UNCLOS

Article 2 Legal status of the territorial sea, of the air space over the territorial sea and of its bed and subsoil 1. The sovereignty of a coastal State extends, beyond its land territory and internal waters and, in the case of an archipelagic State, its archipelagic waters, to an ad acent belt of sea, described as the territorial sea. !. This sovereignty extends to the air space over the territorial sea as well as to its bed and s"bsoil. #. The sovereignty over the territorial sea is exercised s"b ect to this convention and to other r"les of international law. Article 17 Right of innocent passage S"b ect to this Convention, ships of all States, whether coastal or land$loc%ed, en oy the right of innocent passage thro"gh the territorial sea. Article 18 Meaning of passage 1. &assage 'eans navigation thro"gh the territorial sea for the p"rpose of( )a* traversing that sea witho"t entering internal waters or calling at a roadstead or port facility o"tside internal waters+ or )b* proceeding to or fro' internal waters or a call at s"ch roadstead or port facility. !. &assage shall be contin"o"s and expeditio"s. ,owever, passage incl"des stopping and anchoring, b"t only in so far as the sa'e are incidental to ordinary navigation or are rendered necessary by force majeure or distress or for the p"rpose of rendering assistance to persons, ships or aircraft in danger or distress. Article 19 Meaning of innocent passage 1. &assage is innocent so long as it is not pre "dicial to the peace, good order or sec"rity of the coastal State. S"ch passage shall ta%e place in confor'ity with this Convention and with other r"les of international law. !. &assage of a foreign ship shall be considered to be pre "dicial to the peace, good order or sec"rity of the coastal State if in the territorial sea it engages in any of the following activities( )a* any threat or "se of force against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of the coastal State, or in any other 'anner in violation of the principles of international law e'bodied in the Charter of the United Nations+ )b* any exercise or practice with weapons of any %ind+ )c* any act ai'ed at collecting infor'ation to the pre "dice of the defence or sec"rity of the coastal State+ )d* any act of propaganda ai'ed at affecting the defence or sec"rity of the coastal State+ )e* the la"nching, landing or ta%ing on board of any aircraft+ )f* the la"nching, landing or ta%ing on board of any 'ilitary device+ )g* the loading or "nloading of any co''odity, c"rrency or person contrary to the c"sto's, fiscal, i''igration or sanitary laws and reg"lations of the coastal State+ )h* any act of wilf"l and serio"s poll"tion contrary to this Convention+ )i* any fishing activities+ ) * the carrying o"t of research or s"rvey activities+ )%* any act ai'ed at interfering with any syste's of co''"nication or any other facilities or installations of the coastal State+ )l* any other activity not having a direct bearing on passage. Article 20 Sub arines and other under!ater vehicles -n the territorial sea, s"b'arines and other "nderwater vehicles are re."ired to navigate on the s"rface and to show their flag. Article 21 La!s and regulations of the coastal State relating to innocent passage

1. The coastal State 'ay adopt laws and reg"lations, in confor'ity with the provisions of this Convention and other r"les of international law, relating to innocent passage thro"gh the territorial sea, in respect of all or any of the following( )a* the safety of navigation and the reg"lation of 'ariti'e traffic+ )b* the protection of navigational aids and facilities and other facilities or installations+ )c* the protection of cables and pipelines+ )d* the conservation of the living reso"rces of the sea+ )e* the prevention of infringe'ent of the fisheries laws and reg"lations of the coastal State+ )f* the preservation of the environ'ent of the coastal State and the prevention, red"ction and control of poll"tion thereof+ )g* 'arine scientific research and hydrographic s"rveys+ )h* the prevention of infringe'ent of the c"sto's, fiscal, i''igration or sanitary laws and reg"lations of the coastal State. !. S"ch laws and reg"lations shall not apply to the design, constr"ction, 'anning or e."ip'ent of foreign ships "nless they are giving effect to generally accepted international r"les or standards. #. The coastal State shall give d"e p"blicity to all s"ch laws and reg"lations. /. 