PRELIMINARY TIBETAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY This preliminary glossary is based to a large extent on the documents from the former Kun-bde

gling Archives. To a much smaller extent it is based on Chinese and Western dictionaries or scholarly works. Numerous references are made to the pioneering works by Prof. Dieter Schuh of the 1970s and 1980s; unfortunately, his studies were all written in German language. Some use is also made of a late 18th-century quintoglott dictionary (WTCWC)1 where one chapter is dedicated to imperial edicts (ychih). Of some help in the compilation of the following entries was also the TibetanTibetan-Chinese dictionary edited by Chang Yin-tang. A major problem in translating the terms into English is the fact that I am not a native speaker of the latter language; moreover, the available legal dictionaries did surprisingly often not contain the terminology applied by Prof. Schuh. Also, the latter has often applied several German terms for one Tibetan term. This is probably due to the fact that the Tibetan terminology has a different system in identifying technical terms. The same problem can be observed in my work on textile terms (see ???). 1. dkar-chag: Catalogue or index (GBTD 54; *WTCWC 47a/2830=10656: Ma. ejetun bithe = Mo. oyilal!a bici!= Ch. chih-shu. 2. bka: Order (HTCWC 32: chih; DRNT 712, 740). 3. bka-khyab: Decree, edict; general order (TED 61; BGTD 68; GOLDSTEIN 1975, 54). 4. bka-khra: khrims-thag bcad-pai dpyad-mtshams khra-ma (MTH III/6, 197 no. 400; BGTD 68); edict (AHMAD 1999, 313) 5. -- gtan-tshigs: phugs-thub kyi dpyad-mtshams (BGTD 68). 6. bka-go: bka-shag nas btang-bai go-mchan te snyan-zhui gor bkod-pai yi-ge dam-byar; gloss added to document by the bKa-shag and approved by a black [square]seal (BGTD 68). --dam-dmar: T-lai bla-maam/ srid-skyong nas btang-bai go-mchan te snyan-zhui gor bkod-pai yi-ge mtshal-dam can; gloss added to document by the Dalai Lama or Regent and approved by a vermillon seal (BGTD 68). --byar-ma: 7. bka-rgya: (DRNT 698: sbug-dam --, 735; DL10, 258; DL12, 481) Erla, Schreiben (MTH III/3, 404; III/6, 196 no. 393); bka-yig dam-byar-ma; sealed decree (BGTD 70); Verfgung (SCHUH 1976, 104; MTH III/6, 175 no. 125). 8. bka-rgya-ma: gsang-ba dam-por byed-dgos-pai yi-ge; confidential document (DRNT 705; BGTD 70). 9. bka-bsgyur: gong-rim gyi gsung-bkod gzhan-la sgrog-pa; to issue an instruction (BGTD 70). 10. bka-mchan: Petition; Ma. wesimbure bithe = Mo. ayilataqu bici!; Ch. ppen (WTCWC 15a/2766=10409). 11. bka-gtan: Confirmation. Konfirmationsurkunde tibetischer Herrscher (SCHUH 1983, 315); Herrscherurkunde (DAGYAB 1980, 21, presumably according to DS; SCHUH 1983, 319); gzhung gis gnang-bai rtsa-dzin bka-shog; irrevocable public declaration (BGTD 70). 12. bka-gtam:

Note that a Chinese-Tibetan extract of the dictionary is HTCWC.

13. bka-rtags: 1. tham-gaam/ dam-phrug; 2. dam-phrug phab-yod-pai bka-yig; (BGTD 71); Ma. temgetu bithe = Mo. *temdeg-d bici! = Ch. chih-chao, i.e. certificate, warrant, license; (WTCWC 11a/271=1036). 14. bka-rtags-phrin-yig: Formularbuch of the Yig-tshang-Chancellery (SCHUH 1983, 326). 15. bka-rten: (BKYT 1997, 85). 16. bka-thang: Written order (NEBESKY-WOJKOWITS 1949, 83). 17. bka-tham: 1. phyag-dam-mam/ dam-phrug; 2. bKa-shag gi tham-ga (BGTD 72); 3. Herrscherurkunde (MTH III/3, 404; SCHUH 1983, 319); Verfgung (MTH III/6, 173 no. 104, 179 no. 268). -- go-mchan: (SCHUH 1983, 319): See under go-mchan. 18. bka-dam: Erla (MTH III/6, 186 no. 329). 19. bka-phrin/-phrin: Message, written order (NEBESKY-WOJKOWITS 1949, 83; BGTD 75). 20. bka-bam: Decree (NEBESKY-WOJKOWITS 1949, 83); bka-shog (BGTD 75). 21. bka-bris: Letter (NEBESKY-WOJKOWITS 1949, 83). 22. bka-dzin: Letter of authorisation (NEBESKY-WOJKOWITS 1949, 83). 23. bka-rtsom: (SLTJ 31b). 24. bka-zhu: authorisation, license (BGTD 77). 25. bka-zin: (BKYT 1997, 71: bka-shog bsgyur-ba zin-bris, 135ff.). 26. bka-yig: Corresponds to Chinese hu-pai; gong-rim nas gnang-bai yi-ge; public declaration (BGTD 78); gser gyi -- (DL12, 519): the golden diploma granted by the emperor. 27. bka-lan: Plea (?) yig-lan; written reply, answer (BGTD 78). 28. bka-lung: gong-mai bka-shog; imperial decree or edict (BGTD 78; NEBESKY-WOJKOWITS 1949, 83). 29. bka-shog: Yan-dynasty: Erla (MTH III/1, 163); (DRNT II 873; DL11, 453; DL12, 535): Herrscherurkunde (SCHUH 1978, 413; MTH III/3, 404; III/6, 170 no. 32; SCHUH 1983, 319); Konfirmationsurkunde tibetischer Herrscher (SCHUH 1983, 315); royal decree (BGTD 75); official writing (BGTD 78); Verfgung (MTH III/6, 169 no. 22); Konfirmationsurkunde (MTH III/6, 170 no. 26); Ma. hesei bithe = Mo. jarli!un bici!un *cken = Ch. chih-i (WTCWC 23b/4688=17598); zhus-pai bka-shog = petition (PC1, 114a = AHMAD 1970, 161); decree (NEBESKY-WOJKOWITS 1949, 83). 30. bka-bshus: Copy of a bka-? 31. bka-gsal: Official message (NEBESKY-WOJKOWITS 1949, 83). 32. bkod-khyab: Order (BKYT 1997, 331; BGTD 81) 33. bkod-rgya: las-khungs so-sos gsham-du btang-bai yi-ge; proclamation (BGTD 81). 34. bkod-rgyu: 35. bkod-char: (BKYT 1997, 415) 36. bkod-zin: 37. skyabs-zhu: 38. kha-yig: ming-byang ngam kha-byang gi yi-ge; slip of *paper with title of a document or book; frontispiece (BGTD 210). 39. kha-shog:

40. khra-ma: gerichtlicher Vergleich (SCHUH 1983, 304); Verpflichtungserklrung (MTH III/6, 172 no. 95); yi-gei khra-ma; inventory list (BGTD 270). 41. khrungs-rabs: Brief list of members of an incarnate lineage inlcuding some biographical data. 42. khrol-dzin: Freistellungsbeleg (MTH III/6, 195 no. 384); mi-brjes --: Urkunde ber Menschentausch (MTH III/6, 191 nos. 361-364, 192 nos. 366, 369, 195f. nos. 386-390). 43. gan-rgya (gan-rgya; gam-rgya; TED 213): Verpflichtungserklrung (MTH III/6, 168 no. 8, 170 no. 28, 172 no. 88); (schriftliche) Verpflichtung (SCHUH 1976, 104). 44. gan-yig: Verpflichtungserklrung (MTH III/6, 171 nos. 86f.). 45. gan-shog: =gan-rgya (q.v.; BGTD 349). 46. gun-ji: >Ch. chn-chih, Erla des Staatsrates (MTH III/1, 162). 47. gral-rtse/dral-rtse/(s)bral-rtse: Loanword from Chinese cha-chih; Instruction (VOGH XI, 8, 46 no. 7; KDL Doc. 158 pg. 32) 48. mgron-deb: Regulations concerning dress protocol; this work was also consulted by the Brag-g.yab bla-brang during the years 1954-1958 (BY 19.01.2000). 49. go-mchan: Zustimmungsvermerk (SCHUH 1983, 312, 320); snyan-zhui gor gong-rim nas gnang-bai bka-lan; gloss (BGTD 497); Anerkennungs- bzw. Zustimmungsvermerke (DAGYAB 1980, 21, presumably according to DS); Verfgung (MTH III/3, 80). 50. go-brjod: 51. bka-tham --: (SCHUH 1983, 320). 52. sbug-dam --: (SCHUH 1983, 320). 53. go-mchan: rgyab-gnon: Konfirmation (SCHUH 1983, 313); rogs-byed; support, patron (BGTD 547). 54. -- bka-tham: (SCHUH 1983, 315) 55. tham-ka: rgyab-skyor byed-pai bka-shog theu byar-ma; (BGTD 547). 56. rgyab-yig: Besttigungsschreiben (SCHWIEGER 1999, 21). 57. sgo-khra mi-gzhung: (CHMO 13, 44). 58. sgrub-gzhung: 59. bsgo-yig: Imperial order (chih-ming; HTCWC 33). 60. ngo-bsdud: 61. ngo-zin: (BKYT 1997, 185). 62. ngo-shus: Copy (BKYT 1997, 159). 63. ngos-sbyor: Letter of introduction (WYLIE 1968, 151) 64. dngos-tho: (BKYT 1997, 367). 65. dngos-bul: 66. mngags-zhus: 67. bsngo-yig: 68. bca-yig (<dge-dun la khrims[recte: khrims]-su bca-bai yi-ge, i. e. a document establishing law for the Buddhist Sangha): khrims bzos-pai yi-ge; rules, statute (BGTD 751; SCHUH 1978, 417; ELLINGSON passim: monastic constitutional document). 69. bcug-khra: 70. chad-phra: Register or list of documents; Verzeichnis von Urkunden (MTH III/6, 199). 71. chab-gcig: 3

72. chings-khra [<Chin. ching-*tse, i.e. register?] (bu-yig): phan-tshun kha-dan bzhag-pai yi-ge; Regulations, treaties (BGTD 794; DRNT 726, 727: -- zur-pa, 857). 73. chings-yig/'ching-yig: Treaty, pact; agreement; charter (BGTD 794; YKNZ 1956, 123-125). 74. char-zin: 75. 'ching-yig: See chings-yig. 76. jags-yig: Edict (AHMAD 1999, 331). 77. ja-yig: kao-ming (HTCWC 33). 78. ja-sa (CHMO 13, 9: mid-14th century; DL12, 534: nor-bui --, gser gyi --, i.e. precious stone diploma, golden diploma ): <Uig. yasa (RSNEN 191=MTH III/1, 160); Letters patent (chih-shu) (HTCWC 32). Yan: sheng-chih. 79. brjed-byang: mi brjed-pai phyir bris-pai tho-yig; record, documentation (BGTD 925). 80. nyo-tho: Accession list; tshong-zog nyo-rgyui brjed-tho (BGTD 969). 81. snyan: 82. snyan-zin: 83. snyan-zhu (DL11, 461): 1. rna-bar shod-pa; 2. zhu-yig; 1. report, exposition; 2. petition (BGTD 999; YKNZ 1956, 58, 60; DRNT 732); report (GOLDSTEIN 1968, 175f.). 84. snyel-tho: (BKYT 1997, 87); cf. mnyel-brjed kyi tho (BKYT 1997, 235). 85. brnyed-sbyangs: 86. gtan-khra: Official documents (AHMAD 1999, 336) 87. gtan-khra yig-rigs: Legal documents (AHMAD 1999, 337). 88. gtan-tshig: Konfirmationsurkunde tibetischer Herrscher (DAGYAB 1980, 13, 15: Generalerla [rGya Bod nag-khra], presumably according to DS; SCHUH 1983, 315, 318); Herrscherurkunde (SCHUH 1978, 413; 1983, 319); -- ngo-ma: Original * Herrscherurkunde (SCHUH 1983, 319); AHMAD 1999, 336 n. 1458, 340: legal document). 89. btang-gnas: (BKYT 1997, 120). 90. btang-zin: (BKYT 1997, 129). 91. rten-deb: Inventory (MTH III/6, 167 no. 5: Inventarverzeichnis; CHMO 13, 43) 92. bstar-gzhung: *Text prescribing the hierarchy in processions? 93. bstod-tshig: Eulogy (BKYT 1997, 44f.). 94. thugs-dam (sa-bon): 95. tho: List. 96. tho-chung: Little list. 97. tho-lam: 98. thob-tho: byung-tho; receipt (BGTD 1197); Unkostenaufstellung (?=thobgzhi; MTH III/3, 408). 99. deb-gter: Urkundenkatalog (SCHUH 1981, 72 no. 19). 100. deb-ther: pen-tzu (HTWC 104). 101. deb-gzhi shog-ril: Aufstellung ber Neuzugnge (MTH III/6, 187f. no. 341). 102. deb-yig: Archives, files (HTWC 193: tang-an). 103. dran-tho: List of reminder notes (CPPERS 190). 104. dral-rtse: Variant spelling for gral-rtse (q.v.). 105. mda-yig:i 106. dum-khra: (MTH III/6, 197 no. 401). 107. dum-gan: Vertrag/Privaturkunde (). 4

