National University of Sciences &

Technology
(NUST)

Laboratory Journal

Basic Electrical Engineering (EE-111)

Name:






PN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PNS JAUHAR,
HABIB REHMATULLAH ROAD, KARACHI 75350




LIST OF PRACTICALS

S.
No
PRACTICAL TITLE
1.
Introduction to Lab Volt Console & Safety Precautions.
- Rules for safe practice to avoid Electric Shock.
- Description on Lab Volt Console.
2.
Measurement of Resistance using Color Coding.
- Use of Multimeter.
- Resistance color code.
- Resistance measurement by meter for verification
3.
Measurement of DC voltage & DC Current.
- Using Voltmeter.
- Measuring voltage and current.
- Control of current by Resistance & Voltage.
4.
Ohms Law.
- Experimental analysis of Ohms Law.
5.
Series Parallel Circuits.
- Characteristics of series parallel circuits.
6.
Kirchhoffs Laws.
- Kirchhoffs Voltage Law.
- Kirchhoffs Current Law.
7.
Voltage Current Characteristics.
- Voltage Current characteristics of filament lamps & radiant heater.
8.
Power.
- Measuring power in a DC Load.
- Maximum power transfer.
9.
Thevenins Theorem.
- Experimental verification of Thevenins Theorem.
10
Capacitors.
- Capacitor testing & Identification.
- Capacitor charge and Discharge (RC Time Constants).
11
Introduction to AC related Instruments.
- Function generator.
- Oscilloscope.
12
Electric Current & Magnetism.
- Magnetic Field produced around current carrying conductor.
13
Induced Force.
- Force produced on a current carrying conductor lying in a magnetic field.
14
Electromagnetic Induction
- Inducing voltage in a coil.
- Polarity of Induced voltage.
- Magnitude of Induced Voltage.
15
AC Voltage & Current Measurement.
- To learn the use of AC voltmeters & ammeters.
- To measure the effective value of an alternating voltage.
- To verify Ohms Law for AC circuits.
16
Measuring AC with the Oscilloscope.
- Measuring ac and dc voltages and frequency.
17
Phase angle, Real & Apparent Power.
- To study the meaning of phase angle.
- To study he relationship b/w real and apparent power.
18
Capacitive and Inductive Reactance.
- To study the behavior of capacitor and inductor in ac circuits.
- Capacitive reactive power.
- Inductive power.


Inspection remarks by OI/C of Laboratory
























MID SEMESTER
ASSESMENT
Signature

Date:
TERMINAL
ASSESMENT
Signature

Date:
NOTE: This journal is to be put up, complete in all respect for OI/C signature before
midterm and terminal examination


PROGRESS REPORT MIDTERM

Max Marks: 10

Date Practical. No. Attendance
marks(2)
Assessment
marks (8)
Marks
Obtained













Total Marks obtained
Average Marks


Remarks:
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________




Date : ___________________ Signature Instructor:_________________


Note: For assessment Instructor is to consider: Description, observation, analysis , Lab report, Cleanliness and behavior of the
student during the lab session.













PROGRESS REPORT TERMINAL

Max Marks: 10

Date Practical. No. Attendance
marks(2)
Assessment
marks (8)
Marks
Obtained













Total Marks obtained
Average Marks


Remarks:
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________




Date : ___________________ Signature Instructor:_________________


Note: For assessment Instructor is to consider: Description, observation, analysis , Lab report, Cleanliness and behavior of the
student during the lab session.




EE 111 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

1. Prepared and taught by the Department of Electronic and Power Engineering at PNEC in
the academic year 2004 Winter Semester by Lt Cdr Muhammad Ahsan Dar TI(M) PN and edited
by Mrs. Beenish Sultana (Instructor EPE Department).

2. There are 18 Lab sessions of 2 contact hours (1 credit hour) each.

Text Books

3. The books used for preparation of this lab manual include the following:

a. Basic Electricity Lab Manual by Zbar Rockmarker
b. Experiments in basic circuits by David Buchla

Computer Usage

4. Students use the WWW and appropriate search engines to research topics in the course
lab.

5. Students will use PSpice to analyze DC circuits. Assignments will be given requiring
analysis, by hand, of challenging circuits; then, students will use computer analysis tools to solve
the same circuits. These assignments will be graded.

Laboratory Make-Up Policy

6. Every student is required to perform all laboratory exercises. Students who miss a lab and
are unable to provide documentation excusing them run the risk of failing EE 200 and must see
their course instructor immediately.

Laboratory Journals

7. You are required to obtain the standard lab journal from stationery office into which data
and notes are to be entered during each lab exercise. At the end of each lab exercise you, your lab
partner, and the lab demonstrator must sign and date your journal. These journals will be
examined periodically by your lab demonstrator and evaluated as part of your laboratory grade.

Laboratory Reports

8. Laboratory reports will be due at the beginning of each lab meeting. Work that was
performed the previous lab meeting is to be documented and turned in the following week at the
beginning of the lab period.
9. Late reports will have points deducted at a rate of 10% per weekday. A report will be
considered one day late if it is handed in after the lab has started. No lab reports may be handed
in more than one week late.

10. All lab exercises must be performed, and all lab reports must be turned in to pass the
course.

11. Laboratory exercises and the writing of laboratory reports are performed in groups. The
lab report turned in by each student group must be entirely their own work. In addition, each
student group is required to write the statement, We have neither received nor provided any help
on the writing of this lab report", and sign their names beneath on the title page of their lab
reports.


12. While content is clearly the primary objective, neatness and organization will be weighted
significantly in the grading of your lab reports. It is required that you type your lab reports using
word processing or type setting tools (LATEX). Circuit diagrams may be hand-drawn, but wires
should be drawn using a straight edge. It is recommended that you learn to use Pspice schematic
to draw your circuit diagrams and merge the diagrams as postscript files into your LATEX
documents

Laboratory Report Format

6. Use the following guide for your laboratory report format.

Title: On a separate cover page provide the title of the lab exercise, your name, your
partner's name, and the date the exercise was performed. On the bottom of the title page,
write the phrase "I have neither received nor provided any assistance in the writing of this
laboratory report," and sign your name beneath.

