Susanne Lange

Bernd and Hilla Becher

Life and Work
translated byJeremy Gaines
The MIT Press
Cambridge. Massachuset ts
London. England
f i' " publl,ht<I bJ s<hi,""" /MOkl vcrl, ! GmbH. Muni<h. .. i.JoIn...
Unf< oJItilt. IIaM W.. wi, "", '" 1tIm1dl ......"'... """"-_
l ..jii.' 1.do ....Wm. c 100S by5<h;,."..../M0kl MQn<h<n.
"S<t"".,../M_ l prod"";",,
T.... cd,,_C ....... Insritul<<IfT<donolov
1\11 riJIoli , No,... of thio bookIIU)' II<rqorodlK<d i11l1f1!Jl "'..
lIT.., 01;1 _1IIi<.>I_C>""""u.e ......'"I'...........
..... ioob__-.UId rnri<o>llwirbou' pemuooiooo ill "'""'"
f.-d .
fof __.. ........,.ddaounu.P<-..... .,...w....
.,._-...loa.
-_.
I"""-.I HiIlI -"E.p.hj
........ H;a, : /Do.."j -"I s.-u.,....r..s-
I ....
.-
IIO<Iuda bit>Iiop>f"lial,det.""". aM...Ia.
lSaN ...>6I..d6-3:';pS-<>.Ki''.....J
-.... knld. 'tl' -."8htr, Hilla.}. ........,..phcn-
G<m.IlIrIloc''f'h,. .. rhotoc'.....J< .. ..,..
>OIll""'IN)' l. Took.
Tl,.... . ...,,4/i,) zoo6
no-,.'.<I<"
,-,
e. Bernd .xl Hilla 8 achen PtlotOijiaphic
and Methods
TlIe bosic o( !Krod and 8ho. '. work
illClud. daai pliYC grasp o( rhe .ubjmmmer lIu l is 'NC
IO d.. dcui.h and barricd 0lI. with poccUcmfununship.
T1lao qlUlirin . lmI (roml be conli n"i.,. in
doc (DftC!i....... 0(udI shoo<. ....h in al phoIOgnplIic
lUhniquc mel Ihc Cl'alMdcfmltion allhc abjm1 Allibe
(xwnINI coolribulO 10III .uuiI gmpo( II...
""",i( l2h <heir NO(rom .he ob;m i!KIf."J'Iw, COOl linui.,. in
lhe mc1hod used 1.01.. jllJlupCIJ;liomof pholog.. pb.
llul (rom compleld,. different years, wilhoul the homo-
0(. gl'O\lp being i mpaired by eh, nga..
Tilt pholog..phs Ihemscly.. .. well " lheir co1l. lion in
uhibirion 10 be.. md enn ..
poasible.. to JIlb$:ti.u<c (Of Ihc
On< PO" allhc ""'"'- this is npccWly .ruc 0( lhe
otlyJ'W'S. ..... . IO-collm 0tI II.. As
_lwdly .......1.01>10 0tI these>pio, Bcmd and
Hilll Bhcr gcncnolly tud 10 gotha lbe infonll,lIion 0tI 1oa-
lionInd ... Iong .. tbebuildings welt JliII ll.nding. The
SClrdl fo' in(orm. llion on 1M m d :urll illUre
pflWidcd inl ighll into Ihe origin , nd ol ulion of
"""i(. Iud. didcdly p..gnulic Ih'usl. The more infO'
"""ion l hoycould find 0tI . he ob;ms a pru ml in th.c phol o-
crzpbs. , he grell<'r l he gu.tnnl.... Ih.llllw:ir phoIognphs
_ ld ..... mcrdybeu.scd :as iIIUJ11'Z, tiooI: in sptri.liJi publi-
Q lions.nww10 lhe <hu WI xaJI1lfWlicd Ihc pboc.....
phy. 01 50th.c couple judge. inlhc ooyyvrs 0( lheir proF!
lhey in ..wng signif'lQIIlllep loward ensuring
lilt I UlOllOmy of lhe pht..oguphicimage."
Prior 10 each t ho!:. lilt mOlir. were exami ned Ind loc.ll,
izc<l. " long' ide Ihe generl l in(orm.zrion lIII,erLusueh :as lOp-
ogrzphlal maps 01publicllions on the history of mining or
i1Ollworks, Bcmd and Hilll llhcl rdied 0tI their coundm
Kudylrips for I brFPO" of their knowlcdgL Nneunlil xtu
illyJlI dirlly CIJI_didc: whctbcr the ot;mCUI be
60rumcnudill illl sptrifoc sIupc. ill sme 0( prcscmricNl and
ill pClJicion in th.c 0'tCnl1complex 0( I pbnLn.c ""'" HCJ'
.... 10 define I"'" nntzge poinllObe wmfor th.c pboco-
gn.pb, While lhe process ukcJ .... limund is Icss bu"",...
CfZlic in , he CZJc of ind,,"riil buildings 11111
arrmible. ouch .. wu er lowers. weeki or monl hs
ell pscd between ' he fim purely inform.li.t yi. il to Ihe finu
rClliul;on of theshols. Aocw 101M inside of pbnl wu
",uilly onl, pouiblc with wrinm pct"m;"';on from I.... ow'"
m miullgingcomp.lnin; in th.c QSoC of an,..lIy n<pniutl
intl_riil corpor;tlionJ, a Ionga ,adll\.ill......ri... procalI_
tn....."""- In lIWly with Bcmd andHilI.o Bco;hniI
b:ot'MS dar Ihzl """ sudt .m11Clt rimes
did not gu.tnnltc undiJlurbo:d worIt OlIloalion. often, the
OfICI'IdOn.il I1l.lNgttlI reJl""",bk tud DOl been, nfor""" of
d'i. (or Ihe . hool Or Ihe pb nl w.. nOI ;{({ft!ible .1 . hon
nOlitc (or some Itc hnlal ..uon. Bernd Ind Hill. nl:'"
mhelmemplw;zc .he conJl:Ull . piri. of coopc..I;OlI and
" ndem.nding . mong.uff.1, .... pl.onlll,..ho mdCIvomf to
JIlppot'1 their ....r.. ricwing th.c wiI"1" or photog...
Ihc ..... plcs show<d diem. II wu """ nrc for th.c knowlodl't
0(.an mpnec:t or '"""" an ee pUnlln help msult xasJ lO
difflCtlll nntzge pcoints ro.. th.c pbocozrlphs.. if """ bc.an in
mi nd lhe highlycomplcxlcchnialsu ueN" of i""'........ or
lhe gun .lul bl..1f"t'IUS oflen emil,
The "".mill we.. onlyfor l limi l"" ""rior! of 'ilnt'
. nd Ihen Ihere were ch. ngi ng weal her <:ondilicns. . nd bolh
000" """,n. il WIS im""..!iye 10 oplimiu 1M _,kllow,
dm ninl ..... righl poin. remained u,.