108. dra-gnyis: gzhi-mtshungs gnyis; two identical copies (BGTD 1423); [Urkunde] in zweifacher Ausfertigung (SCHUH 1983, 310); -- dam-byar: Ausfertigung eines Vertrags [*in zwei Exemplaren] (MTH III/6, 168 no. 23). 109. dra-ya: (MTH III/6, 197 nos. 402f.). 110. dra-shu/bshus: Copy 111. rdog-tho: 112. brda-tho: 113. sdog-tho: 114. sder-yig: Catering-?? 115. bsdu-gzhung: 116. bsdud-gzhung: 117. bsdom-tho: 118. gnang-cha: 119. gnang-tho: List of [articles/gifts] presented. 120. gnang-sbyin: [List of imperial] presents (BKYT 1997, 22f.). 121. dpyad-khra: 1. dpyad-mtshams khra-mai bsdus-ming, 2. srid-gzhung gis rim-gro sgrub skabs dgos-chai grangs-bor thag-bcad-pai yi-ge sbug-dam byar-ma; written judgement of a (court) case (BGTD 1643); gerichtlicher Vergleich (SCHUH 1983, 304); Schlichtungsentscheid (MTH III/6, 184 no. 310); Schlichtungsrechtsentscheid (MTH III/6, 194 no. 383); -un bici! (SUMATIRATNA II 39). 122. dpyad-mtshams: gyod-rtsod thag-bcad-pai khra-ma; final written judgement [of a court case](BGTD 1644) ; gerichtlicher Vergleich (SCHUH 1983, 304); khra-ma:kha-mchu thag-bcad-pai yi-ge; written judgement of a (court) case (BGTD 1644); gerichtlicher Vergleich (SCHUH 1983, 304); Vergleichsurkunde (MTH III/6, 182 no. 298). 123. sprad-mchan: dgon-pa nyams-gsoi zhal-debs dang/ phogs-thob kyi lag-deb sogs la di dang di sprad ces yi-ge god-pa; signed estimate for expenses in restoration, etc. (?) (BGTD 1686). 124. sprad-tho: 125. sprad-gzhung: (BKYT 1997, 77: yong-bai tho zin-bris). 126. sprad-yig: 127. phul-grogs: 128. phul-snyan: Petition + List of gifts (?) (BKYT 1997, 122, 131). 129. phul-tho:=bul-tho? 130. phul-gzhung: bkra-shis shog-dmar --: 131. phul-zin: (BKYT 1997, 104, 124). 132. phul-yig: bskur-yig; writing, letter (BGTD 1721; BKYT 1997, 97). 133. pho-yig lam-ston: Unspecified type of document (MTH III/6, 179 no. 251). 134. phogs-yig: Inventory of salaries (? BKYT 1997, 364). 135. phyag-rtags: rang-lag gis bris-pai rtags; signature in ones own hand (BGTD 1733) 136. phyag-rtags byar-ma: *Affixing of signature or seal? 137. phyogs-sgrig: 138. phrin-yig: gzhan la phar bskur-bai yi-ge dang/ gzhan gyis tshur btang-bai yi-ge; letters (BGTD 1771). 139. phrin-lan: phrin phar bskur-ba la tshur byung-bai lan; written reply (BGTD 1771). 5

140. phring[?]-yig: Sendschreiben (SCHUH 1981, 73 no. 22, 74 no. 23). 141. phrin-yig: (SUMATIRATNA II 160; NEBESKY-WOJKOWITS 1949, 85). 142. phrin-lan: (SUMATIRATNA II 161). 143. bu-deb: Duplicate copy; manuscripts of a document/book; copy-book (BGTD 1829; CHMO 13, 58). 144. bu-yig: (DRNT 726). 145. byung-tho: tshur byung-bai tho-yig; receipt (BGTD 1888). 146. byung-deb: 147. byung-dzin: Quittung (MTH III/6, 198 nos. 405-407). 148. byung-gzhung: 149. bab-deb: (CHMO 13, 37) 150. bul-rgya: gong la bul-bai yi-ge rgya-thel can; petition sealed with a thelrtse (BGTD 1973). 151. bul-tho: bul-rgyui dngos-rdzas kyi tho; list of gifts (BGTD 1973; YKNZ 1956, 47). 152. bul-dzin: 153. *bul-gzhung: 154. bul-yig: bul-rgyui yi-ge; petition (BGTD 1973). 155. byed-khra: srid-gzhung nas sprad-pai dbang-ris bdag-thob kyi bka-shog; agreement on the division of landed property (BGTD 1983; CHMO 13, 57); Landaufteilungsvereinbarung (SCHUH 1983, 323). 156. byed-gtan: srid-gzhung skabs/ mnga-bdag/ byor-ldan so-soi dbang-rigs kyis sa-mtshams sogy kyi byed-khra dang byed-pai bka-gtan; document of enfeoffing (?) (BGTD 1983) 157. ming-tho: ming bkod-pai tho-yig (BGTD 2095); List of names. 158. *ming-byang: (SUMATIRATNA II 434). 159. ming-gzhung: ming bkod-pai tho-yig (BGTD 2097); List of names. 160. gtsang-dzin: Quittung (MTH III/6, 174 nos. 108f.). 161. rtsa-tshig: Generalerla (SCHUH 1976, 98 n. 39; DAGYAB 1980, 21, presumably according to DS; SCHUH 1983, 312, 319); decree (CPPERS 190); BKYT 1997, 214f.. (SUMATIRATNA II 533). 162. stsal-tho: List of gifts and titles granted. 163. stsal-gzhung: 164. tshig-tho: (BKYT 1997, 160, 172). 165. mtshan-tho: List of names. 166. mtshan-byang: 1. ming-byang ste yi-ge sogs kyi kha-byang (BGTD 2307); Name card. 2. Slip of ivory used in casting lots (JGK). 167. mtshams-zhu: Formel, die die eigentliche Mitteilung eines Schreibens einleitet (MTH III/3, 412; DRNT 712; DL11, 439) 168. mtshams-zhu zhu-yig: (SUMATIRATNA II 613). 169. mtshams-zin: 170. mtshams-yig: 171. mtshams-lan: 172. tshams: Variant spelling for mtshams (q.v.). 173. mdzad-deb: 174. mdzad-gzhung: (BKYT 1997, 467) 175. mdzad-lam: 176. mdzod-ming:

177. dzin=gtsang-dzin: Quittung (MTH III/6, 178 nos. 227, 242-244); Verfgung (MTH III/6, 178 no. 246). 178. dzin-gzhung: Quittung (MTH III/6, 178 no. 249). 179. dzin-yig: (SUMATIRATNA II 649). 180. dzin-lan: (SUMATIRATNA II 649). 181. rdzong-dam: Verzeichnis (? MTH III/6, 177 no. 221); Erla (MTH III/6, 179 no. 265). 182. brdzangs-tho: dngos-zog btang-bai tho; list of gifts, delivery note (BGTD 2363). 183. brdzang-zhu: (BKYT 1997, 420) 184. brdzang-gzhung: 185. brjed-tho: (BKYT 1997, 474) 186. wang-snyan: 187. wang-deb: 188. wang-brel (DL12, 583): 189. wang-shu: Loanword from Chinese wen-shu, i.e. petition issued to the Ambans (BGTD 2367; DL10, 89; DL11, 376; DL12, 488f., 586; YKNZ 1956, 31). 190. wan-gan: (DL10, 120). 191. zhal-chems: (BKYT 1997, 442) 192. zhal-yig: (SUMATIRATNA 684). 193. zhal-shus: Abschrift (MTH III/6, 169 no. 21). 194. zhal-bshus: Copy (=ngo-bshus; BGTD 2383). 195. zhing-tho: *List of field or landed property; Verzeichnis des Landbesitzes (MTH III/6, 188 no. 345). 196. zhib-dam byar-ma: (MTH III/6, 189 no. 349). 197. zhib-gzhung: (CHMO 13, 57). 198. zhu: thugs-rjei -:(YKNZ 1956, 59). 199. zhu-khra: kha-mchui skor yar-phul zhu-ba dang/ mar-gnang khra-mai bsdus-ming; petition + memo(randum), abbreviation of charge/petition + judgement (BGTD 2393); petition, application (TED 1072). 200. zhu-gan: 201. zhu-rgya: zhu-yig dam-byar-ma; sealed petition (BGTD 2394). 202. zhu-rgyu: Subject of a petition or suit (TED 1072). 203. zhu-rgyui dzin: 204. zhu-chung:<*zhu-yig chung-ngu? 205. zhu-tho: *Petition + List [of gifts]; Eingabe (MTH III/3, 313; III/6, 173 nos. 100-102, 105). -- dam-byar: 206. zhu-phrin (zur-pa snyan-tshig): (DRNT 730). 207. zhu-gzhung: 208. zhu-zin: 209. zhu-yig: petition, application (TKKB 357-388: Early 15th ct.; BGTD 2395; DL10, 123; SUMATIRATNA II 691f.). 210. zhu-shog: (SUMATIRATNA II 692). 211. zhu-son: 212. zhung-degs: (YKNZ 1956, 104, 132) 213. zhus-thus kyi bka-tham: Verfgung (MTH III/6, 169 no. 18) 214. zhus-dag: Vergleich [der Kopie mit dem Original] (SCHUH 1983, 318). 215. zhus-zin go-thon: 7

216. zhus-gzhung: 217. zhus-lan: (DRNT 738). 218. zho-tho: 219. gzhung-khra: Register (BGTD 2427); lag-dzin gyi --: (MTH III/6, 180 no. 276). 220. -- go-thon: 221. bzhugs-gral: Seating plan (BKYT 1997, 57f.: bzhugs-gral la phebs miitho). 222. zin-tho: (BKYT 1997, 42). 223. zin-bris: Record; cursive draft (BGTD 2460; SUMATIRATNA II 747). 224. zur-don: 225. yi-ge: Article, writing (BGTD 2563 no. 3); document (op. cit. no. 4); letter (op. cit. no. 5; NEBESKY-WOJKOWITS 1949, 86); bithe= bici!= shu (WTCWC 23a/729=2752). 226. yig: Writing; book (NEBESKY-WOJKOWITS 1949, 86). 227. yig-khra: (SUMATIRATNA II 826). 228. yig-ge: Faulty (?) spelling of yi-ge (q. v.). 229. yig-cha: Summary, outline, sketch (HTWC 103: leh); Urkunden (MTH III/6, 170 no. 24) 230. yig-chung: 1. tshugs-thung las cung-zad chung-ba gi-gu gyen du bslangs-pai yig-gzugs (BGTD 2567 no. 1); 2. srid-gzhung rnying-pai skabs brda-gtong gi yig-chung; slip of paper (BGTD 2567 no. 2; NEBESKY-WOJKOWITS 1949, 86); 3. gloss (BGTD 2567 no. 3); 4. (BKYT 1997, 155. DRNT II 895. 231. yig-phran: Short letter (NEBESKY-WOJKOWITS 1949, 86). 232. yig-dzin: receipt, certificate sealed with a thel-tse (BGTD 2569); written contract (NEBESKY-WOJKOWITS 1949, 86). 233. yig-zin: 234. yig-rigs sdem-kha: Unspecified type of document (MTH III/6, 178 no. 250). 235. yig-lan: Written reply (BGTD 2569; BKYT 1997, 49f.: zhu-yig!). 236. yong-deb: Revenue-record (AHMAD 1999, 337). 237. rim-dzar: To affix theu-seals at the end of a document (BGTD 2703). 238. lag-khyer: Passport first issued in 1947 (WYLIE 1968, 151f.). 239. lam-bton/-ston: 240. lag-deb: Manual, notebook (BGTD 1686). 241. lag-dzin: Quittung (BGTD 2754; MTH III/3, 414; SUMATIRATNA II 967). 242. lam-deb: List of presents in kind and money? 243. lam-yig: u-lag-certificate (NGTD 2768); Rechtsbrief (SCHUH 1983, 321); Reiserechtsbrief (op. cit. 324); Verfgung (MTH III/6, 192 no. 368); letter of safe-conduct (WYLIE 1968, 150); authorization of the requisition of travel supplies (WYLIE 1968, 150); entry permit (WYLIE 1968, 150); jugn-i yarun= jamun ingbo bici!= lu-yin (WTCWC 21a/453=1722). lam-yig (rgya-yig): Chinese-language travel permit (BGTD 2768). lam-yig (zin-bris): lam-yig mthong-dzin: Reisebegleitschreiben (MTH III/6, 178 no. 245). 244. ling-dris: BKYT 1997, 7: <Chin. ling-chih, i.e. command of the empressdowager (MATHEWS no. 4043.5) 245. lung-zhu: 246. lung-lan: 8

247. le-tshan: Chapters and paragraphs (BGTD 2799; SUMATIRATNA II 1006). 248. shu-tho: 249. she2-bam (CHMO 13, 9: mid-14th century, 26): sbug-dam mam srid-tham brgyab-pai sgrub chag jags gsum skor gyi gzhung-yig spyiam gtso-boi gras; Document about tax-payers, lease and proprietary rights (? BGTD 2856); Herrscherurkunde (SCHUH 1978, 413; 1983, 313); Rechtsurkunde (SCHUH 1983, 318, 322f.); Rechtsbrief (MTH III/3, 20). SUMATIRATNA II 1075! 250. shog-gan: Vergleichsurkunde (MTH III/6, 187 no. 340). 251. shog-lde: 252. shog-le: Unspecified type of document (MTH III/6, 171 no. 85). 253. shog-hril: Sheet of paper (WTCWC 66a/815=3079). 254. shog-lhe: Slip of paper (BGTD 2869). 255. sa-tho: Register of landed property (JGK); amtliche Aufstellung ber in den Besitz des Destinatrs gelangten Lndereien (SCHUH 1983, 323); Landbesitzregister (op. cit. 324). zhib-gzhung (CHMO 13, 44). 256. song-khra: Register of Expenses (BGTD 2963). 257. song-the: Faulty spelling for song-tho.?! 258. song-tho: Register of Expenses (BGTD 2963). 259. song-deb: 260. song-gzhung: 261. song-zin/song-bai zin-lam: 262. gsung-shog: Decree/edict dating back to 1407 (BKYT 1997, 10f., 15-19). 263. gser-glegs: Register, records, archives (tse; HTCWC 33). 264. gser-yig (DL10, 89; DL11, 317): Imperial decree (BGTD 3026); Verleihungsurkunde (DAGYAB 1980, 14, presumably according to DS); patent (kao) (HTCWC 32=WTCWC 8a/265=1012). SUMATIRATNA II 1257; official writing (NEBESKY-WOJKOWITS 1949, 86). 265. hrul-gyar: 266. i-ci/-ji//e-ci/-ji: <Chin. i-chih (MTH III/1, 162).

Note that GOLDSTEIN 107 reads sher bam, instead.

ON HOW TO ISSUE DOCUMENTS (ACCORDING TO BKYT PASSIM): Document Type Bka Verb Dgos (?) Gnang-ba Dgos-pa Btang-ba Gnang-ba Song-ba Gnang-ba Btang-ba Gnang-ba Dgos-pa (?) Btang-ba Gnang-ba Stsal-ba tshams-()dri Zhu-ba Zhus-pa Gnang-ba Phul-ba Gnang-ba Phul-ba Stsal-ba Btang-ba Btang-ba Zhu-ba Phul-ba Byas-pa Tshams-()dri Zhus-pa Gnang-ba Stsal-ba

Bka-rgya

Bka-rten Bka-zin

Bka-yig

Bka-lan

Bka-shog

Bkod-khyab Bkod-rgya Ngo-zin Snyan-zhu

Snyel-tho Ja-sa

10

Bstod-pa Bstod-tshig Tho (rten-chas kyi -) Tho-chung Phogs-yig Rtsa-tshig Tshig-tho tshams-zhu brDzang-zhu Zhu-zin Zhu-yig Gzhung-khra

Bcad-pa Phul-ba Gnang-ba Phul-ba Sprod-pa (?) Phab-pa Zhus-pa Phul-ba Phul-ba Phul-ba Phul-ba Phul-ba/phul-rgyu Legs-bul byas-pa Btang-ba Phul-ba Song-ba Btang-ba Gnang-ba Phul-ba Song-ba Btang-ba Btang-ba Gnang-ba Gnang-ba Stsal-ba

Zin-bris

Yi-ge

Yig-chung Yig-lan

Gser-yig

11

ON MONASTIC ARCHIVES IN TIBET The Tibetan Autonomous Region Historical Archives (TARHA=TAL) were established in 1959. As of the early 1990s the holdings amounted to over 3,000,000 items dating from 1303 to 1959. 90% of the documents were written in Tibetan, while the remaining part was written in Manchu, Nepali, Bhutanese, Indian languages, Chinese and English. Most of the archives are in good condition; only 20% are somewhat damaged.3

YE/ESHERICK 309.

12

bKa-shag: 1718 (BKYT 1997, 433)