0oreign ships exercising the right of innocent passage thro"gh the territorial sea shall co'ply with all s"ch laws and reg"lations and all generally accepted international reg"lations relating to the prevention of collisions at sea. Article 2" #uties of the coastal State 1. The coastal State shall not ha'per the innocent passage of foreign ships thro"gh the territorial sea except in accordance with this Convention. -n partic"lar, in the application of this Convention or of any laws or reg"lations adopted in confor'ity with this Convention, the coastal State shall not( )a* i'pose re."ire'ents on foreign ships which have the practical effect of denying or i'pairing the right of innocent passage+ or )b* discri'inate in for' or in fact against the ships of any State or against ships carrying cargoes to, fro' or on behalf of any State. !. The coastal State shall give appropriate p"blicity to any danger to navigation, of which it has %nowledge, within its territorial sea. Article 2$ Rights of protection of the coastal State 1. The coastal State 'ay ta%e the necessary steps in its territorial sea to prevent passage which is not innocent. !. -n the case of ships proceeding to internal waters or a call at a port facility o"tside internal waters, the coastal State also has the right to ta%e the necessary steps to prevent any breach of the conditions to which ad'ission of those ships to internal waters or s"ch a call is s"b ect. #. The coastal State 'ay, witho"t discri'ination in for' or in fact a'ong foreign ships, s"spend te'porarily in specified areas of its territorial sea the innocent passage of foreign ships if s"ch s"spension is essential for the protection of its sec"rity, incl"ding weapons exercises. S"ch s"spension shall ta%e effect only after having been d"ly p"blished. Article %7 Scope of this section This section applies to straits which are "sed for international navigation between one part of the high seas or an excl"sive econo'ic 1one and another part of the high seas or an excl"sive econo'ic 1one. Article %8 Right of transit passage 1. -n straits referred to in article #2, all ships and aircraft en oy the right of transit passage, which shall not be i'peded+ except that, if the strait is for'ed by an island of a State bordering the strait and its 'ainland, transit passage shall not apply if there exists seaward of the island a ro"te thro"gh the high seas or thro"gh an excl"sive econo'ic 1one of si'ilar convenience with respect to navigational and hydrographical characteristics.

!. Transit passage 'eans the exercise in accordance with this &art of the freedo' of navigation and overflight solely for the p"rpose of contin"o"s and expeditio"s transit of the strait between one part of the high seas or an excl"sive econo'ic 1one and another part of the high seas or an excl"sive econo'ic 1one. ,owever, the re."ire'ent of contin"o"s and expeditio"s transit does not precl"de passage thro"gh the strait for the p"rpose of entering, leaving or ret"rning fro' a State bordering the strait, s"b ect to the conditions of entry to that State. #. 3ny activity which is not an exercise of the right of transit passage thro"gh a strait re'ains s"b ect to the other applicable provisions of this Convention. Article %9 #uties of ships and aircraft during transit passage 1. Ships and aircraft, while exercising the right of transit passage, shall( )a* proceed witho"t delay thro"gh or over the strait+ )b* refrain fro' any threat or "se of force against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of States bordering the strait, or in any other 'anner in violation of the principles of international law e'bodied in the Charter of the United Nations+ )c* refrain fro' any activities other than those incident to their nor'al 'odes of contin"o"s and expeditio"s transit "nless rendered necessary by force majeure or by distress+ )d* co'ply with other relevant provisions of this &art. !. Ships in transit passage shall( )a* co'ply with generally accepted international reg"lations, proced"res and practices for safety at sea, incl"ding the -nternational 4eg"lations for &reventing Collisions at Sea+ )b* co'ply with generally accepted international reg"lations, proced"res and practices for the prevention, red"ction and control of poll"tion fro' ships. #. 3ircraft in transit passage shall( )a* observe the 4"les of the 3ir established by the -nternational Civil 3viation Organi1ation as they apply to civil aircraft+ state aircraft will nor'ally co'ply with s"ch safety 'eas"res and will at all ti'es operate with d"e regard for the safety of navigation+ )b* at all ti'es 'onitor the radio fre."ency assigned by the co'petent internationally designated air traffic control a"thority or the appropriate international distress radio fre."ency. Article "2 La!s and regulations of States bordering straits relating to transit passage 1. S"b ect to the provisions of this section, States bordering straits 'ay adopt laws and reg"lations relating to transit passage thro"gh straits, in respect of all or any of the following( )a* the safety of navigation and the reg"lation of 'ariti'e traffic, as provided in article /1+ )b* the prevention, red"ction and control of poll"tion, by giving effect to applicable international reg"lations regarding the discharge of oil, oily wastes and other noxio"s s"bstances in the strait+ )c* with respect to fishing vessels, the prevention of fishing, incl"ding the stowage of fishing gear+ )d* the loading or "nloading of any co''odity, c"rrency or person in contravention of the c"sto's, fiscal, i''igration or sanitary laws and reg"lations of States bordering straits. !. S"ch laws and reg"lations shall not discri'inate in for' or in fact a'ong foreign ships or in their application have the practical effect of denying, ha'pering or i'pairing the right of transit passage as defined in this section. #. States bordering straits shall give d"e p"blicity to all s"ch laws and reg"lations. /. 