Chapter #23 Identifications Thomas Nast As a well known cartoonist in the Gilded Age, he created political cartoons that

were based on political corruption !e opened the public"s e#es to the infamous $oss Tweed, who he helped put in %ail !orace Greel# An American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder for the republican part#, reformer and politician !e helped support reform mo&ements and anti'sla&er# efforts through his New (ork Tribune newspaper )oscoe Conkling A politician from New (ork who ser&ed both as a member of the *nited +tates !ouse of )epresentati&es and the *+ +enate !e was the leader of the +talwart faction of the )epublican ,art# -as highl# against ci&il ser&ice reforms, it was thought that the killing of Garfield was done in Conkling"s behest .ames G $laine A *+ representati&e speaker of the *nited +tates !ouse of )epresentati&es, *+ +enator from /aine and two'time *+ +ecretar# of +tate !e funded $ates College !e helped install the $laine Amendments +amuel Tilden In 0123, he lost the election to his running mate !a#es 4emocratic nominee for president !e was the %udge who tried and con&icted $oss Tweed Charles . Guiteau A *+ law#er and a +talwart Guiteau assassinated ,resident Garfield to make his point about ci&il ser&ice reform !e trul# thought that the )epublican ,art# did not fulfill his promise to gi&e him a go&ernment %ob !ard or +ound /one# !igh tariffs were fa&ored and it was an idea that was upported b# the )epublicans which would decrease the amount of mone# in circulation and would be backed entirel# b# gold which was harder to get than sil&er Gilded Age The time of economic growth, the second indsutrial re&olution, urbani5ation, immigration, and political6economic corruption It included the era of forgotten presidents 7!a#es, Garfield, Arthur, and !arrison8 Congress and $usiness were more important and infulential than the presidenc# during this time It was the most highl# competiti&e political time in *+ histor# $lood#'+hirt ,ractice of politicians using sectionalist animosities of the American ci&il war to gain election in the post Antibellum north from 0139s to the 0119s Tweed )ing

The corrupt part of Tamman# !all in N(C that +amuel . Tilden, the reform go& of N( had been instrumental in o&erthrowing Credit /obilier +candal This scandal occurred in the 0129s when a railroad construction compan#"s stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the union pacific railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use to a&oid being con&icted, stockholders e&en used stock to bribe congressional members and &ice president -hiske# )ing This scandal was a robbing of the treasur# of millions in e:cise'ta: re&enues ,resident grant said ;let no guilt# man escape< but then pardoned his own guilt# secretar# )esumption Act In 012=, Congress said that greenbacks were redeemable for gold, but no one wanted to redeem them for face gold &alue $ecause paper mone# was much more con&enient than gold, the# remained in circulation Crime of >23 The ?ourth Coinage Act was enacted b# the *nited +tates Congress in 0123 and which praised the gold standard and demoneti5ed sil&er The *nited +tates set the specie standard in gold and not sil&er /iners belie&ed that this was a crime $land'Allison Act It was an 0121 law passed o&er the &eto of ,resident )utherford $ !a#es re@uiring the * + treasur# to bu# a certain amount of sil&er and put it into circulation as sil&er dollars The goal was to subsidi5e the sil&er industr# in the /ountain states and inflate prices !alf'$reed Aead b# .ames $lane, a half'breed was a prett# much a republican political machine The half' breeds pushed republican ideals and were almost a separate group that e:isted within the )epublican part# Compromise of 0122 Bnded /ilitar# reconstruction in the south )epublicans promised the remo&al of the militar# in the south, appointed a democrat to a cabinet position 74a&id Ce# postmaster general8 and offered federal mone# for the railroad construction and le&ees on the /ississippi ri&er Ci&il +er&ice )eform )ecogni5ed that man# high le&el positions in the ci&il ser&ice ha&e important polic# making responsibilities and the president and his cabinet officers ought to ha&e more fle:ibilit# in recruiting, assigning and pa#ing such people ,endleton Act This was a 0113 law that created a Ci&il +er&ice Commission and stated that federal emplo#ees could not be re@uired to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons D$illion 4ollarD Congress

The ;$illion 4ollar< Congress was re&olutionar# as it aided in helping gi&e pensions to need# Ci&il -ar &eterans, increased go&ernment sil&er purchases, and passed /cCinle# Tariff Act of 01=9

Chapter #23 0 Guided )eading Euestions The D$lood# +hirtD Blects Grant CnowF *l#sses + Grant, Ghio Idea, )epudiation, !oratio +e#mour, $lood# +hirt 0 -as General Grant good presidential materialH -h# did he winH Grant was not great but he was famous because of his militar# accomplishments The onl# reason he won was because )epublicans wanted a war hero to help finish /ilitar# )econstruction down +outh The Bra of Good +tealings CnowF .im ?isk, .a# Gould, $lack ?rida#, $oss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, +amuel . Tilden 2 DThe /an in the /oon had to hold his nose when passing o&er America D B:plain The @uote described the corruption in finance and politics in the post'war era There were se&eral briber# scandals o&er and o&er the Gilded Age which made it one of the most corrupt periods of time in *+ !istor# A Carni&al of Corruption CnowF Credit /obilier, -hiske# )ing, -illiam $elknap 3 4escribe two ma%or scandals that directl# in&ol&ed the Grant administration Two ma%or scandals include the Tweed )ing and the Credit /obilier +candal .im ?isk and .a# Gould tried to bribe Grant to stop Treasur# selling of gold to hike the prices of gold, but treasur# did an#wa# $oss Tweed controlled New (ork and bribed se&eral go&ernment officials to continue crime The Aiberal )epublican )e&olt of 0122 CnowF Aiberal )epublicans, !orace Greele# I -h# did Aiberal )epublicans nominate !orace Greele# for the presidenc# in 0122H -h# was he a less than ideal candidateH !orace Greel# was nominated b# the Aiberal )epublicans for the presidenc# in 0122 because the# were misconstrued b# his militar# reconstruction !e as not the ideal candidate because he insulted the 4emocratic ,art#, but the# still liked him because he supported the remo&al of reconstruction in the +outh 4epression and 4emands for Inflation CnowF ,anic of 0123, Greenbacks, !ard'mone#, Crime of >23, Contraction, +oft'mone#, $land'Allison Act

