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Annotated Bibliography PRIMARY RESOURCES Landmarks Allen, Richard. Antioch Baptist Church. 1875. Church Building.

313 Robins St, Houston, TX This church is a historical marker in the city Houston. This church was the first and only church for African Americans at the time. John Henry Yates was one of the community leaders and a full time pastor for Antioch.

Ingleton, John. Fourth Ward Cottage. 1866. House. Sam Houston Park, Houston, TX The house was one of the original shotgun shacks. This is when the front door and the back door are aligned and the windows are aligned with windows on the opposite side of the house since drive-bys were common in this time. This house is a historical landmark because this house was made from John Ingleton, a freed slave that came to Freedmens Town searching for a new beginning. This house stood since 1866 and was the only shotgun house to survive hurricanes Allison. It was donated to the Sam Houston Park in the 1970s by one of Ingletons decendants.

Yates, Jack, comp. Jack Yates' Home. 1870. Landmark. Sam Houston Park, Houston, TX Jack Yates house was built five years after the Emancipation got to Texas. Yates house was a two-story shotgun house. He built his house by hand and took him three years to finish. In this house, Yates raised his eleven kids in this house. Yates great-grandchild gave the house to the Sam Houston Historic Park in 1963.

Kellum, Nathaniel K. Sam Houston Park. 1954. Landmark. 1000 Bagby St, Houston, TX Sam Houston Park was built Nathaniel K. Kellum. The city of Houston decided to build this park in Fourth Ward because this ward has a lot historical markers. The city put all the historical markers in the park to create a historic museum.

Pictures Unknown. Visit The African American Library at the Gregory School. 2009. Photograph. The African American Library at the Gregory School, Houston, TX This is an image of a black history library. This library holds many artifacts pertaining to African American history.

Davis, Rod. Antioch Missionary Baptist Church. 2003. Photograph. Unknown, Houston, TX This is a picture of the first black established church in the Houston area. John Jack Yates was the pastor of this church and a leader in the Fourth Ward community.

Brian, Brown. Shotgun Shack. 2008. Photograph. Vanishing South, Houston, TX This is an image of a shotgun shack. It got his name from its design. It was very common for drive-by shootings in the 1800s. They built the house so the front door and the back door are in a line so that if someone were to shoot through a door, it would go in one door and out the other so there would be a less chance of the bullets ricochet off of materials in the house and possibly harming someone inside the house. Most modern day homes are not built this way anymore due to the decrease in crime rate from the 1800s to the 2000s. Gary, Lisa. History at the Crossroads in Freedmen's Town. 2013. Photograph. Houston Chronicle, Houston, Tx. This picture displays what little is left of Freedmans Town roads. The city of Houston built on top of most of the roads that was built over the Freedmans Town roads. Instead of trying to preserve the historic streets, they rather get rid of all of it. This important because it shows the lack of historic interest Houston displays for its very first city. Its wrong since Freedmans Town built the foundation for Houston and their showing them no respect. They should preserve the brick roads to show the history of Freedmans Town.

Unknown. Slaves in the Brazos. 1850. Photograph. Unknown, Hearne, TX This picture shows an African American slave family working on a plantation in Hearne, TX.

Unknown. The Buffalo Bayou. 1856. Photograph. Unknown, Houston, TX This is an image of the Buffalo Bayou. This bayou was an important trade route in the 1800s.

Unknown. Downtown Houston. 1920. Photograph. Sloane Collection, Houston, TX This is a picture of Downtown Houston in the mid 1800s. This was when Houston became a major city in Texas and just became the capitol.

Meeks, Tomiko. Freedmen's Town Community. 2011. Photograph. Unknown, Houston, TX

This is an image of the Antioch Baptist Church and part of the Fourth Ward community. In the center of the of the picture is the pastor, John Jack Yates.

Unknown. The Houston Buffaloes. 1957. Photograph. Unknown, Houston, TX This a picture of the Houston Buffs or Buffaloes. The Houston Buffaloes were a Negro League baseball team in that started in the late 1870s.

Unknown. Jack Yates' House. 1996. Photograph. Jack Yates Museum, Houston, TX This is a picture of Jack Yates house. This is the house Yates raised his eleven kids and took him from 1867-1870 to build by hand

Unknown. National Register of Historic Places. 2011. Photograph. Unknown This is an image of a buckle from the National Register of Historic Places. This company places historic markers on all the historic landmarks in the country to preserve them and prevent them from being torn down.

Unknown. Rutherford B.H Yates. unknown. Photograph. Rutherford B.H Yates Museum, Houston, TX This is a picture of Rutherford Yates, son of one of the Fourth Ward leaders Jack Yates. Rutherford played a big role in the establishing of Freedmens Town.

