Database Systems and WWW Applications Digital Libraries Multimedia Database Systems

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Database Systems and WWW Applications
Internet DB Architecture Internet Applications

Digital Libraries Multimedia Database Systems

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Internet Application Architecture: Today

Browser

authoring tools, etc.

Browser

Client Tier

HTTP
WEB/APP Server

HTTP

Physical Middle Tier

Data Integration, Storage, Query, Management Remote messages

Application messages

Middle-Tier Application

Gateways

Data Sources
ORDBMS

Other
Data Sources

OLE/DB Data source

Nori, A., Databases in Internet Applications: Case Studies, in: Postmodern DBS, UC Berkeley, Spring 1999

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Entertainment Games, Music, Films, Multi-person chat Public information Maps, Tax return helper Advertisement Interactive catalogues for products and services Medicine Diagnosis, Consultation, Remote surgery Education Learning-on-demand (for a degree), virtual museums, tour remote spaces Engineering Collaborative design, remote parallel simulation services Publishing Submit, Review, Proof-editing (text and graphics) Tele-communication Conferencing ...
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Database Systems and WWW Applications Digital Libraries
Definitions Underlying concepts Digital Libraries Initiative Digital Libraries (examples)

Multimedia Database Systems

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Definitions
In the Stanford Digital Library project, we view long-term digital library systems as collections of widely distributed, autonomously maintained services. Of course, a digital library system must include services that allow users to search over collections of information objects. Examples of searchable collections include traditional library collections, digital images, e-mail archives, video, on-line books, and scientific article citation catalogs (containing only metadata about the articles, not the articles themselves). While searching services are valuable, they are not the only kind of service in the digital library of the future. Remotely usable information processing facilities are also important digital library services. These services provide support for activities such as document summarization, indexing, collaborative annotation, format conversion, bibliography maintenance, and copyright clearance. The Stanford Digital Library Technologies Project
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Definitions
Digital libraries are organizations that provide the resources, including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities.
The Digital Library Federation (DLF)

Note:CS researchers tend to focus on digital libraries as content collected on behalf of user communities, while librarians focus on digital libraries as institutions or services.
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Database Systems and WWW Applications Digital Libraries
Definitions Underlying concepts Digital Libraries Initiative Digital Libraries (examples)

Multimedia Database Systems

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Notions
Content the items in the library collection Annotation information added to (associated with) an item Subject matter focus of a collection, topics used in classification Catalog database (card file) of bibliographic records Classification assigning call number, adding keywords Rights to use - permissions License agreements contractual right to use Copyright Watermark a subliminal pixal pattern to identify a digital work Copy detection verifying copying, searching for copies Search (40% of search queries on the web are reported to be single words) Metasearchers (services that provide unified query interfaces to multiple search

engines. Thus users have the illusion of a single combined document source. Three main tasks: choosing the best sources to evaluate a query; evaluating the query at these sources; merging the query results from these sources.)

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File Formats
Image/graphics formats
TIFF GIF JFIF SPIFF PICT TGA EPS CGM PhotoCD Tagged Image File Format Graphics Image File Format JPEG File Format Still Picture Interchange File Format Macintosh Picture TrueVision Targa file (bit mapped images) Encapsulated PostScript Computer Graphics Metafile (Kodak) Joint Photographic Expert Group Moving Pictures Expert Group (Adobe) Portable Document Format (Adobe)
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Picture and video formats

JPEG Motion JPEG MPEG

Document formats
PostScript PDF
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Compression
Compression lossless
color 25%-50%-67% B/W 50%-90%;

lossy up to 95% Compression formats CCITT Group III or Group IV JPEG JBIG An international compression standard LZW.Subsampling (lossy) Compression schemes LZW Lempel-Ziv-Welch (lossless) MPEG Group of Pictures: IBBBPBBBPBI QuickTime (Apple)
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Images in the Digital Library

