Thom Gunn

Thom Gunn
Thom Gunn (29 August 1929 25 April 2004), born Thomson William Gunn, was an Anglo-American poet who was praised both for his early verses in England, where he was associated with The Movement and his later poetry in America, even after moving toward a looser, free-verse style. After relocating from England to San Francisco, Gunn, who became openly gay, wrote about gay-related topicsparticularly in his most famous work, The Man With Night Sweats in 1992as well as drug use, sex, and topics related to his bohemian lifestyle. He won numerous major literary awards.

Life and career

Gunn was born in Gravesend, Kent, the son of Bert Gunn. Both of his parents were journalists, and they divorced when he was 10 years old. His teen years were marked by tragedy when his mother committed suicide. It was she who had sparked in him a love of reading, including an interest in the work of Christopher Marlowe, John Keats, John Milton, and Alfred, Lord Tennyson, along with several prose writers. In his youth, he attended University College School in Hampstead, London, then spent two years in the British national service and six months in Paris. Later, he studied English literature at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduated in 1953, and published his first collection of verse, Fighting Terms, the following year. Among several critics who praised the work, John Press wrote, "This is one of the few volumes of postwar verse that all serious readers of poetry need to possess and to study."[1] As a young man, he wrote poetry associated with The Movement, and later with the work of Ted Hughes. Gunn's poetry, together with that of Philip Larkin, Donald Davie, and other members of The Movement, has been described as "...emphasizing purity of diction, and a neutral tone...encouraging a more spare language and a desire to represent a seeing of the world with fresh eyes."[2][3] In 1954, Gunn emigrated to the United States to teach writing at Stanford University and to remain close to his partner, Mike Kitay, whom he had met while at college. Gunn taught at the University of California at Berkeley from 1958 to 1966 and again from 1973 to 2000.[4] In 2004, he died of acute polysubstance abuse, including methamphetamine, at his home in the Haight Ashbury neighborhood in San Francisco, where he had lived since 1960.

Work
During the 1960s and 1970s, his verse became increasingly bold in its exploration of drugs, homosexuality, and poetic form. He enjoyed the bohemian lifestyle in San Francisco so much that Edmund White described him as "the last of the commune dwellers [...] serious and intellectual by day and druggy and sexual by night". While he continued to sharpen his use of the metrical forms that characterized his early career, he became more and more interested in syllabics and free verse. "Hes possibly the only poet to have written a halfway decent quintain while on LSD, and hes certainly one of the few to profess genuine admiration for both [Yvor] Winters (the archformalist) and Allen Ginsberg (the arch ... well, Allen Ginsberg)", critic Daniel Orr has written. "This is, even for the poetry world, a pretty odd background."[5] In classic verse forms, like the terza rima of Dante, he explored modern anxieties: "It is despair that nothing cannot be Flares in the mind and leaves a smoky mark Of dread. Look upward. Neither firm nor free Purposeless matter hovers in the dark." ("The Annihilation of Nothing")

Thom Gunn Gunn, who praised his Stanford mentor Yvor Winters for keeping "both Rule and Energy in view, / Much power in each, most in the balanced two," found a productive tension rather than imaginative restriction in the technical demands of traditional poetic forms. He is one of the few contemporary poets (James Merrill would be another) to write serious poetry in heroic couplets a form whose use in the twentieth century is generally restricted to light verse and epigrammatic wit. In the 1960s, however, he came to experiment increasingly with free verse, and the discipline of writing to a specific set of visual images, coupled with the liberation of free verse, constituted a new source of rule and energy in Gunn's work: a poem such as "Pierce Street" in his next collection, Touch (1967), has a grainy, photographic fidelity, while the title-poem uses hesitant, sinuous free verse to portray a scene of newly acknowledged intimacy shared with his sleeping lover (and the cat). The poet's major stylistic change in his shift toward free verse roughly within a decade that included much of the 1960s, combined with the other changes in his life his move from England to America, from academic Cambridge to bohemian San Francisco, his becoming openly gay, his drug-taking, his writing about the "urban underbelly" caused many to conjecture how his lifestyle was affecting his work "British reviewers who opposed Gunns technical shifts blamed California, just as American critics would, later on, connect his adventurous lifestyle with his more 'relaxed' versification," according to Orr, who added that even as of 2009, critics were contrasting "Gunns libido with his tight metrics as if no one had ever written quatrains about having sex before". In Gunn's next book, Jack Straw's Castle (1976), the dream modulates into nightmare, related partly to his actual anxiety-dreams about moving house, and partly to the changing American political climate. "But my life," he wrote, "insists on continuities between America and England, between free verse and metre, between vision and everyday consciousness." The Passages of Joy reaffirmed those continuities: it contains sequences about London in 196465 and about time spent in New York in 1970. The Occasions of Poetry, a selection of his essays and introductions, appeared at the same time. Ten years were to pass before his next and most famous collection, The Man With Night Sweats (1992), dominated by AIDS-related elegies. Neil Powell praised the book: "Gunn restores poetry to a centrality it has often seemed close to losing, by dealing in the context of a specific human catastrophe with the great themes of life and death, coherently, intelligently, memorably. One could hardly ask for more." As a result of the book, Gunn received the Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize in 1993. Although AIDS was a focus of much of his later work, he remained HIV-negative himself.[] That year, Gunn published a second collection of occasional essays, Shelf Life, and his substantial Collected Poems. His final book of poetry was Boss Cupid (2000). In 2003 he was awarded the David Cohen Prize for Literature together with Beryl Bainbridge. He also received the Levinson Prize, an Arts Council of Great Britain Award, a Rockefeller Award, the W. H. Smith Award, the PEN (Los Angeles) Prize for Poetry, the Sara Teasdale Prize, a Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Award, the Forward Prize, and fellowships from the Guggenheim and MacArthur foundations. He won Publishing Triangle's inaugural Triangle Award for Gay Poetry in 2001 for Boss Cupid; following his death, the award was renamed the Thom Gunn Award in his memory. Five years after his death, a new edition of Gunn's Selected Poems was published, edited by August Kleinzahler.

Thom Gunn

Bibliography
1954: Fighting Terms, Fantasy Press, Oxford 1957: The Sense of Movement, Faber, London 1961: My Sad Captains and Other Poems, Faber, London 1962: Selected poems by Thom Gunn and Ted Hughes, Faber, London 1967: Touch 1971: Moly 1974: To the Air 1976: Jack Straw's Castle 1979: Selected Poems 19501975 1982: The Occasions of Poetry, essays (U.S. edition, 1999) 1982: Talbot Road[6] 1982: The Passages of Joy 1982: "The Menace" (published by ManRoot in San Francisco) 1992: The Man With Night Sweats 1992: Old Stories (poetry) 1993: Collected Poems 1994: Collected Poems 1998: Frontiers of Gossip 2000: Boss Cupid Weiner, Joshua (ed.) (2009). At the Barriers: On the Poetry of Thom Gunn. University of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0-226-89044-9.

References
[1] Web page titled "Thom Gunn" at the website of the Academy of American Poets (http:/ / www. poets. org/ poet. php/ prmPID/ 109) retrieved 12 July 2009 [2] Norton Anthology of English Literature (http:/ / www. wwnorton. com/ college/ english/ nael/ 20century/ review/ summary7ed. htm) [3] Norton Anthology of English Literature (http:/ / www. wwnorton. com/ college/ english/ nael/ 20century/ review/ summary. htm) [4] Web page titled "In Memoriam, Thomson Gunn" (http:/ / www. universityofcalifornia. edu/ senate/ inmemoriam/ thomsongunn. html) retrieved 12 December 2012 [5] Orr, Daniel, "On Poetry" column, "Too Close to Touch" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 07/ 12/ books/ review/ Orr-t. html?_r=1& ref=books& pagewanted=print), New York Times Book Review, 12 July 2009 (published 9 July online), retrieved 12 July 2009 [6] Cox, Michael, editor, The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-860634-6

Further reading
Campbell, J. Thom Gunn in conversation with James Campbell, Between The Lines, London, 2000. ISBN 1-903291-00-3 Thom Gunn, Shelf Life: Essays, Memoirs and an Interview (Poets on Poetry) 1993

External links
Clive Wilmer (Summer 1995). "Thom Gunn, The Art of Poetry No. 72" (http://www.theparisreview.org/ interviews/1626/the-art-of-poetry-no-72-thom-gunn). The Paris Review. Profile and poems written and audio at the Poetry Archive (http://www.poetryarchive.org/poetryarchive/ singlePoet.do?poetId=7086) Profile and poems at the Poetry Foundation (http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/thom-gunn) Obituary of Thom Gunn (http://www.alumni.berkeley.edu/Alumni/Cal_Monthly/September_2004/ In_Memoriam.asp#gunn) U.S. Poet Laureate (Robert Pinsky)

Thom Gunn Obituary of Thom Gunn (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/04/29/db2901. xml&sSheet=/portal/2004/04/29/ixportal.html) (Daily Telegraph) Obituary of Thom Gunn (http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/04/28/BAGR86C6T91. DTL&hw=thom+gunn&sn=003&sc=970), San Francisco Chronicle. "A Poet's Life (http://www.sfgate.com/ cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/04/25/DDGUFCD4SP1.DTL&hw=thom+gunn&sn=002&sc=1000), Part One", "A Poet's Life (http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/04/26/DDGQMCDQ941. DTL) Part Two" Thom Gunn's Memorial Page at Find-a-Grave (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr& GRid=67925939) Study Guide to Gunn's poetry (http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/poetry/gunn.htm) Poets.org: Profile and poems (http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/109) Guide to the Thom Gunn Papers (http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt7f59r9sr/) at The Bancroft Library

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

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