped frequenc# of oscillation in 4/,

damping ratio and undamped natural frequenc#. Fbtain also the force&free time response VW (t) for an aintial condition perturbation VW C 2 degree and 2. "epeat the small&signal stabilit# anal#sis carried out using the software package in e>ercise ) with the following parameters and comment on the relative stabilit# of each caseI (a) @! C + p.u and T(.2 p.u (b) @! C (.2 p.u but with 9 C (.1, (.2 and 1.+ p.u

VX(t) C +.

EXPERIMENT = TRANSIENT STABILIT5 ANAL5SIS OF MULTIMAC6INE PO3ER S5STEMS

AIM( (i) To become familiar with modelling aspects of s#nchronous machines and network for transient stabilit# anal#sis of multi&machine power s#stems. (ii) To become familiar with the state&of&the&art algorithm for simplified transient stabilit# simulation involving onl# classical machine models for s#nchronous machines. (iii) To understand s#stem behaviour when subEected to large disturbances in the presence of s#nchronous machine controllers. (iv) To become proficient in the usage of the software to tackle real life problems encountered in the areas of power s#stem planning and operation. OBJECTIVES (i) To assess the transient stabilit# of a multimachine power s#stem when subEected to a common disturbance sequenceI fault application on a transmission line followed b# fault removal and line opening. (ii) To determine the critical clearing time. (iii) To observe s#stem response and understand its behaviour during a full load reEection at a substation with and without controllers. (iv) To observe s#stem response and understand its behaviour during loss of a maEor generating station. (v) To understand machine and s#stem behaviour during loss of e>citation.

(vi) To stud# the effect of load relief provided b# under frequenc# load shedding scheme. SOFT3ARE RE>UIRED ALT$ %C4$KH T"%K'$HKT 'T%.$L$TJ module of %A 9ower lab or equivalent EXERCISES (.. Transient stabilit# anal#sis of a 3&bus, *&machine, 0+ 4/ power s#stem with the following s#stem modelling requirementsI i. Classical model for all s#nchronous machines, models for e>citation and speed governing s#stems not included. (a) 'imulate a three&phase fault at the end of the line from bus 2 to bus , near bus , at time C +.+ sec. %ssume that the fault is cleared successfull# b# opening the line 2&, after 2 c#cles ( +.+5* sec) . Fbserve the s#stem for 1.+ seconds (b) Fbtain the following time domain plotsI & "elative angles of machines 1 and * with respect to machine ( & %ngular speed deviations of machines (, 1 and * from s#nchronous speed & %ctive power variation of machines (, 1 and *. (c) !etermine the critical clearing time b# progressivel# increasing the fault clearing time.

EXPERIMENT ?

ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS IN PO3ER S5STEMS

AIM( a. To stud# and understand the electromagnetic transient phenomena in power s#stems caused due to switching and fault b# using Hlectromagnetic Transients 9rogram (H T9). b. To become proficient in the usage of H T9 to address problems in the areas of over voltage protection and mitigation and insulation coordination of H46 s#stems. OBJECTIVES( (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) To stud# the transients due to energi/ation of a single&phase and three&phase load from a non& ideal source with line represented b# Y T model. To stud# the transients due to energi/ation of a single&phase and three&phase load from a non& ideal source and line represented b# distributed parameters. To stud# the transient over voltages due to faults for a 'LG fault at far end of a line. To stud# the Transient "ecover# 6oltage (T"6) associated with a breaker for a three&phase fault.

SOFT3ARE RE>UIRED( HLHCT"F %GKHT$C T"%K'$HKT' 9"FG"% T A.C version module of %A 9ower lab or equivalent

EXCERCISE( 9repare the data for the network given in the %nne>ure and run H T9. Fbtain the plots of source voltage, load bus voltage and load current following the Hnergi/ation of a single&phase load. Comment on the results. !ouble the source inductance and obtain the plots of the variables mentioned earlier. Comment on the effect of doubling the source inductance. Ener i'ation of a sin le p&ase ()*+ pf loa# from a non i#eal source an# a more realistic line representation ,lumpe# -. L. C/: C"r#,"! D"a'ra (

E<er#"se 1 Pre%are !he *a!a :)r !he &e!;)r@ '".e& "& !he A&&e<,re ?.1 a&* r,& EMTP. O9!a"& !he %$)!s ): s),r#e .)$!a'eA $)a* 9,s .)$!a'e a&* $)a* #,rre&! :)$$);"&' !he e&er'"sa!")& ): a s"&'$e-%hase $)a* a&* )9!a"& !he %$)!s

O,!%,!

2. Pre%are !he *a!a :)r !he &e!;)r@ '".e& "& !he A&&e<,re ?.2 a&* r,& EMTP. O9!a"& !he %$)!s ): .)$!a'es ): %hases aA 9A # a! !he $)a* 9,s a&* s;"!#h A #,rre&! ): %hase a :)$$);"&' e&er'"sa!")& ): !he !hree-%hase $)a* 9y #$)s"&' !he s;"!#hes s" ,$!a&e),s$y.

O,!%,!

/. Pre%are !he *a!a :)r !he &e!;)r@ '".e& "& !he A&&e<,re ?./ a&* r,& EMTP. O9!a"& !he %$)!s ): .)$!a'es a! s),r#eA B,s 1 a&* B,s 12 :)$$);"&' !he e&er'"sa!")& ): !he s"&'$e %hase )%e& e&*e* $"&e re%rese&!e* 9y *"s!r"9,!e* %ara e!ers. O9!a"& !he %$)! ): .)$!a'e a! B,s 12 9y e<%a&*"&' !he !" e s#a$e 9y a :a#!)r ): !e&A ".eA %$)! !he .)$!a'e :)r !he :"rs! 2.1 "$$"se#)&*.

O,!%,!

0 Pre%are !he *a!a :)r e&er'"sa!")& ): a !hree-%hase $)a* :e* 9y a !hree-%hase *"s!r"9,!e* %ara e!er $"&e as '".e& "& !he A&&e<,re ?.0 a&* r,& EMTP. O9!a"& !he %$)!s ): .)$!a'es a! s),r#eA B,s 1 a&* %hase a .)$!a'e a! B,s 12 :)$$);"&' !he e&er'"sa!")& 9y s" ,$!a&e),s #$)s"&' ): a$$ !he

!hree %hases O,!%,!

1 Pre%are !he *a!a :)r !he &e!;)r@ '".e& "& !he A&&e<,re ?.1 a&* r,& EMTP. O9!a"& !he %$)!s ): .)$!a'es a! s),r#eA B,s 1 a&* B,s 2 :)$$);"&' a s"&'$e $"&e!)- 'r),&* :a,$! a! !he :ar e&*A B,s 2.

O,!%,!

2. Pre%are !he *a!a :)r !he &e!;)r@ '".e& "& A&&e<,re ?.2 a&* r,& EMTP. O9!a"& !he !ra&s"e&! re#).ery .)$!a'e 8TRVB "& ea#h %hase :)r a !hree-%hase :a,$! a! B,s 1. The TRVs are !he .)$!a'es a#r)ss !he s;"!#hes 9e!;ee& B,s1 a&* B4R1.

O,!%,!

INPUT DATA(

HKH"G$<%T$FK F: LF%!&H T9 HM9H"$ HKT KFI ( .2H&) .2H&( &( ( '"C .A'( .+ 0.+ .+ .A'( .A'(1 .+2 1.+ .+

.A'( .A'(1 .A'(1.A'(*' .A'(*L .A'(*'.A'(*L () '"C ( '"C.A'(*L

.+

.+ .5( .+ .+ .5) .+ 0.+ .+ 11.0( (3.,1 .+ .(H&1 .3333HD) ( .20*)HD1 .0+HD1 .+HD+ &.(HD( .3333HD)

EXPERIMENT C LOAD-FRE>UENC5 D5NAMICS OF SINGLE-AREA AND T3O AREA PO3ER S5STEMS

AIM( To become familiar with the modeling and anal#sis of load&frequenc# and tie&line flow d#namics of a power s#stem with load&frequenc# controller (L:C) under different control modes and to design improved controllers to obtain the best s#stem response. OBJECTIVES( (. To stud# the time response (both stead# state and transient) of area frequenc# deviation and transient power output change of regulating generator following a small load change in a single& area power s#stem with the regulating generator under Sfree governor actionP, for different operating conditions and different s#stem parameters. 1. To stud# the time response (both stead# state and transient) of area frequenc# deviation and turbine power output change of regulating generator following a small load change in a single& area power s#stem provided with an integral frequenc# controller, to stud# the effect of changing the gain of the controller and to select the best gain for the controller to obtain the best response. *. To anal#/e the time response of area frequenc# deviations and net interchange deviation following a small load change in one of the areas in an inter connected two&area power s#stem under different control modes, to stud# the effect of changes in controller parameters on the response and to select the optimal set of parameters for the controller to obtain the best response under different operating conditions. SOFT3ARE RE>UIRED( ZLF%! :"HNAHKCJ CFKT"FL; module of %A 9ower Lab or equivalent EXERCISES (. $t is proposed to simulate using the software available the load&frequenc# d#namics of a single& area power s#stem whose data are given belowI "ated capacit# of the area C 1+++ 7 Kormal operating load C (+++ 7 Kominal frequenc# C 2+ 4/ $nertia constant of the area C 2.+ s 'peed regulation (governor droop) of all regulating generators C ) percent Governor time constant C +.+5 s Turbine time constant C +.* s %ssume linear loadTfrequenc# characteristics which means the connected s#stem load increases b# one percent if the s#stem frequenc# increases b# one percent. The area has a governor control but not a load& frequenc# controller. The area is subEected to a load increase of 1+ 7. (a) 'imulate the load&frequenc# d#namics of this area using available software and check the followingI

(i) 'tead# T state frequenc# deviation fs in 4/. Compare it with the hand&calculated value using S%rea :requenc# "esponse CoefficientP (%:"C). (ii) 9lot the time response of frequenc# deviation f in 4/ and change in turbine power 9T in p.u 7 upto 1+ sec. 7hat is value of the peak overshoot in f8 (b) "epeat the simulation with the following changes in operating condition, plot the time response of f and compare the stead#&state error and peak overshoot. (i) 'peed regulation C * percent (ii) Kormal operating load C (2++ 7 4/ MANUAL CALCULATION( ABLOAD FRE> SINGLE AREA- PROBLEM 18aB St-*d> St*t- +!-?#-.1> d-@ *t 4. A+/=-(6/) =B C,-!=7!-* D!-?#-.1> E-/"4./- 34-++ 1 -.t(7DE3)=F+(1/E) =B/".#.6.G. 6 / . ".#.6G =20/2000=0.01 ".#.6G/=B ( U(+++ (++ F= = 1+ 6G - =B F =20/2000=0.01 ".#.6G/=B ( U 2+ (++
( 1+++ = = (+++6G - =B E ) U 2+ (++

1/E=1000/2000=0.5 ".#.6G/=B

=0.01+0.5=0.51 ".# 6G/=B A+/ = -(6/)=B = -(0.01)/(0.51) 0fs 1 2()(3*4 5' MANUAL CALCULATION( BBLOAD FRE> SINGLE AREA- PROBLEM 189B St-*d> St*t- +!-?#-.1> d-@ *t 4. A+/=-(6/) =B C,-!=7!-* D!-?#-.1> E-/"4./- 34-++ 1 -.t(7DE3)=F+(1/E) =B/".#.6.G. 6 / . ".#.6G =20/2000=0.01 ".#.6G/=B
( U (2++ (++ F= = *+ 6G - =B ( U 2+ (++ ( 1+++ = = (***6G - =B E * U 2+ (++

F =30/2000=0.015 ".#.6G/=B

1/E=1333/2000=0.666 ".#.6G/=B

=0.015+0.666=0.6)1 ".# 6G/=B A+/ = -(6/)=B = -(0.01)/(0.6)1) 0fs 1 2()(3647 5'

COMPARISON OF A AND B( ! " Vfs 4/ Vf peak 4/

+.+( +.+(2

)Q *Q

&+.+(30 &+.+(22

&+.+120 &+.+1(2

2. %ssume that the single&area power s#stem given in e>ercise 3.2.( is provided with a load frequenc# controller (an integral controller) whose gain @$ can be tuned. (a) Carr#out the simulation for the same disturbance of load change of 1+ 7 for different values of @ $, obtain the time response f for each case, criticall# compare these responses and comment on their suitabilit# for practical application. 3&(* 86"&!( F)r #h))s"&' *"::ere&! .a$,es ): 4IA :"rs! se! !he ').er&)r a&* !,r9"&e !" e #)&s!a&!s !) Der) a&* *e!er "&e a&a$y!"#a$$y !he .a$,e ): "&!e'ra$ 'a"& 4IA#r !) ha.e #r"!"#a$ *a %"&' )& !he res%)&se : 8!B. Ch))se !he ra&'e ): 4I !) "&#$,*e 4IA#r as E 4I 8 4IA#r F 1.E B B (b) :rom the investigations made in (a) above, choose the best value of @ $ which gives an SoptimalP response f (t) with regard to peak overshoot, settling time, stead#&state error and ean 'um& 'quared& Hrror ( ''H). / $t is proposed to simulate the load frequenc# d#namics of a two&area power s#stem. .oth the areas are identical and has the s#stem parameters given in e>ercise 3.2.(. %ssume that the tie&line has a capacit# of 9ma> (&1 C 1++ 7 and is operating at a power angle of ( +(& 1+ ) C *++. %ssume that both the areas *) &)! have load Tfrequenc# controller. %rea 1 is subEected to a load increase of 1+ 7. (a) 'imulate the load&frequenc# d#namics of this s#stem using available software and check the followingI(i). 'tead#&'tate frequenc# deviation fs in 4/ and tie&line flow deviation, 9(1,' inp.u. 7. Compare them with hand&calculated values using %:"C;s (ii) Compare result fs with that obtained in single area simulation in e>ercise ( (a), and comment on the support received from area ( and the advantages of interconnecting with neighbouring areas . (iii) 9lot the time responses, f((t), f1 (t), 9T((t) , 9T1(t) and 9(1(t). Comment on the peak overshoot of f(, and f1. MANUAL CALCULATION(T3O AREA LOAD FRE>UENC5 CONTROL PROGRAM OUTPUT A+/ = -(61+62)/( 1+2) 61 =0H62=0.01 ".# .6G/=B 1 =2=0.51 ".# .6G/=B ( d-.t 1*9 *!-*/) A+/ = - (0.01)/(0.51+0.51)= - 0.009) =B A$1-2/ = - A$1-2/ = ( 162- 261)/ ( 1+2) ".# .6G = (0.51*0.01)/(0.51+0.51) = 10 6G. Comparison of manual calculation and simulated values. %KA%LJ C%LCAL%TH! 6%LAH' '$ AL%TH! 6%LAH'

Vfs C & +.++35 4/ V9(&1sC(+ 7

EXPERIMENT 1E ECONOMIC DISPATC6 IN PO3ER S5STEM

AIM(

To understand the basics of the problem of Hconomic !ispatch of optimall# adEusting the generation schedules of thermal generating units to meet the s#stem load which are required for unit commitment [ Hconomic operation of power s#stems. To understand the development of co&ordination equation (the mathematical model for H!) without and with losses [ operating constraints and solution of these equations using direct and iterative methods.
OBJECTIVE(

To write a program for solving H! problem without and with transmission losses for a given load condition-dail# load c#cle using (a)!irect method (b)Lambda&iteration method To stud# the effect of reduction in operation cost resulting due to changing from simple load dispatch to economic load dispatch. To stud# the effect of change in fuel cost on the economic dispatch for a given load. To stud# the use of H! in finali/ing the unit commitment for tomorrow;s operating conditions of power s#stem.
EXERCISE( (. The s#stem load in a power s#stem varies from 12+ 7 to (12+ 7. Two thermal units are operating at all times and meeting the s#stem load. $ncremental fuel cost in hundreds of rupees per egawatt hour for the units are d:(-d9( C +.++209( D 2.0 R 9( in 7 d:1-d91 C +.++0,91 D ).2 R 91 in 7 The operating limits of both the units are given b# (++\C9(, 91\C012 7 %ssume that the transmission loss is negligible. a) !etermine the economic (minimum fuel cost) generation schedule of each unit, the incremental fuel cost of each unit and the incremental cost of received power for different load levels from 12+ to (12+ 7 in steps of (++ 7. b) !raw the following characteristics from the results obtained in (a) i. $ncremental cost of received power in hundreds of rupees per 7 hr versus s#stem load in 7. ii. Anit outputs 9( and 91 in 7 versus s#stem load in 7.

c) !etermine the saving in fuel cost in hundreds of rupees per hour for the economic distribution of a total load of 22+ 7 between the two units compared with equal distribution of that load between the two units. INPUT( E#)&) "# D"s%a!#h - La 9*a I!era!")& Me!h)* 3"!h),! L)ss %A 9ower lab 6$$ +.++( +.+2 (+ 1 ]-hr ]- 7hr +.++15 2.0 + (++ 012 +.++**2 ).2 + (++ 012 ( 12+ (12+ (++ OUTPUT( Ma&,a$ Ca$#,$a!")&( = ($F + &1/2*1 +&2/2*2)/(1/2*1+1/2*2) D4! $F = 550 6G = 550 + ((5.6/0.0056 + 4.5/0.0067)/(1/0.0056 + 1/0.0067)) = 6.77691 E/ 6G/=! $I1 = -&1/2*1 = (6.77691-5.6)/0.0056 = 210.626 6G $I2* = -&2/2*2 = (6.77691-4.5)/0.0067 = 339.)374 6G D#-9 34/t2 D31 = 0.002) $I12 + 5.6 $I1 + 31 E//=! D32 = 0.00335 $I12 + 4.5 $I1 + 32 E//=! G,-!- 31 J 32 *!- #.0.4C. 14./t*.t/ D#-9 34/t +4! 4"t :*9 /1,-d#9- ($I1*K $I2*) D31 = 0.002)(210.1626) 2+5.6(210.1626) + 31 E//=! D32 = 0.00335(339.)374) 2 + 4.5(339.)374) + 32 E//=! D3*=D31+D32=3216.74+3132 E//=! D#-9 34/t +4! -?#*9 S,*! .;2 L$I1 = 275 = $I2M D31 = 0.002)(275) 2+5.6(275) + 31 E//=! D32 = 0.00335(275) 2 + 4.5(275) + 32 E//=! D31 + D32 = 3242.59 + 3132 E//=! T4t*9 S*@ .;2 D3 = D3 D3* = 3242.59 3216.74 = 25.)5 E//=!
*

EXERCISE ( 1. :or the s#stem in e>ercise ).* take into account the transmission loss. a. !etermine the economic loading of each unit to meet a total customer load of 22+ 7, using the program developed in ).1 b. 7hat is transmission loss of the s#stem at the economic loading8 c. !etermine the penalt# factor for each unit and the incremental fuel cost at each generating bus.

d. !etermine also the incremental cost of received power (or s#stem ).%ssume that the loss coefficient in per unit on a (++ 6% base of customer load level of 22+ 7 are given b# .(( C +.++5*5*(5* .(1 C .1( C &+.++++)3))5 .(+-1 C +.+++*,2+51 .11 C +.++230*205 .1+-1 C +.+++(3)3,( .++ C +.++++3+(1( INPUT( E#)&) "# D"s%a!#h - La 9*a I!era!")& Me!h)* 3"!h L)ss %A 9owerlab 1++(*33(10 6$$ +.+( +.+2 (+ 1 ]-hr ]- 7hr +.++15 2.0 + (++ 012 +.++**2 ).2 + (++ 012 +.++5*5*(5* &+.++++)3))5 +.++++)3))5 +.++230*205 +.+++*,2+51 +.+++(3)3,( +.++++3+(1( (++ + 22+FAT9AT I Ma&,a$ Ca$#,$a!")&( .(( C 5.*5U(+&* .(1 C &+.+)3U(+&* .1( C + .11 C 2.30U(+&* 9L C .((9(1 D 911.11 D 9(91.(1 9! C 9( D 91 T 9L 9! C 22+ 7 C (22+ D 2.0-+.++20 D ).2-+.++0,) - ((-+.++20 D (-+.++0,) C 0.,,0, "s- 7&4r :or :irst $teration %ssume 91 C + 9( C ^(&(b(-)&(1.(191)_-^(1a(-)D1.((_ 9( C ^(&(2.0-0.,,0)&+_-^(+.++20-0.,,0)D+.+(0,0_ 9( C 3.5050 7 91 C ^(&(b1-)&(1.1(9()_-^(1a1-)D1.11_

91 C ^(&().2-0.,,0)&+_-^(+.++0,-0.,,0)D+.+((31_ 91 C 1*.+1 7

9L C 9(1.(( D 911.11 D 9(91.(1 C ^(3.5050)1U(+.++5*5) D (10.+1)1U(+.++230) D 3.5050U10.+1U&+.+)3U(+&*_ 9L C ).5*5, 7

9! C 9( D 91 T 9L C 3.5050 D 10.+1 T ).5*5 9! C *(.+) 7 I *131.+0 ]-hr EXERCISE ( *. % power s#stem with negligible transmission loss, the s#stem load varies from a peak of (1++ 7 to a valle# of 2++ 7. There are three thermal generating units which can be committed to take the s#stem load. The fuel cost data and generation operation limit data are given below $n hundreds of rupees per hourI :( C *31., D 2.2))9( D +.++(+3*9(1 R :1 C 1(,.+ D 2.)3291 D +.++(*25911 R :* C 02.2 D 0.0329* D +.++)+)39*1 R Generation LimitI (2+\C9(\C0++ 7 (++\C91\C)++ 7 2+\C9*\C1++ 7 There are no other constant on s#stem operation. Fbtain an optimum (minimum fuel cost) with commitment table for each load level taken in steps of (++ 7 from (1++ to 2++.%dopt S.rute force enumerationP technique. :or each load level obtain economic schedule using economic dispatch program developed in e> ).* for each feasible combination of units and choose the lowest fuel cost schedule among the combination. 'how the details of economic schedule and the component and total cost of operation for each feasible combination of unit for the load level of 3++ 7. INPUT( Hconomic !ispatch & Lambda $teration 7ithout Loss %A 9ower lab 1++*22, 6$$ +.++( +.+2 2 * ]-hr ]- 7hr ethod 9( in 7 91 in 7 9* in 7

+.++(+3* 2.2)) *31., (2+ 0++ +.++(*25 2.)32 1(,.+ (++ )++ +.++)+)3 0.032 02.2+ 2+ 1++ ( 2++ (1++ (++