Abstract: Provide a brief statement (no more than a few sentences) of your results and
conclusions obtained from the laboratory exercise.

Introduction: Describe the objective and summarize what you did in the laboratory
exercise.

Analysis: In some of the laboratory exercises you will be required to perform theoretical
calculations. In this section, you are to present equations and their solutions as
appropriate. If you need to make use of experimental data, you may choose to present this
section after the section entitled Experimental Results.

Experimental Results: In some of the laboratory exercises you will be required to make
various measurements. In this section, you are to present your experimental set-up along
with your measurements. State what equipment was used in your measurements and what
was measured. Provide diagrams as necessary to illustrate your experimental set-up. Data
are usually presented in the form of either a table or a graph. Provide tables, diagrams and
figures as appropriate to present your experimental results.

Simulation Results: In some of the laboratory exercises you will be required to perform
computer simulations using PSpice. In this section, you are to present your simulation
results.

For details regarding PSpice syntax and numerous examples of the use of PSpice
commands you should refer to SPICE for Circuits and Electronics using PSpice by
Rashid (Limited copies available in the library).

In general, you must include the following items in order to receive full credit for this
portion of your laboratory reports:

- Circuit diagram with the nodes labelled as used in the PSpice code, element values
and problem statement.

- A listing of your PSpice code.

- PSpice and probe output as appropriate.

- Additional tables and graphs as required to present/illustrate your simulation
results.


Discussion: In this section (if appropriate) you are to compare theoretical, experimental
and simulation results. Most measurements will contain some error (difference between
theoretical and measured values). Always calculate percent error and then describe
possible or known sources of the error. An error percentage of 5% is not uncommon. If
the percent error is less than 5%, consider the theory and measurements to coincide. If the
error percentage is greater than 5%, it is very likely that something has not been
accounted for in the theory or a measurement was not performed properly. Present
theoretical values, measured values, simulated values and percent error in the form of a
table.

Conclusion: In this section you are to state whether the objectives of the lab were met.
Were there any errors in measurements that you could not account for? What changes in
the lab exercise would you suggest? Please explain and provide justification.





EXPERIMENT # 1
Title

Introduction to Schematic diagrams and symbols, Power sources and supplies, Instruments,
Tables and reports

Objectives

a. To identify electrical and electronics components from their physical appearance.
b. To draw the circuit symbols for each of the observed components.
c. To familiarize with schematic diagram and breadboards
d. To familiarize with dc power sources and supplies.
e. To familiarize with dc meters.

Materials Required

a. Electric components: Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Transformers, Transistors
b. Breadboard
c. Power Supplies
d. Ammeter, Voltmeter, Multimeter

Procedure

Part 1 Identification and understanding of Electric Components

Study a relevant book and describe physical features of the components available in lab. Draw
the circuit symbol for each part. In describing the part, give its shape, approximate size,
characteristic markings (including value, if given), and facilities for mounting (number of leads
or lugs). Identify the components physically.

Part II Schematic Diagram and Breadboard
The schematic diagram is an electronic blue print which tells how the electronic parts are
connected in a circuit while a breadboard is a device which allows rapid connection and
disassembly of the circuit using the guidelines of schematic diagrams.

a. Breadboard the circuit shown in the figure 1.1 and get it graded by the instructor:


Figure 1.1

b. Get another circuit from the instructor and Breadboard it and get it graded by the
instructor.





Part III Familiarization with Laboratory Meters and Power Supplies


The most frequent measurements required in the laboratory are resistance, voltage and current.
The meters that will be used during the experiments in this course will be ohmmeter for
measuring resistance, voltmeter for voltage, ammeter for current and digital multimeter (DMM)
for all the above.

To have meters with long range, multiple scales are available for selection by the user. The use
of multiple scale metre will be demonstrated by the instructor in the class.

By using the LABVOLT test bench, select a resistor and measure its value, then set different
values on the power supply and measure the value of voltage under the supervision of the lab
demonstrator.




EXPERIMENT # 2

Title

Measurement of resistance using Colour Code and Ohmmeter

Objectives

a. To interpret and record the ohmic value of a resistor when given a colour-coded resistor.
b. To measure the ohmic value of a resistor using an analogue ohmmeter.
c. To measure the ohmic value of a resistor using a digital multimeter.
d. To determine whether a resistor is within its coded tolerance.

Materials Required

a. 05 assorted colour-coded resistors
b. One potentiometer

Digit Colour

1
st
digit 2
nd
digit Multiplier Tolerance
Resistance
Value, first
three bands
0 Black
1 Brown
2 Red
3 Orange
4 Yellow
5 Green
6 Blue




Red Black Orange Silver
2 0 0 10%

Resistor is 20,000 10%
7 Violet
8 Grey
9 White

Tolerance,
fourth band
5% Gold
10% Silver
20% No Band


Procedure

a. Take a resistor from the sample tray provided.

b. Record its COLOUR CODE in column 1 of the table.

c. Determine, using a colour code chart, its Coded Resistance, in units of ohms (the symbol
for which is O). Write this coded resistance in column 2.

d. Determine, using the colour code chart, the Tolerance (in percent) of the resistor, and
record this tolerance in column 3.

e. Using the Coded Resistance and the Tolerance, find the Maximum Coded Resistance,
and record this value in column 4.

f. Using the Coded Resistance and the Tolerance, find the Minimum Coded Resistance,
and record this value in column 5.

g. Using the digital multimeter, set to the Ohms function, measure the resistance of the
resistor. Note that you should always adjust the multimeter to obtain as many significant digits as

possible. Record the Measured Resistance (using properO, kO or MO notation) in column 6.
The symbol k = kilo = 1,000; the symbol M = mega = 1,000,000.

h. By comparing the measured resistance with the maximum and minimum coded
resistances, decide if the resistor is within tolerance. Record the result (YES or NO) in column 7.

j. Now, repeat steps A through H (on page 1), for 19 other resistors. Choose resistors so that
you get several from each of the possible third band colors (gold, black, brown, red, orange,
yellow, green).