(OnJUIlLn.c fifRinspectio n -.u ddininon 0( th.c yan..
pain. through lO..mng up Ihc amen and lriporl o(tcll
entailed lloog pIwc ofaplonti-.: prq>lf"lrions. bu. iIto,
period tlu ring which th.c B:hcrs' iOelr o(..il..uth.c it111gt5
woultl belike fit'm(tj up.
Worlring wi, h ll, sc- fonnll a men li soSCI the basicIOIt-
dillon! for the Ikchet1' p, cfmctl melllorl of phOlog.. phy.
Hl ying wOlkcd IWOprio.,cars wilh anold
came. .. .. of '96) Ihei. equipmenl h.. con.isled of a l'1lubcl
hall). 18on amc.. wilh now"mIlIJ .. cighl lmsowith
diffcrml foa.llcngths (90-li S. 'SO. '6s. 'Ik>.110. )00. )60
mm) mel nriouJ fillCrS. FOI UuUlA""" Ioog foa.l diJuaas
, hey .... citht:t 41001" 600 onmkN. Dcpmdingonme
.... r-lld 0( the mocifs.and .he oondirions 011m-
' ion, lhey .... norll\;ll, _ , Dr widMngle ltns. Di.lonioIlJ
._-
- -
I,... _ ( ......
.

tIOla on kation Wt willlhctl pauihly berC'risitcd btCT
.llld dilly photograplxd.
Tbcdooicc 0( film nuteri.al abo mtlils initi.ll impknlCn-
arion or their method. Since '91'0 they used """" film
nude byAgb. (or <he Qmen Of oplcd for cotn-
pnoblc 'l ISan mill nulCrial wilh lowlltntiriYilJ'
In'Ci.llcfo<c rhl. rhcy LUcd .. DI N,!.us plate rhew.
Tbcshcn films
Iiocgr:oio. mc.miogW I rhe v:ai n or the ncpliO'e is
"'" supcrimposmon lhe Sllrf_ of rhe objca.
Morcom-, Ihe high lUOllllion 01" thefil.... gwtaIllCCS the
A ..._...... w.
1_
- ---;- -..;0:;;:, t;:
..,
11- . ... . I

N.':
.- ..... ..
--
, l!\o. " ...:..._ 4,,,,
--_....,.. ..
- ..
.. can br COI'rU<I byW IIIjUJUbk(r""l .llld
fOfsca;""s of the amen.
During dwfi 1"cwJCUIo forfin.anrial fCUIS, the
Ihcnftllldcd to with jusl oee tel orcquipmcnl,bur
lOr llWIJyon now rhcy hl O'C owncd
llUbIi ng them to ""'"' inckJkil4mrlyol"CJdI Olber diffCT-
CIlr mOons inone>Jld dwumc pbnl or diffcrcnl pL>a:s
>I1ll1fthcr." when -X;ngon sWroId.ing or rools wbcrc t""
_ 0( lripod or hC")'Qmcns is simply"", pauiblc, lhey
II5C 0 QJDCT;l rhlt iseuicr 101ufldlc.'"TbcydDWuetcbcs
(figs. s'--s6lor uIrc l'OluoicU or JSrnm lheir firs!
,
... f>-i7'-....... ... ......,..,...
.;' '':'''\. '",:.1::' , So
---...;,-- bI' _..., __.. ...
." .-
..

xui!)'of Ihedelails rharthe jechers require. Dep"'ndlng on
Ihe iniri.:ll condirions, the exposure limescan be as long as a
minul. or mor., and in fact Bernd and Hilla Ilher once lal-
ed 1h.:U Ihe a""rage specificallons were an exposure tim. of 10
sond. al an ap"' rture of 45.""
Bbckandwhile pholography is parI of ,he sp"'dficaes-
lhelia of Ih. Bechers' oeuvre. If wedraw on Malraux's
nOlions On lhe museum," ,hen Bernd. nd Hilla
Becher can definilely beconstrued as working ,b. ' radilion
of Ihe duod.pi nion of sculprures.According 10 Malraux,
lhr...-dim.nsional Sl ructuresare much more f. llhfully..pro-
ducedin blackand-while Ihan in Ihe diff.rentiared colorsof
a living painting. Moreover, black-and-while phOlography
. mph sizes Ihe of differen, objecu of represcnu
lion if Ihe rcprodu" ionsare all prescn' ed on one and Ihe
Um. pag.: works Ib.tlareas In,ri nslcally differenl
as l.:I.pc5lrics,gIass windows' miniatures, panel painti ngs, and
SlaNes bl.nd 10 fonn a family," he commen...'" How.,. r,
while Malraux also notes that lhe specificqualities of a work
u n be: abandl>ned in favor of viSll3lizlng a StyliSlic communi-
!)' , astan bediscerned from thelossof thefonnal In a piclure
I>r Iholume of. sculprure. these questionsarc rcsol,ed in
IheBech. rs' oeuVl"c by Ihe relianceon COnSUl'l l condilions for
. achshol and . form.l/aeslhetic pictorial concepl Ihal
oblains for all im.ges. In Ihis way 'heycreate Ihecondillons
for ordering differen' objecu to formseriesallhough Ih.
indi'ildu. l mo, ilS m.y h.'e bttn taken al comple.e1y di ffer-
enl p"in15 in 'ime, Precisely the p. incipleof cons..ney in Ih.
r.presenra';on and Ihe useof groups or seriesempbui zes lh.
specific quali!), of cuh mo,if.
Th. Bech.rs' chl>iccII> restri" 'hemsel,es '0black-.nd-
whir. photography dares back II> Ihe earlier daysof Iheir col-
I.bora';on. Inili.lly Ih. d", ision wasbasedon developm.n..
in Ih. medium ilself, for when Ihey..anc<! ou' on , heir proj-
ocr colorphotographs in Ihe qualilJ ,heydesired were hardly
possible. Th. sholS would h.ve been verycosdy 10 prinl and
h"e taken long lime, meaning thnrhe ide. oflong-Ierm
serieswould not he born frui" Moreo' er, by loday's Slan-
d>rd. lhe pap"'r usedfor color prin.. was hardly durable and
wl>uld b.t>'C led in Ih. courseof only a fewyears 10 severe aes-
Ihetic discrep.ncies in the color scale. ThaI said ,h.... were
not only I",hnical reasons for ,h. Ilhel'S eschewing Ihe usc
of color pholography,somClhing Ih.1 asoh he '9SO'l 11 ,he
!alesl was maner of courseamong Ihdr srud.nl.! in Ih.