Unknown. Rutherford B.H Yates House. 2009. Photograph. Rutherford B.H Yates Museum, Houston, TX This is an image of where Rutherford Yates lived his entire life. This house was originally built by Rutherford and his father Jack Yates.

Unknown. The Allen Parkway Village Public Housing. unknown. Photograph. Unknown, Dallas, TX This is an image the building that the people of Fourth Ward lived in. Many of these buildings were found all over the Fourth Ward area.

Unknown. The "Fourth Ward Cottage" 2009. Photograph. Unknown, Houston, TX

This is a picture of one of the original shotgun houses. This house was built in 1840, a year after Freedmens Town was established. The city maintained the house after it was donated to Sam Houston Historical Park as a touring attraction.

Bill, McCurdy. West End Park. 1907. Photograph. The Pecan Park Eagle, Houston, TX This is a picture of the baseball field that the Houston Buffaloes practiced and played on. This field has hosted all of the Houston Buffaloes home games from the time the team started to the time the league closed.

Unknown. Juneteenth Picture. 2012. Photograph. Unknown, Houston. This picture illustrates Juneteenth. A very important date in the African American lives in Texas. The painter wanted to show the importance of freedom for the slaves on June 19, 1865.

SECONDARY RESOURECES Books Lusane, Clarence (1953). The Black History of the White House. San Fransico: City Lights Books. 2011. This book talks about African-American problems that occurred during and after the slavery era. The author really expresses the relationship between the United States governments and the African-American communities. He talks about how the United States have come a long way from the hundreds of years of unjust against African-Americans. He also clearly states that the U.S has a long way to go until racism and continued unjust subside.

Escott, Paul D (1947). What Shall We Do With The Negro?. Virginia. University of Virginia Press. 2009. The author speaks strongly against some of the legends portrayed by society. He speaks on how the common mistake by believing the idea that President Lincoln freed the slaves because he felt it was morally wrong, but to get an upper hand on the civil war. He believed who knows the south better than southerners themselves. Other main points include what he felt his stance on slavery and the Civil War.

Guelzo, Allen C (2004). Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery In America. New York. 2004. In this book, the author discusses the pros and cons of the Emancipation Proclamation. The first problem he spoke about was how after Lincolns Gettysburg Address the importance of equality across the country was not in fact increasing but decreasing. He also talks about man reasons why Lincoln felt the way he did for slaves including how unjust he believed that slavery was. Over all, the book speaks about how Lincoln was supposedly the blacks best white friend but still took him extremely too long to abolish slavery.

Smith, John D. Black Voices from Reconstruction (1865-1877). Florida: University Press of Florida. , 1997. I chose this book because you get to read about the actual struggles of freed black slaves during reconstruction through their letters. After the Civil War, when the Emancipation Proclamation passed, slaves in the south became free but struggled since it was a new life for them to begin. Plantation owners were still taken advantage of them since the freed slaves didnt have anything to begin with. In this book, you will find primary sources from the reconstruction era such as pictures of freed slave families, documents and letters, and newspaper articles. Kantrowitz, Stephen. More than Freedom. England: The Penguin Press. , 2012. I chose this book because the author explains the adversity the slaves faced for their freedom. Slaves fought for many years throughout the 1800s; including the big push during the Civil War. There are many key people who helped this cause. Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, Fredrick Douglass who was a powerful and active abolitionist and Charles Summer who was also an abolitionist. This book contains a letter from Lewis Hayden to Wendell Phillips on February 21, 1848. Websites Wintz, Cary D. "FOURTH WARD, HOUSTON." Texas State Historical Association. Texas State Historical Association, n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2014. Freedmans Town had a major impact on Houston after the Civil War and made it what is it today. In this source, it shows the importance of Freedmans town during its come up. The town was created by freed slaves after the emancipation proclamation. They were given swampy like land by the whites in order to construct their town. The freed slaves were lead by Jack Yates, also known as the founder of Freedmans Town. Using their skills from the time their were in slavery, Jack Yates and the rest of the freed slaves manage to make the best town in Houston at its time.

