1)

Problem 1 (20 pts, 10 min):

For the more unusual aircraft features listed below, do the following:

• Explain conceptually whether the feature has a stable or unstable

contribution and for which axis (roll, pitch, or yaw)
• Pick a similar feature which has the opposite effect and explain conceptually
why this feature has the opposite contribution
a) Forward-swept wings
b) Canards
Note: Conceptually means use no equations. Diagrams are acceptable.

2)
a) An airplane at trim conditions steadily consumes its fuel, increasing xcg. What
impact does this have on the static stability of the plane?

Points: 2

b) Eventually the cg reaches and crosses the neutral point, sketch the Cmvs
alpha curve for xcg = xnp and xcg<xnp. Is the plane stable or unstable?

Points: 8

c) While queuing to land at the airport, the airplane gets too close to a 777 and
experiences the downwash from its wing tip vortices. How will the plane respond to
this?

Points: 2

d) How could the pilot adjust the elevator to account for this? And why?

Points: 2

e) In order to escape the downwash, the pilot tries to roll left. Assuming drag
increases with lift, what effect will this have on yaw? What would be the sign of δa?
What δr would counteract the yaw moment?

Points: 6

Total Points: 20
Estimated Time: 10 min

3)

Fill in the blank.

(2pts each/20pts total)

1. A trailing edge _________ on the _____________ results in a positive Cl.

2. For neutral stability about the lateral axis _______ is constant with respect to
alpha.
3. Trailing edge ________ on the ______________ results in a negative Cm.
4. A nose left yaw moment results from ___________ deflection of the ______________.
5. For an aircraft to be statically stable the ____ must be located ______ of the
aerodynamic center.

Estimated time: 5~10 minutes

4)
12 Minutes: 25 Pts.

Q: Given a positive rudder deflection, would you need a positive or negative aileron
deflection to maintain a trim for yaw while creating a roll moment. Why?

5)
Time: 10 min.
Points: 20/100

Q) Knowing that the Lateral and Directional forces/moments are coupled,

explain the motion an aircraft would experience from a negative rudder
deflection. Why?
6)
Estimated Time: 10 minutes

Estimated Points: 20 points

Question: If a plane has a positive aileron deflection what is the required

rudder deflection (positive or negative) to combat the adverse yaw
generated? Why?

7)
A Boeing 747 is near JFK International Airport.

Scenario 1: The aircraft is at cruise and trimmed. There is a sudden wind gust
whichcreates a nose up motion. The pilot needs to pull back slightly on the yoke to
maintain level flight. The reacting moment is larger than the motion created by the
wind gust. Is the aerodynamic center fore or aft of the center of gravity?

PTS: 6

Time: 3 min

Scenario 2: The 747 experiences adverse yaw in a turn whichcreates a nose-right

moment. Is the right aileron deflecting positive or negative?

PTS: 4

Time: 2 min

8)
Your team is commissioned to build a new fighter jet that has high maneuverability.
Which of the following lines on the graph would be most similar to yours? Explain.
A positive β velocity vector your new plane. You want to stabilize the jet with your
rudder. Would the δr>0 or δr<0? Explain.

This question is fairly straightforward and requires a basic understanding of the roll
and yaw concepts.

Points: 10%

Time: 5 mins

9)
(Proposed time: 10 – 15 mins. Total 20 pts.)

a) Using Fig. 1 above, fill in the following aerodynamic nomenclature for the controls
labeled [1], [2], and [3]: (Each row worth 1 point, Total: 8 pts.)
[1] [2] [3]

Angular Rate: ____ ____ ____

Velocity: ____ ____ ____
Aero Forces: ____ ____ ____
Aero Moments: ____ ____ ____
Inertia: ____ ____ ____
Angles: ____ ____ ____
Dimensionless
Coefficients
of Force: ____ ____ ____
Dimensionless
Coefficients
of Moments: ____ ____ ____

b) Assuming the above , , coordinate system in Fig. 1 is fixed, is this an

example of an inertial or noninertial coordinate system? Explain the difference
between an inertial and noninertial coordinate system. (Total 3 pts.)

c) For the coordinate system shown in Fig. 1, where is the origin located? At the
aerodynamic center or the center of gravity? (Total 1 pt.)

d) What direction, +δa or –δa, is needed to contribute to provide a positive Cn? How
would this direction of +δa or –δa affect the sign of Cl? Briefly explain your reasoning
and assumptions. (Total 5 pts.)

e) Propose a student designs a new internal fuel tank that spans from the left to
right wing tip and protrudes through the fuselage, will this provide a steady or
unsteady moment to wing disturbances that cause the aircraft to roll? Would this
result in a +Cl or –Cl? Relate your answer to the center of gravity. (Total 3 pts.)

