Professional Documents
Culture Documents
! Need to develop understanding of human system as basis for ergonomics in task design. ! What is the skeletal system?
! Refers to _______________ _____________ formed by attachments. ! Major components include Skull, rib cage, vertebral column, clavicle, scapula, pelvis and bones of extremities.
THE HAND AS PART OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON ! Bones at ______ of carpal tunnel (from Hall (1999)). ! Nerves and arteries of hand (from Tichauer (1978)).
Tendons
! Compact bone:
! Lamellae are positioned at 90 degrees to each other. ! Lamellae align themselves over time to lines of stress that develop at bone.
! Pattern of lamellae (or trabeculae structure) develops to best meet loads imposed on them over time. ! __________________ is bone disease causing breakdown of bone structure.
! Muscle attaches to
! Tuberosity small rounded projection
MORE PROJECTIONS
! Trochanter very large process ! Crest a ridge of bone ! Spinous _______ sharp bone segment
SPINE STRUCTURE
! Spine is one of most complex structures in body, including:
! Bone (vertebrae), intervertebral discs, spinal ligaments and tendons, spinal cord and branching nerves. ! 33-34 vertebrae 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, ___ lumbar, 5 sacral, 4-5 coccygeal. ! Double S shape in natural position includes kyphosis (curve of thorax) and _________ (curve of lumbar region). ! Spinal cord passes between discs and spinous processes. ! Lower-back is most common site for injury to workers.
! _________ cartilage
! Elastic but firm. ! Contains both collagenic and elastic fibers.
PUBIC JOINT
! Synarthosis (immovable joint). ! Symphysis (joint) that unites two bony surfaces with pad of fibrous cartilage.
! Pubic symphysis is located at front of pelvis.
(Pubis is lower portion of Ilium or hip bone.)
RIB JOINTS
! Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) joints unite two bones either by hyaline cartilage (synchondroses) or by fibrous cartilage (symphyses).
! Rib cage contains both types:
! Synchondoses intersection of hyaline costal cartilages (of first rib) with sternum ! Symphyses intersection of fibrous costal cartilages (of other ribs) with sternum
VERTEBRAL JOINTS
! Also amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable).
! Fibrous cartilage of discs create symphyses between vertebrae.
! Discs in cervical region of spine are _________. ! Discs in thoracic region have more ______________ than those in cervical region. ! Lumbar symphyses are large, thick and resilient because they must withstand greatest ____________ force.
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
! Diarthrosis joints. ! Synovia fluid - transparent viscid lubricating fluid from a membrane in the joint, e.g., bursa or tendon sheath. ! Joint surface is covered by articular or hyaline cartilage. ! Joint is encapsulated outer _________ capsule; inner _________ capsule.
! ___________ Move segment away from centerline of body ! ___________ Move segment towards centerline of body
! Rotation Movement of bone around long axis. ! _________ Inward (medial) rotation of forearm. ! _________ Outward (lateral) rotation of forearm
MULTI-AXIAL JOINTS
! Multi-axial joints
JOINT DISORDERS
! Most common form of joint disease Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD), which is aging process.
(Also known as osteoarthritis.) ! ____________ arthritis - occurs from infection and can be transferred from joint to joint. ! Tuberculous arthritis due to pulmonary tuberculosis.
! Rheumatoid arthritis:
! ! ! ! General connective tissue disorder. Destroys small joints in feet and hands. Initial cause unknown. Patients produce blood protein called rheumatoid factor creating condition.