LABORATORY REPORT:

I
s

t
h
e

R
e
s
i
s
t
o
r

W
i
t
h
i
n

T
o
l
e
r
a
n
c
e
?

Y
E
S
*
*


M
e
a
s
u
r
e
d

R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

(
O
)

2
5
.
1

k

M
i
n
i
m
u
m

C
o
d
e
d

R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

(
O
)

2
7
k
-
2
.
7
k
=
2
4
.
3
k
O


M
a
x
i
m
u
m

C
o
d
e
d

R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

(
O
)

2
7
k
+
2
.
7
k

=

2
9
.
7
k
O


T
o
l
e
r
a
n
c
e

(
%
)

1
0
%


C
o
d
e
d

R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

(
O
)

2
7
O


R
e
s
i
s
t
o
r

s

C
o
l
o
u
r

C
o
d
e

(
R
e
c
o
r
d

f
o
u
r

c
o
l
o
u
r

b
a
n
d
s
)

R
e
d
-
V
i
o
l
e
t
-
O
r
a
n
g
e
-
S
i
l
v
e
r



**YES because: 24.3 kO s 25.1kOs29.7kO





EXPERIMENTS # 3, 4&5

Title

Measurement of DC Voltage, Current and verification of Ohms Law

Objectives

a. Understand use of multimeter to measure dc voltage and current

b. Verify Ohms Law by calculating, and then by measuring voltage, current and resistance,
and then comparing the calculated and measured results.

c. Verify Ohms Law relationships by increasing one quantity while holding the second
quantity constant, then measuring and calculating the effect on the third quantity.

Materials Required

a. LABVOLT test bench
b. Digital multimeter
c. Power Supplies

Procedure

1. Perform the following steps to verify that:
CURRENT = VOLTAGE DIVIDED BY RESISTANCE

a. Measure the resistance of the selected resistor with the DMM.

R1
measured
:
b. Connect the circuit in Figure 1 below:





c. Adjust the power supply voltage to 15.0 V using the DMM set on its DC voltage
mode.



d. Measure and record the voltage across the resistor R1 using the procedure of Figure 1
and record.

V
R1
:



e. Look carefully at Figure 2: the multimeter is incorrectly measuring VR1, since it will
read both the voltage across R1 AND the voltage across the ammeter.



f. Figure 3 shows the correct way to measure VR1. Make sure that the voltage across R1 is
still 15.0 V (it MAY have dropped slightly due to the milli-ammeter).

g. Measure and record the current through R1. I
R1
=

h. Using the measured values of voltage and resistance, calculate the current through R
1

using Ohms Law. Show calculations in the space below.

(I = V/R) I
R1
=

i. What conclusion can you make from these procedures?



2. Perform the following steps to verify that:
RESISTANCE EQUALS VOLTAGE DIVIDED BY CURRENT

a. Connect the same circuit as in Figure 3, except change the resistor to R2

b. Measure and record the voltage across R2 and the current flow through R2.

V
R1
= I
R1
=




c. Calculate the resistance of R2 using the measured values of E
R1
and I
R1
with Ohms
Law. Show calculation.
R2 =

d. Remove R2 from the circuit. Measure and record the resistance of R2 using the
multimeter.
R2 =

e. What conclusion can you make from these procedures?





3. Perform the following procedures to verify that:
VOLTAGE EQUALS CURRENT TIMES RESISTANCE

a. Connect the circuit in Figure 3, except change the resistor to R3.

b. Measure the resistance of this resistor making sure that the resistor is removed from
the circuit.
R3 =

c. Reinsert the resistor into the circuit and measure the current through the resistor.

I
R3
=
d. Calculate, using Ohms law, the resistor voltage using the measured values of
resistance and current. Show calculation below.

V
R1
=
e. Measure the resistor voltage. Record
E
R1
=

f. What conclusion can you make from these procedures?





4. Perform the following procedures to verify that:
IF THE RESISTANCE IS HELD CONSTANT, INCREASING THE VOLTAGE WILL
INCREASE THE CURRENT

a. Connect
V.

b. Measure the current through the resistor. Record:
I =

c. Increase the voltage source to 20 volts and again measure the current through the
resistor. Record.
I =


d. Based on the results of this procedure, what conclusion can be made about the
relationship between voltage and current for a fixed value of resistance?





5. Perform the following procedures to verify that:
IF THE VOLTAGE IS HELD CONSTANT, INCREASING THE RESISTANCE WILL
DECREASE THE CURRENT

a. Connect the circuit in Figure 3, using resistor R2. Set the voltage source to 10.0 volts.

b. Measure the current through the resistor. Record.
I =

c. Change the resistor to R1 and again measure the current through the resistor. Record.
I =

d. Based on the results of this procedure, what conclusion can be made about the
relationship between resistance and current for a fixed value of voltage?








EXPERIMENT # 6

Title

Series Circuits

Objectives

- For the student to investigate the characteristics of a series circuit.
- For the student to verify experimentally, using measured and calculated values, the following
series circuit rules:

- Total circuit resistance equals the sum of the individual resistances.
- The current is the same at all points in a series circuit.
- The sum of the voltage drops equals the source voltage.

Materials Required

a. LABVOLT test bench
b. Digital multimeter
c. Power Supplies
d. Resistors of various values

Information

1. NEVER use an ohmmeter on a live circuit. Voltage from a circuit can damage an
ohmmeter.
2. Always use the measured value of resistance for all calculations.
3. Always adjust the power supply voltage with the circuit connected.
4. When measuring voltage, the voltmeter must be connected across the circuit.
5. When measuring current, you must break the circuit and the current meter must be
inserted into the circuit (in series).

Procedure
PART ONE
Total resistance in a series circuit

1. Select any 3 resistors and without connecting them into any circuit, measure each
individual resistor and record below.