-h# did some people want greenbacks and sil&er dollarsH -h# did others oppose these kinds of currenc#H +ome people wanted greenbacks and sil&er dollars because the# would increase deflation and make it easier to pa# off their debts Gthers opposed this idea because the# supported deflationar# policies that would make the credits more profitable ,allid ,olitics in the Gilded Age CnowF Gilded Age, Grand Arm# of the )epublic, +talwarts, )oscoe Conkling, !alf'$reeds, .ames G $laine 3 -h# was there such fierce competition between 4emocrats and )epublicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issuesH There was such fierce competition between 4emocrats and )epublicans in the Gilded Age because of sectionalism, ci&il war tensions, and moral oppositions among congress and in the go&ernment o&erall The !a#es'Tilden +tandoff, 0123 CnowF )utherford $ !a#es, +amuel . Tilden 2 -h# were the results of the 0123 election in doubtH The results of the 0123 election were in doubt because Tilden won the popular &ote but one &ote awa# from winning in the electoral college Aouisiana, ?lorida, and +outh Carolina sent two sets of ballots to Congress each with different results The Compromise of 0122 and the Bnd of )econstruction CnowF Compromise of 0122, Blectoral Count Act, 4a&id 4a&is, Ci&il )ights Cases 701138, 1 !ow did the end of )econstruction affect African'AmericansH The end of )econstruction for African Americans meant that there would be more e@ualit# between them and the whites !owe&er, the .im Crow laws hurt their e@ualit# and forced them to be inferior to their white neighbors

Chapter #23 2 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age Big Picture Themes 0 The go&ernment did reach the billion dollar le&el for the first time This was largel# due to militar# pension plans The plans were &er# popular and re&ealed the goal of the legislatorsK pass something that will get me reelected 2 ,opulism started This was a farmer and worker mo&ement that sought to clean up the go&ernment, bring it back to the people, and help the working man out Chapter #23 2 Identifications .ames A Garfield

!e was the 29th president with Chester Arthur as his &ice president 4ue to opposition in go&ernment, he was shot after onl# a couple of months of being in office Chester A Arthur Arthur was Garfield"s &ice president who was assassinated Chester followed and became president !e was known to be corrupted and hea&il# in&ol&ed in the spoils s#stem as he was once the customs collector for the port of New (ork Charles . Guiteau Guiteau assassinated ,resident Garfield to make his point about ci&il ser&ice reform !e trul# thought that the )epublican ,art# did not fulfill his promise to gi&e him a go&ernment %ob Gro&er Cle&eland !e was 4emocratic president who managed the Interstate Commerce Commission and emplo#ed in ci&il ser&ice reform !e put down strikes, fought unlawful corruption, and &etoed unnecessar# bills )esumption Act Greenbacks were said to be redeemable for gold b# Congress but no one wanted to redeem them ,aper mone# was preferred o&er gold, the# still remained and it helped with the economic depression Crime of >23 The ?ourth Coinage Act was enacted b# the *nited +tates Congress in 0123 and which praised the gold standard and demoneti5ed sil&er The *nited +tates set the specie standard in gold and not sil&er /iners belie&ed that this was a crime $land'Allison Act It was an 0121 law passed o&er the &eto of ,resident )utherford $ !a#es re@uiring the * + treasur# to bu# a certain amount of sil&er and put it into circulation as sil&er dollars The goal was to subsidi5e the sil&er industr# in the /ountain states and inflate prices !alf'$reed Aead b# .ames $lane, a half'breed was a prett# much a republican political machine The half' breeds pushed republican ideals and were almost a separate group that e:isted within the )epublican part# /ugwump This was a group of )epublican political acti&ists who supported 4emocratic candidate Gro&er Cle&eland in the *nited +tates presidential election of 011I The# wanted to change parties because the# re%ected the financial corruption associated with )epublican candidate, .ames $laine ,endleton Act of 0133 This was a 0113 law that created a Ci&il +er&ice Commission and stated that federal emplo#ees could not be re@uired to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

Thomas $ )eed Also thought of and known as the C5ar, he was a powerful and intense +peaker of the !ouse which o&ersaw the first billion dollar Congress D$illion 4ollarD Congress The ;$illion 4ollar< Congress was re&olutionar# as it aided in helping gi&e pensions to need# Ci&il -ar &eterans, increased go&ernment sil&er purchases, and passed /cCinle# Tariff Act of 01=9 ,ension Act The ,ension act allowed militar# pensions hundreds of pri&ate pension bills through Congress, benefits were granted to deserters, bount# %umpers and men who ne&er ser&ed, C5ar )eed>s billion dollar congress showered pensions on Ci&il -ar &eterans to get rid of surplus Chapter #23 2 Guided )eading Euestions Chapter #23 2 Guided )eading Euestions The $irth of .im Crow in the ,ost')econstruction +outh CnowF )edeemers, sharecropping, tenant farming, .im Crow laws, ,less# & ?erguson 0 Anal#5e the data in the l#nching chart on page J03 G&er the #ears between 0112 and 0=29, l#nching immensel# decreased down to 9 from a total of 003 in 0112 Certain #ears, there were more whites than blacks l#nched, but that changed in 01=9 Class Conflicts and Bthnic Clashes CnowF Great )ailroad +trike of 0122, 4enis Cearne#, Coolies, Chinese B:clusion Act 2 -hat was the significance of the Great )ailroad +trike of 0122H The significance of the Great )ailroad +trike showed the immense weakness of the labor mo&ement as the# attempted to fight for their wage increase Their failure highlighted the ma%or issues within the labor union

Garfield and Arthur CnowF .ames A Garfield, Charles . Guiteau, Chester A Arthur, ,endleton Act of 0113 3 -hat new t#pe of corruption resulted from the ,endleton ActH The ,endleton Act made it illegal to re@uire campaign contributions from federal emplo#ees !owe&er, politicians now had no source of mone# so the# had to find other wa#s to get it, so the# would turn to big businesses where the# would place their trust in The $laine'Cle&eland /udslingers of 011I CnowF .ames G $laine, Tattooed man, /ugwumps, Gro&er Cle&eland, /a, ma where>s m# paH, )um, )omanism and )ebellion

