1

JawaharlalNehruEngineering College

LaboratoryManual

DIGITAL SYSTEMS For Second Year Students Manual made by Prof.S.D.JADHAV

Author JNEC, Aurangabad

JawaharlalNehruEngineering College

TechnicalDocument
This technical document is a series of Laboratory manuals of Electronics and Telecommunication Department and is a certified document of Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College. The care has been taken to make the document error-free. But still if any error is found. Kindly bring it to the notice of subject teacher and HOD.

Recommended by,

HOD

Approved by,

Principal

Copies: 1. DepartmentalLibrary 2. Laboratory 3. HOD 4. Principal

FOREWORD

It is my great pleasure to present this laboratory manual for second year engineering students for the subject of Digital Systems keeping in view the vast coverage required for visualization of concepts of Digital electronics. As a student, many of you may be wondering with some of the questions in your mind regarding the subject and exactly what has been tried is to answer through this manual.

Faculty members are also advised that covering these aspects in initial stage itself, will greatly relived them in future as much of the load will be taken care by the enthusiasm energies of the students once they are conceptually clear.

H.O.D.

LABORATORYMANUALCONTENTS

This manual is intended for the Second year students of engineering branches in the subject of Digital Systems . This manual typically contains practical/Lab Sessions related Digital Electronics covering various aspects related to the subject to enhance understanding. Students are advised to thoroughly go though this manual rather than only topics mentioned in the syllabus as practical aspects are the key to understanding and conceptual visualization of theoretical aspects covered in the books.

Good Luck for your Enjoyable Laboratory Sessions

Prof . S.D.JADHAV

SUBJECTINDEX 1. 2. DosandDontsinthelaboratory LabExperiments: 1. StudyofBasicLogicGates 2. StudyofHalfAdder 3. StudyofHalfSustractor 4. StudyofBinarytoGrayCodeConversion 5. StudyofGraytoBinaryCodeConversion 6. StudyofMultiplexer 7. StudyofDemultiplexer 8. StudyofCounter 3.Quizonthesubject 4.ConductionofVIVAVOCEExaminations

DOs and DON TS in Laboratory:

1. Do not handle any equipment before reading the instructions/Instruction manuals 2. Read carefully the power ratings of the equipment before it is switched on whether ratings 230 V/50Hz or 115V/60 Hz. For Indian equipments, the power ratings are normally 230V/50Hz. If you have equipment with 115/60 Hz ratings, do not insert power plug, as our normal supply is 230V/50 Hz, which will damage the equipment. 3. Observe type of sockets of equipment power to avoid mechanical damage 4. Do not forcefully place connectors to avoid the damage 5. Strictly observe the instructions given by the teacher/Lab Instructor

Instruction for Laboratory Teachers::

1. Submission related to whatever lab work has been completed should be done during the next lab session.

2. The promptness of submission should be encouraged by way of marking and evaluationpatternsthatwillbenefitthesincerestudents.

Experiment No.1
Study of basic logic Gates Aim: To Study basic logic gates such as AND, OR, NOT Apparatus: Bread board, wires,IC-7402(AND),7432(OR),7404 (NOT) Theory: 1. AND: Logical AND operation is defined as the output is 1 iff all the inputs are 1 Circuit of logical AND is shown below. It has N inputs (N>=2) and one output. Digital signals are applied at the input terminal marked A,B,C.,N,the other terminal being grounded(not shown in diagram)The output is obtained at the terminal marked Y,and it is also a digital signal.

Fig1. LOGIC DIAGRAM OF AND GATE Mathematically ,AND operation is written as Y=A AND B AND C Y=A .B. C Y=ABC..N

Truth Table for AND operation

INPUTS A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1

OUTPUTS Y 0 0 0 1

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2. OR: Logical OR operation is defined as the output is 1 if at least one of the inputs is 1. Circuit of logical OR is shown below. It has N inputs (N>=2) and one output. Digital signals are applied at the input terminal marked A,B,C.,N, the other terminal being grounded(not shown in diagram).The output is obtained at the terminal marked Y, and it is also a digital signal.

Fig 2.LOGIC DIAGRAM OF OR GATE

Mathematically , OR operation is written as Y=A OR B OR C Y=A +B+C++N

Truth Table for OR operation

INPUTS A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1

OUTPUTS Y 0 1 1 1

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3. NOT: Logical NOT operation is also called as Inverter. It has One input (A) and one output (Y).Its logic Equation is written as Y = NOT A And is read as Y equals not A or Y equals complement of A.

Fig 3.LOGIC DIAGRAM OF NOT GATE

INPUT A 0 1

OUTPUTS Y 1 0

Procedure: -1)TO pin number 14 Of all ICs Vcc is applied & pin number 7 is grounded . 2) Assemble the circuit on breadboard according to the pin configuration. 3) Give the logical inputs and check for the proper output.

Conclusion: Hence verified the logical AND, OR, NOT Operation.

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Experiment No.2
Study of Half Adder Aim: To perform addition of binary digits using half adder circuit. Apparatus: Bread board ,wires IC-7486(EX-OR),7408(AND) Theory:A logic circuit for the addition of two one bit numbers is referred to as an half adder. A half adder can be constructed using EX-OR(IC-7486) and AND (IC7408) gates. Figure below shows half adder circuit diagram & its truth table.

Fig 1.Circuit diagram of Half Adder INPUT OUTPUT A B SUM CARRY 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 The truth table shows, that in the first three rows there is no carry, whereas in the fourth row a carry is present. From the truth table, we obtain the logical expression for SUM and CARRY as, SUM=AB+AB CARRY=AB Procedure:1)TO pin number 14 Of both ICsVcc is applied & pin number 7 is grounded . 2) Assemble the circuit on bread board. 3) Give the logical inputs and check for the proper output. Conclusion: Hence verified Half Adder operation

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Experiment No.3
Study of Half Subs tractor Aim:-To perform Subs traction of binary digits using half Subs tractor circuit. Apparatus:- Bread board ,wires IC-7486(EX-OR),7408(AND) Theory:A logic circuit for the subs traction of two one bit numbers is referred to as an Half Subs tractor. A Half Subs tractor can be constructed using EX-OR(IC-7486) and AND (IC-7408) gates. Figure below shows half Subs tractor circuit diagram & its truth table.

Fig 1.Circuit diagram of Half Subs tractor INPUT OUTPUT

A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

Difference 0 1 1 0

Borrow 0 0 0 1

The truth table shows, that in the first three rows there is no Borrow, whereas in the fourth row a Borrow is present. From the truth table, we obtain the logical expression for DIFFERENCE and BORROW as, D=A+B B=AB

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Procedure:1)TO pin number 14 Of both ICs Vcc is applied & pin number 7 is grounded . 2)Assemble the circuit on bread board. 3) Give the logical inputs and check for the proper output.

Conclusion: Hence verified Half Subs tractor operation

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Experiment No.4
Study of Binary to Gray code Conversion

Aim:- To perform Binary to Gray Code Conversion Apparatus:- Bread board , wires IC-7486(EX-OR) Theory :Digital codes are required to handle data which may be numeric, alphabets or special characters. Since digital circuits work in binary manner, therefore numerals and other characters are to be converted to binary format. This conversion process is known as encoding.

Gray code:This code is often used in digital systems because it has the advantage that only one bit in the numerical representation changes between successive numbers. For example,0111 represents 5 and 0101 represents 6 in Gray code .These two consecutive numbers differ only in one bit (third from left).Its primary application is in the location of angles on a rotating shaft. Figure below shows circuit diagram of binary to gray code conversion & its truth table

Fig 1. Circuit Diagram of Binary to Gray code Conversion

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BINARY NUMBERS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 CONVERTED GARY CODE NUMBERS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

Procedure:1)TO pin number 14 Of IC 7486 Vcc is applied & pin number 7 is grounded . 2)Assemble the circuit on bread board, as per above diagram. 3) Give the logical inputs and check for the proper output, as per the truth table. Conclusion: Hence verified Binary to Gray code conversion operation

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Experiment No.5
Study of Gray to Binary code Conversion Aim:- To perform Gray Code to Binary Code Conversion Apparatus:- Bread board , wires IC-7486(EX-OR) Theory :Digital codes are required to handle data which may be numeric, alphabets or special characters. Since digital circuits work in binary manner, therefore numerals and other characters are to be converted to binary format. This conversion process is known as encoding. Gray code: This code is often used in digital systems because it has the advantage that only one bit in the numerical representation changes between successive numbers. For example,0111 represents 5 and 0101 represents 6 in Gray code .These two consecutive numbers differ only in one bit (third from left).Its primary application is in the location of angles on a rotating shaft. Figure below shows circuit diagram of gray code to binary conversion & its truth table.

Fig 1. Circuit Diagram for Gray to Binary Conversion

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Truth Table:GARY CODE NUMBERS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 CONVERTED BINARY NUMBERS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

Procedure:1)TO pin number 14 Of IC 7486 Vcc is applied & pin number 7 is grounded . 2)Assemble the circuit on bread board, as per above diagram. 3) Give the logical inputs and check for the proper output, as per the truth table.

Conclusion: Hence verified Gray code to Binary conversion operation

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Experiment No.6
Study of Multiplexer using IC 74150 Aim:- To study Multiplexer operation using IC-74150 Apparatus:- Bread board , wires . Theory :A Multiplexer (or a data selector) is a logic circuit that accepts several data inputs and allows only one of them at a time to get through to the output. The selection of the desired data input is controlled by the SELECT (or ADDRESS) INPUTS. Figure below shows the block diagram of a Multiplexer.

Fig1. Block Diagram Of Multiplexer In this diagram the inputs and outputs are indicated by means of broad arrows to indicate that there may be one or more lines. Depending upon the digital code applied at the SELECT inputs, one out of the data sources is selected and transmitted to the single output channel. The Multiplexer becomes enabled when the strobe signal is active LOW.

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Fig2.PinDiagram of 74150 Multiplexer The pin out of a 16:1 multiplexer IC 74150 is shown above. The output of this circuit is the inverted input. This is a 24-pin DIP. Procedure:1) Assemble the circuit on bread board, as per above diagram. 2) Give the logical inputs and check for the proper output, as per the truth table. Conclusion: Hence verified the Multiplexer(16:1) operation using IC-74150

P.S :There are various Multiplexers available, one can refer to data sheet for specification and pin Configuration.

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Experiment No.7
Study of Demultiplexer using IC 74154

Aim:- To study Multiplexer operation using IC-74154 Apparatus:- Bread board , wires . Theory :A Demultiplexer performs the reverse operation of a Multiplexer. It accepts a single input and distributes it over several outputs. The SELECT input code determines to which output the data input will be transmitted. The Demultiplexer becomes enabled when the strobe signal is active LOW. This circuit can also be used as binary-to-decimal decoder with binary inputs applied at the select input lines and the output will be obtained on the corresponding line. These devices are available as 2-line-to-4-line decoder, 3-line-to-8-line decoder, 4-line-to-16-line decoder. The output of these devices is active LOW. Also there is an active low enable/data input terminal available Figure below shows the block diagram of a Demultiplexer.

In this diagram the inputs and outputs are indicated by means of broad arrows to indicate that there may be one or more lines. Depending upon the digital code applied at the SELECT inputs, one data is transmitted to the single output channel out of many.

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Experiment No.7
Study of Demultiplexer using IC 74154

Aim:- To study Multiplexer operation using IC-74154 Apparatus:- Bread board , wires . Theory :A Demultiplexer performs the reverse operation of a Multiplexer. It accepts a single input and distributes it over several outputs. The SELECT input code determines to which output the data input will be transmitted. The Demultiplexer becomes enabled when the strobe signal is active LOW. This circuit can also be used as binary-to-decimal decoder with binary inputs applied at the select input lines and the output will be obtained on the corresponding line. These devices are available as 2-line-to-4-line decoder, 3-line-to-8-line decoder, 4-line-to-16-line decoder. The output of these devices is active LOW. Also there is an active low enable/data input terminal available Figure below shows the block diagram of a Demultiplexer.

In this diagram the inputs and outputs are indicated by means of broad arrows to indicate that there may be one or more lines. Depending upon the digital code applied at the SELECT inputs, one data is transmitted to the single output channel out of many.

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The pin out of a 16:1 Demultiplexer IC 74154 is shown above. The output of this circuit is active low. This is a 24-pin DIP.

Procedure:1) Assemble the circuit on bread board, as per above Pin diagram. 2) Give the logical inputs and check for the proper output, as per the truth table. Conclusion: Hence verified the Demultiplexer(16:1) operation using IC-74150

P. S: There are various Demultiplexers available, one can refer to data sheet for specification and pin Configuration

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Experiment No.8
Study of Decade Counter using IC 7490 Aim:- To study Decade Counter using IC-74150 Apparatus:- Bread board , wires . Theory :A circuit used for counting the pulses is known as a Counter. Basically there are two types of counter: 1. Asynchronous counter (ripple counter) 2. Synchronous counter In case of asynchronous counter all the flip-flops are not clocked simultaneously, whereas ,in a Synchronous counter all the flip-flops are clocked simultaneously. A Ring counter and twisted ring counter is the examples of synchronous counter. Figure below shows the internal structure of 7490.

Fig1. Internal Structure of 7490 It consists of four flip-flop internally connected to provide a mod-2 and a mod-5 counter. The mod-2 and mod-5counters can be used independently or in combination. There are two reset inputs R1and R2 both of which are to be connected to logic 1level for clearing all the flip-flops. The two inputs S1 and s2 when connected to logic 1 level, are used for setting the counter to 1001.

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Circuit Diagram connection for BCD Decade Counter

Fig2. Circuit Diagram of Decade Counter Procedure:1) Assemble the circuit on bread board, as per above connection diagram 2) Give the Clock/trigger signal manually or auto clock and check the count sequence .

Conclusion: Hence ,studied the decade counter usingIC-7490

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Quiz on The Subject

Q1. Which of the following systems are analog and which are digital? Why? a) Pressure Gauge. b) Clinical Thermometer. c) Electronic Calculator d) Transistor radio receiver. f) Ordinary electric switch. Q2. Name the code in full form. 1.ASCII code 2.EBCDIC code Q3.What are Combinational circuits? Q4.What are flip-flops? Q5.What are sequential circuits? Q6.What is a bit? Q7.How many logic systems are there in digital electronics? Q8 What is the significance of Gray code? Q9.What are basic gates? Q10.What are universal gates?

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Conduction of VIVA-VOCE Examinations : Teacher should conduct oral exams of the students with full preparation. Normally the objective questions with guess are to be avoided. To make it meaningful, the questions should be such that depth of the student in the subject is tested. Oral Exams are to be conducted in co-cordial situation. Teachers taking oral exams should not have ill thoughts about each other & courtesies should be offered to each other in case of opinion, which should be critically suppressed in front of the students.

Evaluation and marking system: -

Basic honesty in the evaluation and marking system is essential and in the process impartial nature of the evaluator is required in the exam system. It is a primary responsibility of the teacher to see that right students who really put their effort &intelligence are correctly awarded. The marking pattern should be justifiable to the students without any ambiguity and teacher should see that students are faced with just circumstance.

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JawaharlalNehruEngineering College

LaboratoryManual

DIGITAL SYSTEMS For Second Year Students Manual made by Prof.S.D.JADHAV

Author JNEC, Aurangabad

28

JawaharlalNehruEngineeringCollege

TechnicalDocument
This technical document is a series of Laboratory manuals of Electronics and Telecommunication Department and is a certified document of Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College. The care has been taken to make the document error-free. But still if any error is found. Kindly bring it to the notice of subject teacher and HOD.

Recommended by,

HOD

Approved by,

Principal

Copies: 5. DepartmentalLibrary 6. Laboratory 7. HOD 8. Principal

29

FOREWORD

It is my great pleasure to present this laboratory manual for second year engineering students for the subject of Electronics Workshop keeping in view the vast coverage required for visualization of concepts of basic electronics. As a student, many of you may be wondering with some of the questions in your mind regarding the subject and exactly what has been tried is to answer through this manual.

Faculty members are also advised that covering these aspects in initial stage itself, will greatly relived them in future as much of the load will be taken care by the enthusiasm energies of the students once they are conceptually clear.

H.O.D.

30

LABORATORYMANUALCONTENTS

This manual is intended for the Second year students of engineering branches in the subject of Electronics Workshop . This manual typically contains practical/Lab Sessions related Electronics covering various aspects related the subject to enhanced understanding. Students are advised to thoroughly go though this manual rather than only topics mentioned in the syllabus as practical aspects are the key to understanding and conceptual visualization of theoretical aspects covered in the books.

Good Luck for your Enjoyable Laboratory Sessions

Prof . S.D.JADHAV

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SUBJECTINDEX 3. 4. DosandDontsinthelaboratory LabExperiments: 9. StudyofBasicLogicGates 10.StudyofHalfAdder 11.StudyofHalfSustractor 12.StudyofBinarytoGrayCodeConversion 13.StudyofGraytoBinaryCodeConversion 14.StudyofMultiplexer 15.StudyofDemultiplexer 16.StudyofCounter

32 DOs and DONT DOs in Laboratory:

1. Do not handle any equipment before reading the instructions/Instruction manuals 2. Read carefully the power ratings of the equipment before it is switched on whether ratings 230 V/50Hz or 115V/60 Hz. For Indian equipments, the power ratings are normally 230V/50Hz. If you have equipment with 115/60 Hz ratings, do not insert power plug, as our normal supply is 230V/50 Hz, which will damage the equipment. 3. Observe type of sockets of equipment power to avoid mechanical damage 4. Do not forcefully place connectors to avoid the damage 5. Strictly observe the instructions given by the teacher/Lab Instructor

Instruction for Laboratory Teachers::

1. Submission related to whatever lab work has been completed should be done during the next lab session. 2. The promptness of submission should be encouraged by way of marking and evaluation patterns that will benefit the sincere students.