Most image-database systems store descriptive information about the images in a traditional text-based information retrieval system. An additional field containing the filename of the image is added to each record in this text-based system to link it to an image file. Images are selected by querying the text-based system. When the query is specific enough, the user requests a selected image (or a set of images) to view. Extensions to user-interface software look up the filename field(s) in the text record(s) and display the image(s), often in a new window. Each system handles the text/image relationship in its own way, and standards need to be developed to enable the interchange of image files among systems Much research remains in the field of image databases, particularly with respect to image-quality needs. Further studies need to stratify types of collections, as well as users and uses of those collections, relating each to a series of required image qualities. Howard Besser and Jennifer Trant Introduction to Imaging: Issues in Constructing an Image Database http://www.getty.edu/research/institute/standards/introimages/
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Metadata and Cataloging

Metadata OPAC Content description MARC Dublin Core Indexing MPEG7 Data about data (structure and access) On-line Public Access Catalog structured vocabularies data-structure guidelines MAchine Readable Cataloging a classification scheme abbreviation for works organized for reference metadata about MPEG data

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Information Retrieval - Text

Basic searching techniques: Linear search (can do regular expressions) Inverted files Hash tables Signature files (compressed linear search) Linear search requires no extra space, linear complexity in size, no preprocessing Inverted files cannot search for arbitrary expressions, (usually) must start at the beginnings of words, building index takes n log n time length of file (n words). Index overhead ranges from 25% to 200%. Hash coding is sensitive to the exact spelling of the word, and tends to scatter words nearly spelled the same; requires preprocessing and has slight storage overhead.
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Information Retrieval - Images

Indexes that were made for other purposes Citations Reviews Thumbnails Exploit layout formats (e.g., newspaper columns) Image alignment Centering Feature analysis, normalize rotation and X-Y orientation) Complementation: an image of a red rose will not normally have the keyword "red". Thus image features and associated words can complement and even disambiguate each other.
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Contents
Database Systems and WWW Applications Digital Libraries
Definitions Underlying concepts Digital Libraries Initiative Digital Libraries (examples)

Multimedia Database Systems

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US Digital Libraries Initiative (Phase I)

University of California, Berkeley Work-centered digital information services University of California, Santa Barbara Spatially referenced map information Carnegie Mellon University Full-content search and retrieval of video University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Federating repositories of scientific literature University of Michigan Intelligent agents for information location Stanford University Interoperation mechanisms among heterogeneous services Shared vision: an entire Net of distributed repositories, where objects of any type can be searched within and across indexed collections
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US Digital Libraries Initiative (Phase I)

University of California, Berkeley http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/ also see http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/ University of California, Santa Barbara http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu/ Carnegie Mellon University http://www.informedia.cs.cmu.edu/ University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign http://dli.grainger.uiuc.edu/idli/idli.htm University of Michigan http://www.si.umich.edu/UMDL/ Stanford University http://www-diglib.stanford.edu/
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Examples of Technology Impact

University of California, Berkeley Multivalent Documents Robust Hyperlinks and Robust Locations TilePics Carnegie Mellon University Informedia Digital Video Library System Stanford University Archival Digital Libraries Repositories Large Scale Copy Detection Google Search Engine
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Multivalent Documents
Multivalent Annotations Stored separately from the document they annotate Appear in situ as if part of the content of the document
Hyperlinks Highlights Notes Copy editor markup (executable)

Three classes of behavior

Spans (anchored to points or intervals)
E.g., Hyperlinks, Rollovers, Highlights

Lenses (anchored to geometric regions)

E.g., Bit Magnify, Optical Character Recognition

Structures (within the document tree)

E.g., Book w/chapters and sections

Combining Annotations
Notemarks
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Robust Hyperlinks and Robust Locations

URLs can be made robust if a web page moves to another location anywhere on the web, you can find it.
Even if that page has been edited.

Robust Hyperlinks URLs are augmented with a five or so word content-based lexical signature to make a robust hyperlink If the URL's address-based portion breaks: Feed the signature into any web search engine to find the new site of the page.

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TilePics
A file format designed to store tiled data of arbitrary type in a hierarchical, indexed format in order to provide fast retrieval.
a fixed sized header tile index data an optional gap contiguous tile data optional attribute data

Encapsulate a large amount of related, static data in a single file.