I B:plain how character pla#ed a part in the presidential election of 011I In the presidential election of 011I, mudslinging was a ma%or part of the campaigning process Cle&eland had an affair which resulted in a child 1 #ears before the campaign which was a hot rumor topic back then B&en though this affair was nearl# detrimental to his campaign, Cle&eland still won the election ;Gld Gro&erD Takes G&er J Assess the following statementF DAs president, Gro&er Cle&eland go&erned as his pre&ious record as go&ernor indicated he would D Cle&eland tried to be a &er# efficient president, and for the most part he was !is laisse5'faire polic# made businessmen happ# !is cabinet had officials from both the North and the +outh ?inall#, he based emplo#ment on merit, howe&er this was unsuccessful Cle&eland $attles for a Aower Tariff 3 -hat were the reasons behind Cle&eland>s stance in fa&or of lower tariffsH Cle&eland had a budget surplus and found that the go&ernment should not be taking more than it needed, so he decided to lower the tariff The 4emocrats fa&ored a lower tariff for the people and the )epublicans fa&ored a higher tariff for businesses The $illion 4ollar Congress CnowF Thomas )eed, Ci&il -ar pensions, /cCinle# Tariff Act of 01=9 2 B:plain wh# the tariff was detrimental to American farmers ?or the farmers, the tariff was immensel# detrimental because thanks the /cCinle# Tariff Act of 01=9, the rates were spiked to I1L This meant that manufactured goods were far more e:pensi&e, causing great grief to the farmers !owe&er, the business people lo&ed its protection The 4rumbeat of 4iscontent CnowF ,opulists 1 -hat was the most re&olutionar# aspect of the ,opulist platformH 4efend #our answer with e&idence The most re&olutionar# aspect of the ,opulist platform was the idea that the# actuall# wanted inflation +ince it was made up of unhapp# farmers, the# belie&ed that printing more paper mone# and coining sil&er would make it much easier to pa# off their debts It is not common to hear that an#one wanted inflation, which made this aspect re&olutionar# during that time Cle&eland and 4epression CnowF Gro&er Cle&eland, 4epression or 01=3, -illiam .ennings $r#an, +herman +il&er ,urchase Act = -hat could Cle&eland ha&e done to lessen the impact of the financial turmoilH

To lessen the impact of the financial turmoil, Cle&eland could ha&e taken ad&antage of the budget surplus he had !e also should not ha&e o&erspeculated and borrowed 3J million in gold from the big banking industr# of ., /organ

Cle&eland $reeds a $acklash CnowF -ilson Gorman Tariff 09 Is the characteri5ation of the Gilded Age presidents as the ;forgettable presidents< a fair oneH B:plain The Gilded Age was certainl# a period of forgettable presidents because none of them contributed an#thing immensel# significant to American histor#, and in a sense made it e&en worse as seen with Cle&eland"s financial blunder 4uring the Gilded Age, the presidents were essentiall# powerless since the big robber barrons of the time like Carnegie, )ockefeller, and +tandford were %ust some of the huge names that held all the power and wealth during that time

Chapter #2IF Industry Comes of Age Big Picture Themes 0 $efore the Ci&il -ar, railroads had become important After the war, railroads boomed and were critical to the nation )ailroads, along with steel, were to be the skeleton on which the nation"s econom# would be built 2 A class of millionaires emerged for the first time e&er T#coons like Carnegie and )ockefeller made fortunes This t#pe of wealth was championed b# ;+ocial 4arwinism< where the strong win in business 3 *nfortunatel#, man# of the mega'industries, like railroads, grew at the e:pense of the ;little man"s< interest As businesses, the# were out to make mone#, and the# did $ut the working man cried foul I To right these wrongs, the beginnings of anti'trusts began 7to bust the monopolies8 and organi5ed labor got a %umpstart 7although the# were still rather ineffecti&e8 Chapter #2IF Identifications Go&ernment +ubsidies -hen the go&ernment would gi&e financial help to big businesses or economic sects that needed the money. Transcontinental )ailroad

A railroad that stretched across continental america from sea to shining sea. It connected the westerners side of the United States to the eastern side of the United States. It helped ma e communcation! supply shipping! and transferring of goods faster and more efficient. Cornelius Manderbilt Gne of the big robber barons back in the Gilded Age !e owned a big railroad compan# in the east "e constructed a railroad that connected Chicago and #ew $or . Jay Gould "e was a business partner to %im &is . A millionaire from cornering gold mar et and his plan could only wor if the federal Treasury refrained from selling gold' bid the price of gold s yward' Treasury e(entually was compelled to release gold' great conspirator. Interstate Commerce Commission &ederal regulatory agency that go(erned o(er the regulations and rules on the railroading industries Mertical Integration *sed b# railroad giant Andrew Carnegie. It combined all processes into one organi)ation all phases of manufacturing from mining to mar eting. !ori5ontal Integration *sed b# %ohn *. +oc afeller! where he would buy out all oil companies using snea y strategies to create one large monopoly. Trusts An entity that was created to hold assets for the benefit if certain people or entities. . , /organ A $anking business man that bought railroads during the depression of ,-./. Built and alliance through stoc s and mar eted US go(ernment security. +herman Anti'Trust Act /ade in ,-.0! howe(er it pro(ed to be not effecti(e against corporations and big businesses as they found a way around it. . (ellow 4og ContractAn agreement that wor ers! mostly immigrants! were forced to sign in order to get employed saying they would not 1oin labor unions. $lacklists *sed b# bigger businesses, it was a list of people who agitated companies that circulated so that the people listed could not get employed. !a#market +@uare incident It started as a demonstration for an 8 hour workday but ended off badly for the strikers. People protested for days for the brutalities of authority. Bombs were set off and people died. t lost public support for labor unions. Chapter #2I Guided )eading Euestions

The Iron Colt $ecomes an Iron !orse CnowF Aand grants 0 -hat were the ad&antages and disad&antages of go&ernment subsidies for the railroadsH The ad&antages included that the railroads ga&e the American land &alue It was also beneficial to the people who li&ed around the railroads as the# had an easier wa# to transport their goods !owe&er, people said that gi&ing land to railroad companies wasn"t right +panning the Continent with )ails CnowF *nion ,acific, Central ,acific, ,addies, Aeland +tanford 2 4escribe how the first transcontinental railroad was built The first transcontinental railroad was built using Irish workers in the great plains starting from the east and ha&ing the Chinese workers start from the west The Chinese workers did most of the work $inding the Countr# with )ailroad Ties CnowF The Great Northern, .ames . !ill 3 B:plain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans The railroads were immensel# helpful in transporting good and people across the nation This connection across the east and west also helped with communication !owe&er, bankruptc# was often the case in towns that could not follow through )ailroad Consolidation and /echani5ation CnowF Cornelius Manderbilt, ,ullman Cars I -hat technological impro&ements helped railroadsH Carnegie was able to use steel rails instead of iron because it lasted longer and didn"t rust A gauge between the tracks made things uniform The air brake was much more efficient and safe ?inall#, ,ullman ,alace Cars were lu:urious and were popular for the wealthier tra&elers )e&olution b# )ailwa#s CnowF Time Nones J -hat effects did the railroads ha&e on America as a wholeH As a whole, the nation was now linked from east to west In&estors had the abilit# to put mone# into their markets and tra&eling time was immensel# decreased Cities rose in those surrounding the tracks, notabl# Chicago -rongdoing in )ailroading CnowF .a# Gould, +tock -atering, ,ools 3 -hat wrongdoing were railroads guilt# ofH