R
1
=

R
2
=

R
3
=

2. Now connect the circuit as shown in Figure 6.1 below. Note that there is no applied voltage.




3. Measure the total resistance.

R
total
=

4. Add the measured values of R
1
, R
2
, and R
3
recorded in step 1 together and record.

R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
=


PART TWO
Current relationship in a series circuit

1. Connect the circuit in Figure 6.2. Set the voltage source to 15.0 volts.


2. Break the circuit at point a. Insert the milli-ammeter. Measure and record the current flow
through point a.

I
a
=

3. Break the circuit at point b. Insert the milli-ammeter. Measure and record the current flow
through point b.

I
b
=

4. Break the circuit at point c. Insert the milli-ammeter. Measure and record the current flow
through point c.

I
c
= _______________________________

5. Break the circuit at point d. Insert the milli-ammeter. Measure and record the current flow
through point d.


I
d
= _________________________________

PART THREE
Voltage relationships in a series circuit

1. Connect the circuit of Figure 6.2. Set the DC supply voltage to 15.0 volts.

2. Measure the voltage drop across each resistor. Record:

V
ab
=

V
bc
=

V
cd
=

3. Add the voltage drops together and record.

Total of voltage drops =

4. What conclusions can be made from the results of the previous procedures?













EXPERIMENT# 7

Title

Voltage Divider Rule for Series Circuits

Objectives

- Understand & apply Voltage divider rule to series resistive circuits.

Materials Required

a. LABVOLT test bench
b. Digital multimeter
c. Power Supplies
d. Resistors of various values

Information

1. NEVER use an ohmmeter on a live circuit. Voltage from a circuit can damage an ohmmeter.
2. Always use the measured value of resistance for all calculations.
3. Always adjust the power supply voltage with the circuit connected.
4. When measuring voltage, the voltmeter must be connected across the circuit.
5. When measuring current, you must break the circuit and the current meter must be inserted
into the circuit (in series).
Procedure
1. Verify by measurement, the voltages between various points in a series circuit:
a. Connect the circuit in Figure 7.1.
b. Measure and record the voltage drop across each resistor. When measuring V
AB
, the
voltmeter probe should be connected to point A and the common lead to point B. This would be
expressed as V
AB
. Therefore, the expression V
AB
means the voltage at point A in respect to
point B.

V
R1
= V
AB
= V
R2
= V
BC
=

V
R3
= V
CD
= V
R4
= V
DE
=

V
R5
= V
EF
= V
R6
= V
FG
=

c. Properly label these measured voltage drops on each resistor in Figure 7.1. Mark the
polarity (use a + and a - to indicate polarity) of the voltage drop on each resistor.


d. Measure the voltage, V
CE
, between point C and point E. When measuring, the voltmeter
probe should be connected to point C and the common lead to point E. This would be expressed
as V
CE
. Note that in the subscript CE, the first letter C is the point to which the probe is
connected and the second letter E is the point to which the common lead is connected.
Therefore, the expression V
CE
means the voltage at point C in respect to point E. Record this
voltage.

V
CE
=

Does V
CD
+ V
DE
= V
CE
?

V
CD
+ V
DE
= V
CE


e. In a like manner, measure and record the following:

V
AC
= V
CA
= (note opposite polarity!)

V
DG
= V
EA
= V
BF
= V
CG
=

























EXPERIMENTS # 8, 9

Title

Investigation of Parallel Circuits

Objectives

- To investigate the characteristics of a parallel circuit.
- To verify experimentally, using measured and calculated values, the following parallel circuit
rules:
^ The voltage is the same across each branch of a parallel circuit.
^ The sum of the individual branch currents equals the total current in a parallel circuit.
^ The reciprocal of the total resistance equals the sum of the reciprocals of the individual branch
resistances.
^ To determine the effects of changing a single resistor value, upon total resistance, total current
and the distribution of branch currents.

Materials Required

a. LABVOLT test bench
b. Digital multimeter
c. Power Supplies
d. Resistors of various values

Information

1. Always use the measured value of resistance for all calculations.
2. Always adjust the power supply voltage with the circuit connected.
3. When measuring voltage, the voltmeter must be connected across the circuit element of
interest.
4. When measuring current, the current meter must be inserted into the break in the circuit
(in series).

Procedure

PART ONE
VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTIC IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT

1. Connect the circuit in Figure 8.1. Adjust the voltage source to a value of 12 volts (with the
circuit connected).




2. Using the DMM, measure the voltage across each resistor. Record below.

V
R1
=

V
R2


V
R3


3. What conclusion can be made from these procedures?





PART TWO
CURRENT RELATIONSHIPS IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT

1. Connect the circuit in Figure 8.2. Make sure that the source voltage is properly set to 12
volts with the circuit connected.




2. Using a current meter, measure the current through each resistor and the total current.
Record below.

I
R1
=

I
R2
=

I
R3
=

I
total
=


3. Add the measured currents through R
1
, R
2
, and R
3
together and compare with the
measured total current. Record the sum of measured currents.

I
total


4. What conclusions can be made from the above procedures?





PART THREE
RESISTANCE RELATIONSHIP IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT

1. Connect the circuit in Figure 8.3. Note that there is no source voltage connected.




2. Using a DMM, measure the total resistance. Record.

R
Total


3. Remove each resistor from the circuit. Using the DMM, individually measure, R
1
, R
2
, and
R
3
. Record each value below.

R
1
=

R
2
=

R
3
=













EXPERIMENT # 10

Title

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law, Subscripted Voltages

Objectives

- For the student to be able to measure the voltage across a circuit element, using a doubly-
subscripted notation for that voltage.
For the student to assign a doubly-subscripted voltage to a circuit element.

Materials Required

a. LABVOLT test bench
b. Digital multimeter
c. Power Supplies
d. Resistors of various values

Information:
In the circuit 10.1 below, it is totally obvious that the voltage across R1 is positive on top,
negative on bottom. But, the polarity of voltage across resistor R2 in the circuit 10.2 depends on
the relative size of the voltage sources, and the resistors, in the circuit.

Procedure
PART ONE

DOUBLY-SUBSCRIPTED VOLTAGES

1.1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 10.3. The circuit has only
one element, a voltage source. Point A & B are the positive and
negative ends of the battery respectively.