10)
Part I: 2 points earned per correctly filled in blank space.

PART I. (20 points) Below are statements with blanks in them concerning the
deflection of elevators, ailerons, and rudders. Fill in the blanks to make true
statements. You may choose a + or - deflection, just make sure that whatever
statement you create is valid. The first one has been started as an example.

+ δe is _trailing edge down___ ________________________________________.

The effect of a δe is a nose _____________________________ moment.

δa is _______________________________________________________ .

The effect of a δa is a __________________________________moment.

δr is ___________________________________________________ ____.

The effect of a δr is a nose_____________________________ moment.

PART II. (5 points) Are there any deflection(s) that are assumed to be equal and
opposite? Hint: Are there any blank(s) above (besides a + or -) that can be
described by more than one effect?
11)
Calculate the longitudinal moment, , of an airplane in terms of , ,
M xcg zcg
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
x AC ,w x AC ,t z AC ,w z AC ,t Lw Lt Dw Dt α iw it ε M AC ,w
, .
M AC ,t

Time: 15 minutes
Points: 25

Assumptions:

Dt << Dw ∴ Dt ≈ 0

M AC ,t << M AC ,w ∴ M AC ,t ≈ 0

iw ≈ 0

it ≈ 0

ε ≈0

α ≈0
Efficient Airfoil
∴ Dw ≈ 0
Small angle approximation

sin θ ≈ θ

cos θ ≈ 1

tan θ ≈ θ
12)
Time: 10 minutes

Value: 10 points

1.) Isδ r for the dashed line greater than, equal to, or less than zero? Explain your
choice in terms of the trailing edge of the rudder.

Cm

δ r=
0

α
13)
Prove the following aircraft wing configuration is lateral-directionally unstable:

14)

Figure 1

From Figure 1 above, which of the following is true?

(A) Plane 1 has nose-up motion generating nose-down moment
(B) Plane 2 has nose-up motion generating nose-up moment
 (C) Plane 1 has nose-down moment generated from nose-up motion
(D)Plane 2 has nose-up moment generated from nose-down motion
(E) Both planes have nose-down motion generating nose-down moment
(F) Both planes have nose-down motion generating nose-up moment
(G)None of the above

15)
Q: You work for a company designing and analyzing high performance
experimental aircraft. A brand new statically stable experimental aircraft has just
been designed. This aircraft has canards forward of the center of gravity, forward
swept wings behind the center of gravity, and also utilizes a twin vertical rudder
system. You are to determine its response to a) a gust causing a nose-up
disturbance, and b) a nose-left disturbance.

16)
(30 pts)
12-15 minutes

The coefficient of lift for an aircraft is given as:

L L
CL = =
qS 1
ρV 2 S
2
The tail efficiency parameter, ηt, is given as:

2
q V 
η t = t =  t 
q w  Vw 

Assume the total lift for the aircraft includes lift components from the wing and
horizontal tail.

1. Derive an expression for the total lift coefficient, CL, in terms of the coefficients
CLw and CLt.

2. Decompose the expression for CL to find an expression for the total lift-curve
slope, CLα. Clearly indicate any assumptions made.

17)
(24 points total of 100 pt test, 18 minutes total)

Given:

a) An aircraft with the horizontal stabilizer forward of the wing (canards).

b) The aircraft has a negative static margin
c) Canard Airfoil is symmetric
 d) it=0
Considering longitudinal static stability Find:

a) Draw a moment-arm diagram (2pts, 2 min)

b) Compute the moment: (2 pts, 2 min)

c) The Taylor series expansion for the moment coefficient (2 pts, 2 min)

d) Given the result in c, draw on the graph the effect of a positive δ and a negative
δ on α and explain your result (6 pts, 6 min)

e) Given the result in c, draw on the graph the effect of alpha on Cm. Explain you
result, and comment on whether a canard is stabilizing or destabilizing. (4 pts, 2
min)

f) Given the information above, what passive design consideration (i.e. not active
control) could be implemented to help improve longitudinal static stability? (8 pts, 4
min)

18)
Worth total of 8 pts and should take no longer 5 minutes to complete!
 Figure 1

Effect of ih on Cm vs Alpha

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2
Cm

0.15

0.1

0.05
ih=0 ih= ?
0 ih=?