!owe&er, the railroads were guilt# of taking ad&antage of industries in the Credit /obilier scandal ?re@uent bribes, or kickbacks, were gi&en to go&ernment emplo#ees or pri5ed customers, free passes for publicit#, and rebates for big companies Go&ernment $ridles the Iron !orse CnowF -abash, Interstate Commerce Commission 2 -as the Interstate Commerce Act an important piece of legislationH The Interstate Commerce Act outlawed rebates and pools and banned charging low rates for long trips It was not important because the rich people, as )ichard Glne# said, found wa#s to go around it because the law did &er# little /iracles of /echani5ation CnowF /esabi )ange, Ale:ander Graham $ell, Thomas Bdison 1 -hat factors made industrial e:pansion possibleH ?actors that made industrial e:pansion possible were things like li@uid capital, natural resources, cheap labor from immigrants, and technological ad&ances like mass production and interchangeable parts The Trust Titan Bmerges CnowF Andrew Carnegie, .ohn 4 )ockefeller, . , /organ, Mertical Integration, !ori5ontal Integration, Trust, Interlocking 4irectorate = !ow did businesses organi5e to tr# to ma:imi5e profitsH $usinesses tried to ma:imi5e their profits using ideals like &ertical integration which incorporated the entire manufacturing process and hori5ontal integration which took o&er all of the whole industr# $usinessmen like Carnegie with his steel and )ockefeller with his oil took part of this The +upremac# of +teel CnowF !ea&# Industr#, Capital Goods, Consumer Goods, $essemer ,rocess 09 -h# was steel so important for industriali5ationH +teel was so important for industriali5ation because it became much cheaper than it used to be thanks to the ad&ancement of the $essemer process It was stronger than iron and it did not rust like iron did +teel was helpful in making structures including taller and stronger buildings, and the re&olutionar# railroads Carnegie and Gther +ultans of +teel CnowF Andrew Carnegie, . , /organ 00 $riefl# describe the careers of Andrew Carnegie and . , /organ Andrew Carnegie came from a poor background as most immigrants did !e e&entuall# gained enough momentum to work his wa# up b# making mone# b# staring *+ +teel Corporation .,

/organ earned his mone# essentiall# through banking as he was able to get Carnegie"s steel corporation to be worth almost half a billion dollars )ockefeller Grows an American $eaut# )ose CnowF Cerosene 02 !ow was .ohn 4 )ockefeller able to become so wealth#H )ockefeller was able to become so wealth# because he had the luckil# came across oil and started to sell it To gain more mone#, he would lower his prices below normal market price so that other companies could not compete and would go awa# so he"d be the onl# oil man left The Gospel of -ealth CnowF +ocial 4arwinism 03 !ow did the wealth# %ustif# their wealthH The wealth# %ustified their wealth with the use of +ocial 4arwinism, the idea that the# onl# reason that the# were successful was because the# were smarter and were supposed to be that wa#, %ust like sur&i&al of the fittest Go&ernment Tackles the Trust B&il CnowF +herman Anti'Trust Act 0I -hat two methods were tried b# those who opposed the trustsH Two methods that attempted to oppose trusts were the +herman Anti'Trust Act and the general Anti'trust mo&ement The +herman Anti'Trust Act prett# much made pools illegal, held companies, and combined directories so that all the companies were on the same le&el !owe&er, people found their wa# around this The anti'trust mo&ement was %ust the common people tr#ing to go against the trusts which were usuall# put down @uickl# The +outh in the Age of Industr# 0J !ow successful were +outherners at industriali5ingH The +outherners were not successful at industriali5ing because the# were the last to do so The# did not ha&e the ad&antages like the railroad of dense population like the North The# did not ha&e factories !owe&er 4uke"s cigarette industr# and the cotton industr# helped &itali5e the industr# in the south The Impact of the New Industrial )e&olution on America 03 4escribe the positi&e and negati&e effects of the industrial re&olution on working Americans

The industrial re&olution in America offered a new opportunit# for man# people It created a bunch of new %obs and it helped the urbani5ation of Americans to larger cities /ore people were able to communicate with each other and items were being shipped much faster !owe&er, it forced American companies to con@uer since the domestic market was alread# saturated ?armers aloso had to ad%ust to the new s#stem -omen were finall# getting paid for work and becoming increasingl# independent

In *nions There is +trength CnowF +cabs, Aock'out, (ellow'dog Contract, $lack Aist, Compan# Town 02 -hat conditions e:isted in America that led .a# Gould to sa#, DI can hire one half of the working class to kill the other halfDH +ince there were so man# workers in the %ob pool, %ob securit# was low, workers were so easil# replaced, people were alwa#s searching for and tr#ing to keep their %obs to support themsel&es and their families so strikes were not helpful and bad to the strikers Aabor Aimps Along CnowF National Aabor *nion, Cnights of Aabor 01 B:plain the similarities and differences between the National Aabor *nion and the Cnights of Aabor The both were worker unions but were &er# different The National Aabor union included skilled, unskilled workers and farmers but e:cluded the Chinese The Cnights of Aabor wanted to gi&e more emplo#ment opportunit# to blacks and women so it was created as a secret societ# *nhorsing the Cnights of Aabor CnowF !a#market +@uare 0= -hat factors led to the decline of the Cnights of AaborH The decline of the Cnights of Aabor was due to their failed strikes and the unfortunate mi: of both skilled and unskilled workers which did not bode well in the %ob market for the Industrial )e&olution The A? of A to the ?ore CnowF American ?ederation of Aabor, +amuel Gompers, Closed +hop 29 !ow was the A?A different from pre&ious unionsH The American ?ederation of Aabour led b# +amuel Gompers was much different from pre&ious unions as it secured %ob securit# and it was instead founded b# socialists, and it used onl# skilled workers to impro&e their image /akers of AmericaF The Cnights of Aabor CnowF /other .ones, Terence ,owderl# 20 -ere the Cnights conser&ati&e or re&olutionar# in their ideasH The Cnights of Aabor were conser&ati&e as the# were conser&ati&e in their ideas The highl# conser&ati&e leadership of the knights of labor issued a secret circular describing their position