0oreign ships exercising the right of transit passage shall co'ply with s"ch laws and reg"lations. 5. The flag State of a ship or the State of registry of an aircraft entitled to sovereign i''"nity which acts in a 'anner contrary to s"ch laws and reg"lations or other provisions of this &art shall bear international responsibility for any loss or da'age which res"lts to States bordering straits. Article "" #uties of States bordering straits States bordering straits shall not ha'per transit passage and shall give appropriate p"blicity to any danger to navigation or overflight within or over the strait of which they have %nowledge. There shall be no s"spension of transit passage.

Article "$ &nnocent passage 1. The regi'e of innocent passage, in accordance with &art --, section #, shall apply in straits "sed for international navigation( )a* excl"ded fro' the application of the regi'e of transit passage "nder article #6, paragraph 1+ or )b* between a part of the high seas or an excl"sive econo'ic 1one and the territorial sea of a foreign State. !. There shall be no s"spension of innocent passage thro"gh s"ch straits. Article $$ Specific legal regi e of the e'clusive econo ic (one The excl"sive econo'ic 1one is an area beyond and ad acent to the territorial sea, s"b ect to the specific legal regi'e established in this &art, "nder which the rights and "risdiction of the coastal State and the rights and freedo's of other States are governed by the relevant provisions of this Convention. Article $) Rights, *urisdiction and duties of the coastal State in the e'clusive econo ic (one 1. -n the excl"sive econo'ic 1one, the coastal State has( )a* sovereign rights for the p"rpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and 'anaging the nat"ral reso"rces, whether living or non$living, of the waters s"per acent to the seabed and of the seabed and its s"bsoil, and with regard to other activities for the econo'ic exploitation and exploration of the 1one, s"ch as the prod"ction of energy fro' the water, c"rrents and winds+ )b* "risdiction as provided for in the relevant provisions of this Convention with regard to( )i* the establish'ent and "se of artificial islands, installations and str"ct"res+ )ii* 'arine scientific research+ )iii* the protection and preservation of the 'arine environ'ent+ )c* other rights and d"ties provided for in this Convention. !. -n exercising its rights and perfor'ing its d"ties "nder this Convention in the excl"sive econo'ic 1one, the coastal State shall have d"e regard to the rights and d"ties of other States and shall act in a 'anner co'patible with the provisions of this Convention. #. The rights set o"t in this article with respect to the seabed and s"bsoil shall be exercised in accordance with &art 7-. Article $7 +readth of the e'clusive econo ic (one The excl"sive econo'ic 1one shall not extend beyond !88 na"tical 'iles fro' the baselines fro' which the breadth of the territorial sea is 'eas"red. Article )1 ,onservation of the living resources 1. The coastal State shall deter'ine the allowable catch of the living reso"rces in its excl"sive econo'ic 1one. !. The coastal State, ta%ing into acco"nt the best scientific evidence available to it, shall ens"re thro"gh proper conservation and 'anage'ent 'eas"res that the 'aintenance of the living reso"rces in the excl"sive econo'ic 1one is not endangered by over$exploitation. 3s appropriate, the coastal State and co'petent international organi1ations, whether s"bregional, regional or global, shall cooperate to this end. #. S"ch 'eas"res shall also be designed to 'aintain or restore pop"lations of harvested species at levels which can prod"ce the 'axi'"' s"stainable yield, as ."alified by relevant environ'ental and econo'ic factors, incl"ding the econo'ic needs of coastal fishing co''"nities and the special re."ire'ents of developing States, and ta%ing into acco"nt fishing patterns, the interdependence of stoc%s and any generally reco''ended international 'ini'"' standards, whether s"bregional, regional or global. /. -n ta%ing s"ch 'eas"res the coastal State shall ta%e into consideration the effects on species associated with or dependent "pon harvested species with a view to 'aintaining or restoring pop"lations of s"ch associated or dependent species above levels at which their reprod"ction 'ay beco'e serio"sly threatened. 5. 3vailable scientific infor'ation, catch and fishing effort statistics, and other data relevant to the conservation of fish stoc%s shall be contrib"ted and exchanged on a reg"lar basis thro"gh co'petent international organi1ations, whether s"bregional, regional or global, where appropriate and with participation by all States concerned, incl"ding States whose nationals are allowed to fish in the excl"sive econo'ic 1one.

Article )2 -tili(ation of the living resources 1. The coastal State shall pro'ote the ob ective of opti'"' "tili1ation of the living reso"rces in the excl"sive econo'ic 1one witho"t pre "dice to article 91. !. The coastal State shall deter'ine its capacity to harvest the living reso"rces of the excl"sive econo'ic 1one. :here the coastal State does not have the capacity to harvest the entire allowable catch, it shall, thro"gh agree'ents or other arrange'ents and p"rs"ant to the ter's, conditions, laws and reg"lations referred to in paragraph /, give other States access to the s"rpl"s of the allowable catch, having partic"lar regard to the provisions of articles 9; and 28, especially in relation to the developing States 'entioned therein. #. -n giving access to other States to its excl"sive econo'ic 1one "nder this article, the coastal State shall ta%e into acco"nt all relevant factors, incl"ding, inter alia, the significance of the living reso"rces of the area to the econo'y of the coastal State concerned and its other national interests, the provisions of articles 9; and 28, the re."ire'ents of developing States in the s"bregion or region in harvesting part of the s"rpl"s and the need to 'ini'i1e econo'ic dislocation in States whose nationals have habit"ally fished in the 1one or which have 'ade s"bstantial efforts in research and identification of stoc%s. /. Nationals of other States fishing in the excl"sive econo'ic 1one shall co'ply with the conservation 'eas"res and with the other ter's and conditions established in the laws and reg"lations of the coastal State. These laws and reg"lations shall be consistent with this Convention and 'ay relate, inter alia, to the following( )a* licensing of fisher'en, fishing vessels and e."ip'ent, incl"ding pay'ent of fees and other for's of re'"neration, which, in the case of developing coastal States, 'ay consist of ade."ate co'pensation in the field of financing, e."ip'ent and technology relating to the fishing ind"stry+ )b* deter'ining the species which 'ay be ca"ght, and fixing ."otas of catch, whether in relation to partic"lar stoc%s or gro"ps of stoc%s or catch per vessel over a period of ti'e or to the catch by nationals of any State d"ring a specified period+ )c* reg"lating seasons and areas of fishing, the types, si1es and a'o"nt of gear, and the types, si1es and n"'ber of fishing vessels that 'ay be "sed+ )d* fixing the age and si1e of fish and other species that 'ay be ca"ght+ )e* specifying infor'ation re."ired of fishing vessels, incl"ding catch and effort statistics and vessel position reports+ )f* re."iring, "nder the a"thori1ation and control of the coastal State, the cond"ct of specified fisheries research progra''es and reg"lating the cond"ct of s"ch research, incl"ding the sa'pling of catches, disposition of sa'ples and reporting of associated scientific data+ )g* the placing of observers or trainees on board s"ch vessels by the coastal State+ )h* the landing of all or any part of the catch by s"ch vessels in the ports of the coastal State+ )i* ter's and conditions relating to oint vent"res or other cooperative arrange'ents+ ) * re."ire'ents for the training of personnel and the transfer of fisheries technology, incl"ding enhance'ent of the coastal State<s capability of "nderta%ing fisheries research+ )%* enforce'ent proced"res. 5. Coastal States shall give d"e notice of conservation and 'anage'ent laws and reg"lations. Article )% Stoc.s occurring !ithin the e'clusive econo ic (ones of t!o or ore coastal States or both !ithin the e'clusive econo ic (one and in an area be/ond and ad*acent to it 1. :here the sa'e stoc% or stoc%s of associated species occ"r within the excl"sive econo'ic 1ones of two or 'ore coastal States, these States shall see%, either directly or thro"gh appropriate s"bregional or regional organi1ations, to agree "pon the 'eas"res necessary to coordinate and ens"re the conservation and develop'ent of s"ch stoc%s witho"t pre "dice to the other provisions of this &art. !. :here the sa'e stoc% or stoc%s of associated species occ"r both within the excl"sive econo'ic 1one and in an area beyond and ad acent to the 1one, the coastal State and the States fishing for s"ch stoc%s in the ad acent area shall see%, either directly or thro"gh appropriate s"bregional or regional organi1ations, to agree "pon the 'eas"res necessary for the conservation of these stoc%s in the ad acent area. Article 7) #efinition of the continental shelf 1. The continental shelf of a coastal State co'prises the seabed and s"bsoil of the s"b'arine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea thro"gho"t the nat"ral prolongation of its land territory to the o"ter edge of the continental

'argin, or to a distance of !88 na"tical 'iles fro' the baselines fro' which the breadth of the territorial sea is 'eas"red where the o"ter edge of the continental 'argin does not extend "p to that distance. !. The continental shelf of a coastal State shall not extend beyond the li'its provided for in paragraphs / to 9. #. The continental 'argin co'prises the s"b'erged prolongation of the land 'ass of the coastal State, and consists of the seabed and s"bsoil of the shelf, the slope and the rise. -t does not incl"de the deep ocean floor with its oceanic ridges or the s"bsoil thereof. /. )a* 0or the p"rposes of this Convention, the coastal State shall establish the o"ter edge of the continental 'argin wherever the 'argin extends beyond !88 na"tical 'iles fro' the baselines fro' which the breadth of the territorial sea is 'eas"red, by either( )i* a line delineated in accordance with paragraph 2 by reference to the o"ter'ost fixed points at each of which the thic%ness of sedi'entary roc%s is at least 1 per cent of the shortest distance fro' s"ch point to the foot of the continental slope+ or )ii* a line delineated in accordance with paragraph 2 by reference to fixed points not 'ore than 98 na"tical 'iles fro' the foot of the continental slope. )b* -n the absence of evidence to the contrary, the foot of the continental slope shall be deter'ined as the point of 'axi'"' change in the gradient at its base. 5. The fixed points co'prising the line of the o"ter li'its of the continental shelf on the seabed, drawn in accordance with paragraph / )a*)i* and )ii*, either shall not exceed #58 na"tical 'iles fro' the baselines fro' which the breadth of the territorial sea is 'eas"red or shall not exceed 188 na"tical 'iles fro' the !,588 'etre isobath, which is a line connecting the depth of !,588 'etres. 9. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 5, on s"b'arine ridges, the o"ter li'it of the continental shelf shall not exceed #58 na"tical 'iles fro' the baselines fro' which the breadth of the territorial sea is 'eas"red. This paragraph does not apply to s"b'arine elevations that are nat"ral co'ponents of the continental 'argin, s"ch as its platea"x, rises, caps, ban%s and sp"rs. 2. The coastal State shall delineate the o"ter li'its of its continental shelf, where that shelf extends beyond !88 na"tical 'iles fro' the baselines fro' which the breadth of the territorial sea is 'eas"red, by straight lines not exceeding 98 na"tical 'iles in length, connecting fixed points, defined by coordinates of latit"de and longit"de. 6. -nfor'ation on the li'its of the continental shelf beyond !88 na"tical 'iles fro' the baselines fro' which the breadth of the territorial sea is 'eas"red shall be s"b'itted by the coastal State to the Co''ission on the Li'its of the Continental Shelf set "p "nder 3nnex -- on the basis of e."itable geographical representation. The Co''ission shall 'a%e reco''endations to coastal States on 'atters related to the establish'ent of the o"ter li'its of their continental shelf. The li'its of the shelf established by a coastal State on the basis of these reco''endations shall be final and binding. ;. The coastal State shall deposit with the Secretary$=eneral of the United Nations charts and relevant infor'ation, incl"ding geodetic data, per'anently describing the o"ter li'its of its continental shelf. The Secretary$=eneral shall give d"e p"blicity thereto. 18. The provisions of this article are witho"t pre "dice to the ."estion of deli'itation of the continental shelf between States with opposite or ad acent coasts. Article 77 Rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf 1. The coastal State exercises over the continental shelf sovereign rights for the p"rpose of exploring it and exploiting its nat"ral reso"rces. !. The rights referred to in paragraph 1 are excl"sive in the sense that if the coastal State does not explore the continental shelf or exploit its nat"ral reso"rces, no one 'ay "nderta%e these activities witho"t the express consent of the coastal State. #. The rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf do not depend on occ"pation, effective or notional, or on any express procla'ation. /. The nat"ral reso"rces referred to in this &art consist of the 'ineral and other non$living reso"rces of the seabed and s"bsoil together with living organis's belonging to sedentary species, that is to say, organis's which, at the harvestable stage, either are i''obile on or "nder the seabed or are "nable to 'ove except in constant physical contact with the seabed or the s"bsoil. Article 78 Legal status of the super*acent !aters and air space and the rights and freedo s of other States

1. The rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf do not affect the legal stat"s of the s"per acent waters or of the air space above those waters. !. The exercise of the rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf '"st not infringe or res"lt in any "n "stifiable interference with navigation and other rights and freedo's of other States as provided for in this Convention. Article 82 0a/ ents and contributions !ith respect to the e'ploitation of the continental shelf be/ond 200 nautical iles 1. The coastal State shall 'a%e pay'ents or contrib"tions in %ind in respect of the exploitation of the non$living reso"rces of the continental shelf beyond !88 na"tical 'iles fro' the baselines fro' which the breadth of the territorial sea is 'eas"red. !. The pay'ents and contrib"tions shall be 'ade ann"ally with respect to all prod"ction at a site after the first five years of prod"ction at that site. 0or the sixth year, the rate of pay'ent or contrib"tion shall be 1 per cent of the val"e or vol"'e of prod"ction at the site. The rate shall increase by 1 per cent for each s"bse."ent year "ntil the twelfth year and shall re'ain at 2 per cent thereafter. &rod"ction does not incl"de reso"rces "sed in connection with exploitation. #. 3 developing State which is a net i'porter of a 'ineral reso"rce prod"ced fro' its continental shelf is exe'pt fro' 'a%ing s"ch pay'ents or contrib"tions in respect of that 'ineral reso"rce. /. The pay'ents or contrib"tions shall be 'ade thro"gh the 3"thority, which shall distrib"te the' to States &arties to this Convention, on the basis of e."itable sharing criteria, ta%ing into acco"nt the interests and needs of developing States, partic"larly the least developed and the land$loc%ed a'ong the'.

An Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) is airspace over land or water in which the identification, location, and control of civil aircraft is required in the interest of national security. They extend beyond a country s airspace to !ive the country "ore ti"e to respond to forei!n and possibly hostile aircraft. The authority to establish an ADIZ is not !iven by any international treaty nor prohibited by international law and is not re!ulated by any international body. The first ADIZ was established by the #nited $tates soon after %orld %ar II. $everal countries now have such &ones includin! 'anada, India, (apan, )a*istan, +orway and the #nited ,in!do", )eople s -epublic of 'hina, $outh ,orea, Taiwan, and the #nited $tates. #sually such &ones only cover undisputed territory, do not apply to forei!n aircraft not intendin! to enter territorial airspace, and do not overlap. Air defense &ones should not be confused with .li!ht Infor"ation -e!ions (.I-s), which are used to "ana!e air traffic.