Alpha

Figure 2
(Problem 1) For the following problem, please refer to Figures 1 and 2:

(a) (3pts) Correctly label , , on Figure 1

X + ih + iw
(b) (1pt) If the F 16 had a positive incidence angle of the horizontal
°
5
stabilizer, label the correct line in Figure 2
(c) (4pts) Knowing that and , determine the total aircraft
Cmαα = 0.1 ih = 5 

pitching moment coefficient

19)
Initially, an airplane flying at trim hits a wind gust causing a nose disturbance in the
+α direction.
A) (3 pts) The center of gravity is located AFT of the aerodynamic center, how
will this disturbance affect the stability of this airplane. Explain.
B) (3 pts) The center of gravity is located BEFORE of the aerodynamic center,
how will this disturbance affect the stability of this airplane. Explain.
C) (8 pts) The +α direction is replaced with a +β direction, should Cnincrease or
decrease to keep stability? How does the position of center of gravity affect
the stability in this case? Explain.

20)
Consider an aircraft employing two rear-mounted jet engines that is statically stable
in a longitudinal sense. Assume that the two engines are mounted near the tail of
the aircraft and that their net thrust acts only in the axial direction of the fuselage
along the line passing through the center of gravity of the aircraft so that it
produces no moment. Now suppose that the aircraft designers have decided to
elevate the engine mounts with respect to the center of gravity. Determine the
thrust contribution to the aircraft pitching moment and sketch it as a function of α.
On the same plot, sketch the CM-α curves of the original and modified aircraft.
Describe the relationship between these two curves and how the height of the
engine mount affects it.

21)
Explain the effects of a forward swept wing under a nose left disturbance as they
relate to longitudinal stability. How could forward swept wings be beneficial to a
specified aircraft?
22)
A) Indicate if, for the following conditions, the aircraft component is stabilizing or
destabilizing:

Component Condition Statically

Stabilizing?
The aircraft’s center of gravity is
Wings fore of the airfoil’s aerodynamic
center
The aircraft’s center of gravity is aft
Wings
of the airfoil’s aerodynamic center
The aircraft’s center of gravity is
Fuselage fore of the component’s
aerodynamic center
The component’s aerodynamic
Horizontal Tail center is aft of the aircraft’s center
of gravity
The component’s aerodynamic
Vertical Tail center is fore of the aircraft’s center
of gravity

B) A prototype aircraft is designed to incorporate wings with negative sweep

and a center of gravity that is fore of the airfoil’s aerodynamic center. Will the
wings be statically stabilizing with respect to pitch? With respect to yaw?
Explain.

Center of
Gravity Aerodynamic
Center
23)
A four-engine airplane is flying at trim when a bird enters the inlet of the far engine
on the right wing, causing immediate engine failure. (15 minutes, 30 points)

(a) What immediate effect does the engine failure have on the airplane’s static
stability with respect to roll and yaw motion? Why?

(b) To bring the airplane back to trim, would the pilot want a positive or negative
aileron deflection, and also a positive or negative rudder deflection? Why?
 (c) How does the aileron deflection affect the input needed for the rudder
deflection?

Assume no structural damage other than engine failure.

24)
Consider the representative wing figure and the seven numbered circles, assign the
correct abbreviation to each circle and describe the abbreviation below. Velocity (V)
is already noted on the sketch.

Note: Circle #7 indicates the intersection of the two aerodynamic forces on the
wing where the moment about this point is independent of the angle of attack.

Part A

Part B

If a positive aileron deflection was applied to the right wing of an aircraft, what
would happen to the values of 1 and 2 (the circles in the sketch) on the left wing?
Explain.

25)
Worth 15 pts (Approximately 10 minutes)

Question:

For what range of Cm, α does static stability dependupon? Why?