1.2. Measure the voltage of this voltage source by connecting the
RED lead of your DMM to point A, and the BLACK lead to point B.
This is measuring V
AB
, the voltage at point A compared to the
voltage at point B. Record V
AB
below:
V
AB
=







This result should tell us that The voltage at point A is _____ volts more positive than the
voltage at point B.

1.3. Measure the voltage by connecting the RED lead of your DMM to point B, and the
BLACK lead to point A. This is measuring V
BA
, the voltage at point B compared to the
voltage at point A. Record V
BA
below:

V
BA
=

This result should tell us that The voltage at point B is ________ volts more negative than the
voltage at point A.

In the figure 10.4, V
AB
is the voltage across the resistor,
expressed as the voltage at node A compared to the voltage at
node B. Its actually unnecessary to have the + and - signs
shown, since V
AB
says it all.

Now V
1
is the voltage of the source, but since it is not a
doubly-subscripted voltage (V
AB
), V
1
must have the + and -
signs to tell us how to measure V1 with a voltmeter.














PART TWO

KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW
(Two-Element Circuit)

Information

KVL is commonly stated several ways:

- the algebraic sum of the voltage drops around a closed loop equals zero
- the algebraic sum of the voltage rises around a closed loop equals zero
- the algebraic sum of the voltage rises around a closed loop equals the algebraic sum of the
voltage drops around the loop

Sign Convention

If we enter a components voltage at its negative sign, and go through the element to its positive
sign, it is considered a positive voltage rise, and recorded as positive.

If we enter a components voltage at its positive sign, and go through the element to its negative
sign, it is considered a negative voltage rise (or, a voltage drop), and is recorded as negative.


Procedure













Clockwise

2.1. In the figure 10.5, start at point B, and go around the loop in a clockwise (CW) direction.
Notice that we enter the negative end of each element. The KVL equation, done this way, is:

E
AB
+ V
BA
= 0 volts

Verify this using the measured values of E
AB
and V
BA
from steps 1.2 and 1.3, above:
E
AB
+ V
BA
= + =

2.2. In the figure 10.6, start at point B, and go around the loop in a clockwise (CW) direction.
Notice that we enter the negative end of the battery, and the positive end of the resistor. The KVL
equation, done this way, is:

E
AB
- V
AB
= 0 volts

Verify this using the measured values of E
AB
and V
AB
from steps 1.2 and 1.3, above:

E
AB
+ V
AB
= - =

Counter-Clockwise

2.3. In the figure 10.5, start at point B, and go around the loop in a counter-clockwise (CCW)
direction. Now, we enter the positive end of each element. The KVL equation, done this way, is:

-V
BA
- E
AB
= 0 volts

Verify this using the measured values of E
AB
and V
BA
from steps 1.2 and 1.3, above:

-V
BA
- E
AB
= - =

2.4. In the figure 10.6, start at point B, and go around the loop in a counter-clockwise (CCW)
direction. Now we enter the negative end of the resistor, and the positive end of the battery. The
KVL equation, done this way, is:

V
AB
- E
AB
= 0 volts

Verify this using the measured values of E
AB
and V
AB
from steps 1.2 and 1.3, above:

V
AB
- E
AB
= - =



PART THREE

KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW
(Three Element Circuit One Loop)



3.1. In the figure 10.7, start at point C, and go around the loop in a clockwise (CW) direction.
This is loop CABC. The KVL equation should be:

V
AC
- V
AB
- V
BC
= 0 volts

Verify that the equation above is true by measuring values of V
AC
, V
AB
and V
BC
, and writing the
KVL equation with measured voltage values substituted (in box below).

V
AC
= V
AB
= V
BC
=

3.2. Repeat step 3.1, except start at point C and go CCW around the loop. This is loop CBAC.
Write the KVL equation with measured voltage values substituted (in box below).











EXPERIMENT # 11

Title
Kirchhoffs Current Law

Objectives
- For the student to be able to measure the current through a circuit element.
- For the student to demonstrate the KCL.

Materials Required
a. LABVOLT test bench
b. Digital multimeter
c. Power Supplies
d. Resistors of various values

Information:

- Sum of all currents entering a node is zero
- Sum of currents entering node is equal to sum of currents leaving node


Procedure
11.1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 11.1 below:

KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW


11.2. Applying KCL at node A.
11.3. Measure the current entering the node 'A' and the current leaving node B and record it.

I
1
:

I
5
:

11.4. The current is leaving the node 'A' through 3 paths (R
1
, R
2
and R
3
). Measure the current
passing through each resistor and record it.

i
1
(t)
i
2
(t) i
4
(t)
i
5
(t)
i
3
(t)

=
=
n
j
j
t i
1
0 ) (

I
2
:

I
3
:

I
4
:

11.5. Apply KCL to figure 11.1 and write down the KCL equation at node 'A' (in box below).


11.6. Now write the KCL equation for node B with measured current values substituted (in box
below).


11.7. Again apply KCL to figure 11.1 and write down the KCL equation at node B (in box
below).

11.8. Now write the KCL equation for node B with measured current values substituted (in box
below).

















EXPERIMENT # 12

Title:

Power Supplies, Instruments & Equipments.

Objective:

To learn how to use the power supplies, instruments & related equipments.

Materials Required:
- Power supply.
- Function Generator
- Oscilloscope
- DMM





































EXPERIMENT # 13

Title

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Objectives

- To verify by measurement, that maximum power is developed in a load when the load
resistance is equal to the internal resistance of the source.
- To construct a graph, using measured values of voltage, current and load resistance and
calculated power to verify graphically Objective 1 above.

