ITEM B Exercise 1:

APA 1. What is parenthetical documentation and what is its basic format? Parenthetical documentation, also known as author-date method of in-text citation, is a system used to emphasize the author and date of publication. Its basic format is as it follows: Authors last name and the year of publication of the source. 2. What do you do when no author name is available? When no author is available we use an abbreviated version of the title of the page in quotation marks to substitute for the name of the author. 3. When do you use the double quotation mark? When do you use single quotation mark? We use double quotation marks to indicate quotations or fewer than 40 words in our text. We also use them in case we are using a quotation that uses quotation marks in a block quote; we do this in order to set off the material that was originally in quotation marks. On the other hand, if we are using a quotation that uses quotation marks as a short quotation, we use single quotation marks in order to set off the material that was originally enclosed in quotation marks. 4. How do you emphasize the authority of your sources? The authority of the sources is emphasized by using a system whose purpose is to emphasize the author and date of publication in its in-text citation. 5. What is a block quotation and when do you use it? A block quotation, also known as a long quotation, is a quotation that is not placed in question marks, but instead is set off from the main text as a distinct paragraph (or block) by starting it on a new line and indenting it five spaces from the left margin. We use a block quotation when our quotation is longer than 40 words. 6. What is the difference between a summary and a paraphrase? When summarizing, we reduce the length of the paragraph by focusing the main points only. When paraphrasing, we adapt the text by using our own words and our own sentence structure.

Apart from this, in the APA style there is not big differences between these two methods of rewrite a text. 7. What is the basic format of an entry in the references list? The basic format is as it follows: Authors names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. The reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last names of the first author of each work. In case we have more than one article by the same author(s), single-author references or multiple-author references with the exact same order are listed in order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest. 8. Do you use & or and when listing multiple authors of a single work? In that case we use &. 9. What is the format for an article in a periodical? The format is the following: Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. (Year). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume, number, pages.

* For a magazine or newspaper article, it is important to include specific publication dates (month and day, if applicable) as well as the year. For a journal article is not important to include the information mentioned before.
10. What is the format for a chapter of a book?

The format is as it follows: 1. Name/s. of author(s) of chapter Surname, (comma) Initial(s), (full stop). 2. Year of publication in parentheses (followed by a full stop). 3. Chapter title (followed by a full stop). 4. Editor/s of book preceded by In. 5. Title of book in italics (followed by a full stop). NB: For a chapter in a book that is not edited, include the word In before the book title. 6. Page numbers of chapter in parentheses (followed by a full stop) NB: If there is an edition, volume number or report number this information precedes the page numbers within the parentheses and is followed by a comma. 7. Place of publication: (followed by a colon). 8. Publisher (followed by a full stop).
11. What is the format for a television series? The format is presented in the following order:

 Producer, P. P. (Producer). (Date of broadcast or copyright). Title of broadcast [Television broadcast or Television series]. City of origin: Studio or distributor.
MLA 1. What is parenthetical documentation and what is its basic format? A parenthetical documentation or in-text citations is a method used to include borrowed information in your text. Its basic format is: the authors last name and the page number(s) on which the information appears. 2. What do you do when no author name is available? In case we do not have an author name, we should use a shortened version of the title. 3. When do you use page numbers only? We use page numbers only in these two cases: - If the same author is mentioned two or more times in a row and the reference is not ambiguous. - If the author is introduced in the text. 4. How do you emphasize the authority of your sources? We emphasize it by establishing the sources as an authority that has understanding in the field instead of simply quoting complete sentences. 5. What is a block quotation and when do you use it? A block quotation is a quote of more than four typed lines. When we use it we must begin a new line, indent each quoted line 2.54cm form the left margin, quotation marks are not necessary , but a period before the parenthetical citation. It is also important to keep original line breaks if we need to quote a verse. 6. What impression does overuse of quotes give? It shows lack of original thought or poor writing abilities. 7. What is the difference between a summary and a paraphrase? The difference between a summary and a paraphrase is that the former shorten the information of a text , it only focuses in the main idea or point, while the latter restate the information in your own words and the length of the text is similar the original. 8. What is the basic format of an entry in the works cited list? Its basic format is: Last name, First name. Title. City: Publisher, Year. ________________ ____ ______________ Author Title Publication inform.