26)
16 points
A new test aircraft has a Cm vs. α curve like that shown below. This plane is then
modified with some new device that adds lift near the front of the plane. (a) Show
how the plot below would change and explain why. Then, while flying, the plane
experiences engine failure very briefly in its turbofan hanging off the right wing.
After regaining full power, the plan continues to yaw at an increasing rate. (b) Now
considering the brief asymmetry in thrust, discuss the type of lateral stability
demonstrated and draw a plot for Cn vs. β.

27)
Re-label the empty plots at the bottom of the page.

i) Label the axes with the corresponding directions of the moments (nose-up
moment, nose-left moment, etc.).
ii) For Plane A and Plane B, designate whether they are stable or unstable.
28)
The two graphs below represent an aircraft flying at trim conditions when is
suddenly is hit by a wind gust as shown below. In the graphs, the solid dot located
in the body of the aircraft represents the aerodynamic center, while the encircled X
refers to the center of gravity. Sketch in each graph, the resultant pitch moment.
Explain.
29)
Question: ( 5 pts total, 3 minutes )

i) What is the condition for required for static stability? What does this mean about ?
(1pt)
ii) Draw a graph of vs. (2 pts)
iii) Describe how the plane moments react to increases in . (2 pts)

30)
During lecture, it was mentioned on a number of occasions that there is “not always
a right answer, but some answers are certainly better than others” when it comes
to designing for stability and control aspects of an aircraft. In this sense, stability
and control design can be viewed somewhat as an art, where past experience plays
a vital role to understanding and creating a system that responds “pleasingly.”
Please give/explain both a theoretical example and a “real-world” example of this
concept as explained in class.

31)
Q. (5 pts, 5 minutes)

Flight envelope is the plot of flight speed vs. flight altitude. Show the rough
sketch of flight envelope, and explain what flight envelope and plot line represents.
Explain why flight envelopes become these shapes.

Some kinds of aircraft (F-16 etc) have circle regions in the inside of their flight
envelope. What is the name of these regions?

32)
Time: 5min

Credit: 10points

Say that you are flying along in the F-15 pictured above. You encounter a
wind gust that induces a negative roll moment. The airplane goes to correct itself
by having +δa right and a -δa left. You suddenly realize that the ailerons are not
responding. Is there anything that you can do to stabilize your aircraft? If so, what?

33)
1a.) Draw an aircraft with a body fixed frame coordinate system (1 pt.) and label
and define the following letters/symbols (1 pt. each):

Θ, r, L, u

1b.) Name three control systems that could be modified or added onto an aircraft to
increase its static stability. Do these control systems ensure dynamic stability? (2
pts. each)

1c.) If a Cessna-182 is flying straight and level at 4000 ft above ground level (AGL)
and undergoes a strong wind gust that causes the nose of the aircraft to rise
rapidly, what should the pilot do to bring the aircraft back to a straight and level
trim condition? Explain what is happening during the correction. (20 pts.)

34)
As discussed in class, the over effect of a wing (on most aircraft) is destabilizing
because the aerodynamic center is in front of the center of gravity in most cases.
Using a canard (a horizontal control surface in front of the wings) would cause even
greater static instability. Derive the pitch moment equation for a canard and
describe why it is indeed destabilizing and suggest a way to correct/mend this
situation.

35)
 1) (18 points/14 minutes) Based on what was learned in class, answer the
following two part question about the effects of canards on static stability.

a.)(9 points) Suppose the aircraft manufacturer Eurofighter is thinking

of increasing the planformarea(Sc) of the canards (while keeping all
other geometries constant and assuming the canards’ aerodynamic
center does not move) on their Typhoon aircraft in order to enhance its
maneuverability. What effect would these changes have on the static
stability of the aircraft?

b.)(9 points) Assume that the canards have control surfaces similar to
elevators on a horizontal tail. A deflection of an elevator is denoted
δe,likewise a deflection of the canards control surfaces will be denoted
δc. If the canards’ control surface is deflected by –δc during trim
conditions, what effect would this have on the aircraft?

36)
(20 points)

A statically stable plane with a wingspan, b, is blown at an angle β off course by a

gust, giving it a negative yaw. If the coefficient of force in the y direction is known,
determine the moment coefficient required to bring the aircraft back to trim.