A one or two-dimensional dataset At multiple scales of resolution or abstraction. Tileable, based on x,y coordinates for quick localized access

Store data at multiple levels of resolution

in multiple layers of tiles each layer relates to the next by the same scale factor

Zoom by drawing just the relevant tiles at the next layer down
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Informedia Digital Video Library System

IDVLS attempts to automate cataloging by: Recognizing speech Understanding text and language Segmenting text Recognizing text within imagery Segmenting video Analysing video structure Image matching based on perceived color Region matching for content-based image retrieval Detecting video shot boundaries

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Archival Digital Libraries Respositories

users users

Archival Repository

Web Server

Info Monitor

File System

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12

Large Scale Copy Detection

CDS: Copy Detection System content publishers register their valuable digital content in CDS CDS crawls the web
compares the web content to the registered content

notifies the content owners of illegal copies. Key challenges accuracy, in terms of high precision and recall, scalability, in terms of coping with several terabytes of data (or several tens of millions of web pages) resiliency to attacks Two prototypes SCAM (Stanford Copy Analysis Mechanism, for text) FRAUD (Finding Replicas of AUDio)
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Google Search Engine

PageRank: A Citation Importance Ranking Number of backlinks (~ citations)

B
B and C are backlinks of A

A C

Approximation of importance Citation analysis literature Citation indexes Extreme variation in importance

Large database of links: propagation

Idealized Model

ni =

l j=1, ij
N

i,j

number of outgoing links on page i (includes multiple links to the same page) Wi ) PageRank of page j ni
26

l1,2 = 1 l2,1 = 0

2
Wj =

(l i=1, ij

i,j

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Papers on the Creation of Google

The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine, by Sergey Brin, Lawrence Page Dynamic Data Mining: Exploring Large Rule Spaces by Sampling, by Sergey Brin, Lawrence Page Computing Iceberg Queries Efficiently, by Min Fang, Narayanan Shivakumar, Hector Garcia-Molina, Rajeev Motwani, and Jeffrey D. Ullman The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web, by Lawrence Page, Sergey Brin, Rajeev Motwani, and Terry Winograd Extracting Patterns and Relations from the World Wide Web, by Sergey Brin Finding near-replicas of documents on the web, by Narayanan Shivakumar, Hector Garcia-Molina Efficient Crawling Through URL Ordering, by Junghoo Cho, Hector Garcia-Molina, Lawrence Page
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Contents
Database Systems and WWW Applications Digital Libraries
Definitions Underlying concepts Digital Libraries Initiative Digital Libraries (examples)

Multimedia Database Systems

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ACM Portal: ACM Digital Library

Bibliographic information, abstracts, reviews, and the full-text for articles published in ACM periodicals and proceedings since its founding in 1947 are available in the library together with selected works published by affiliated organizations. As of October 15, 2002, the Digital Library contains: over 102,500 full-text articles from journals, magazines, and conference proceedings. Tables of Contents with over 33,000 citations from articles published in journals and magazines from 1954 forward. Tables of contents with more than 69,000 citations from articles published in over 1100 volumes of conference proceedings since 1970.

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ACM Digital Library

The Digital Library presents all material associated with an article: Bibliographic data includes the title, author(s), publication, volume, issue, and page numbers of an article. Index terms compiled using article keywords and the ACM Computing Classification System. Abstracts available for most articles in the Digital Library. Reviews from ACM Computing Reviews (Selected articles) Full-text view or download complete articles. Most articles are available in PDF -- some are available in other formats including HTML, postscript, and LaTeX. DOI When ACM submits a reference query and it is matched, a Universal Resource Name (URN) in the form of a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is returned and inserted as an external link from ACM's site to the source for the material.
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University of Oslo Digital Library Project

Post graduate theses in the digital library (Hovedfagsoppgaver i digitalt bibliotek) is a pilot project where theses will be published in full text on the world wide web. A step in establishing a digital library where the University of Oslo shall keep electronic teaching materials and documents. A joint project between the USIT SGML group, the University of Oslo library, and other institutions, including the Institute of Informatics Students are to use Microsoft Word and a template file provided by the project. Microsoft Word documents using the template styles can by automatically converted to HTML and SGML. http://www.digbib.uio.no/ (in norwegian)

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Contents
Database Systems and WWW Applications Digital Libraries Multimedia Database Systems
Definitions Example Application
MM QoS Requirements

MMDBMS Requirements MMDBMS Concepts

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Definitions
Multimedia (MM); loosely: any system that can be used to present information in more than one form: text, graphics, still images, animation, sound, video, special computer-generated effects. The system should have user-friendly interactive interfaces that help the communication of complexly structured data. MMDBSs: are the DBSs that manage MM data, facilitate MM for presentations, and use specific tools for the storage, management, and retrieval of MM data.

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Multimedia Applications
Entertainment Public information Advertisement Education Medicine Engineering Publishing Tele-communication ...

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Data Flow for a Multimedia Network Server

Multimedia server

Storage
Buffers

Graphics/video hardware

Network

Buffers

Audio hardware

Client

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Contents
Database Systems and WWW Applications Digital Libraries Multimedia Database Systems
Definitions Example Application
MM QoS Requirements

MMDBMS Requirements MMDBMS Concepts

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Multimedia-Supported Learning of Practical Medical Procedures

Provide realistic visualization of required practical skills Proven to be pedagogically beneficial to view the multimedia lesson on a procedure in a learning on demand setting before observing it in the clinic Lessons involve realistic multimedia elements (video and audio) recorded in Oslo hospitals, with expert commentary, Over 17,000 multimedia elements in OKSE-basen database. Mostly on CD-ROM. LoD over the Internet would enable Greater flexibility (time and location) for students Other applications
Paramedics review skills on demand in emergency situations Doctors take courses in their office for lifelong learning

Incremental release and revision of lessons or skill segments

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Selective Multimedia Quality is Critical

Quality of Service (QoS): The collective effects of service performance which determine the degree of satisfaction of a user of the service. Performance, not operation (non-functional requirements, independent of functional requirements) Video accuracy, for example, when draining the chest. The video must accurately show location of arteries, ribs, where the drain can safely be inserted to avoid arteries. Audio fidelity, for example, when breathing is difficulty. The audio must be clear enough to differentiate between stridor, an obstruction of the large airways, and asthmatic breath sounds. Timing accuracy. Some procedures should be viewed in near real time, possibly at reduced video resolution and reduced audio fidelity. The critical quality focus may shift within a lesson. The infrastructure should shift resources to the critical qualities (and ignore others if necessary).
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Contents
Database Systems and WWW Applications Digital Libraries Multimedia Database Systems
Definitions Example Application
MM QoS Requirements

MMDBMS Requirements MMDBMS Concepts

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Requirements for MMDBSs

Ability to ...
represent arbitrary data types and specification of programs that interact with arbitrary data sources; query and modify (update, insert, delete) MM data; including retrieval of MM data via associative search within MM data (minimally, text); specify and execute abstract operations on MM data, e.g., play, fast forward, pause, and rewind one-dimensional data like audio or text; to display, expand, and compress two-dimensional data like bit-mapped images; deal with heterogeneous data sources in a uniform manner; this includes access to data in these sources and migration of data from one data source to another.

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Requirements - 2
MM data storage and retrieval:
MM & object-oriented data modeling concepts; management of several kinds of magnetic and optical storage devices appropriate for MM data handling; uniform management of very large data volumes => management of tertiary storage and multi-level storage hierarchies; support for realtime data processing => appropriate scheduling and resource allocation techniques; support for storage and processing parallelism (performance requirements); support for distribution => appropriate distributed DBMS concepts.

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Storage space requirements for uncompressed digital multimedia data (examples)

Media type
Voice-quality audio MPEG-encoded audio CD-quality audio

Specifications
1 channel, 8-bit samples at 8 kHz Equiv. to CD quality

Data rate per sec.

64 Kbits 384 Kbits 1.4 Mbits 0.42 Mbytes 27 Mbytes 81 Mbytes

2 channels, 16-bit samples at 44.1 kHz MPEG2-encoded video 640x480 pixels/frame, 24 bits/pixel NTSC-quality video 640x480 pixels/frame, 24 bits/pixel HDTV-quality video 1280x720 pixels/frame, 24 bits/pixel

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Requirements - 3
Realtime and synchronization issues:
soft realtime transfer requirements hard transaction deadlines synchronization between different data streams (data types) user interactions (synchronous and asynchronous)

=> dependent on data distribution, storage devices, compression techniques for the various data types, buffer management techniques, scheduling algorithms, data placement techniques, and communication bandwidth

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Contents
Database Systems and WWW Applications Digital Libraries Multimedia Database Systems
Definitions Example Application
MM QoS Requirements

MMDBMS Requirements MMDBMS Concepts

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DBMS Concepts
Data modeling: temporal object-oriented modeling and presenting (HCI) of multimedia data + extra data types & operations Query processing and optimization: browsing, content addressing Storage management: optimization techniques Transaction management: realtime processing for read transactions (presentations), write transactions (authoring) use a advanced transaction model (e.g., checkout-checkin with versioned data)

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User Interface Design for MM Applications

User interaction and user interfaces become much more complex if MM data is involved. State-of-the-art: buttons, text entry, scrollable areas, ... -> does not support interaction with continuous media New devices (e.g., cameras, microphones, loudspeakers, ...) have to be taken into account in addition to keyboard, mouse, monitor, and external devices (e.g., VCRs, ...) for input and output handling: - simultaneous control of different devices - efficient handling of user interrupts - standardized interaction paradigms - support for pen + voice input - ...

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Data types and operations for:

text graphic image audio speech video generated media

Object-Oriented Data Modeling + ...

Temporal relationships: - Synchronization and realtime processing Quality-of-Service: - to handle average delay, speed ratio, utilization, jitter, skew, and reliability.
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Required Data Model Concepts and Related Work

Time independent data types Time dependent data types (continuous types) Temporal concepts: valid, transaction, and play time Temporal data models: TIGUKAT, T_Chimera, Mediadoc, SGML/HyTime, ... Multimedia data models: AMOS, SGML/HyTime, LMDM, ...

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Learning-on-Demand (Asynchronous IDL)

- students should be able to retrieve data from campus and from home - flexible query facilities - quality of service support - scalable and synchronized playback - store lectures in a DBMS - make lectures available for students

TOOMM Network Query proc. & opt. ObjectStore

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Concepts of TOOMM
Presentation Model P_Video 13 Video 1 P_Video 14 CPO1 P_Video 15 Composite Presentation Object P_Audio 11 Video 2 Audio 1 Logical Data Model

Atomic Presentation Objects

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Multimedia Objects
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Example: Modeling a Video Object

Frame 0 TA 0 Timestamp 0 Frame 1 TA 1 Timestamp 1

Video 1

Frame n TA n Timestamp n
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Type Hierarchy
MMDT

PTI_MMDT PTD_MMDT Text Picture Graphics Component

Stream

CGM

LDU

Event

Video
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Audio

Music Animation

Frame

Sample

Note

Anim.
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Play Time
Components of a stream multimedia object TA 0 TS 0 LDU 0 TS 1 TA 1 LDU 1 TS n TA n LDU n Play Time event 0 TS 0 event 1 TS 1 event n TS n

TA 0

TA 1

TA n

Components of a CGM multimedia object

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EER Diagram
Temporal_reference
0:1 1:1 1:1 1:1

CPO
1:1 1:1 1:M

1:1

0:M 1

Temporal_Relationships Serial Parallel Effect

start
1:1

stop

2 1:1

0:M

MMDT

1:1

0:M

P_MMDT P_PTD_MMDT

P_PTI_MMDT

P_Stream

P_CGM

P_Text P_Picture P_Graphics

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P_Audio P_Video P_Music P_Anim.