School," and was also usedby many olheccon.. mpe-
raryarlis... The Becher! wanled toensure, hal all ,he objCCl.S
photographed were and Ihd' e..'erll<ll .pp"'aJ'-
anee.long wilh aUlhe deUlils legible, and ,his called for.
cle.r weighling oflhe values in each inug., . nd rheyIh.....
foreendeavored 10 a. oid all predominan. sh.pes or cl>lors
Ihar could dislraCI from the morif, such as' blue skyor .
gr...n field, conlrasli ng wilh lhe likewise usu.lly colorful
indumi.l buildings. However, there were ' fewexp"' rim.n w
exceplions. In '97" for example, the m'gn inepriJlIUl
broughl oul an article on the Bechers' work Iha' no, only pre-
sented Ihe bladc-and-whioc pholographs for which IheyWet .
known bUlalsosevencolor i1IuSturi ons of various induSllW
buildings. including One used for Ihe f,onl coverjfig.
Thi. example mayserve to highlighl ,he fact ,Ita, .he Bcchen
h.ve conti nued ' 0focw on r..her ,ban color
pholography 10 lhe present, nO' b:>useof some general
...jfflion of lhe laner, but in order '0prcss wilh ,h.ir
ov.. ptoject asoriginally defined.
In addilion to lhe cameraequipment . nd lhe choiceof
film m.terial, Ihedesired im.ge qu.lil] dep"' nds alsoon. be
n..ural ambient lighl. E<lch motif is, as fat as possible, phi:>.
lographed under Ihe same oondi.ions.
Sunshine and yel diffused ligh' create the mOSI f"orable
condilions in lhis as Ihey.void shat p shadowing .Ita,
candillort lh. outl ine o( an object, elide detailsor compete
wilh lhe nuin shap"', There is thus no place here for cloud
formalions such as were used in carly!andscap'" pho'ography
in a dramaticv. in 10 emphasize Ihe symbolic significanceof
ll<llU...'S p"wer. Bycont.asi. Ihe nClltnl background predom
ill<lll:5, wilh Ih. conl. asl chosen such ,hal tbe sky docs
not radiate more Slronglythan Ihe mOli f Fo. mod(s,.
lighter background is Ihus chosen and (or lighter mori(s.
darker background required. By means of filters, on theone
ltand lhe cont.".. between an objcct .nd hs background can
be lessened, . nd, on Iheolh.r, dear imagesshol If ee skyis
hny.
The mosl intensive months for ,heir work were In
. pring, when ,he natural rondi' ion' Wl're bc:s ' for ade<juue
:unb;eo,lighriogaod Irsorbush", have fewlu v.., rhu,
reveal iog wi.... li ", behiod ,hem. As , he work notes k.pt by
Ikrodaod Hillas echer highligh" in ccr<;>; n= Ihoyh.d 10
.... ifici.lIy irnprov. , h. viewof a molif. Thi, was ofton n""....
wy in pbn,. ,h.. lud bccndoscd down and n. lu re Iud
wilhin. fow mon, h. roconquerod the ter<;>io.
The Bechers' phomgr>phs .ro also rypifiodby the slightly
<>i sod v. n..ge poin, fromwhich thoy..e <>ken . nd whieh i.
l\OttS53l)' in p.>f11",1:u if Ihe mo,iri. v.ry high, as il ofT.."
theconvergence: of ,he ver' iallin", . nd Iherd'are allow. for
311 undill Ollod po"uy.l of ,he romple'e 5C>le of the r..poe-
odifiee. The <;>isedvanuge poin, pi".. the horizon, p"' r-
ce:p,iplofromeye lOYd onlyas line, ;n a qu.liu,iv. rolalion-
shipto , he . Ctual viewof Ihe obj""" " 'rhe n.. . urfa,
visuolly exp.>ndi ng ;n,o Ih. depths, OltelLlibly0p"'''' out .nd
' Ppelors .. . b>eking inlOwhich Ihe obj""l is evenlyembed-
ded. And ,he Bochers . Iw.y, elLluro Ihar Ihechoiceof vantage
poinl, i.. .. , hechoiccof a fron..1or p"'!Sprcrival view. i. di..
l1,rd bycondi' ionson ,i 'e. On. of ,he nol.. Hilla Socher
made on IOQ,ion i, india tlve of rhis: W. nOlicod v.ry
beaUli ful winding 'ow.., from.round rhe turn Oflhee. ntu-
ry, wi, h deH",'e $Inll nd rounded..ch.. and . double iron
roof- i' ",n be phologn phed from . hill opposite without . ny
distortion, .hhough , he ..me hill is to befound on the ol hcr
,ideof' hebuilding, $Olhu half,he I=kground isgrun
wood, .nd even using a gru n filter we canno"h..dore set
,he rrddish brown winding 10w.rofTfrom the b..:kground,
Th. re .ro, how....., no probl.ms .. rcg..d he p"' rspcctiv. 1
viow."
Ahhough Bo. nd . nd Hilla Bocher have for m.ny yrs
been phologl<lphing indepondendy.a cer...in di vi,io n of
Labor while working on Ih. projt ha' persisrod. While
g.,nd lkeher ronnlrat.. mor. strongly On"' ptur ing the
objocI phologr>phically, Hill. Sochcr handles mosr of rhe
Lat.r laboratory tasks, . Irhough this di vi.ion i. ooly. uporc,
<ill. The <hoi of mol if, . nd v.nt.g. point, . nd even the dis'
Ission of th. quoliryexpcclrd in th. prin" arc essenti.lIy
,heproduct of.n inte",iv xchang. of informIlion, cflcng-
. ..nding expori.nco, and a mutu.lly <h. mpioned conpt.
No, everyshot thoytokeends up being indudod in a series.
__
n'"I'
The decision for Or . S'io$l a mo,i f and , hus for its furth.r
processing occurs in thelab 0 fl" srudying , he fir"
cnl. rgemen'" Each negativei, inlri. lly.....sed10 "1iIb11,h
what informion the im.ge imp nd , hen pro<:.....d"
wilh. viewto maximi,ing ,he m g.ll ",,,i... The labou
torywork Ihu, indudes bo' h defining , he rcsprcriv. "".ion
of the picture and possiblopre-exposure , im.. or p.>ll i. l
post-exposure during enl"gem. nl. For ,h. Soche.., no
extreme .nl.rgem.nu of de..ils or louching up is pormis,;-
bk. Ide. lly, Ih. fonn.. of ,he neS',i ve <orrespond, '0 rhe
1.I.r croppedsec.ion.