37)
Worth: (10 pts)
Time: (5 minutes)
Look at the following CM vs. α and CN vs. β curves:

(A) CM
Plane 1

Plane 2

(B) CN
Plane 1

Plane 2

For each case, determine whether each of the aircraft is considered statically stable
or unstable. Explain your answer

38)
5 points
(3 mins)

The wings on an airplane are located aft of the cg. If a wind gust hits the plane while flying at
trim, what effects on stability and Cm,w does it have?

39)
This will take probably 7-13 minutes to solve this question in details)

1) What does the term “adverse yaw” means physically? And now, using
your basic knowledge in stability, explain how you would maintain the
aircraft stable, and by doing so, what motion you will be creating? (Your
answer can be described with words or with well labeled schematic).
(10pts, 5pt each section)
40)
Problem is worth 10/100 Estimated time: 5 min.

You are sitting copilot in a WWII era plane flying at trim and soon the pilot needs to
increase altitude. Knowing that you do not want a CM>.006 for the risk of stall,
calculate the deflection (δe)of the elevator that will increase your altitude as quickly
as possible. Is δepositive or negative, explain your answer.

CMδe= .01 where units are in meters.

41)
Given is a line with arbitrary slope L1, and another line L2 with the same slope but a
lower y-intercept on a Cnvs Beta graph. If L1 has a delta aileron of 0, is the delta
aileron for L2 positive or negative?

42)
Question:

When considering a first order approximation for the moment

coefficients of an airplane, which of the following terms (Cmo,
Cno, Clo) of this approximation are typically assumed to be zero?
Explain.

43)
Suppose you have an aircraft made with aero elastic materials at the tail. At
a greater speed, the tail generates more drag causing the tail to stretch back in the
negative x direction. Assume that the cg and the wings stay at the same point with
the cg being aft of ac. Will this stretch make the airplane unstable? How will this
affect its static margin?

44)
Potential Question:

Define “adverse yaw” and explain the aerodynamic forces that cause it. Also, give
an example a way to aerodynamically counteract adverse yaw.

Estimation of time and points:

This question should not take more than seven or eight minutes to complete if the
student understands the concept. The time needed is largely for writing.

Because adverse yaw is an important concept in flight dynamics, the question

should be worth slightly more than is proportional to the time it takes to answer.
Therefore, the question should be worth twenty points because it should take
between fourteen and sixteen percent of the allowed fifty minutes.

45)
Creative Test Question - 10 pts. 5 min.

During the design phase of an aircraft, Before (Looking at Aft End):

static stability is achieved with the
horizontal stabilizer mounted to the
fuselage at the base of the vertical
stabilizer.

After (Looking at Aft End):

Due to an interference with the

engines, which affected
maneuverability, the mounting
position of the horizontal stabilizer
was changed to the top of the vertical
stabilizer (Note the vertical stabilizer
extend upward from the fuselage, in
the negative direction).
 Homework #1 Problems
EAS4400

Dimensions of the horizontal stabilizer were kept the same. This induced a
pitch moment on the aircraft due to the drag of the horizontal stabilizer.

What is the sign of the pitch moment, CM ? Also, what is the sign of the
elevator deflection, δ e , you would use to counteract the induced pitch
moment, and regain static stability?

46)
Question: If an aircraft is statically stable and a disturbance creates a CM>0,
conceptually explain why the locations of the center of gravity (CG) and the
aerodynamic center (AC), with respect to each other, are critical to the static
stability of the aircraft?

47)
Given a statically stable aircraft with swept wings and flying at low Mach
number, complete the graph below. Explain.
Dw,left
ψ

48)
An
aircraft
was
 Homework #1 Problems
EAS4400
tested at different cg locations to find the neutral point. The data was
tabulated:

Xcg δe,trim CL,trim

20 2
Forward CG 10
12 4
22 3
Arf CG 20
18 5
28 1
CG @ NP ?
28 10

(a) Plot δe,trim vs. CL,trimand show all CG curves

(10 pts)
(b) What is the location of Neutral Point?
(Extra Credit)
(a question in (b) part is probably to fail +80% of students, unless the middle
step is incorporated. Therefore, it was chosen to be as “Extra Credit”)

49)
The lateral roll static stability Clβ is giving by the equation Clβ=Clβ dihedral
+Clβ wing+Clβ wing sweep+Clβ r

Explain how does Clβ dihedral or the wing geometric dihedral angle
contribute to overall Clβ?