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Example: Using Temporal References

Composite multimedia presentation P_Video 1 Multimedia presentation objects Recursive temporal reference list 1
Reference: True deviation: 0 time_point: NA

P_Video 2 2 P_Text 3 3

Reference: True deviation: -5 time_point: NA

Actual play time value Temporal references 2003

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Reference: True deviation: NA time_point: 15

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Example CPO
Type: CPO Name: Lecture_19_2_1998 MTU_duration: 1/44100

Type: P_Video Name: P_Video 1 Speed: 1 Start: 0 Stop: 18000 p_start.get_time_point()=0 p_stop.get_time_point() = 31752000 Type: P_Audio Name: P_Audio 1 Speed: 1 Start: 0 Stop: 31752000 p_start.get_time_point()=0 p_stop.get_time_point() = 31752000 Type: P_HTML Name: P_HTML 1 p_start.get_time_point() = 3987233 p_stop.get_time_point() = 7234443 Type: P_HTML Name: P_HTML 2 p_start.get_time_point() = 10234234 p_stop.get_time_point() = 16230933 Type: P_Light_Pen Name: P_Light_Pen 1 p_start.get_time_point() = 4457111 p_stop.get_time_point() = 6283324

Type: Video Name: PMC_Lecture_hour1_scene1 LDU_duration: 1/25 Duration: 1800 Content description: - (0, 4988, Lecturer talks about files) - (4989, 12134, Lecturer talks about directories) Type: Audio Name: PMC_Lecture_hour1_clip_1 LDU_duration: 1/44100 Duration: 31752000 Content description: - (0, 4988, Lecturer talks about files) - (4989, 12134, Lecturer talks about directories) Type: HTML Name: File System

Type: Parallel Name: TR 1 Temporal relationship type: Equal Skew tolerance: 80 ms

Type: HTML Name: Directory Example

Type: Light_Pen Name: Drawing_objects LDU_duration: 200 Content description: - (0, 100, Draw a bow in File System) - (101, 200, Draw a dot)

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Query Processing and Optimization

- Browsing:
efficient location of data elements in very large amounts of data, exact-match (pattern-matching) queries (e.g., text) and similarity-based queries (e.g., images, ...) -> query refinement -> set-oriented and navigation-oriented browsing techniques

- Content addressing:
efficient location of data with complex data types like images (difficult to access in realtime using pattern-recognition techniques) comprises: natural language understanding, speech processing, vision, and user modeling

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Meta-Data Management
Meta-data needed especially for continuous data to support retrieval Textual data describing contents of audio and video segments Content search mostly performed on meta-data Problems: Modeling of meta-data Meta-data acquisition Association of meta-data to real data

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Storage Management Issues

addressing techniques access paths data placement techniques: clustering, partitioning, allocation system buffer management: paging, ... disk scheduling: sweeping, deadline-driven,

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Data Placement
Clustering and partitioning: data striping and data interleaving
Controller

Allocation: contiguous placement constrained placement log-structured placement

Sector 0 Sector 1 Sector 2

Sector 0 Sector 0 Sector 1 Sector 1 Sector 2 Sector 2

Logical sector 0

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Disk Scheduling
Traditional algorithms FIFO (first come, first served) SSTF (shortest seek time first) SCAN (elevator algorithm) 1.Generation MM algorithms EDF (earliest deadline first) SCAN-EDF GSS (grouped sweeping scheme) 2.Generation MM algorithms two-phase algorithms - reduce seek time - reduce rotational latency - increase throughput - fair stream access - real-time constraints?

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Transaction and Workflow Management

distributed transaction management mechanisms realtime transaction management mechanisms various new transaction and workflow management mechanisms

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Parallelism and Other Optimization Techniques in MMDBSs

parallelism on storage level, e.g., disk arrays -> striping, ... parallelism on processing level, e.g., multiprocessor machines, ...

storage structures / data placement techniques query optimization transaction management mechanisms

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MMDBS: Conclusions
investigated functionality needed to support MM applications illustrated how object-oriented and other modern DBMS technologies can be applied to realize MMDBMS alternative levels of application support by DBMS open issues: - effective storage models - MM query languages and processing techniques (handling of imprecise queries) - ... Role of (MM)DBS in distributed MM systems

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Conclusions - State-of-the-Art
Multimedia file systems and multimedia storage servers for special multimedia applications exist today Implement the presented concepts Acceptable performance Multimedia database systems are still under development, certain aspects are solved Retrieval problems not yet solved in a satisfying manner

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