13

ABBREVIATIONS AND IBLIOGRAPHY

AHMAD, Zahiruddin (trs.): Life of the Fifth Dalai Lama Volume IV, Part I, Sata-Pitaka Seires 392, New Delhi 1999. ARIS, Michael: Notes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridor, in: Michael ARIS & AUNG SAN Suu Kyi (eds.): Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson, Warminster 1980, 9-20. ATAR: Hsi Tsang tzu-chih ch tang-an kuan / Bod rang-skyong ljongs yig-tshag khang / Archives of Tibet Autnomous Region, brochure introducing the Archives of Tibet Autonomous Region, n.p., n.d. AZAG: Dieter SCHUH and Michael WEIERS (eds.): Archiv fr Zentralasiatische Geschichtsforschung, Sankt Augustin 1983, 1985. BKYT: RDO-RJE TSHE-BRTAN (ed.): Bod kyi yig tshags phyogs bsgrigs (Collection of Archives from Tibet [1309-1728]), vol. I, n.p. (Lhasa?) 1997. BNKY: CHAB-SPEL Tshe-brtan phun-tshogs (ed.): Bod kyi snga rabs khrims srol yig cha bdams bsgrigs (Old Legal Documents from Tibet), n.p. (Lhasa) 1989. CHCSL: HSIEH Tso et alia (eds.): Ching-hai chin shih lu (Inscriptions from Kukunoria), His-ning 1993. CPPERS, Christoph: Some Aspects of Tibetan Administration under the dGa-ldan pho-bran Government, in: TS 7, 189-193. DAGYAB, Loden Sherap [Brag-g.yab che-tshang IX Blo-ldan shes-rab]: Die Verwaltung des Bezirkes Brag-g.yab (=Dagyab, Osttibet) durch die Brag-g.yab skyabs-mgon, in: Herbert FRANKE and Walther HEISSIG (eds.): Heilen und Schenken, Asiatische Forschungen 71, Wiesbaden 1980, 12-21. DL10: *RGYAL-DBANG Blo-bzang phrin-las rnam-rgyal: rGyal bai dbang po thams cad mkhyen gzigs bcu pa chen po ngag dbang blo bzang jam dpal bstan dzin tshul khrims rgya mtsho dpal bzang poi rnam par thar pa ngo mtshar nor bui phreng ba (Hagiography of the Tenth Dalai Lama), n.p. (Lhasa) 1846; typeset edition in volume IV under the title of Phags pai jig rten dbang phyug rnam sprul rim byon gyi khrungs rabs deb ther nor bui phreng ba, Dharamsala 1984, IV 1-293.4 DL11: lHar bcas skye rgui gtsug nor phags chen phyag na padmo rje btsun ngag dbang skal bzang bstan pai sgron me mkhas grub rgya mtsho dpal bzang poi rnam par thar pa ngo mtshar lhaI rol myong byangs can rgyud du bsnyan pai tambura (Hagiography of the Eleventh Dalai Lama), ed. in: Phags pa jig rten dbang phyug gi rnam sprul rim byon gyi khrungs rabs deb ther nor buI phreng ba, vol. 4, n. p., n. d., 295-469. DRNT: RDO-RING bsTan-dzin dpal-byor (b. 1760): dGa bzhi bai mi rabs kyi byung ba brjod pa zol med gtam gyi rol mo, n.d. (1806?), n.p., ed. LO Jun-tsang, 2 volumes, Cheng-tu 1986. DS: Oral communication by Dieter Schuh to BY, Bonn/Halle. ELLINGSON, Ter: Tibetan Monastic Constitutions: The Bca-yig, in: Lawrence EPSTEIN & Richard F. SHERBURNE (eds.): Reflections on Tibetan Culture, Studies in Asian Thought and Religion 12, Lewiston (NY)/Queenston (Ontario)/Lampeter (Dyfed) 1990, 205-229. GOLDSTEIN, Melvyn C.: An Anthropological Study of the Tibetan Political System, PhD Dissertation University of Washington 1968.

Note that a microfilm and microfiche copy acquired by myself for the library of the Seminar fr Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft Zentralasiens from the late Professor Giuseppe Tucci through the kindness of Professor Petech, in 1983, has, by 1985, disappeared without the faintest trace. This is the reason why, now, I have to refer to the rather inferior edition from Dharamsala.

14

HAENISCH, Erich: Zwei kaiserliche Erlasse vom Ausgang der Regierung Kienlung, die Gorkha betreffend, in: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 3 (1938) 17-39. HEISSIG, Walther: Ein Lamapatent des 18. Jahrhunderts, in: Oriens Extremus 1964, 143-148. HTCWC: of WTCWC (q.v.). HTTA: Hsi Tsang tang-an (The Tibet Archives), Lhasa 1990s. KDL Doc. 158: Lam-deb by the authorities of Kun-bde gling to the then Amban, Sung-kuei (d. 1907), on the occasion of the appointment of the dza-sag bla-ma; TAL no. 012/16/10. KSTA: LI Peng-nien and FANG Jung (eds.): Kan-su sheng so-tzun Hsi Tsang ho Tsang shih tang-an shih-liao mu-lu (1412-1949) (Catalogue of Tibetan Historical Archives in Kansu Province 1412-1949), Peking 1996. MKTA: Min-kuo tang-an (Archives of the Republican [Era]), Nanjing. MTH: Dieter SCHUH: Erlasse und Sendschreiben mongolischer Herrscher fr tibetische Geistliche , Monumenta Tibetica Historica III/1, Sankt Augustin 1977. - Urkunden und Sendschreiben aus Zentraltibet, Ladakh und Zanskar, Monumenta Tibetica Historica III/2, Sankt Augustin 1976. and L[oden] S[herap] DAGYAB [Brag-g.yab che-tshang IX Blo-ldan shes-rab]: Urkunden, Erlasse und Sendschreiben aus dem Besitz sikkimesischer Adelshuser und des Klosters Phodang, Monumenta Tibetica Historica III/3, Sankt Augustin 1978. and J. K. PHUKHANG [Phu-khang mkhan-sprul Byams-pa skal-bzang]: Urkunden und Sendschreiben aus Zentraltibet, Ladakh und Zanskar, Monumenta Tibetica Historica III/4, Sankt Augustin 1979, - Grundlagen tibetischer Siegelkunde, Monumenta Tibetica Historica III/5, Sankt Augustin 1981. - Das Archiv des Klosters bKra-!is-bsam-gtan-gli von sKyid-gro , Part 1, Monumenta Tibetica Historica III/6, Bonn 1988. NEBESKY-WOJKOWITS, Ren: Schriftwesen, Papierherstellung und Buchdruck bei den Tibetern, PhD thesis, Vienna 1949. NI Tao-shan: Ming Ching tang-an kai-lun (A General Account of Ming and Ching Archives), Cheng-tu 1990, 79f. PC1: PAN-CHEN I Chos-kyi rgyal-mtshan (1569-1662): Chos smra bai dge slong blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan gyi spyod tshul gsal bar ston pa nor bui phreng ba (Autobiography up to 1681), n.d., n.p. SCHUH, Dieter: Ein Rechtsbrief des 7. Dalai Lama fr den tibetischen Residenten am St pa von Bodhnth, in: Zentralasiatische Studien 8 (1974) 423-453. - Eine kollektive tibetische Schuldurkunde, in: Herbert FRANKE, Walther HEISSIG and Wolfgang TREUE (eds.): Folia rara, Verzeichnis der orientalischen Handschriften in Deutschland, Supplement 19, Wiesbaden 1976, 95-110. - Ergebnisse und Aspekte tibetischer Urkundenforschung, , in: Louis LIGETI (ed.): Proceedings de Krs Memorial Symposium, Budapest 1978, 411-425. - Zum Entstehungsproze von Urkunden in den tibetischen Herrscherkanzleien, in: Ernst STEINKELLNER & Helmut TAUSCHER (eds.): Contributions on Tibetan Language, History and Culture, vol. 1, Wien 1983, 303-328.

15

Frhe Beziehungen zwischen dem ladakhischen Herrscherhaus und der sdlichen Brug-pa-Schule, in: AZAG 1983 Heft 2, 27-57+10. - Zwei ching-zeitliche tibeto-mongolische Dokumente, in: AZAG 1983 Heft 4, 121-168. - Historiographische Dokumente aus Zas-dkar, in: AZAG 1983 Heft 6, 209-285+21. - Politische Implikationen tibetischer Urkundenformeln, in: AZAG 1985 Heft 9, 81-168. SCHWIEGER, Peter: Teilung und Reintegration des Knigreichs von Ladakh im 18. Jahrhundert, Monumenta Tibetica Historica III/7, Bonn 1999. - and Loden Sherap DAGYAB: Die ersten dGe-lugs-pa-Hierarchen von Brag-g.yab (1572-1692), Monumenta Tibetica Historica II/2, Bonn 1989. SLTJ: SLE-LUNG Blo-bzang phrin-las (1697-c. 1746)ii: sKal bzang dga ston (Autobiography), n.p., n.d.; ed. in: Sle lung rje drung bzhad pai rdo rjei gsung bum, vol. 1, ff. 1a-375a. TAHTH: Tang-an-hseh tung-hsn (Report on the Study of Archives), Peking TASY: Tang-tai Chung-kuo tang-an shih-ye (The Archives of Contemporary China), TATL: Hsi Tsang sheh-hui li-shih Tsang wen tang-an tzu-liao I-wen chi (Tibetan Language Material on the History and Society of Tibet), TKKB: TSONG-KHA-PA Blo-bzang grags-pa (1357-1419): bKa bum thor bu, 2nd vol. (kha), ed. by Phrin-las, His-ning 1987. TS7: Helmut KRASSER, Michael Torsten MUCH, Ernst STEINKELLNER and Helmut TAUSCHER (eds.): Tibetan Studies, Denkschriften der Philosophisch-Historischen Klasse der sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 256, 2 volumes, Wien 1997. UEBACH, Helga: Die Besitzurkunde des Se-ra s ags-pa gra-ca , in: Herbert FRANKE & Walther HEISSIG (eds.): Heilen und Schenken, Asiatische Forschungen 71, Wiesbaden 1980, 121-127. WTCWC: Wu-ti Ching-wen chien (Quintoglott Dictionary), compiled before 1794; translated and explained by TAMURA Jitsuzo, IMANISHI Shunju and SATO Hisashi, 2 vols., Kyoto 1968. WYLIE, Turrell V[erl]: Tibetan Passports: Their Function and Significance, in: Central Asiatic Journal 12(2) (1968-1969) 149-152. - Notes on Csoma de Krss Translation of a Tibetan Passport, in: Christopher I[rving] BECKWITH (ed.): Silver on Lapis, Bloomington 1987, 111-122. YE Wa & Joseph W. ESHERICK: Chinese Archives, China Research Monographs 45, Berkeley 1996. YKNZ 1956: G. THARCHIN (ed.): dPal ldan sa skyong mi dbang bshad sgra chen po mchog dang mi rje bka drung nor nang ba mchog nas brtsams mdzad yig bskur rnam gzhag rgyas pa khag gnyis dang/ gzhan yang yig bskur thor bu sna tshogs/ bod kyi chos rgyal snga ba rnams dang gau shr khang gi gdung rabs/ rgyal dbang sku phreng rim byon dang/ srid skyong rim pai khri lo/ shod drung las tshan gyi rim pa dang/ rdzong gzhis khag gi ming tho/ lha sa nas smad khams phyin gyi lam tho dang/ tham deb/ khrims yig zhal lca bcu gsum dang khrims degs ang grangs/ manydzu gong ma khri rabs/ bras ljongs rgyal rabs/ bod sing gnyis dang gor bod gnyis kyi chings yig sogs mdor bsdus phyogs bsgrigs deb ther dod joi gter mdzod/ Letter-Writers. Yik.bskur rnam-gshag by H.E. Kalon Shadra & Kadrung Nornang and Various Other Collections of Modern Letter-Writers. Short History of Ancient Kings, H.H. The Dalai Lamas & their Regents. The Thirteen Code Laws by Srongtsen Gampo, List of Seals and their Sizes as Used by Dalai Lamas & Regents, Kalimpong 1956.

16

17

FICHTENAU, Heinrich: Die historischen Hilfswissenschaften und ihre Bedeutung fr die Medivistik, in: MGA 115-143. MEISNER, H. O.: Archivalienkunde, Gttingen 1969. MGA: Manfred THIEL (ed.): Methoden der Geschichtswissenschaft und der Archologie, 10. Lieferung der Enzyklopdie der geisteswissenschaftlichen Arbeitsmethoden, Mnchen/Wien 1974. OPGENOORTH, Ernst: Hilfsmethoden der neueren und neuesten Geschichte, in: MGA 77-114.

18

ZUM TIBETISCHEN ARCHIV- UND URKUNDENWESEN

Definitionen Akte<lat. actus: Schriftliche Unterlage zu einem bestimmten Vorgang, Schriftstck. Archiv5<lat. archium<"#$%&'(, i.e. Behrde, Amt. Sammlung von Schriftstcken, Urkunden, Akten. Aufbewahrungsort einer Sammlung von Schriftstcken, Urkunden und Akten. Dokument <lat. documentum, i.e. beweisendes Schriftstck. Urkunde <ahd. urkundi:Rechtskrftiges amtliches Schriftstck, Dokument, Beweisstck.

Karl ACHAM et alia: Methoden der Geschichtswissenschaft und der Archologie, Enzyklopdie der geistes-wissenschaftlichen Arbeitsmethoden, 10. Lieferung, Mnchen/Wien 1974,94-96.

19

Urkundentypen (Deutsch/Englisch-Tibetisch/Chinesisch): 1. Abschrift (beglaubigte)/Kopie (ngo-shus): 2. Antwortschreiben6: 3. Aufstellung ber Arbeitsleistungen von Leibeigenen7: 4. Aufstellung von Getreideleihgaben8: 5. ? Ausweis9: 6. Bittschreiben10: 7. Eingaben Abschriften11: 8. Ernennungsurkunde: 9. Generalerla (rtsa-tshig)12 10.Herrscherurkunde: Abschrift13: Annerkennung verbriefter Vorrechte: Bekrftigung einer Einigung im Streit: Besttigungsvermerke14: Erla: Konfirmationsurkunde (bka-shog, bka-gtan, gtan-tshig)15 (beglaubigte) Kopie16: Rechtsbrief (lam-yig)17: Rechtsentscheid (bka-tham go-mchan, sbug-tham go-mchan)18: Spendenaufruf Verfgung: 11.Inventaraufstellung19: 12.Klosterurkunde: Reisebegleitschreiben: Verfgung (bca-yig)/Erlass ber Einhaltung der mnchischen Disziplin: 13. Konfirmation (rgyab-gnon)20: 14.Konfirmationsvermerk21 15.Landaufteilungsvereinbarung (byed-khra)22 16.Lndereienverzeichnisse (sa-tho)23
6 7

MTH III/2 Dok XXXI. MTH III/2 Dok XXXVI. 8 MTH III/2 Dok XXXVII. 9 MTH III/2 Dok. LXV. 10 SCHUH 1983,312. 11 MTH III/2 Dok XXXVIII. 12 SCHUH 1983,319. 13 MTH III/2 Dok VII.. 14 MTH III/2 Dok I,II,IV, 15 SCHUH 1983,314. 16 MTH III/2 Dok VII. 17 SCHUH 1983,314. 18 SCHUH 1983,320. 19 MTH III/2 Dok XXVI. 20 SCHUH 1983,314. 21 SCHUH 1983,312. 22 SCHUH 1983,323. 23 SCHUH 1983,323.

20

17.Original-... (... ngo-ma): 18. Privaturkunde: Bescheinigung: Entwurf: Nachweis und Quittung24: Quittung25: (nicht beglaubigte) Zweitschrift einer Quittung26. (kollektive) Schuldurkunde27: bereignungsurkunde (khrol-dzin, i.e. Freistellungsbeleg)28: (vorlufige) bereignungsurkunde29: Vertrag30: Vertrag (dum-gan)31/(dum-gzu)32: (nicht beglaubigte) Abschrift oder Zweitschrift33: Kopie34: Zusatzregelung35: Zweitausfertigung36: 19.Privatvertrag (gan-rgya)37: 20.Rechtsbrief ()38: 21.Rechtsurkunde (she-bam)39: 22.Sendschreiben: 23.Spendenaufruf40 24.Vergleichsurkunde (dpyad-mtshams, dpyad-khra, dpyad-mtshams khra-ma, khrama)41: 25.Verpflichtungserklrung (gan-rgya)42: 26.Verpflichtungsurkunde (gan-rgya)43: 27.Zweitausfertigung44:

Urkundenerminologie Tibetisch-Deutsch:
24 25

MTH III/2 Dok XXXIV. MTH III/2 Dok XXVI. 26 MTH III/2 Dok XXVII,XXVIII(?). 27 MTH III/2 Dok XXXIII. 28 MTH III/2 Dok XIII-XV,XX,XXII,XXV. 29 MTH III/2 Dok XXIX. 30 MTH III/2 Dok X. 31 MTH III/2 Dok IX,XII. 32 MTH III/2 Dok XI. 33 MTH III/2 Dok XXVIII. 34 MTH III/2 Dok XIX,XXIV. 35 MTH III/2 Dok XXXII. 36 MTH III/2 Dok XXI. 37 MTH III/5 134. 38 SCHUH 1983,312,321. 39 SCHUH 1983,312,318. 40 MTH III/5 Dok. XVIII. 41 SCHUH 1983,303,304. S. auch SCHWIEGER/DAGYAB 79. 42 MTH III/2 Dok XII.
43 44

MTH III/2 Dok XXI..

21

1. 2. 3. 4.

Dum-gan/gzu: Vertrag/Privaturkunde gan-rgya: Verpflichtungserklrung, khrol-dzin: Freistellungsbeleg, i.e. bereignungsurkunde lam-yig: Rechtsbrief, der das Privileg der Inanspruchnahme von Transportleistungen gewhrt.45 5. ngo-shus: Abschrift, Kopie 6. snyan-zhu:iii 7. she-bam: Herrscherurkunde 8. thugs-rje-chei zhu: Dankschreiben (?)iv 9. zhu-chung: 10.zhu-yig: 11.zhung-degsv: 12.

45

SCHUH 1983,321.

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In 1959, the Tibetan Autonomous Region Historical Archives were established.46 The documents were first housed in the former Zhol Par-khang; there are still about 400 bags of documents housed in the Zhol Par-khang. In 1989, the Tibetan Autonomous Region Historical Archives moved to the western outskirts of Lhasa. Bibliographie MKTA: Min-kuo tang-an. NI Tao-shan: Ming Ching tang-an kai-lun, Cheng-tu 1990. SCHWIEGER, Peter & Loden Sherap DAGYAB: Die ersten dGe-lugs-pa-Hierarchen von Brag-g.yab (1572-1692), Monumenta Tibetica Historica II/2, Bonn 1989. TAHTH: Tang-an-hseh tung-hsn. TASY: Tang-tai Chung-kuo ti tang-an shih-ye. YE Wa and Joseph W. ESHERICH: Chinese Archives, Berkeley 1996.
DRNT II 873. According to LGRR III 798 no. 57 his name was Blo-bzang rnam-rgyal, instead; according to SLTJ 374a-b his name given by the Sixth Dalai Lama was Blo-bzang bstan-pa grub-pai rgyal-mtshan, while his name given by the Pan-chen was Blo-bzang phrin-las; see also GJLG 754ff. iii YKNZ 1956,58,60. iv YKNZ 1956,59. v YKNZ 1956,104,132.
ii i

YE/ESHERICH 1996,309, and accordingly MKTA 1988/2,44,119f., UCSD; TASY 542-544, UCB; TAHTH 1990/1,41-44,UCB; NI 1990,79f.

46

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