50)
It is often seen at airports, airplanes descending with the nose away from x
when landing. In this case, the nose points in the direction of the incoming
wind, while the center of gravity of the airplane stays in the same direction as
x. Explain why the airplane is positioned that way.

51)
A plane is affected by a nose up disturbance. Because it is stable, it returns
to trim flight. Roughly sketch the plane on the graph below. (5 points, 3
minutes)
Cm

α
 Homework #1 Problems
EAS4400
For the Cmαvalue that makes this plane statically stable, what needs to be
true physically on the airplane? Reference Xcg and Xac and consider only the
wings of the airplane. (15 points, 15 minutes)

52)
Given:

A C-17, seen in figure 1, has a T-Tail configuration. While in flight the pilot
produces a +δe deflection on the elevators. This action causes each elevator
to produce a lift force (whether positive or negative), as well as a resultant
drag force. The forces act a distance x behind the center of gravity of the
plane, a distance y to the left or right (depending on the elevator) of the
center of gravity, and a distance z above the center of gravity of the airplane.

Figure 1: C-17 in flight.

Find:

a) Define the body-fixed coordinate system; write out where the positive
directions of the axes are with respect to the plane. (1 pt)
b) Draw out the airplane and identify the wings, rudders, ailerons, vertical
tail, and horizontal tail. (1 pt)
c) Draw the rudder, elevators, and ailerons, and identify what way they
must rotate to produce +δr, +δe, and +δa motions. (3 pts)
d) Following the alphabetical-order naming convention given on the
second day of class, name the lift and drag forces action on each
elevator (use l and r subscripts to denote force on left or right
elevator.) (1 pt)
e) Identify the directions of each of the forces in part d), with respect to
the axes in part a). (3 pts)
f) Using the same naming conventions mentioned in part d), name the
moments produced by the lift and drag forces on each elevator. (1 pt)
g) Identify if the moments above are roll, pitch, or yaw moments, and
about what axis they act. (3 pts)
 Homework #1 Problems
EAS4400
h) Leaving the answers in terms of distances x, y, z, and the forces from
part d), find the values of the individual moments produced by each
elevator. (10 pts)
i) Calculate the net roll, pitch, and yaw moments caused by the
elevators. (2 pts)
j) During flight the left elevator is frozen shut by ice build-up. As this
happens, begins his descent in preparation for landing. When tries to
actuate the elevators, only the right one moves. In order to decrease
his elevation, does he cause a +de or –δe motion? (1 pt)
k) Find the net roll pitch and yaw moments on the airplane from the
motion in part j) given that only the right elevator moves. What
deflections in the ailerons and rudder, δa and δr (positive or negative)
are needed to cancel out these moments? (4 pts)

53)
15 Points
Estimated Time: 5-10 minutes

After a positive rudder deflection, what should be the sign of the left aileron
deflection for a directionally stable aircraft with conventional ailerons
(adverse yaw); such that the Cn-β curve remains unchanged (assuming
aileron deflection is the only component of Cn that is changed). Essentially
how would the aileron-rudder interconnect deflect the left aileron to
compensate for a positive rudder deflection?

Assume: First-order (i.e. δa and δr are independent of β)

Equal but opposite deflection of the ailerons

54)
Derive the relationship between canards (horizontal lifting surfaces ahead of
the wings) and the pitch moment coefficient CMαAssume the canards are
efficient and symmetric. Also assume that linearized equations of motion and
small angle approximations are valid. How do canards affect longitudinal
static stability?

55)
Point Allocation: 20pts

Time to solve:

Part 1: no more than 3 minutes

Part 2: No more than 5 minutes

Part 1
 Homework #1 Problems
EAS4400
The graph below shows the relationship between the moment coefficient
(Cm) to the angle of attack (α). The trim condition for a C-17 is shown. In
reference to the longitudinal axis, draw the appropriate curve that satisfies
stability and provide an explanation for your choice using the graph as a
reference. Mathematically, what does this type of stability imply?

Part2

A positive β acts on an aircraft. On what side of the aircraft is the velocity

hitting? Would a positive or negative C n β trim the aircraft and why? Name
the two features of an aircraft spoken about in class that correctly return an
aircraft back to trim when a positive β exists and explain how they do so.

56)
A plane is flying at trim with a positive α. Using statics, show how wings
destabilize an airplane. Assume small angle approximations, the airfoil is
efficient and 1st order linear approximations for simplicity. Write all additional
assumptions.

57)
Aircraft rolling moment acts about the x-axis and may be expressed using the
rolling moment coefficient. The first order Taylor series expansion is given by:
 Homework #1 Problems
EAS4400
Cl=Cl0+Clββ+Clδaa+Clδrr

Where the derivative Clβ is the lateral stability derivative.

a) What are the four aspects of an aircraft design that primarily influence
Clβ?
b) If an aircraft is to have roll static stability, what must be the sign of c
and why?

58)
Pitot Tube
A pitot tube is a pressure measurement instrument used to measure fluid
flow velocity. The basic pitot tube consists of a tube pointing directly into the
fluid flow (Point A). As this tube contains fluid, a pressure can be measured;
the moving fluid is brought to rest (stagnates) as there is no outlet to allow
flow to continue. This pressure is the stagnation pressure of the fluid (P0),
also known as the total pressure or (particularly in aviation) the pitot
pressure.

The static pressure is generally measured using the static ports . Point B in
the pitot tube measures static pressure or ambient pressure (P∞).
Static and stagnation pressure can be measured and compared to calculate
the aircraft’s airspeed using the incompressible Bernoulli’s equation given by:

Pρ+12V2+gz=constant
Also the following assumptions must be made to use this equation:
1. Incompressible fluid (low Mach number)
2. Along a streamline

Given:
If stagnation pressure P0 and static pressure P∞can be measured using
the pitot tube, and also knowing the air density (ρ) which is given by the
aircraft’s altitude, derive an equation to calculate V∞. State the assumptions.

59)
5 points
What do the acronymsVIAS, VCAS, VEAS, VTAS and KEAS imply, and
how is each one determined?
 Homework #1 Problems
EAS4400
4 points
11

(True or False?): Stability is the tendency of a system to return to

10
equilibrium after disturbance.
How9 can this sentence be altered to include actual physical
phenomenon in flight?
8

3 points
(Complete
7
the Relationship):
__________ stability __________ generate __________ stability, but __________
dde/dCL

6
stability __________ generate __________ stability.
5

1 point
4

What chapter(s) of the book have we gone over?

3

3 Points
2
Label the control surfaces of the airplane.
1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Xcg (ft)

60)
Figure: dδ e/dCL versus cg position. Experimental data points for a given airplane.

Problem

a) Using the graph find neutral point xnp. (2pts, 1

minute)
b) What is xnp given a mean chord cof 7.5ft? (3pts, 1
minute)
c) Find static margin SM at the indicated data point (red circle). (5pts, 2
minutes)
d) What can be inferred from static margin in terms of stability? (5pts, 1
minutes)
Total: 15 points, 5 minutes

61)
What value of Cn β would be desired to obtain directional static stability?
Explain your answer.
 Homework #1 Problems
EAS4400

62)
Problem 1 (6 min.)
Directions: Please complete the following True/False section representing T
for True and F for False.
[12 pts.] Each question is worth 2 points.

1) ____ For the first-order approximation, elevators are independent of

the angle of attack.
2) ____ Perturbation does not generate pitch moment when the angle of
attack changes.
3) ____ Thewings and horizontal tail are both stabilizing.
4) ____ There is an instability if xcg is aft xnp.
5) ____ Canards are good at low speeds but not good at high speeds.
6) ____ If δe>0, then CM>0.

Problem 2 (5 min)
Directions: Complete the plot below and determine which plane is statically
stable. Note that the [6 pts.] numbers on the graph are of no
importance to this problem.

In a recent flight test, the center of gravity of an aircraft was varied by

loading and unloading passengers. With each change in Xcg, the elevator
deflection is measured and the CL is computed, giving the following plot

a) What assumptions can be made about the elevator and α for this plot?
(5 points)

b) The x-intercept of this plot is referred to as what? (2 points)

c) Draw a plot of Cm vs α at this intercept point for all α. What is this

condition referred to? (3 Points)
 Homework #1 Problems
EAS4400
d) For an aircraft to be statically stable, where should this point be in
relation to the center of gravity, measuring from the nose of the
airplane? Hint: Static Margin. (5 points)
Bonus: Draw a plot of Cm vs. CL for a positive static margin. (5 points)