Fundamentals of JAVA

Object oriented concepts

Java and its features
Major difference between
C++ and Java
Java Environment
Data types
Java Tokens
Casting
Control Flow Statements
Object Oriented Concepts
Thegeneral conceptsof OOP whichformtheheart of Java
language
Thevariousconceptsare:
EncapsulationandDataAbstraction
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Encapsulation and Data Abstraction
Thewrappingupof dataandmethodsintoasingleunit(called
class) isknownasencapsulation..
Abstractionrefersto theact of representingessential features
of an entity. Theseencapsulateall theessential properties of
theobjectsthat aretobecreated.
Inheritance
Thisistheprocessbywhichobjectsof oneclasscanacquire
thepropertiesof objectsof another class.
Theconcept of inheritanceprovidestheideaof code
reusability.
Polymorphism
Polymorphism means the ability to take more than one form.
Polymorphism is mainly of two types.
1. Run Time
2. Compile Time
Run time polymorphism means function call is resolved at run
time.
Compile Time polymorphism means function call is resolved
at Compiletime.
The features of Java
Simple
Platform Independent
Robust and Secure
Multithreaded
Compiled and Interpreted
Distributed
Simple
Javaissimplelanguageif wearefamiliar withthebasic
conceptsof object-orientedprogramming(OOP).
JavainheritsC/ C++syntaxandmanyof the
object-orientedfeaturesof C++.
Platform Independent
Javaensuresportabilityintwoways. First Javacompiler
generatesbytecodeinstructionsthat canbeimplementedon
anymachine.
Secondlythesizeof theprimitivedatatypeismachine-
independent.
Themost significant contributionof Javaisitsportability.
Javaprogramscanbeeasilymovedfromonecomputer system
toanother.
Robust and Secure
Javaisarobust language. It providesmanysafeguardsto
ensurereliablecode.
It hasstrict compiletimeandruntimecheckingfor datatypes.
Javaalsoincorporatestheconcept of exceptionhandling
whichcapturesserieserrorsandeliminatesanyriskof
crashingsystem.
Multithreaded
Multithreadedmeanshandlingmultipletaskssimultaneously.
Javasupportsmultithreadedprograms. Thismeansthat weneed
not wait for theapplicationtofinishonetaskbeforebeginning
another.
Compiled and Interpreted
Java is both compiled and interpret language.
Java compiler translates source code into bytecode instructions.
Java interpreter generates machine code
Distributed
Java supports for creating distributed applications over
network
Java applications can open and access remote objects on
internet as easily as they do in a local system.
This enables multiple programmers at multiple remote
locations to collaborate and work together on a
single project.
Major Differences Between C++ And Java
Java does not support operator overloading
Java does not have template classes as in C++
Java does not support multiple inheritances of classes. This is
accomplished using a new feature called interface.
Java does not support global variables. Every variable and method is
declared within a class and forms part of that class.
Java does not use pointers.
Java has replaced the destructor function with a finalize() function.
There are no header files in Java.
The Java Environment
Java environment includes a number of development tools and
hundreds of classes and methods.
The development tools are part of the system known as Java
Development Kit (JDK).
The classes and methods are part of Java Standard Library
(JSL), also known as the Application Programming Interface
(API).
Java Development Kit
TheJavaDevelopment Kit comeswithacollectionof tools
that are used for developing and running Java programs.
Theyinclude:
appletviewer (for viewingapplets)
javac(JavaCompiler)
java(Javainterpreter)
javap(javadisassembler)
javah( for Cheader files)
javadoc(for creatingHTML documents)
jdb(Javadebugger)
Application Programming Interface
The Java standard library (or API) includes several packages. Most
commonly used packages are
Language Support Package
Utilities Package
Input / Output Package:
Networking Package
AWT Package
Applet Package
Java Language An Overview
Javais ageneral-purpose, object-oriented programming language.