Materials Required

a. LABVOLT test bench
b. Digital multimeter
c. Power Supplies
d. Resistors of various values
e. Breadboard

Information

The maximum power transfer theorem states that when the load resistance is equal to the source's
internal resistance, maximum power will be developed in the load. Since most low voltage DC
power supplies have a very low internal resistance (10 ohms or less) great difficulty would result
in trying to affect this condition under actual laboratory experimentation. If one were to connect a
low value resistor across the terminals of a 10 volt supply, high power ratings would be required,
and the resulting current would probably cause the supply's current rating to be exceeded. In this
experiment, therefore, the student will simulate a higher internal resistance by purposely
connecting a high value of resistance in series with the DC voltage supply's terminal. Refer to
Figure 13.1 below. The terminals (a & b) will be considered as the power supply's output voltage
terminals. Use a potentiometer as a variable size of load resistance. For various settings of the
potentiometer representing R
L
, the load current and load voltage will be measured. The power
dissipated by the load resistor can then be calculated. For the condition of R
L
= Ri, the student
will verify by measurement that maximum power is developed in the load resistor.

Procedure

1. Refer to Figure 13.1, select R
in
equal to 1 K representing the internal resistance of the
power supply used and select a 10 K potentiometer as load resistance R
L
.

a. Using the DMM set the potentiometer to 500 ohms.



b. Connect the circuit of Figure 13.1. Measure the current through and the voltage across
R
L
. Record this data in Table 13.1.

c. Remove the potentiometer and set it to 1000 ohms. Return it to the circuit and again
measure the current through and the voltage across R
L
. Record.
d. Continue increasing the potentiometer resistance in 500 ohm steps until the value 10 k
ohms is reached, each time measuring the current and voltage and recording same in Table 1. Be
sure the applied voltage remains at the fixed value of 10 volts after each adjustment in
potentiometer resistance.

2. For each value of R
L
in Table 13.1, calculate the power input to the circuit using the formula:
P
input
= V
input
x I
L

= 10 x I
L
,
since V
input
is always a constant 10 volts.

3. For each value of R
L
in Table 13.1, calculate the power output (the power developed in
R
L
) using the formula:
P
out
= V
RL
x I
L
.

4. For each value of R
L
in Table 13.1, calculate the circuit efficiency using the formula:

% efficiency = P
out
/P
in
x 100.

5. On linear graph paper, plot the curve of power output vs. R
L
. Plot R
L
on the horizontal
axis (independent variable). Plot power developed in R
L
on the vertical axis (dependent variable).
Label the point on the curve representing the maximum power.
Table 13.1


R
L
() I
L
(mA) V
RL
(V) P
input
(mW) P
output

(mW)
% eff.
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000

EXPERIMENT # 14

Title

Solving Circuits Using Mesh Currents

Objectives

- To write the mesh equations for a resistive circuit

- Prove through measurement, that the equations written in objective 1 are valid.

Materials Required

a. LABVOLT test bench
b. Digital multimeter
c. Power Supplies
d. Resistors of various values
e. Breadboard

Information

Refer to basic mesh analysis procedure covered in the theory course of EE 200 (3 - 1)



Procedure

1. Select resistors and record the values in table 14.1

Table 14.1: Selected resistors for the lab work

Component Measured Value
R
1

R
2

R
3

R
4

R
5

R
6

Loop A:

- V
s
+ (I
A
I
C
) R
1
+ (I
A
I
B
) R
3
= 0

Loop B:

(I
B
- I
A
) R
3
+ (I
B
I
C
) R
2
+ I
B
R
4
= 0

Loop C:

(I
C
- I
A
) R
1
+ (I
C
I
B
) R
2
+ I
C
R
5
= 0




PART ONE

MESH CURRENT ANALYSIS



2. Using the circuit design in figure 14.1, write the loop equations for loops A and B in the
boxes given below:
3. Using Cramers rule/Determinants Method solve the equations in the space given below
to determine the mesh/loop currents.

4. Record the computed values of current.

I
A
: I
B
:

5. Using the computed loop currents, compute the current through each resistor (Note the
direction of current in each loop with consistency). Then measure current through each resistor
and confirm your calculations. Record the values in table 14.2.

Table 14.2: Current through individual resistors

Computed Current Measured Current
I
1

I
2

I
3

I4

6. Using the computed currents in each resistor, apply Ohms law to find computed voltage
drop across each resistor. Then measure the voltage across each resistor and confirm your
calculations. Record the values in table 14.3.

Table 14.3: Voltage drops across individual resistors

Computed Voltage Measured Voltage
V
1

V
2

V
3

V
4





EXPERIMENT # 15

Title

Thevenin theorem

Objectives

- To calculate the current through (or the voltage across) any one of several resistors in any
circuit by using Thevenin Theorem, and verifying results by measurement.

Materials Required

a. LABVOLT test bench
b. Digital multimeter
c. Power Supplies
d. Resistors of various values
e. Breadboard

Information
Thevenin Theorem can be used for two purposes:

a. To calculate the current through (or voltage across) a component in any circuit,
b. To develop a constant voltage equivalent circuit, this may be used to simplify the
analysis of a complex circuit.

This means that any linear, bilateral network can be replaced with a single voltage source in
series with a single resistor as shown in Figure 15.1.



Figure 15.1: Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

The voltage source is called the Thevenin equivalent voltage, and the resistor is called the
Thevenin equivalent resistance. The steps used for Thevenin Theorem are listed below:

Step 1 Remove the resistor (R) through which the current or across which the voltage is
required to be measured. Label these terminals (where the resistor was removed) a and b.
Calculate the voltage across these open terminals. This is V
TH
.

Step 2 From the open terminals, (a and b) calculate the resistance looking back from
the open terminals with all voltage sources removed and replaced by their internal resistances (if
R
internal
is 0 , then replace the voltage source with a short). This resistance is R
TH
.

Step 3 The current (through R) and the voltage across it can be calculated by:

( ) R R
V
I
TH
TH
+
=



( )
R
R R
V
R I V
TH
TH
R

+
= =

Where V
TH
is from Step 1, R
TH
is from Step 2, and R is the value of the resistor removed in step
1.

Procedure
1. The purpose of this procedure is to practice the procedural steps of Thevenin Theorem
and compare the resultant calculations with measured values.