Meeks, Miko. "Freedmens Town, Texas: A Lesson in the Failure of Historic Preservation."Houston History. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2014. This article speaks about Freedmens Town in its early development stages all the way up to late 1900s. The author spoke on how Freedmens Town had been a very upbeat town that was full of culture. Then the author talked about how some of the white settlers in surrounding communities did not like that Freedmens Town was becoming a better settlement than their own. They began to steal items from the town. They began to take the hand-crafted bricks out of the road and even took pillars from the front of houses. Freedmens Town was slowly beginning to be torn away until the state stepped in during the early 1900s. They couldnt replace all that was stolen but they put back the bricks but with poor construction. Afterwards they built a road over the bricks. The city of Houston began preserve the town and put it as a historical marker in the late 1900s. Gray, Lisa. "Gray: Last Row Houses in Freedmen's Town Face Demolition." Houston Chronical. Houston Chronical, 18 Sept. 2011. Web. 4 Feb. 2014. In this article, the remaining 10 houses left in Freedmans Town are starting to face their end. The city of Houston is trying to destroy what's left of Freedmans Town. This article is important because it shows how the city of Houston is trying to demolish a piece of their history. The reason being is the value of the 10 houses is worth less than $750 which Houston calls it a economic misimprovement. Instead of looking at the historic value, they look for whats best for their economy. Gray, Lisa. "History at the Crossroads in Freedmen's Town." Houston Chronical. Houston Chronical, 3 May 2013. Web. 4 Feb. 2014. This picture displays what little is left of Freedmans Town roads. The city of Houston built on top of most of the roads that was built over the Freedmans Town roads. Instead of trying to preserve the historic streets, they rather get rid of all of it. This important because it shows the lack of historic interest Houston displays for its very first city. Its wrong since Freedmans Town built the foundation for Houston and their showing them no respect. They should preserve the brick roads to show the history of Freedmans Town.

Hibberd, Ned. "Time Running out for Historic Freedman's Town." Fox. Fox, 21 July 2012. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. The author has an interview with one of Freedmens Towns residents who is trying to preserve shotgun shacks from the beginning of Freedmens Town. The land that the houses were built on is worth half a million dollars according to Harris County. Residents have been trying to preserve the shacks as a memory of Houston. Some residents came up with ideas to preserve the historic houses. One idea was to uses the houses for shelter for the vets and the homeless. The community is hoping that the city of Houston will not sell and demolish the houses and see that they are a part of Houston history.

"Texas Archival Resources Online." Freedmen's Town Association Collection. Texas Archival Resources, n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2014. This website talks about the origins of Freedmens Town. It speaks on how Houstons Fourth Ward was an important settlement to the country because it was the first black settlement in Houston following the Civil War. The land for Fourth Ward began to be bought by the freed slaves after the Emancipation Proclamation. In 1981, the town created the Freedmens Town Association. This group holds meetings and decides what happrns to Freedmens Town concerning all the preservation rights.

"Freedmen's Town Redevelopment Master Plan." Hill Swift Architects. Hill Swift Architects, n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2014. This website shows the building blocks of Freedmens Town. Freedmen's Town is an 84 block, 125 acre neighborhood located near Downtown Houston. It holds the potential capacity for approximately 1,500 dwelling units. They wanted to make the houses small so they could create a vast number of them in a small area.The area was very dangerous and full of gun violence at the time so the construction workers of the city came up with the concept of shotgun shacks. Freedmens Town has since then expanded twice the size it was when it first was established.

"Preservationist Fight to save Historic." NBC News. NBC News, 25 May 2008. Web. 5 Feb. 2014. This article talks about how Freedmens Town is beginning to be torn down. The city has already begun to tear down some historic building such as Mount Carmel Missionary Baptist Church. This church has been open for 68 years. Many were distraught to see the old historic church go. Many tried to save the building and think that this the beginning of the end for Freedmens Town. Many say the city sees it as Remembering our past, and celebrating our future.

"Juneteenth Emancipation Celebration." Houston's Official 2013. N.p., 2012. Web. 5 Feb. 2014.

This website speaks on the importance of Juneteenth and tells us how the holiday came to be. In 1872, the "Emancipation Park" was built by the city. This park was the first public park in Texas, and the location where the freed slaves decided to celebrate their freedom. C. Anderson Davis was the founder of the national Emancipation Association. In 1997, the state of Texas declared officially that Juneteenth is a statewide holiday.

O'brien, Timothy. "Organizing Lessons from Allen Parkway Village." San Francisco Bay View. N.p., 17 Sept. 2009. Web. 5 Feb. 2014.

This source talks about Fourth Ward and how activist Lendwood Johnson is taking a stand for his community. Johnson talks about how Freedmens Town has been taken apart for decades and theres not much of the original settlement. Lendwood Johnson was elected president of the APV's residents council in 1983 and since then has been fighting to save Freedmens Town.

West, Allyn. "The New Home of 3 Freedmen's Town Shotgun Shacks." Swamplot. N.p., 24 Apr. 2013. Web. 6 Feb. 2014. The shotgun houses were donated to the authority by the owners. The house's will be preserved and renovated into low-income housing.

"Houston: African Americans in Texas." Flickr. N.p., 15 Oct. 2013. Web. 6 Feb. 2014.

This source talks about the Fourth Ward was established. After the Emancipation Proclamation was finalized, freed slaves bought land in Fourth Ward and established Freedman's Town. They wanted to celebrate the day of their freedom, but the government wouldn't grant them any land to do so. Jack Yates and other churches gathered up $800 to purchase 10 acres of land. The land that was bought would be used to celebrate Juneteenth every year.

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