Wecandeveloptwotypesof JavaPrograms
Stand-aloneapplications
Webapplets
Stand-alone applications
Stand-aloneapplications areprograms written in Javato carry out
certaintasksonastandalonelocal computer.
Example1.1
Data Types
Datatypesdefinethe storagemethodsavailablefor
representinginformation.
Javadatatypescanbedividedintotwocategories.
simple
composite.
Javas Primitive Data Types (Simple):
Integer :
This type includes byte, short, int and long. All these represent only
whole numbers.
Floating-point numbers :
This type includes float and double. These numbers used to
represent fractional numbers.
Boolean :
This type has Boolean. It is used to represent the true or false values.
Characters :
This type includes char. It is used to represent a character set or a
symbol.
Boolean :
It represents true or false.
It can hold only one value either true or false.
These values cannot be changed from this type to any other
type.
These values are useful for comparison.
These variables are declared by the keyword boolean.
For example : boolean sign;
Byte :
The smallest integer type is byte.
This type is useful for file handling and stream handling.
These variables are declared by the keyword byte.
For example : byte b;
Char:
It is used to represent characters.
A char must be a single character of Unicode.
Unicode is the superset of ASCII.
It solves multi language problems.
ASCII characters are 8 bit length.
Unicode characters are 16 bit length
For example : char ch;
Short:
It represents whole numbers of small length.
These variables are declared by the keyword short.
For example : short s;
Int:
It represents integer values or the whole numbers.
These variables are declared by the keyword int.
For example : int i;
Long:
It is usually used to represent values of higher range
These variables are declared by the keyword long.
For example : long al;
Float:
It represents floating point numerical values.
These variables are very commonly used for
decimal calculations.
These variables are declared by the keyword float.
For example : float fa;
Double:
It represents floating point numbers of larger orde.
These variables are declared by the keyword double.
For example : double currency;
Java Tokens
When a Java program is compiled, the Java compiler parses
the text and extracts individual tokens
These tokens define the structure of the Java language.
All the tokens that comprise Java are known as the Java
token set.
Java tokens can be broken into five categories:
Identifiers
Keywords
Literals
Operators
Seperators
Identifiers:
Identifiers are tokens that are used to represent user-defined names.
These names can be assigned to variables, methods, and classes to
uniquely identify them to the compiler.
The following are valid identifiers:
Keywords:
Keywords are predefined identifiers reserved by Java.
Data Declaration Keywords:
Exp:boolean,byte,char,double
Loop Keywords:
Exp:while,break,for,do,continue
Literals:
Literals are the actual values stored by the variables (Identifiers).
Literals can be numbers, characters, or strings. Numeric literals
include integers, floating-point numbers, and booleans.
There are many types of Literals:
Integer literals
Floating point literals
Character literals
Boolean literals
String literals
Example1.2
Operators
The data items that operators act upon are called operands.
Some operators require two operands, while others act upon only
one operand.
Most operators allow the individual operands to be expressions.
A few operators permit only single variables as operands.
Types of Operators
Unary operators :
Java supports a class of operators that act upon a single
operand to produce a new value, Such operators are known as
unary operators.
For exp:
-139
-A
-( a + b)
Relational Operators:
There are six relational operators in Java. They are
Less than(<)
Less than or Equal to(<=)
Greater than(>)
Greater than or Equal to(>=)
Equal to(==)
Not Equal to(!=)
Logical Operators
Java supports three logical operators. They are
AND (&&)
OR(!!)
NOT(!)
Conditional Operator
Simpleconditional operationscanbecarriedout withthe
conditional operator(?:).
Anexpressionthat makesuseof theconditional operator iscalleda
conditional expression.
Suchanexpressioncanbewritteninplaceof themoretraditional
if-elsestatement.
A conditional expressioniswrittenintheform
expression1?expression2: expression3
For exp: max=(l >m) ?l : m;
Assignment Operators
There are different assignment operators in Java.
All of them are used to form assignment expressions,
which assign the value of an expression to an identifier.
The most commonly used assignment operator is =
Example : a = 10; b = 20; c = L;
Arithmetic Assignment Operator
There are arithmetic assignment operators corresponding to all the
arithmetic operations:
+=, -=, *=, / =, %=
For Exp:
The expression g += 5; Here 5 is added to the original value of
the variable g, and the old value is replaced.
Example 1.6
Bitwise Operators
Javasupportscertainlowlevel featuresthat allowthe
programmer tocarryout operationsnormallyavailableonlyin
assemblylanguageor machinelanguage.
Bitwiseoperationsoperatorscanbedividedintothreegeneral
categories
Theonescomplement operator
Thelogical bitwiseoperators
Theshift operators.
The ones complement operator
The ones complement operator (~) is a unary operator that causes
the bits of its operand to be inverted
For Ex:
Binary equivalent of 8 = 0000 1000
Ones complement of 8 = 1111 0111
BitwiseComp
The Shift Operators
Theleft-shift, right-shift, andzero-fill-right-shift operators(<<, >>,
and>>>) shift theindividual bitsof aninteger byaspecifiedinteger
amount.
Expression Value
x = 7
x >> 2 1
x << 1 14
x >>> 1 3
The differences between the right-shift (>>)
and zero-fill-right-shift (>>>) operators
Theright-shift operator appearstoshift zerosintotheleftmost bits.
Thereisnodifferencebetweenthetwooperatorswhiledealingwith
positivenumbers,
Theyboththeseoperatorsshift zerosintotheupper bitsof a
number.
Theright-shift operator preservesthehigh-order bit andeffectively
shiftsthelower 31bitstotheright. Thisbehavior yieldsresultsfor
negativenumberssimilar tothosefor positivenumbers.
Thezero-fill-right-shiftoperator, ontheother hand, shiftszerosinto
all theupper bits, includingthehigh-order bit
Casting
The process of converting one data type to another is called casting.
Java allows automatic type conversions when it is manipulated with one
or more operands.
During arithmetic operations, numeric values of different types will
be interoperable among themselves.
casting
Explicit casting
To assign a value of higher bit data types to a lower one, it has to be
explicitly said. It is called explicitcasting.
expcast
Control Flow Statements
The Java language provides for three constructs for performing loop
operations. They are:
`The if statement
`The for statement
`The while statement
`The do statement
`The Switch statement
if statement
If statement is a conditional branch statement. It can be used to
change the program execution thro different paths.
The general form of if statement is
If(condition) statement1;
else
Statement2;
If the given condition is true then statement1 will be executed .If
the condition is false statment2 will be executed.
Example 1.6
The for statement
This loop is an entry-controlled loop that provides a more concise
loopcontrol structure
The syntax of the For...next loop in Javais for ( n =1; n <100;
n++)
Example:1.13
The While Statement
The while loop is used to repeat a block of code as long as a
particular conditionistrue.
Thesyntaxof thewhileloopinJavais
while(condition)
{
blockof code
}
Example1.14
The do while statement
The condition is placed at the end of the loop where it is used to
specifywhentoexit theloop.
The do while loop is very similar except that it executes a given
statement until theconditionisfalse.
Thisloopisexecutedatleast once. After thefirst iterationit checks
for the condition, if it is true the loop is executed. The loop
continuestill conditiongoes
Example1.15
A break statement exits a loop before an entry condition fails.
The most common use of break is in switch statements.
Break
Continue
It is sometimes necessary to exit from the middle of a
loop.
Sometimes it may be necessary to go back
to the top of the loop.
Some other times it may be necessary to leave the loop
completely.
For these purposes Java provides the break and
continue statements.
Labeled Loops
Normallyinsidenestedloopsbreakandcontinueexit theinnermost
enclosingloop.
For exampleconsider thefollowingloops.
Example1.18
Switch statement
Switch statements are shorthands for a certain kind of if statement.
Example 1.20