2. Obtain four different valued resistors each with a value in the range 100 O - 1 kO.
Randomly designate the resistors R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, and R
4
. Measure and record the value of each
resistor in table 15.1.
Table 15.1: Selected resistors for the lab work

Component Measured Value
R
1

R
2

R
3

R
4


3. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 15.2 on the breadboard, using the DC power supply
as v
s
. Once you have built the circuit, set the value of V
s
to 10 V. Be sure to use the multimeter to
make sure the terminal voltage produced by the power supply is 10V


Figure 15.2: Five Elements Circuit

4. Measure the current through R
4
and the voltage across R
4
. Record them:

I
R4
= (meas) V
R4
= (meas)

5. Use Thevenin Theorem to calculate the current through R
4
, by following the 3 steps
outlined in the information section.

6. Verify Step 1 by measurement: Connect Figure 15.3, measure and record V
TH
.

V
TH
= (meas)

7. Verify Step 2 by measurement: Connect Figure 15.4, measure and record V
TH
.

R
TH
= (meas)

8. Next, label the Thevenin equivalent circuit shown in Figure 15.5, using your calculated
values for V
TH
= V
OC
and R
TH
.




Figure 15.5: Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

9. Calculate I
R3
using the Thevenin equivalent circuit (the V
TH
and R
TH
you found above).
( ) R R
V
I
TH
TH
+
=

10. Compare the current measured in Para 4 (original circuit) and the current calculated in
Para 9 (which used Thevenin Theorem). If they are not reasonably close, find the reason for the
discrepancy).

11. Build the circuit of Figure 15.5. Obtain a resistor for R
TH
as close as possible to its
calculated value (or use a potentiometer, whose value you can set equal to R
TH
.

12. Measure the current through R
4
and the voltage across R
4
in the circuit of Figure 15.5.
Record them:

I
R4
= (Meas) V
R4
= (Meas)

13. Compare the measured results of Para 9 (using the Thevenin equivalent circuit) with the
measured results of Para 4 (the original circuit). If the results are not close, find the reason for the
discrepancy.








EXPERIMENT # 16

Title

Norton theorem

Objectives

- To calculate the voltage across any one of several resistors in any circuit by using Nortons
Theorem, and verify the results by measurements.

Materials Required

a. LABVOLT test bench
b. Digital multimeter
c. Power Supplies
d. Resistors of various values
e. Breadboard

Information

Nortons Theorem can be used for two purposes:

a. To calculate the voltage across (or current through) any component in any circuit.
b. To develop a constant current equivalent circuit, which may be used to simplify the
analysis of a complex circuit.

The steps used for Nortons Theorem are listed below:

Step 1 Remove the resistor (R) across which you desire to calculate the voltage. Label
these terminals a and b. Short these terminals together and determine the current that flows
through this short. Call this short-circuit current I
n
.

Step 2 With the terminal opened and sources replaced with their internal resistances (if
any), calculate the resistance looking back from the open terminals. This resistance is R
n
.

Step 3 The voltage you wish to calculate will be:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
R R
R R
I V
n
n
n


Where: I
n
is from Step 1, R
n
is from Step 2, and R is the value of the resistor removed in Step 1.

The constant current equivalent circuit is developed from the values calculated in the above
steps. See Figure 16.1.



Procedure



1. The Nortons Theorem will be used to find the voltage across R
3
. Connect the circuit of
Figure 16.2.
2. Measure the voltage across R
3
and the current through R
3
. Record.

V
R3
= (meas) I
R3
= (meas)

3. To apply Nortons Theorem to calculate the voltage across R
3
the steps enumerated in the
Information part on page 1 are to be followed.

Step 1

4. Calculate (do not measure) , I repeat do not measure the short-circuit current, I
n
, when R
3

is replaced by a short circuit:

I
n
= (calc)



R In Rn
Rn is Nort on's Equivalent Resist ance & In is t he Nort on's
Const ant Current Source
Figure 16.1: Nort on's Const ant Current Equivalent Circuit
Figure 16.2: Four Element Circuit
V 12 V
R1 = 1K
R2 = 10K R3 = 3K
R2 = 10K
R1 = 1K
V 12 V
Figure 16.3: One Element Short Circuit ed
mA
In
a
b

5. Connect the circuit of Figure 16.3 (this is the circuit of Figure 16.2, with R
3
removed and
replaced by a short circuit, the ammeter). Make sure to use a current range higher than the
calculated I
n
above. This measurement is the short-circuit current.

I
n
= (meas)

Step 2



6. Refer to Figure 16.4, which is Figure 16.2 with R3 removed and the 12 V source replaced
by a short circuit (a dead voltage source). Calculate R
n
from Figure and record.

R
n
= (calc)

7. Connect the circuit of Figure 16.4. Use the DMM to measure R
n
. This measurement is the
back resistance = Norton resistance = R
n
.

R
n
= (meas)

Step 3

8. Use Nortons Theorem (Ohms Law) to calculate the voltage (V
R3
) across R
3
and record
.

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
3
3
3
R R
R R
I V
n
n
n R

V
R3
= (Calc)

9. Compare the measured voltage from Para 2 with the calculated voltage in Para 8 above. If
they are not close, do both over again until the error is found.

10. Draw below a schematic diagram of the Nortons Theorem equivalent circuit and label all
values. This is Figure 16.5.

R2 = 10K
R1 = 1K
Rn
Figure 16.4: Circuit for calculat ing Rn = Rt h
a
b






















Figure 16.5: Nortons constant current equivalent circuit.


EXPERIMENT # 17

Title
Capacitor Identification, Charging & Discharging.