Mar#ing MiewpointsF Industriali5ationF $oon or $light 22 To what degree is it possible for common people to impro&e their status in industrial AmericaH In Industrial America, it was far easier for the common people to climb the social ladder There was much more %ob opportunit# a&ailable for them to ad&ance in their li&es !owe&er, bad working conditions were often the norm Industriali5ation increased &ariet# of manufactured goods and an impro&ed standard of li&ing for some, it lowered the standard of li&ing for man# others in the working classes unfortunatel#

Chapter #2JF America !o"es to the #ity Big Picture Themes 0 Cities grew because factories grew The Industrial )e&olution kicked into gear in America in the late 0199s and factories needed workers, so people flocked to the cities 2 ,roblems arose as cities boomed The problems includedF e:ploitation of immigrant laborers, poor6unhealth# work conditions, o&er'crowdedness and sanitation problems, corrupton, and ;nati&ism< 7anti'immigrant feelings8 3 $ooker T -ashington O - B $ 4u$ois were the top black leaders The# disagreed on how to help blacksK-ashington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, 4u$ois encouraged blacks to stud# an#thing the# wished, e&en academic sub%ects I The roles of women began to change, if onl# slightl# /ore women worked, though most were still at home The ;new woman< was ideali5ed b# the althletic, outgoing ;Gibson Girl < Chapter #2J Identifications &lorence 2elley She passed an anti sweatshop law to help impro(e wor ing conditions for wor ers. A women who wor ed in "ull house and was able to successfully pass. She fought for ci(il rights for all races and demographics. 3ary Ba er 4ddy 3ary Ba er 4ddy was the author and founder of a popular new religion based on the principles of spiritual healing. 5illiam %ames "e was the leader in modern psychology and philosophy. "e was notably a "ar(ard scholar. "enry 6eorge "e was the writer of the no(el 7Progress and Po(erty.8 "e belie(ed that the pressure of a growing population with a fi9ed supply of land pushed up property (alues. "oratio Alger

&rom #ew 4ngland! he was a 1ournalist! author! critical thin er! puritan and wrote more than a hundred (olumes of 1u(enile fiction during his career. 3ar Twain :ne of America;s most famous writers. 5ith boo s li e "uc leberry &inn and the Ad(entures of 3ar Twain! he fore(er changed literature. "e coined the term 7the 6ilded Age.8 #ati(ism This was the racism and the pre1udice toward natural born Americans had against new immigrants coming to America to do as they did which caused tensions in the streets and in wor . Philanthropy The basic and common lo(e of humanity! especially as shown in donations to charitable and socially useful causes. Social 6ospel This was a religious doctrine that was preached by ministers who thought that churches should address economic and social problems going on in the world. Settlement "ouse These were houses that connected the students of uni(ersities with their neighbors in slum cities. These houses helped education! sa(ings! sports! and arts for people. 5omen<s Christian Temperance Union &ounded by &rances 5iller! they were women<s organi)ation to oppose alcohol consumption. 4ighteenth Amendment Prohibited the non=medical sale of alcohol. This also led to the dri(e towards female suffrage. Chapter #2JF Identifications The *rban ?rontier CnowF Aouis +ulli&an, -alking Cities, 4epartment +tores, Tenements 0 -hat factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 0199>sH /ainl# *rbani5ation in the nation lead to industrial %obs in the cities It also included in&entions like indoor plumbing and electricit# which all ma%orl# pla#ed a role in to drawing large numbers of people in to the cities The New Immigration 2 !ow were the new immigrants different from the old immigrantsH The old immigrants despised the incoming immigrants as the# felt that the# were superior to them As opposed to the old western european immigrants, the New Immigrants came from southern and eastern europe The# were also mostl# poor, unaccustomed to democrac# and largel# illiterate

+outhern Burope *prooted 3 -h# did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbersH As decades before, immigrants came to the Americas for new opportunit# In Bastern Burope at the time, there was a lot of political and economic turmoil which the# wanted to escape The# came for land, religious freedom, and because the# saw America as a wonderful opportunit# to start o&er /akers of AmericaF The Italians CnowF $irds of ,assage, padron I !ow did Italian immigrants li&e their li&es in AmericaH The# worked in factories in the cities and li&ed in tightl# packed communities within those cities The# created pockets of their own countr# so their would be areas like ;little ital#< dispersed around bigger citites )eactions to the New Immigration CnowF ,olitical $osses, +ocial Gospel, .ane Addams, !ull !ouse, +ettlement houses, Aillian -ald, ?lorence Celle# J !ow did political bosses help immigrantsH ,olitical bosses were essentiall# political machines that traded %obs and ser&ices for &otes The# often found housing for immigrants, ga&e them food and clothing, and helped set up schools, parks, and hospitals in ethnic communities !owe&er, man# of them were also e:tremel# corrupt Narrowing the -elcome /at CnowF Nati&ists, Anglo'+a:on, American ,rotecti&e Association, +tatue of Aibert# 3 In 0113, what was ironic about the words inscribed on the base of the +tatue of Aibert#H The welcoming words contradicted the fact that undesirables like the Chinese, the poor, and criminals were all unwelcomed and shunned in American societ# for decades to come The nati&ists were those who were most against these immigrants Churches Confront the *rban Challenge CnowF 4wight A#man /ood#, Cardinal Gibbons, +al&ation Arm#, /ar# $aker Bdd#, (/CA 2 -hat role did religion pla# in helping the urban poorH Christian socialism upstarted the consciences of the middle class for future reform, cit# programs like (/CA helped need# Catholic leaders emplo#ed growing influence to help reform mo&ements 4arwin 4isrupts the Churches CnowF Charles 4arwin, Grigin of the +pecies, ?undamentalists, /odernists, Colonel )obert G Ingersoll, 1 -hat effect did the theor# of e&olution ha&e on Christian churchesH The Theor# of e&olution in Chrisitian Churches was gi&en a hard time with 4arwin"s new theories of e&olution It created much di&ision throughout the Christian churches clerg#men who belie&ed in 4arwin"s theor# of e&olution were e:communicated while the church encouraged its followers to oppose it