9. What is the format for a book with no authors named? The format is: Title of the book. City: Publisher, Year. 10. What is a corporate author? It is a book whose author is a group (an organization, association or commission) rather than individual person. 11. Give an example each of crossreferencing, a telephone interview, a lecture, a sound recording, an information database, an online journal article and an online posting in the works cited list. A telephone interview: Guzman, Marcel. Telephone interview. 10 May 2010. A lecture: Smakman, Robert. Great Vowel Shift: Its Beginning. 2010 Language Centre Conference. National Language Centre Corporation. La Paz Hotel, Lima. 12 February 2010. A sound recording: Aerosmith. Drawn the Line Columbia. Promus, 1984. An information database: CNN News 16 Jan. 2008. CNN News Online Resources. 16 Jan. 2008. <http://cnnnews.us.com/> An online journal article:
Habicht, Werner. Shakespeare Celebrations in Times of War. Shakespeare Quarterly. 52.4 (2001). 441-455. Project Muse. 20 Mar. 2003 <www.muse.jhu.edu>.

An online posting : Driessen, Nardus. Hallo! Online Posting. 12 Nov. 2006. Natural Beauty Writing Bulletin Board. 27 Dec. 2006 < http://www.fanbolt.com/forums/health-fitness-beauty/57417-natural-beauty-tips.html>.

Exercise 2:
1. What is the point of having citations and references? One reason is obviously that we want to avoid charges of plagiarism. But what is another? Another reason is that they help to conduct the reader to additional and more specific discussion relevant to your topic (in other words to find material you have referred to or consulted). Furthermore, they provide a way for the readers to evaluate for themselves the accuracy of the descriptions, analysis and conclusions. Additionally, they give credit to the original author or work you use. 2. It is often recommended that in your references section/list of works cited you only include works that you actually used. Some argue that including works you did not use, i.e. typically works you saw in another source and you never used, is in fact form of plagiarism. Comment.

In my view, that is not a form of plagiarism, though suspicious. I think that is not plagiarism because by doing so you are not using anybodys else words or ideas and pass them on as your own work. You are only citing them as a reference in the reference section/list of works. However, I would not recommend to do that because it does not make sense to cite something we actually did not use, besides it might make people to think of that as plagiarism. Would it be possible to deflect a charge of plagiarism by making clear that the reference is secondary? i.e. a reference within a reference. Should secondary references be included in references sections/works of lists cited? On the other hand, it is quite common practice to include iconic works that few have actually read. In linguistics for example, Chomsky (1957) or Chomsky (1968) are often referred to in this way. What is your view on this, in the light of your earlier answers to this exercise. First of all, we are encouraged to avoid secondary references as far as possible and second, we are tolerated to use them only if it is impossible to get the original reference. Then, I would say that there is in fact a loophole in a secondary reference that relieves us from a charge of plagiarism, e.g. we might say that we used a secondary reference since it was impossible to find the original one. I think secondary references should not be included in the references section/works of lists, even though, they might. They should not because they would raise a sort of suspect in our readers, therefore, our work might be challenged by questioning the veracity and authenticity of it. For instance, when you refer to a source that you were unable to read directly, in this case you quote something from a book by Rachel, but you have read this in a book by Lass, you should cite in the references section the book by Lass instead of the former because Lass is what you read. In respect to Chomsky (1957) or Chomsky (1968), I think people should not use it as a reference if they themselves did not read it because this would dispel reliability to their work. 3. Some instructors feel that if there is a reference or reference for a claim, it should be cited. Others argue that only text that is intellectual property should be cited common knowledge wouldnt need to be. Comment (200 words). I agree with the first statement because if we have a reference we need to cite it in order to guide our readers to the original source of information we have consulted so that they can benefit from it and at the same time they can verify that the information we have given is correct. Besides, according to the MLA, all information that comes from another source must be documented to indicate its origin (as mentioned above). At the same time, I think that is important to note text that is intellectual property because this has an author which can be cited but I do not agree with the idea that we should exclusively cite that.

On the other hand, I think that we do not need to cite information that is generally accessible for instance, the declaration of independence of a country. But if we go further in detail (for example if we mention how many people attended such event) we will probably be required to cite the source. Furthermore, commonly known information found in a distinct and different context should be cited, so that the reader becomes aware of your argument may have been influenced by the context in which you found it. As a conclusion, I believe that we always need to keep a balance view in both cases.

Exercise 3:
Question 1 Identify the organizational principle in the following paragraphs. 1. Mary of Aragon (150368) is a typical example of a Renaissance noblewoman, whose beauty attracted the admiration of the humanists. She was a member of the literary circle of Ischia, founded by the Renaissance poetess Victoria Colonna, friend of Michelangelo. Her artificial mummy, still wearing precious Renaissance clothing, showed asymmetrical swelling of the lower limbs, due to oedema. It revealed a syphilitic gumma of the skin with typical treponemes. This paragraph is part of a thesis based completely on primary and/or secondary literature. I affirm this because the content of the text belongs to a literature thesis. Besides, it does not show any sign of empirical work.

2. A major reason for the increasing disinterest in sports like weightlifting, and even to certain extent cycling and athletics, is the problem of widespread drug taking. The incidence of drug taking has taken on disturbing proportions in recent years, with a number of top sportsmen receiving bans. The basic point about drugs, of course, is that they make competition uneven; at least they are perceived as doing so by the viewing public. But they also make performance unnatural; in the sense that their use makes it impossible to adjudge, and therefore appreciate and admire, what the human body is actually capable of. The fully trained body is in fact capable of attaining astounding achievements, but if the viewer cannot see what is natural and what is the product of an unnatural supplement, then the body is not worth looking at. Drug taking is therefore not only unfair on those sportsmen who stay clean. It is also unfair on the general public, who cannot see what they want to see. All this uncertainty about what level of achievement is actually natural has without doubt contributed to an increasing belief that the true sporting element is fast disappearing from a number of major sports. This paragraph belongs to the second organizational principle where only a part of the thesis is based on primary or secondary literature, leaving the rest of the thesis for empirical research and the interpretation of data. The passage shows that empirical research is involved and therefore, it suggests that there is a chapter where the data was interpreted.

Question 2 Improve the clarity of the following paragraphs. 1. The difference between men and women are noticeable in society through various ways. One of those ways is language. Women always had an inferior role in society, a role which has only changed in the last century. Their inferior role was also represented in the language, which is why feminine words often have a negative meaning whereas male words are more positive. Language is one of the perceptible ways that society has used to distinguish men from women. The minor role that women played in society was portrayed in the language; this has changed not till the last century. Thats why men words tend to be more positive than the womens.

2. According to Genesis, women were created in the image of men from the rib of Adam. Men have been considering women as inferior, and that notion seems to have been around before Genesis was written. According to the Bible account of Genesis, the woman was formed from a rib taken from Adam. Apparently, men have felt superior than women even before the writing of this biblical book.

Exercise 4:
Exercise 1 Comment on the following thesis titles. * "I'M THE CHOSEN ONE AND I CHOOSE TO BE SHOPPING": BUFFY AND THE POSTMODERN CONDITION. In my opinion, this title foreshadows the content of the thesis. This title is inviting the reader to see the relation between a vampire and the postmodern condition. Besides, the first statement makes the title interesting because you as a reader may wonder what it has to do I am the chosen one and I choose to be shopping. Therefore, that could motivate you to find out what the link in the first statement is. Furthermore, this title frames the thesis in a context: Buffy is theme and Postmodern Condition is the frame.

* THE EFFECT OF DISCOURSE PRAGMATICS ON THE OVERPASSIVIZATION OF UNACCUSATIVES IN L2 ENGLISH. I think this title is very specific. It generates the context of the topic, as well as it announces the topic clearly. In addition, it is neutral. It does not challenge the readers with the writers opinion.

* THE LAST REMAINS OF A WORD ORDER: OV IN EARLY SIXTEENTHCENTURY ENGLISH PROSE. Here again, the title conveys a clear idea of what it is going to be analyzed. It also indicates the general area that will be discussed and the sub-area to be focused on.

Exercise 2 Below is a first plan for a dissertation entitled "The Role of the Media in Creative Accounting: What role does culture play?" Advise the writer on how to improve the plan. Creative Accounting has become a great issue in the last couple of years. The media has jumped on many of the cases immediately and brought them to our attention. Creative Accounting is an issue which has gotten a lot of attention over the years because corporations need to prevent it to not lose their credibility as powerful companies. The corporations involved were large companies, household names which people trusted. The media differs greatly in every culture. Creative Accounting and especially the Enron case was big news in the US . People felt extremely betrayed and the judgments were extremely harsh. The media jumped at the opportunity to write about it and it was first page news for a while as if cases like this one had never been present in the corporate world before. In the Netherlands Ahold, was presented by the media but in a less aggressive manner. What I want to research in this thesis is how large the role is that media plays in creative accounting. I want to compare the cases stated above and see how media differs in different countries (in this case the United States and the Netherlands) and what the effect of that is. Is it because of the difference in interests or is it the difference in the creative accounting cases? In my view, your plan shows possible titles for your chapters, some examples and also makes reference to the information you want to convey in your investigation. However, it looks a bit chaotic. Therefore your plan needs to have a structure; you can start by highlighting the ideas that are linked closely to the title, in other words rule out all irrelevant or repeated information. Then, establish the objective of your research, what you want to accomplish with it. Indicate what the main sections will be and the order they will follow, those will be your chapters. Do not forget to select the examples you mentioned in your first plan, you may use them for some of the chapters. For instance, you could do it this way: Chapters: 1. Introduction: 2. Creative Accounting: Its development in the last years. 3. Media and Culture: Their effect on Creative Accounting. Example: The Enron Case This above is only an example of how you could do it. Good luck!

Exercise 3 Comment on the following excerpt from a plan to write a dissertation on adaptations of Dickens A Christmas Carol. There will hopefully be an indepth evaluation of the selected reproductions of A Christmas Carol and the original tale itself. Of course, it is significant to bear in mind that this is a research thesis and I therefore do not intend to state a specific statement, since I am not certain what the outcome is going to be. It is obvious that the abstract presented above does not indicate what the person wants to achieve with the dissertation nor points out the specific information he intends analyze or describe. The paragraph above looks like a copy of a written thought instead of an abstract of a dissertation plan. Exercise 4 Here is part of a plan for a thesis called "Speech Perception: Native English Perception of English spoken by Dutch Learners". What would your advice to the writer be? Hypothesis a. Native Brits perceive English spoken by Dutch as American b. Native Americans perceive it to be British c. When there are varying choices in English pronunciation, the Dutch will choose spelling pronunciation, which is American. Dutch will use /r/ like Americans do. d. When asked, Dutch will say they speak/want to speak British English. In this hypothesis it is clear that what a Dutch learner thinks of his/her own speech is irrelevant. I would advise him to reformulate his possible hypothesis because they are too general and do not convey what he intends to prove or the discussion he wants to present. When reformulating his hypothesis he must take into account that they should arise an arguable point with which the readers could sensibly agree or disagree.