Materials Required
- Polar & Non Polar Capacitors
- Oscilloscope
- Breadboard

Theory:
A device used to store charge in an electrical circuit. A capacitor functions much like a
battery, but charges and discharges much more efficiently (batteries, though, can store much
more charge).
A basic capacitor is made up of two conductors separated by an insulator, or dielectric.
The dielectric can be made of paper, plastic, mica, ceramic, glass, a vacuum or nearly any
other nonconductive material. Some capacitors are called electrolytics, meaning that their
dielectric is made up of a thin layer of oxide formed on a aluminum or tantalum foil
conductor.
Capacitor electron storing ability (called capacitance) is measured in Farads. One Farad
is actually a huge amount of charge (6,280,000,000,000,000,000 electrons to be exact), so
we usually rate capacitors in microfarads (uF = 0.000,001F) and picofarads (pF =
0.000,000,000,001F ). Capacitors are also graded by their breakdown (i.e., smoke) voltage.
Capacitors rated for lower voltages are generally smaller in size and weight; you don't want
to use too low a voltage rating, though, unless you enjoy replacing burnt-out capacitors in
your creation.
For BEAMbots, you'll need to know about 2 main types of capacitors:
Non-polarized fixed capacitor
A non-polarized ("non polar") capacitor is a type of capacitor that has no implicit polarity
-- it can be connected either way in a circuit. Ceramic, mica and some electrolytic capacitors
are non-polarized. You'll also sometimes hear people call them "bipolar" capacitors.

Polarized fixed capacitor
A polarized ("polar") capacitor is a type of capacitor that have implicit polarity -- it can
only be connected one way in a circuit. The positive lead is shown on the schematic (and
often on the capacitor) with a little "+" symbol. The negative lead is generally not shown on
the schematic, but may be marked on the capacitor with a bar or "-" symbol. Polarized
capacitors are generally electrolytics.
How to read Capacitor Codes
Large capacitor have the value printed plainly on them, such as 10.uF (Ten Micro
Farads) but smaller disk types along with plastic film types often have just 2 or three
numbers on them?

First, most will have three numbers, but sometimes there are just two numbers. These are
read as Pico-Farads. An example: 47 printed on a small disk can be assumed to be 47 Pico-
Farads (or 47 puff as some like to say)
Now, what about the three numbers? It is somewhat similar to the resistor code. The first two
are the 1
st
and 2
nd
significant digits and the third is a multiplier code. Most of the time the last
digit tells you how many zeros to write after the first two digits.


Third digit
Multiplier (this times the first two digits
gives you the value in Pico-Farads)
0 1
1 10
2 100
3 1,000
4 10,000
5 100,000
6 not used
7 not used
8 .01
9 .1

Now for an example: A capacitor marked 104 is 10 with 4 more zeros or 100,000pF
which is otherwise referred to as a .1 uF capacitor. Just to confuse you some more there is
sometimes a tolerance code given by a single letter. So a 103J is a 10,000 pF with +/-5%
tolerance



Table 2 Letter tolerance code
Letter symbol Tolerance of capacitor
B +/- 0.10%
C +/- 0.25%
D +/- 0.5%
E +/- 0.5%
F +/- 1%
G +/- 2%
H +/- 3%
J +/- 5%
K +/- 10%
M +/- 20%
N +/- 0.05%

P +100% ,-0%
Z +80%, -20%


Procedure:

1. Take different polar and non polar capacitors from the Lab components tray and determine
their capacitance in micro Farads.
2.Now construct a series RC circuit and apply 10VSquare wave from function generator. Using
T=RC calculate time constant and charging discharging time for it.
3. Now experimentally observe the result using an oscilloscope.


Calculations:
























EXPERIMENT # 18

Title
Measurement of AC Using Oscilloscope.

Objectives
To become familiar with the use of an oscilloscope.

Materials Required

a. Oscilloscope
b. Digital multimeter
c. Power Supplies
d. Resistors of various values
e. Breadboard

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig.



R1 = ___________

R2 =___________

R3 =___________

R4 =___________


2. The input is sine wave provided from function generator of amplitude 5V.

3. Using oscilloscope determine the voltages across each resistor and verify your
readings with the help of DMM.








EXPERIMENT # 19

Title
Series RC Circuit

Objectives
To study the steady state response of series RC circuit with AC supply and to determine the
power, power factor and Impedence of the circuit.

Materials Required
- Resistor
- Capacitor
- Function Generator
- Oscilloscope
- DMM

Theory:

Series RC circuit contains both resistance (R) and reactance (X
C
). This is neither a pure
resistance or a pure reactance.; the combined characteristic is named impedance, and is
represented by the letter Z. To calculate Z, we must first note that, in accordance with Ohm's
Law, R = v
R
/I and X
C
= v
C
/I. But we already know that the voltages are 90 out of phase. Since
the circuit current, i, is the same everywhere, then R and X
C
must be 90 out of phase as well
Mapping Voltages with Vectors
The real problem here is that 90 phase shift between v
C
and v
R
. Since they are not in
phase and some voltage is dropped across each component, the phase relationship between
generator voltage and generator current must be somewhere between the two extremes. We
need to be able to determine that relationship, as well as to determine the combined effect of
R and X
C
in this circuit.

One solution is to map the component voltages graphically, as shown to the right. Using
X-Y coordinate axes, the positive X axis is defined as the zero-degree reference, and
counter-clockwise rotation is defined as the direction of increasing positive angles.
Since the circuit current is necessarily the same throughout the circuit, it is used as the
reference phase angle. Resistive voltage, Vr is in phase with the current as shown in red.
Capacitive voltage, v
C
, is at -90 as shown in blue. In this way, we can represent the
voltages across R and C as vectors, having direction as well as magnitude. Now it is clear
that the composite voltage comprising both v
R
and v
C
must be the vector sum of the two, as
shown in violet.
To find the composite voltage, we must apply the formula for the diagonal of a rectangle,
and find the square root of the sum of the squares:
Vs
2
= Vr
2
+ Vc
2




Formulae:

1. Tan =Vc/Vr
2. Power factor=Cos=Vs/Vr
3. Active Power= VsIsCos
4. Impedence=Z
2
= R
2
+ Xc
2


Observations:

Input voltage Vs =
Frequency =
R =
C=

S.No Vs(volts) Vr(volts) Vc (volts) Is (A) Ir (A)





Procedure:

Connect the circuit on bread board as shown in figure.
Using Oscilloscope and DMM measure the different quantities for the circuit and verify your
result with your calculation work.

Circuit Diagram: