Stanford 3D Diffuser ST04

Overview
Goals of the testcase:
Corner flow separation often overpredicted by Eddy Viscosity Models Question:
Can EARSM/RSM predict such flows systematically better than Eddy Viscosity models? Are all EARSM/RSM about equal or are there large differences in behavior? What are the reasons for the differences?

SST

Partners
ANS, NTS, NUM,TUD, UniMan

ATAAC final workshop 2012/6/11-12: ST 04 3D Stanford Diffuser; page 2

Flow Description
Diffuser geometries Schematic of Flow Separation Zone

Major flow parameters Incompressible fluid Re = 10,000 (inlet channel height and inlet bulk velocity) Fully developed inflow at diffuser inlet
ATAAC final workshop 2012/6/11-12: ST 04 3D Stanford Diffuser; page 3

Experiment
Flow system schematic 3D Magnetic Resonance Velocimetry (MRV)

Measured Velocity

Available Data
Three velocity components (Diffuser 1 and 2) Fluctuations of streamwise component, Urms (Diffuser 1) Pressure coefficient distribution (Diffuser 1)
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Modeling challenges
Flow in a rectangular duct is not unidirectional
secondary flow (Prandtls secondary flow of second kind) due to anisotropic normal stresses

Secondary motion generates vortices in square ducts which drive momentum into the corner
more momentum in the corner allows the flow to overcome stronger pressure gradients than without such secondary features

RANS
LEVM cannot account for secondary flow properly calibrated RSM should perform consistently better

Turbulence resolving methods

correct capturing of anisotropic turbulence is necessary
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RANS computations
ANSYS
The S-BSL-EARSM using the WJ stress-strain relation has been optimized and documented (Menter et al, 2009, also report available).

NUMECA
S-BSL-EARSM model from ANSYS High-Re Wallin-Johansson EARSM with k-omega model of Hellsten, 2005 (WJ-EARSM)

UniMan
Elliptic-Blending RSM (EBRSM)

NTS
S-BSL-EARSM model from ANSYS

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RANS Computational Grids

ANSYS
Diffuser 1 and 2: 14591121
Medium mesh for Diffuser 1: used by ANSYS and NUMECA

NUMECA
Diffuser 1: 14591121

UniMan
Diffuser 1: 21260180 Diffuser 2: 2206090

NTS
Diffuser 1: 137 x 77 x 135
NTS RANS mesh for Diffuser 1:

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Inflow conditions for RANS computations

Experiment
Fully developed flow, enabled by a development channel being 62.9 channel heights long

ANSYS, UniMan
Fully developed flow from precursor simulations of a periodic 2D duct using the same model as for the entire diffuser

NUMECA
Developed flow, enabled by the upstream development channel being 100 channel heights long

Inlet section

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FVM Numerics for RANS

ANSYS Momentum eqs: bounded second order upwind scheme Turbulence eqs: first order upwind NUMECA Momentum eqs: Jameson central scheme with scalar dissipation Turbulence eqs: second order upwind UniMan Momentum eqs: second order centered scheme Turbulence eqs: first order upwind UniMan Momentum eqs: fourth (adv.) second (diff.) order centered scheme Turbulence eqs: ??th order upwind..??
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Locations for crosscomparisons

Planes for streamwise velocity and Urms cross-comparisons Line for Cp crosscomparisons

12 8 5 X/H = 2 H

15

Cp line

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Pressure coefficient
In general, all RSM models perform better than LEVM (SST) Among all models, EBRSM model of UniMan is superior to all other models tested Reasons for differences can be seen from the streamwise velocity field (next slide)
Data for Diffuser 1
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3

Cp
0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 Experiment S-BSL-EARSM ANS S-BSL-EARSM NTS S-BSL-EARSM NUM WJ-EARSM NUM EBRSM UniMan 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

X/L
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Streamwise velocity, Diffuser 1: RANS

Results of S-BSLEARSM obtained at ANSYS and NUMECA are quite similar S-BSL-EARSM gives too strong reverse flow in the top-right corner and overestimates the size of the separation zone EBRSM, on the contrary, slightly underestimates the size of reverse flow zone and also values of maximum streamwise velocities
Experiment WJ-EARSM NUM S-BSL-EARSM NUM S-BSL-EARSM ANS EBRSM UniMan

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Velocity fluctuations, Diffuser 1: RANS

All the tested EARSM are capable of reproducing velocity fluctuations (Urms) quite well Results of S-BSLEARSM obtained at ANSYS and NUMECA are again very similar
Urms / Ubulk 100
Experiment WJ-EARSM NUM S-BSL-EARSM NUM S-BSL-EARSM ANS EBRSM UniMan

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Conclusions on RANS results

Inclusion of the stress anisotropy leads to a drastic improvement of the results for this case. The flow topology matches much better the experimentally observed flow and the wall pressure distribution improves significantly. The use of EARSM / RSM improves the results systematically for both of the considered geometries. The Cp-distribution was best captured by the EBRSM of UniMan. Not all details of velocity profiles matched by any method (Relevance?). What is the reason for some EARSM / RSM being better than others? Consistent inlet conditions required for simulations.

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Turbulence-resolving computations: TUD,UniMan

UniMan: RANS / LES Two-Velocity hybrid RANS / LES scheme with the underlying v2f RANS turbulence model Inflow conditions: fluctuating flow from Synthetic Eddy Method of Jarrin et al. The methods generates synthetic 3D eddies rescaled with turbulent statistics taken from a precursor EBRSM calculation of a 2D duct whose dimensions match the dimensions of the inlet TUD: RANS / LES LES / RANS formulation represents a zonal, two-layer hybrid approach with a RANS model for near-wall and LES in the remainder Inflow conditions: precursor simulation of the fully-developed flow TUD: SAS-RSM SAS-RSM Inflow conditions: same as for RANS / LES but at the inlet plane x / H = -0.6, to overcome the problem of decay of fluctuations
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Grids for TUD and UniMan transient simulations

UniMan
Diffuser 1: 21260180 Diffuser 2: 22060180
Mesh overview

TUD
Diffuser 1 only RANS/LES: 22462134 SAS-RSM: 15062134

NTS...
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Turbulence-resolving computations: NTS

NTS: SST-based IDDES Inflow turbulent content NTS synthetic turbulence based on
SST RANS solution WJ-BSL-EARSM RANS solution

Recycling (periodic conditions) in an additional upstream rectangular channel section with the length L=6H Computational Grids With synthetic inflow: Domain -3 < x < 55; Grid: 414 x 77 x 135 (~4.3M) With recycling: Domain: - 9 < x < 55; Grid: 499 x 77 x 135 (~ 5.2 M)
Sponge layer Recycling

ATAAC, page 19
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Turbulence-resolving computations: ANSYS

ANSYS: SST-based IDDES and (algebraic) WMLES Inflow: Recycling (periodic conditions) in an additional upstream rectangular channel section with the length L=6H Computational Grid Domain: - 9 < x < 45; Grid: 450 x 77 x 135 (~ 4.7 M)

Recycling

ATAAC, page 20
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Numerics for transient simulations I

UniMan Code Saturne, unstructured collocated finite volumes code SIMPLEC algorithm Momentum eqs: second order centered scheme Turbulence eqs: first order upwind TUD In-house code FASTEST, finite volume method for block-structured, bodyfitted, non-orthogonal, hexahedral meshes SIMPLEC algorithm with a geometric multi-grid scheme Momentum eqs: second-order, central differencing scheme Turbulence eqs: flux blending technique with some upwinding

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Numerics for transient simulations II

NTS Incompressible branch of the NTS code (Rogers & Kwak scheme) 4th order centered approximation of inviscid fluxes 2nd order centered approximation for viscous fluxes Implicit, 2nd order (three-layer) time-integration ANSYS FLUENT, unstructured collocated finite volumes code with cell-centered variables arrangement SIMPLEC algorithm Momentum eqs: second order centered scheme Turbulence eqs: second order upwind Implicit, 2nd order (three-layer) time-integration

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Pressure coefficient TUD, UniMan

Data for Diffuser 1

TUD & UniMAN Hybrid RANS/LES methods predict the pressure coefficient very well SAS-RSM model somewhat underestimates Cp.
Cp

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 Experiment TUD RANS-LES TUD RSM-SAS UniMan RANS-LES

0.5

1.5

X/L
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UniMan RANS/LES
Diffuser 1 Diffuser 2

Consistently with the adequate prediction of Cp value, the UniMan hybrid LES/RANS method correctly reproduces the flow field pattern in both Diffusers.
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TUD SAS-RSM
SAS-RSM somewhat underpredicts the size of the separation zone, as well as maximal values of streamwise velocities and Urms in the region close to the end of the diffuser A spotty behaviour of Urms is due to a small averaging time (7 through-flow times)

Urms/Ubulk100
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Pressure coefficient NTS (IDDES)

NTS results: Best predictions: IDDES with recycling (etalon no synthetic turbulence) and IDDES with inflow synthetic turbulence based on S-BSL-EARSM RANS solution Somewhat worse predictions: IDDES with synthetic turbulence based on SST RANS (u2=v2 =w2) IDDES results most probably may be improved by shifting the inflow farther upstream (to provide a space for establishing normal stresses anisotropy)
Data for Diffuser 1
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 Experiment IDDES, recycling IDDES, synth. turb., SST IDDES, synth. turb., EARSM

Cp

0.5

1.5

X/L

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NTS IDDES U
Experiment
IDDES (Recycling) IDDES (Synth. EARSM) IDDES (Synth. SST)

Same rating of the approaches as that based on Cp distributions: Best predictions: IDDES with recycling and IDDES with inflow synthetic turbulence based on S-BSL-EARSM RANS solution Somewhat worse: IDDES with synthetic turbulence based on SST RANS (u2=v2 =w2)

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NTS IDDES Urms/Ubulk

Experiment
IDDES (Recycling) IDDES (Synth. EARSM) IDDES (Synth. SST)

Same rating of the approaches as that based on Cp distributions (cf. prev. slide)

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Pressure coefficient: ANSYS IDDES and WMLES

ANSYS results: IDDES and (algebraic) WMLES with recycling overestimate Cp downstream from X/L = 0.5 Grid sensitivity has to be checked simulations on a finer mesh are in progress Same mesh as used by NTS, but NTS code has higher-order discretisation of advective fluxes
Data for Diffuser 1
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3

Cp
0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2

Experiment IDDES WMLES

0.5

1.5

X/L

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ANSYS IDDES
Experiment
IDDES (Recycling)

Experiment

IDDES (Recycling)

U/Ubulk

Urms/Ubulk

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ANSYS WMLES
Experiment
WMLES (Recycling)

Experiment

WMLES (Recycling)

U/Ubulk

Urms/Ubulk

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Conclusions on transient simulations

Good results were obtained by both RANS/LES hybrid computational models (from TUD and UniMan) with respect to the characteristics of the duct flow expanding into a diffuser section, the consequent separation flow region (onset, shape and size), the mean velocity field and associated integral parameters (pressure distribution), as well as the turbulence quantities. Simulations using SAS-RSM turned out to be quite sensitive to the location of the inlet plane upstream of the diffuser (decay of resolved turbulence, SAS reverting gradually into RANS mode) SST-based IDDES with inflow turbulent content created with the use of synthetic turbulence generator developed by NTS and with the use of turbulence recycling in upstream straight channel section is shown to be capable of correctly reproducing major features of the mean flow and turbulence statistics Synthetic turbulence created on the basis of EARSM RANS solution tangibly improves accuracy of the simulation compared with the case when the synthetic turbulence is created on the basis of the linear SST ATAAC final workshop 2012/6/11-12: ST 04 3D Stanford Diffuser; page 33 model