Since Ihoy firslst:l flod <oILabo"" ingon , he proj!, Bernd
.nd Hill. Soch.. luveused Agf. R""o.d R.>pid orromp.uble
1)'1'"' of p.>pcr. This offers ' wide nnge of lonalili.. . nd is
usedlogelh. r with ,wo d.vd opcrs, rhe 0... hu d.. 10. mph. -
size Ihe ron"..IS, the 0...,' sofler to reguble Ih. inl.nsil)' of
sharp ront rases. B.l l)' <'> p'p"'r is avail. ble in four gn dations
from which th. Sochers <hosed'p"' nding on rhe
m.nlS ... by, he r><g>., ive. Sin ,h nd of Ih. 197<'$. Ihe
p.pcr fo rnur ,heypref. r for compiling Ihe.holS asu blcallJ
has been 30x.... rmor 40x 30em, d. pcndiog on whether the
vol ume of the obj... calls for a bndSCl poor . portratt form..
for ,he . nbrgemenl. Wh.n presenting individual pholO'
gl<lph....ungrd in groups of mol if. n.xIIOone .nolh ,
p'por si, od Sox 60cm or6o x so cmis..ken, whtlerhe indi-
vidull prinlSlfe m. de in rdil;ons (>f five, rhe , mall. t form.1S
used for .re unique .nd . re enlarged wi,h viow
'0 ,he homogenei.y of the s<ries of which 'hey will b.: pan.
The .emin rov..'" by Bcrnd Hilla s.chcr for ' heir
projw iseon"n,,,"'" on mines, iron and "",,1
and roking pl. nlS, lime kilns, eemen! works. gravel
pbnlS,U well 15power 10produCi ion f:Ki l-
iii.., for example in the 3ut Oindusfry. fhe 'hapes of fhe ed;-
liees by industry arc far more inde pendenl and
fhe range oflargC-$ClIe recbnlcal iosullations far mOre
diverS<. The geographical focus has bn On Europe', "cb,
sic" namely Belgium, Engb nd. Fran"".
Luxembourg, and the NClherland"and l. le.Nonh
America. Thel imiUlion 10Europe a" d Nonh Amcriea is nOl
fhe produ of some exp ressroncep lually dri",,, decision.
The scope :lJld geographical exfension of the duo', lrayels
wu ..u her defined byeconomiccriter ia and nOl leul by lhc
.,rain of fr.ve1.
In rhe .bovc-menlioned countries rhe s.chers havecho-
sen lowork in , he pro.orypical indUSlfial regio"s, ln
Germ.ny, fOl eumple, , hey ha", traveled in Ihe Siegcrland
and .1>< Ruhr Region, Ihe ' reu which were the focus of
'he projecl in Ihe ...rlyyears. In .he United Stales, Ihey have
ron",n, ra,ed on rhe mini ng regions of r ennsylyania. Wesl
Virgini., and TennesStt, whercu as regards Ihe Sf"") indus,
, hey op,ed . Isofo' Ohio. Indiana. Illinois. and AI . bama, ph
'ographing pr inu'i lyin or'" where growlh wu a Ihing of
, he pur. SinceGerman unificalion in 1989. fhe Bcehe.. ba"
bttn able '0 ex,end ,hei r projcelfo include e"Urn Genna,
and ....,ern Europe. The choiceof mOtifS llCre h.. been
informed neirher bysome interest in picturesque indumia
regions ,h.. were impotlanl in the pUI bUla" now almosc
enlirely d...d, nor in indUSlfi. larchiclUrc lhal isoulilanC
ing in lerms of ('lI llu,,1 hinory and were in par' " .,ed by
renowned ."hi.C(:l$. Inst ead rhey haye focused on Ihose
pl:lJllS II,. ,. in rerms of the Sl'= of rhe Slructuralenginccr
ing,liued disce.nibly io,o the extended hi" oryof lechnole
k.l developmen' .nd arc srillscnve Ot can b.: ponraycd in
Ihe origin.1 ron"xl in which rhey functioned-here we can
dCll one of , he key par.mcrers behind the Ilhers' crileri
of seleclion. The choiceof mOlifs is in other words based on
forrrul :lCSrhcric"i'cr; nd i. no, only indebled 10 SOme
qU:lJll iu,i", documenu<ion in the seose of an
lin ing of.1l jndu",;. l objectS.. hand.
8. Syt,tem.tic Photographic Documentation
!lmld :and Hilla Bhtr', WOI'k anmmri.al.ly'" ",bdirickd
infO <hili!dilfaall ror- ofrq>I"'Cl'Itarion. nw: fin<<;.IIflO'"
ryCl'lCllftlF"'C' i=pin wllidld>t: sub;t " pIwxaznpIxd
in ios(llrimy.md l1ka upd>cfull fo.tn.ltofd>c fnmc. Tbr
diffmn' Jiza:of d>crapcniw""t.pu;an <h... (utiflCWly)
at&a br a mlllCl'ion in JQk, moning thaI a' tMkvd of d>c
inuK" a funhcr "an'OIl f... amnging ,he lDJ.'rrWJ in
compuarit crw""'" Kria.. In rh.is Cllrg<>IJl.a put of me,
M!.roundinp " kfl Yisibk in onkr fO rd"ama tM"nK-
fIlJl" , posi' ior\ in ,he con'C'l1ofilS m"; ronmm, (fop.]'5,

Tbt_d shou.. Thes.o include.
for de tail, of ' he Io>d........ring SlrueturCS of wind-
ing ' owers 01 phologrophs of k")' fUrKIion.1c1em. nts in bIn,
ful1UCl'lI and rcfineria (figs.
Tile . kird <>,"&O'yindudes pko' oyapk. in whlek tk.
subjects a,e p,ese nte d in the bro.d.r COn," x' of ,hei, enyi-
IOllmen,. Unlike the ; nd iYidu. 1. hol$, 'hose o.erall yicwJ
highligh" he m un ural organi....tion of a it
10 bea oomplcx compoKdof diffe unt inte rconnmOll ( UJlCo
' ionil uni ts.- Some of ,,,",,, pllnts b.ad gro",n .0beoomc
conglomemcs tt.a, ......e a1mos, a ries;o their ownright and
"'Ilichformed a completpatW oornpla within the ul'b.an
.. _..... ...
Klling or in thecounll}lide. Tbr Boc:hcn 11K,he teml Y
..,.10awn oYttall ""'" rhlt ,onI , he m;pcniYO: iodUllri-
aIobject :and '''' m";ruo.mmt. Ih", offmng a from lbc
OlIl$ickof dKpbnt '" a whole 'p<"king. for rumplc.of
III funua bnIkcop-.- By-rlll
illUflnlion, rwo "'"" w.min 197' oflhc bIw funua ill
Montignics in CIwIcroi.lldcium. show,he di/fo=ntt.
While me, firu shot (fig. Isl b" me, on
purdy funcrioru.l uni, . d>cKCOnd al.cn
from a poiot outside,he..orb, 'bows die rcar oflbc
plan, with me, <>djxont howes. ,ilhoua.. of tMbUst
fuf1Y<t compktc: ",i, h chim...,. hochlast s_and blast
fu,,,.,.., hoods. crted in . Jlagg.:, OIl row right ncx1 10 one
:lIIothe., condenses 10 for m a m .nge ind ustrial h.lckdrop
lowe ri ng up in l he countryside.
The o..,rall . iew. expand in eeruin cues ,oform
p:llloramie . hou {sec fig. 67} rtnde. with . peci. l clarity
h"", . n industrial plom can Krow '0 form c;tyiikc ronglom
t .... i n its own righl. E. er si nce the Bechers emba rked On
, heir project. they k .., used .. forms of photographic
rc<:ording equ. lly. wi, h the . holJ ofisoln cd ob;cas funni ng
the hcdnxlc fOl the rompil.nion of rypologics.
Mahodologically spuking. when sccking 10 photograph-
ially rc<:ord indi>idual ob;et:ts by.hooting them from
<IUSanglcs.,he Boc:hcn cu.a.. see, on d>c IJI'Cof
_ .. _ ... __CooiolIl
Gl ...._,_.......
_ .._ _ .... _Go........
Ilfll(lure and lhe 10011ccndlrions, Berndand Il illl llccher
produo;c sell of three, foul, six, or eight difTe""nt .iews of the
same object. when later arranging lhe sequenceof , he series.
:II if lhe individual sholl were linked 10 forma film. the
motif ""m:>i ns langible ;1.1a lhrcc-dim(l\$ional body.even
dlough illwbeen lransposed inlo d.e !WO""dimeruional
IIl/Illiumof pI>otograph" while Ihree viewscaplure ,he basic
(IlOfl!i.....lesof an objccl- Ihc from , heside (in pro-
filrOl and a shoeofone andlWOsid.,. (per-
I -I i',
i I
, I
. , '-1

_ ,. _ .... __C1>omicoi I'fonI,

_ vi C , .. ,Wi!
..
muimum number of eighl angles rtSUlfS from
SYSlematically walkingaround an objm and fC'COfding i,
C"Cf"J 4Sckgrecs. Taking Ihccnmplcof debl 'ricwsof a
house. Ihis rroeans an allClllllit\gscqumocoffoul frootal
(fronl and back, olI -ell olI oneJhoc00of d> -.. gWk
Jidcs).and foo.<l ptnpcnival ritwI ("'"'"').- In dw: ClSC'of
cooantricor niakymmroicaI objcas--for examplc. warcr

Bcchcrs OJ" iRSfc:ad for a singk pbotograph \'isu.aliring Ihc
prococyp;eal 1MlI"" Jha.pc.
Fromrhe1MllKl:, lhe 8hcrs' appro.>dllw inwolm:l lhc
Jp lcnu.ricdocumcntlotionof el" i"" induslrial plan<$. Tbc:sc
dcr;>iled pno.ographic rcwrds of whole compltXesoonWn
no<only indivichul sholJ and KtI of an object, bur alJo
overall . icwsand LandKl.pel',;I.I well ;1.1oomprehensi.e
inuga of lhe mOSf impolu.nl f"'",lional c!emen1$.. ln
addi' ion, lhe Ilcchers have aoo produced inleriol vicwi of
someof lhe indUltri al objtJ. Worthyof menl ion ;1.1 a fypical
eumple ;Slheir '97' documental ion of ,he Zolle,n z mine
in Ml' inghauscn, near Oorlmund (figs. 87.
All in all, themupk have phol:ographed In dale oyer fWO
hundred diff""cnl planlJ using fhis Tbc indi-
.id.....1KOJIC of o.uch documcnUlion vali.,. bnwn rwm.,.
and Jilt hundred shou, depending on tM complcJtj.,. and siu
of 1MpLanLWid! a frw tXCtpUons,.udI olI <he Hannib.zl
.... ,. 000miI:0I_.

-------..,,-----
--,-
mine le Ho&<ak. Bochum. and Gu<d>cffnung'lhli"c
worb ill Obtrlutl$ftl, m-0Cnl1 doculllCflUl}' m:ords
M..., ...ulrm yeus ' 0prod"," and h.aw: lIOII fa
btta publiJb<d. stncr eul, 1996, whendw, m=d(lI/Lal-
nling wi'" rho Pbcxognphi$dw: Sammlung l SI: Stifrung
I:ullw in ClIIognc, rho!l<d>m M..., bm>f1J,.......<itall,
prqwing rho .....1nioI (6gs.
n.c phoIognphs Grube Sm Frnundo in Ho:rdorf,
nco, He ..d lsuim:! "'"a real .....mple drscr ibing . he
Bcd1e'" .pproach. The .."'".IJO the foa" of lhei r 6",
pbocogn.pltir: rkscriprion of UI ind.....rW objcn. short"
bd"ore rkmoIition workSf2l"fed in '96l . COIllpkr
ed .heir work rbete, whidllhcy Iud in .961-
During "'ispmorI ,hq rook: Oa" fWtnl1 sbols of rho_
millC. In ' 996. kdwn::ISKft\bkd modified alIIIpil...
of shots sclft;m:l from rho pbocognphic 1IU .:risI,hq h.ad
collected. and of which. in ' 98' . Iftl pbocogn.phs pub-
lislvd. fOl <he 6rsl time in !he exhibition cu..1og xcompsn,..
ing lhuhow he Slcddijk nn Abbcmuswm(scd ig.
The documenlat;on induda tOl.1 of nineteen phOlognphs,
_ __ __. o..., CloI'r)n _ ' 1o< __, _
-
..
_.. _---,-- _-""' __, MlI
_ft.. ,_ZdIoml , s; I"" _. _O<o<trrul<l.Ruo<rogion.c...rnI
.... _ h_oIo<OI<aI .... ,g12
enrir e industri al plAnt, the compiled comparat ive
selies based on principlt of sets and amlnged in ast.",of
six phOlogcaphs-lhe diSlillat.,,,. il were, of pholographic
covecage of ' he ilCm.Th. compib tions focused. fo
example, in ,h. caseof mines, solely on port...ying ' he wind
ing ' OWCfS. Two of the shots in the upl"'r rOw
windi ng hood from angles, while the subS<-
rOwshows the winding 10w.r from thlCC differ
enl seeis complel ed in each case byone o.erAIl
view of the respecnve mine.
, ,"'"""""......,$.... 8ol;Ilm. , g7'
including thr,"" virws of , he old winding and
thesUSl"'nded view. fron<al. ewe I"'''plival
and viewof "'p of object], one viewof
theK<Ond. fr,"""landing winding
eightshots of old plan" including ' wo views
ofth. gables{fronlal), shot ofthe new processing plan<
(fronlal). one ShOl of Sl:Kk kiln (fronlal), and four
....... of lhe in ofthe surrounding coun-
tryside.
Inaccordan,"" with , his and of an
..
_10 _ ....... _ . , . "
_ .,_.... __.c. ,.... ~ ~ _ - _
------,-,"'
OIIdleblsis oi sns ad indi.idu.ll phcxoI.lcmd ad Hilb
Icdwr bl'oucbllogo:<her <he lllO'Il Idling u.unpks 10 form
l)pologia. In a 'WI noteon ha ......k Hill.l l1hft wro:
",,"ems mel tMir Iransform,lIions u wC'llu
lime: for...., d<rivm fmm . ....rcd full('lion.al p<incip"," md
dtri.ll ion. an "" proved co ex ill in tMas< of 5uch rd . tiftly
Cllluu.sti. e comp.tr>li .e series, To 5implify, we could lalk of
th.ni,;:Il,tyle, whIM<' demenlt coll.ltit ute frames, conl>;n-
ers,chimneys. kilnJ, or t ubulu 5y5tem'. for eu mple. E",h of
dlCgroupsofobjtas has p rQ'o,ypa .h.. depend not onlyon
I!tril funnion, bul which .110an al most alw.ys br c1.Issifird
inImRI of the .gc of lhrir gratal tlllOmic .igniflC:tnce......
1br Jdtion md order of the imaga is initUlly by
die all;rm' funnion.al and suunur;a! properties, whiclt an
brcwpniud in diffrrmt won. groups....m as ' M group' of
wittdiJtg toWrn, \>lui psomnns. Of cooling row-
en.Wilhin thcKwort. groups. the ptlloguphic prinG.,.,
IWdmd to form olI;t f=ilia alignrd by. he cons ttuetioCl
...cni.aI tUrd, such as wood, (IlIItcide, 11m. 01 mixt\lK."
sdrctiora aiterUb.scd entirdy on ,1,f IlM ic . ppanncc u e
firII.pplird wt>rn defining ,he fu'wbmental . ....pcsof .n
abjra f.unity. whid! an ,hen be.ubdi.idrd inl o ",b,ypa Of
""ri.lotl of prototypicil l ....pes. The allcrion used 10d il, in-
....iJh ,hem is ulern;ll .ppr.... nce. . ..uminll .n iden,ic.1
funaion . nd idemi",, 1building m>trri.I ,." (url hrr ' tep iJ '0
dill inguilh 1M objtas by lccal ide nli ty. wh ich could ""
moM nhnographial.ubdi.i. ion. Th is includcsl"" cbssifi-
ClI tion of objrcu by me uiCof building nuteri.l1J Jprrific to.
puticulucountry Or region. ad the rd.att:d prd"rrmcdo,
<nUin l h.pa mdll)'k:s. 10 ha no<cson ha work
HillaIa:hrr wl'llCC in t:lUs conlCllt: -In the m -his<oric:il
srmr. wr- on budl, pinpoinl dar ..,.tillic buildings by
rqioa. b.1lsimilu gcogr.>phiaI and KOb'wDiccondi.......
bllOJimibrIlnKt1l:l. For rumpkhor dcpdo ofWhs
..... thequ.llif)' of <hctmlan man prinwily Jnull pUnl$
.... pn>6ubk Of tftIuiK extld""1y hi gh md IWift exploiu-
rioo of tM , ,,. 0.,,,,,,"," While: howes 01 ....,.. in ginn
tmd ' 0 br: innl!4' ncr:dby I"" building " ..dilion and , "" nurc-
ri.lls Ionlly ..ail.bl". in tMUiCof rq uipmc:nllik" industri;ll
"
buildings, muin f)'prs ofmresMe typOI ofmula
tqions. n... mw.....JmM;turr:: ofa rr:giaa. ""' ...y "'" min-
crUs .aredcpositt:d, and "'" kindof miDr:nI ial'llhai,u...ll
u .he woding condlrions Wt r.:sult from rhiJ ..allminue
in the 's<yk' oflhe Il\lCtUK.-
The general definition of _ionof rypologyon becon-
"rued to mr::uI . he "Kir:n'if", drsaiption and dusiflC:tlion of
dom. in of objr:cu by group amMdi ng 1Ouniform romplex
CSof ch. raorri l lics.-- In biology. for rumple.
morphology p'o. id", Ihr: \.sis fo' rrsurchi ng ,h" di. "rs ity
of .pre;.... which i' th"n 5ludird in tr rms of ..wogi'" . nd
conw:rgences 10Ide nlify tile type of a5pecies. Likewise. PSt"
chology usesI "" """hod of1JP01ogy 10 "lJ'llOlIUlit:>lly"III('-
tuK dcsai bepsychologial Of psyd>o-physial pbeftome-
IUand l he ,eI..."" dwxmisrit: futures and br:h.a,,*,,1
p.lllft1lS.-- n... proadu", of l)'ptIlogicaI d "'if.... rion 110IlS
on cua obscmrion and coIla:riJl" bbding, m1 gmuPIlI
species. objms, 01 imOl'flUlioCl in onkr at c:ondo>-
sions aboul ... ........mun,; plrtr:nl Of . alDlU1Xtion pbn
dwacwiringagmup."
T"" cono<q>tu.ll f........ ...k of dor: printipkof undr:nand-
ing and the a"'PJ ofaati.., work.os dcrisr:d by MWrrd
Lurker in ee f...1dofhamrrorurio...., hdpful in ..w)'WIg
.hI: m",hod lIllOd by tile 8r:d>rn in grt.>1lOI dr:pth.""This con-
ptu.l fmnrwOlk a n bt: .pplir:dborh to tM rterplion of
t heir oeuvre and 10 the process of defining a tr:gorics wit hin
th" 'ypologir:s . nd th" composition of t h" Im"l, Whil" th"
pr ocess ofcategory form'l lon . dhrm10. 5"lelmtic
m....hodolog)l bllr:d on cr.,..i ng work gtlllJps and ob}<a (:uni-
lies. tM composilion of ,he ubluus is nor go.emrd by rigid
ru..... to'M a Un t I"'" il is in .hI: 6 n.aJ if\SUfU me""pl.".
lion of a 5drion bur:d on exprrir:nlial insighlS.l1Ir: tIc:d-
.............1which Jboc of . 5Uh;r:aaptu'cs iGidaI f)'pial
slI.lpr 'flUprinuriryon aiterUtIucr nhtr:: ICI i " ""pm:si'"
0Dn1m!. in ........ of ....abuluy of forms nlbt::rtbaIhosr:
tN t u lrc!hcir aor from the priorQtegories rwblishrd in
tmnJ of "'" function mil """""'" ofobjr:s. wbmMnlIl"
ing tile pho<ographs to form ubla"" CDIIlposiliorYl de-
mr:nu ilio pby roIc: in which the arcnWwpeof <he
objrm issuhjr:ctr:d to ,a,,:,.,hccic rr/lecrion in rbt: _ of
bring Ioatrd wilhin . mr:u -onkr. The position ing of ' M
indiyidu;.1 mo' ifs wi, hin scries is with . eg.t, d the
irmges on ei[h.r <ide to the op[ical bll .nof thn.ire
groul' In thisCOniC"" th. of lypologies i. ""..
'nm of composi[;on rhrough which the indiyidual s;gnif,-
cant inform31ion in e>eh"'Sp,in sho' is
within tM nCW pierori.l seu;ng, Th. numbrr
posi, ioning of ,he pho[os in 'he is
oft.n to rh esperr iy. ,ooms wh.n prrparing . xhi bi-
, ion sequences.This procw includes the choi o(forma, for
th. ofth.subj",
Wh. n compiling lypologirs, th. Beehs
deploy, hrtt differenr forms of rows, ,It<: numbrr
ofshol.< usrd in typologyd.prnd< on , b. phOlogn phrd
objro's funer;on h.uic To thXt. ", th.r lh.
' YP"'S of rd ifl "", a n besubd i.idrd in,o various
f>.mili"", of which th... 31. di ffrrrnt (for
rM wn er lowers, which lea gtu te, s.:opr fo. his-
",rid zing quo13,ions of typologies prim.,i ly
.... using nine diff. r.lIl [n th= of
tyP"'S of whose appr.annce can only br sys-
ca'eg<>riud ' 0 limitrd . nenl (such u , he blur
furnaces, which wh. rr th. equipm.nt is
rurn.d inside out u ir were, is br rdt of ;Illy the
BccMrs Opt for . n flf..., n or
twenty-On. sho15. f\ " bl... u comi>ling of six motifs is th.
sm.Jlcs' group for objectS to "care typologies. lis a
rul., th. lypologics ar. m. d. up of diff. ..nt r.presrnuti.""
of one h.uic fo, m.
-rhe IIcchers ....mbl. 'y pologies from spec;fic yiews of
th. individual lypc: of muctur._chosen from th...15 th. y
ha.e compilrd, and this method . nSures further pictorial
roncen!tarion. wi,h the o'e..ll ...iews, the indi.id
ual objects Coln ltCirher be pinpointrd in rerms of the oo",e xt
of th. ir immrdi . t icinity, nOt (as ; n the ..15) as
mu;.1rdifi<:c:5 in lh. ...... of [hrtt-dimensional <!tur,ur...
The p'lh to rhe typologies rhus . ntails rhe ongoing OOnCen-
tration on an idealtypical form. which rders '0 itself u par,
of a ubl u of the group [o which il brlong..
Wi rh the .xceprion of fcwrompanr;,...ries """lrd in
,h. early [960s. NCh ' ypology ;s mad. up of photographs 'ha'
pTCSCnlrh. morifs fromlhe 5. lIne ...anlAg. poinl and in the
5.lmefo.mat (Ia" dm pr or Th. objts 31. phl>-
rognphrd fully fronrally in the manner charact<:rl51ic of rh.
Beeh.rs' oeu .... Unlik. pc:rspecti...al sho15. which Yisu.lize
the spatial qualiries of rhe motif through its .xp;llls ion ..
d.pth, the th. surface char-
acter of the pholognph and lhus irsgraphicS1ruClu...
We can take rhe following oireri. u possibl. m"'nSof
diff... n, ia, ing ,h. 'icws of objms th. IIcchers adop' for ,h.
typologies w;,h in th. various wo. k g'oup5'
In rh. cas.:of s.:misymmerrical objects, such u rhe
group of winding "''''''I'$, ..I.u t , hree differ. n, forms of
..prCle",.rion h... . merged in ,herourse: of th.ongoing
projCCl: viewof rhe objt's body in profile (side vicwrakl
, h. d.piction of th. <>bjro froma perspc:nin (a
. ;ewofborh sides of a rorner or focus on char",.ris
tic segmenrs of i, . such as,he wind ing rOWer hads. The I....'
""n aga;n br subdi, ided into th... diff..en[ ' iews' ' M fron'
side fronral side views (in and pe<
<prival ,iew.. Th. fk<;h.rs prder ' 0 uO( photographs of ,lie
winding towers in proftlefor the lypologie:s they , hencon-
Struct.
V.nugc poin" that .Jlow a portrayal of th. objccr from
tOpto bonomare the ida l .ngl. for rhe group of photo-
graphs of bias' furnaces, whereby we can dist inguish
brtwttn frontal . nd perspc:ni.J yiew.. Owing to , h. f"lIe-
rional muCfUr. of a blast furnace pl.m. only in exceptional
cases was it actually possible '0 adopt such vantage point,
and the objro ,h.refo.. had lObr subd i.ided visually inm
different funerional units. Especi.lly wort hy of mention h. re
i<the photographic emphasi s on ,he hood of , h. blu r fur
naces, which can lik.wi se br docum. nted in terms of three or
fout different vi.ws: from or .... view a viewin
profil . and a prrsperrival sho,.
The IIcchers opr fo' a slightly pr rspecti, .l angl. when
docum.nting ,he aggtCgares- .nd thisincludes a varietyof
differ.nt machin.. in rokingand refining plants-fore.um.-
pl. , rhe gu coolers.
In th. cascof lOormtritc/Jjcm Or those that are drrule'(rhis
group includes guam...... some cooling ' ow.... and warer
as rule a fron",1shor suffices. [n the functional
group of w. ,er ,owers. the Bechersroncen, ,,, .. when"...
_ .. .Coo ,........... , , "'-
.. -
wilh v;ews v;ews showing two sid", of . corner
edge.
The picton.1 gr.mm.. lh. Beehs h.ve dev. loped over
lime rcnuins relev. nl (or rhelrenlire <leu.re. bUl in lCrmS of
lheir l h=es. lhe groups o{ mo<i{1 h. ve over the rursbeen
gr.d....lIycxp.lnded to indude lhe new fields. Adevelopment
is. lsodiJttmibl. u rcg.rds KllUmkCOlllidmrions /prinu-
nl1of:lJl.c:..hnit .... u) in II", cra live.pproach. The:
lem>.nria .....bk lhe: lypeofot.;ea 10 boo ddincd in renDS of
:lJl idc:&I rypc:. The Bccbcrs .hnnKl_"1dUI "Ou. 'w.yof
Ifting' .... mn>incd rbc AmC Oft!" rbc yu.rs. r.. do"'"
fed IuveStoOd still On lhe:conrr..,. with u.d:I ob;ca dw

and tod.>.y > thi ngs far mon: ckuly UllI c:md<rlckW
mouswiftlyand "'relyorNl ot;ea exhibi ts rbcelemcnts of
:lJl objom &m.il,. or'J'Pl' in :Lft idu.l l)"pial form.uil wen,
_ing_ do nor: 10 phocognph. wftolo Kric:s of ......
ilu objeas. b:>uKlhey ..elmidW-rypial. For p"" the
...... of objcns dul we could pho<ogn.ph. u.., fonn m...l boo
onsdecti ng lhose llul off... asmudl in{onn.n ion .lS
possibk. And {I {or ,h;s is ,he productof Cllpcricntt, of
hmng srood in {ron,ofhundmit ofobjent. Thertis no
OIlier '""yof rhcs.l: clurXlCrislKs......
Over' ime, if i$,he rypology l tt.l Iwemergcl .. ,he ere-
>ri l""cl .. lh. binding pri ncipl. of OId. r behind rhe
':'

,
poaibl< on . he ,ide willi InC ( n'Dn (10 ,hc(" uen, rhar ves-
.monsuppaning StrucNres th.. tu", no Ut... d.dding arc
I.. In this w'1 tht)' are ' ble tooffer anindl wionof
me: laicof the building in le. ml of it! ovc..n "dght.
c:,I,W th., ' ,e pri m..il, cubic in sh.pe. otJ(h. co.l
...... 1Kpramfcd i n . , ICUf lWO different views, the one
froDul, . beod.., in
F -,.mtdlfim(Ihis group includes..mong od...
1Wap. p->in (fORla' viewOt pmpcaiwischotcn.
dcptadi"l'" wh.al infomu'ion <ho RrUClUn
""'-fbG "' i,h highly COIIIplialCll alCnW
.... ...,.,..J.IJ ruonkd ;n fronm ritwandanothn
-skW t s&ows rwosicics is '*"
_ iIlusmu dlt 1YS1ml by whidI m., building .eloped.
n.a. ..rjldi.. in putinllu (indllding. forQUl\pk.
I'fIltISiac .... idallylCp'.....,cd byopUngfor rietu
-11M: lJf ....
.......,..",..fxrory lul ls, wMChowcs,md mgine
...........,[ia """; 01, on fronu l shol: of ,he pbkside. Aside
'riewof rlItob;oa$ ......Jdproell> rdl>Clivcd........ion
dlt lTUlSp. lI01 inYOl Yl!d.nd Ihll. undiSloned pnlpMinl
_ lie only possible 10. limilCll ul('/lf.
The plIoiogr>phic , m",l of IIcwa "'00' ' 0 i nclude 1>0\
oCtile tM rUt, 0' thepbluidc of building,
r
I
_.. ..
_____",,::"'m
Bcd>ef'l ' otIlY,C, whcrus in, f>c, u rlyyearstheysrill used
mnbod <Ji compmli... juxtaposition. Thoundtrlying lope
01IIX' sm....u me buis forUWlpng lht pbocognphs for
uh.ibirions Of auIop.
comp.arioonsof objom Ih.l d.. llecht:n nude . b"
utended 10comparing buildings!h., differedin funclion
(fig. The i1I uslntion show. II jWlu position of . wind-
ingt<:rwtt .nd. of lhe hoodof . bLuI fur..-. BoIh
objm::s art pmm<td in dI.tt in pro/lk ($i<k ritw,
m.nul). in ofme forwud oick
Tho e linh-d by til( concspondrnca ill lhe
(INIYOYO' udInologyuK<!.
One rsion .hows . comp.arison of 1M . iew. of obje<:u
fromOMIUllClion.ll group t/I;lt fut\Ua diffenl Of ,imiLl.
!)'pes of comuuetion. To Ihi. md. ....,an . pindwon ...
eumplt from II.. winding IOWa" work VOUp(fig. Tk
j\l%upofition brinp cypes of wilId-
ing lOW... $trUClun, cxh shown in rwo
Englishtype mU I, (uIM ( Of Ilttl (Nw-lse.l ohn
mine. Werne, near Cerm:ul-'YI'C' str m-f,", ' OWl"
mine, . nd .I Iklgi.on-
.,,\U-(< ,'*'"(Fosse Chna"c.lMgc. Bdgi.. The
groupingsof lhreMiJDr:Hwo pIwxognphJ pRSftI< <lit:
objecu in Ii"" with t he JClllIa'Il%frum Idi 10 righl. in lTunw
,.j ew and
TI>c: lut juxupotition (fig. 94)con,i it$ of
objuwith diffe:n t furK1ioni, och lJIown frO<l u U,. The
upptf row of"'" cornp20tiVl: goupof pbc><o-
gnpbsp<amts. from 1m 10 right. a a..:J bunker,lht ..... ol
Iht g;lbk iK!( of a Iulf-PIQbu(Cj 1loIM.;mol a
TI>c: midd le row COft$i$", of a ,r:tfUformtt. a highooIugo
I')'lon. i ila. bottom rowJhDWS views of a
a cooling and a winding Unlikt the
typologies, these cornpml iVl: jux u positions rnc.aI a didanic:
principk hinging 001 suia fomWism in lheclloioeand sci-
rioft of Iht ob;=$ prc:wnr(Cj. This it: <DO nnplwi<
than lhe Jets, which m.obk,.... 10 folJo... in .isw.Itmns how
walked arou nd object. and IhuJ COn
on rh. depiction of ,ha,single
otJ;ca. 8y corll ruI. t"" cornp.llaciVl: juxta posilioNa...
intmckd 10 rtndtr US Iht fomu./ fC'pmoirt
of indw.ui.al archiunurc. _ hingwhichat Iht 0...., "'"
compuisonJ _ complt(d was IlOl al lhe ford"ronl of pa-
cqI,io n. In rhi< r'Prd, , his "",rhod i$ a na<V)' s..
. long ,h. way to n(ating glol iou$ly typologi<:ll with
the Imdiumof photography.