The Aust for Aearning CnowF Normal +chools, Cindergarten, Chautau@ua = -hat ad&ances took place in education in the #ears following the Ci&il -arH ,ublic education continued to impro&e There was a new ideal of ta:'supported elementar# schools, adopted on a nationwide basis before the ci&il war, was still gathering strength Americans were accepting the fact that a free go&ernment cannot function successfull# if the people are held back b# ignorance $ooker T -ashington and Bducation for $lack ,eople CnowF $ooker T -ashington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George -ashington Car&er, - B $ 4u $ois, NAAC, 09 B:plain the differences in belief between $ooker T -ashington and - B $ 4u $ois -ashington belie&ed that blacks were lesser than whites and that the# should onl# be assimilated when the# better themsel&es, while 4u $ois belie&ed that blacks should be assimilated immediatel# with e@ual rights and he wanted to take white supremac# head on

The !allowed !alls of I&# CnowF Massar, !oward, /orrill Act, Aand Grant Colleges, !atch Act 00 -hat factors allowed the number of college students to dramaticall# increaseH It allowed for students to take more electi&es and it opened their minds to new sub%ect matters the# would not ha&e normall# taken Colleges updated their curriculum which brought more interest in students that wanted to pursue a higher education The /arch of the /ind CnowF -illiam .ames 02 4escribe some of the intellectual achie&ements of the late 0199"s +ome intellectual achie&ements of the late 0=th centur# include modern philosoph# and public health greatl# impro&ed, higher education e:panded, and college curriculums updated for students interested in schooling

The Appeal of the ,ress CnowF .oseph ,ulit5er, -illiam )andolph !earst, (ellow .ournalism 03 !ow did the abilit# to produce newspapers ine:pensi&el# change their contentH Cheaper newspapers meant that newspaper printers now were able to appeal to the masses who could now afford themP content became filled with se:, scandal, rumor, and human' interest stories that increased sales Apostles of )eform CnowF Bdwin A Godkin, !enr# George, Bdward $ellam#

0I !ow did writers in the 0129>s and 0119>s tr# to address the problems of their timeH There was a new form of %ournalism in all forms like in maga5ines, newspapers, and no&els, writers promoted social reform, ci&il'ser&ice reform, honest#, and economic growth to tr# to impro&e the *nited +tates as well as deal with its problems ,ostwar -riting CnowF 4ime no&els, !oratio Alger, -alt -hitman, Bmil# 4ickinson 0J 4id the trends in writing after the Ci&il -ar make it a good period for literatureH B:plain (es, the literature published post'Ci&il war was far more realistic and formed its new genre of realism that described life in plain words It also had fantastic historical conte:t that made it real and effecti&e Aiterar# Aandmarks CnowF Cate Chopin, /ark Twain, $ret !arte, -illiam 4ean !owells, +tephen Crane, !enr# .ames, .ack Aondon, ?rank Norris, ,aul Aaurence 4unbar, Charles - Chestnut, Theodore 4reiser 03 -hat did man# writers in the late 0199>s ha&e in commonH /an# of them related their works of literature to the constantl# e&ol&ing industrial societ# that was forming in the *nited +tates at the time The New /oralit# CnowF Mictoria -oodhull, Anthon# Comstock 02 -hat e&idence demonstrated a battle raging o&er se:ual moralit#H There were 2 sisters that had been strongl# for women"s rights and free lo&e, named Mictoria -oodhull and Tennessee Claflin The# wrote a shocking periodical that gained them their fame /an# women also began to ad&ocate the rights of woman

?amilies and -omen in the Cit# CnowF Charlotte ,erkins Gilman, Bli5abeth Cad# +tanton, +usan $ Anthon#, Carrie Chapman Catt, National -omen +uffrage Association, Ida $ -ells 01 -hat changes were occurring in the women>s rights mo&ementH Changes in the women"s rights mo&ement included them ha&ing more of a &oice The# were now able to make more organi5ations that would spread their words of feminism and the right to suffrage much faster The National -omen +uffrage Association was formed because of this, and it soon con&inced some states to begin to get women &ote, the first being -#oming there were man# acti&ists, such as Charlotte ,erkins Gilman, Bli5abeth Cad# +tanton and +usan $ Anthon# Carrie Chapman Catt was known because she changed a motto of some sort

,rohibition of Alcohol and +ocial ,rogress CnowF -omen>s Christian Temperance *nion, Carrie Nation, Anti'+aloon Aeague, 01th Amendment, Clara $arton 0= -hat social causes were women 7and man# men8 in&ol&ed in the late 0199>sH /en and women were in&ol&ed in the social progresses of prohibiting alcohol As societ# grew more into famil#, women reali5ed what alcohol could do to a famil#, breaking them apart in man# situations Artistic Triumphs CnowF .ames -histler, .ohn +inger +argent, /ar# Cassatt, George Inness, Thomas Bakins, -inslow !omer, Augustus +aint'Gaudens, /etropolitan Gpera !ouse, !enr# ! )ichardson, Columbian B:position 29 -h# is this section titled Dartistic triumphsHD This section is called artistic triumphs because it talks and discusses about the triumphs of art in America during the late 0199s Not onl# %ust paintings, which e&ol&ed with .ames -histler and others, the music and st#le of the time also changed /usic began to de&elop in America, with the formation of s#mphonies in $oston and New (ork The $usiness of Amusement CnowF Maude&ille, , T $arnum, $uffalo $ill Cod#, Annie Gakle#, .ames Naismith 20 -hat forms of recreation became popular from 0129 to 0=99H There were man# new forms of entertainment that has come out in America to appease the people American entertainment became national, because of the new newspaper and what not +ports became organi5ed and teams pulled together to form local spirit

Chapter #23 0 The Great $est Big Picture Themes 0 Nati&e Americans out -est faced two optionsF agree to settle on a reser&ation or fight the * + Arm# as ;hostiles < +ome chose reser&ations, others to fight, but all were cleared out Chapter #23 0 Identifications Sitting Bull

The chief of the Indians that was famous for fighting against the white man for their territory. "e fought in the Battle of >ittle Bighorn and led the Siou9 so that they wouldn;t ha(e to mo(e into reser(ations. It was the last final push for the #ati(e Americans. 6eorge A. Custer A2A chief $ellow "air .A colonel who led his army during the Battle of >ittle Bighorn and was against Indians. 4(entually illed in combat along with -, of his troops. Chief %oseph An Americani)ed chief that still fought for his people nown for the #e) Perce tribe in which he was a member of. "e tried to lead his men to the #orth to flee to Canada howe(er he was caught in the Battle of Bear Paw 3ountain. Siou9 5ars The Siou9 5ars were the battles and s irmishes that were had between the Americans and the Siou9 tribe that did not want to gi(e up their land. 6host *ance The 6host dance was belie(ed to help the indians to win the war. It was supposed to protect them from the white man;s bullets. It was a dance of the nati(es that angered the white men and started off into going into a massacre and illed many indians. *awes Se(eralty Act The *awes Se(eralty Act was the act that was passed so that the Americans could ill off the older Indians and then raise their ids as Americans and Americani)e them.
Battle of 5ounded 2nee

The massacre that occurred because the 5hite man were angry that the Indians still performed their 6host *ance. The Indians were wiped out and they had to mo(e to territories. Chapter # 23 0 Guided )eading Euestions The Clash of Cultures on the ,lain CnowF Indian Territor#, +iou:, Great +iou: )eser&ation, Tenth Ca&alr# 0 4escribe the effect of westward e:pansion on Nati&e Americans The westward e:pansion affected the Nati&e Americans because the# forced them to

mo&e to territories that were unfamiliar to them The# did not know what to do and the# were forced to go into war with the white man )eceding Nati&e Americans CnowF George Armstrong Custer, $o5eman Trail, +itting $ull, $attle of Aittle $ig !orn, Chief .oseph, Geronimo 2 !ow was the -est DwonHD The -est was won because of the railroads, widespread disease, lack of buffalo which was a ma%or food source for the Indians, the indians had no land, and the# were o&erall poorl# supplied $ellowing !erds of $ison CnowF $uffalo $ill Cod# 3 !ow were the $uffalo reduced from 0J million to less than a thousandH $uffalo were reduced from 0J million to less than a thousand mostl# because of the railroad and the hunting from the white men The buffalos could not migrate or mo&e around the railroads which was detrimental to their well being The# soon were close to e:tinction after #ears of hunting and abuse The Bnd of the Trail CnowF !elen !unt .ackson, Ghost 4ance, $attle of -ounded Cnee, 4awes Act, Carlisle Indian +chool, Indian )eorgani5ation Act I -hat did the go&ernment do to tr# to assimilate Nati&e AmericansH The go&ernment attempted to assimilate the Nati&e Americans b# passing the 4awes Act Americans also tried to change their normal lifest#le so that the# would be Christian instead The# tried to put them into the public school s#stem but the# could not speak their own language so the# were badl# treated /iningF ?rom 4ishpan to Gre $reaker CnowF ,ike>s ,eak, Comstock Aode, +il&er +enators J !ow did the disco&er# of precious metals affect the American -estH The disco&er# of precious metals affected the American west with new settlers that were hoping to get rich with gold It caused a great influ: of new settlers and started boom towns which grew e:tremel# @uickl# There was a whole new culture in the -est and a whole phalan: of people tr#ing to search for gold Mer# big cra5e /akers of AmericaF The ,lains Indians 3 !ow was the culture of the ,lains Indians shaped b# white peopleH The culture of the ,lains Indians were shaped b# white people as the# were gi&en horses and thus the# were able to adapt a new lifest#le where the horses helped them accomplish e&er#da# tasks The# still held on to their traditions despite all the work the white man tried to do to assimilate them $eef $onan5as and the Aong 4ri&e CnowF Aong 4ri&e, -ild $ill !ickok 2 -h# was cattle ranching so profitable in the 0129>sH

Cattle ranching was profitable in the *+ because American cities need to be fed with meat ,eople like -ild $ill !ickok were a famous cattle herders who herded cows into the towns !owe&er did this not last &er# long The ?armers" ?rontier CnowF !omestead Act, Great American 4esert, .ohn -esle# ,owell, .oseph ? Glidden 1 4id the !omestead Act li&e up to its purpose of gi&ing small farmers a descent life on the plainsH The !omestead Act did not li&e up to its name because it ga&e the farmers in the plains a hard life The# were not able to assimilate to the new lands The# barel# knew an#one and it was hard to start anew like that In the end it was harsh for the farmers to make a real li&ing The ?ar -est Comes of Age CnowF $oomers, +ooners, 01=9, ?rederick .ackson Turner, (ellowstone = -hat were some milestones in the ;closing< of the -estH +ome milestones in the closing of the west was some of the territories like North and +outh 4akota, -#oming, /ontana, -ashington, and Idaho all became states /ormons banned pol#gam# and boomers finall# settled down The ?ading ?rontier CnowF ?rancis ,arkman, George Catlin, ?rederic )emington 09 -hat effects has the frontier had on the de&elopment of the *nited +tatesH In the *nited +tates, the frontier was able to create change in the -est /an# people in the east wanted to start anew so the# mo&ed out west for better li&es This sometimes happened and sometimes didn"t !owe&er, it created a new culture that e:emplified the search for opportunit#, what America was known for

Chapter #23 2 Agricultural +e(olution and Populism Big Picture Themes 0 /iners looking for sil&er and6or gold fled to Colorado and Ne&ada seeking @uick fortune A few found it, the &ast ma%orit# didn"t 2 Cattle became king in Te:as as cowbo#s dro&e herds north to the Cansas railroads and reaped @uick mone# 3 ?armers struggled out west due to se&eral problemsF weather, insects, high mortgage rates, high railroad shipping rates, and low prices for their crops I The farmers" struggles led to the ,eople"s 7or ,opulist8 ,art# This part# sought ;cheap mone#< 7or sil&er mone#8 in order to create inflation and thus make it easier to pa# off debts Chapter #23F2 Identifications Joseph %. Glidden 012I in&ented a superior t#pe of barbed wire and in 0113 the compan# was producing 399 miles of the product each da#P the barbed wire was used against trespassing cattle James B. $ea"er

!e was a general during the Ci&il -ar !e was chosen as the presidential candidate of the ,opulist part# !e was a Granger with an apt for public speaking !e onl# ended up getting three percent of the popular &otes which is reall# a large number for a third part# candidate QQQQQQQQQQ &li"er '. (elly Considered the D?atherD of the Grder of ,atrons of !usbandr# 7more commonl# known as DThe GrangeD8 a fraternal organi5ation for American farmers that encouraged farm families to band together for their common economic and political good !ary )li*abeth +ease became well known during the earl# 01=9>s for her actions as a speaker for the populist part# +he was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer +he denounced the mone#'grubbing go&ernment and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation #omstock +ode ?irst disco&ered in 01J1 b# !enr# Comstock, some of the most plentiful and &aluable sil&er was found here, causing man# Californians to migrate here, and settle Ne&ada +ong ,ri"e Cattle herding in the plains out west in the territories of -#oming, Nebraska, and Cansas 'omestead Act This act was a guarantee of 039 acres of land if the owners li&ed and worked on the land and impro&ed it for at least fi&e #ears J99,999 families took ad&antage of the !omestead Act, it brought troubles to man# families Patrons of 'usbandry *nder Gli&er Cell#, this was an organi5ation made in 0132 for struggling western farmers to help support them and guide them It was an educational and social organi5ation that began to organi5e state and federal go&ernments for legislation that would protect farmers Granger +aws After the ci&il war, farmers got together to form the Grange which was an alliance of farmers to protect themsel&es against big business and railroad monopolies The# created laws to regulate grain ele&ator and railroad freight rates %armers- Alliance After some legislation, the Grange became the ?armers" Alliance which lead to the founding of the ,opulist or ,eople"s ,art# The# fared well in the election, onl# 3L, but it made a difference for the farmers Populists Aead b# .ames $ -ea&er Cnown as the ,opulist ,art# or the ,eople"s ,art# which was created in 01=0 Gained support from farmers who relied on them to fight for political fairness .ames $ -ea&er ran as their presidential candidate in 01=2 Jacob .. #o/ey /arched on -ashington701=I8 and demanded that the go&ernment relie&e unemplo#ment b# an inflationar# public works program !e had his own arm# and was arrested for walking on grass of the capital $illiams Jennings Bryan

The orator of the ,latte !e was a Nebraskan congressman who spoke for the cause of ?ree +il&er, against the +herman +il&er Act Bimetallism The unlimited coinage of sil&er %ree .il"er ,eople who liked this were called +il&erites the# wanted an unlimited coinage of sil&er 7no limits8 ?a&ored sil&er o&er gold for terms of currenc# ,epression of 0812 A serious economic depression during the Gilded age /arked b# the collapse of railroad financing which led to a series of banking failures ,eople blame it on the /ckinle# Tarriff of 01=9 #ross of Gold .peech $r#an said it on .une 01, 01=3 ,eople must not be ;crucified on a cross of gold,< which referred to the republican proposal of eliminating sil&er coinage and using a strict gold standard Chapter #23 2 Guided )eading Euestions The ?arm $ecomes a ?actor# CnowF /ontgomer# -ard, Combine 0 B:plain the statement, DThe ama5ing mechani5ation of agriculture in the postwar #ears was almost as striking as the mechani5ation of industr# D The new in&entions that were now pre&alent in the farming industr# greatl# helped the farmers on a large scale +adl#, most small time farmers were put out of place b# the large wealth# farmers that took o&er 4eflation 4ooms the 4ebtor CnowF 4eflation 2 -hat problems faced farmers in the closing decades of the 0=th centur#H In the closing decades of the 0=th centur#, farmers were now reliant on a one crop econom# ,rices of the crop could greatl# inflate or deflate based on the amount in the global market, which was &er# unstead# during that period Aack of circulation forced price increases *nhapp# ?armers 3 !ow did nature, go&ernment, and business all harm farmersH B&ents like the 4ust $owl, floods and erosion were all great harms for the farmers during that time who were alread# struggling to make a li&ing Additionall#, the# go&ernment would not get in&ol&ed in helping lowering the transportation rate of the railroads The ?armers Take Their +tand CnowF The Grange, Cooperati&es, Greenback'Aabor ,art#, .ames $ -ea&er I !ow did the Grange attempt to help farmersH The Grange got together to make the li&es of the farmers better b# uniting them and organi5ing them so that the#"d get better crop prices and the# could fight for themsel&es It was a wa# for them to finall# get out their &oices

,relude to ,opulism CnowF The ?armers" Alliance, /ar# Bli5abeth Aease J -hat steps did the ?armers" Alliance belie&e would help farmersH The ?armers" Alliance belie&ed that the operation of free mills and grains would help small time farmers Additionall#, the# pro&ided graduated income ta:es, and the go&ernment ownership of railroads would also immensel# help out the fellow farmers

Co:e#"s Arm# and the ,ullman +trike CnowF Co:e#"s Arm#, Bugene M 4ebs, ,ullman ,alace Car Compan# 3 -h# did ,resident Cle&eland send in federal troops during the ,ullman +trikeH ,resident Cle&eland was forced to send in federal troops during the ,ullman +trike because it was harming *+ commerce and postal ser&ices, production and working for railroads and its production Golden /cCinle# and +li&er $r#an CnowF /ark !annah, -illiam /cCinle#, -illiam .ennings $r#an, Cross of Gold speech 2 -as -illiam /cCinle# a strong presidential candidateH B:plain /cCinle# was a strong candidate because he had a reliable background, he was for the gold standard 7not the sil&er one8, urbani5ation, and banking which would help the nation thri&e during a tough time of inflation and national debt Class ConflictF ,lowholders &ersus $ondholders CnowF ?ourth ,art# +#stem 1 ;The free'sil&er election of 01=3 was probabl# the most significant since Aincoln"s &ictories in 0139 and 013I < B:plain After man# #ears of economic debate, the free'sil&er was an immense part of the nation"s future The fact that the Americans elected a gold standard president would keep the nation from falling into an incredible amount of financial trouble There was little appeal to those of the famers and the debtors who wanted sil&er )epublican +tandpattism Bnthroned CnowF 4ingle# Tariff $ill = 4id /cCinle# possess the characteristics necessar# to be an effecti&e presidentH /cCinle# was a strong )epublican president that would help him through the tough times that he had to face !is ideals of business, manufacturing and banking would all help him gather a great nation Mar#ing MiewpointsF -as the -est )eall# ;-on<H CnowF ?rederick .ackson Turner 09 -hich criticism of the Turner Thesis seems most &alidH B:plain The -est was not reall# Rwon," as with the ethnic and racial tensions that spurred in them The west relied on the immigrants that mo&ed out there for a better life to impro&e themsel&es The

nati&e americans, on the other hand, had the short end of the stick and were forced into awful territories The nation did win in a sense, but in harsh terms,