Electronics Projects chosen for approval by P. MUZHUMADHI B.

Tech ICE Dept

Advanced LED temperature indicator Project Option I

APPLICATION OF THIS PROJECT

This project illustrates the use of a V/F converter in monitoring temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (0F). The block diagram of the temperature indicator is shown in Figure 1-1. The indicator is composed of a temperature sensor, amplifier, V/F converter, three-digit binary-coded-decimal (BCD) counter, time base, and LED display In addition to the 9400 V/F converter, other ICs needed for this project include the LM334 temperature sensor, LF353 dual op-amp, NE555 timers, 74LS00 NAND gate, MC14553 three-digit BCD counter. MC14543 BCD-to-seven segment decoder/driver/latch and three seven-segment (common anode or common cathode) LED displays with three PNP switching transistors.

Working of the system

Figure 1-2 shows the schematic diagram, which is designed to display temperatures from 0 to 100F. Operation of the circuit is as follows. The output of the temperature sensor changes linearly as a function of temperature (10 mV/ K). This output is an input to the summing amplifier, which is used to calibrate the output of the temperature sensor for a desired temperature type (K, 0C, or 0F) and an intended range. That is, to display the temperature in either K, C, or 0F, potentiometer R4 is adjusted accordingly so that a suitable voltage appears at the output of the summing amplifier. Since the output of the temperature sensor is directly proportional to temperature changes-, R4 needs to be

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adjusted at only one temperature. The output of the summing amplifier then drives the inverting
amplifier. The purpose of the inverting amplifier is twofold: (1) to invert the input so that its output voltage is positive, which is necessary for the V/F converter, and (2) to provide a suitable gain, which depends on the voltage-to-frequency scaling used for the V/F converter.

The output of the inverting amplifier is the input to the V/F converter; therefore, the output frequency of the converter is directly proportional the output voltage of the inverting amplifier. For example, as the temperature goes up the output voltage of the summing amplifier increases in the negative direction, Whereas that of the inverting amplifier increases in the positive direction, which in turn causes the frequency of the V/F to increase in the positive direction. The output frequency of the converter is then ANDed with the gating signal to produce the clock signal for the three-digit BCD counter. The BCD output of the counter drives the three LED displays sequentially via the BCD-to-seven segment decoder/latch/driver stage, and the temperature is displayed on the LEDs, depending on the relationship between the frequency of the V/F converter and the gate signal. The gate, latch, and reset signals are generated by the time-base circuit, which consists of a free-running multivibrator and two one-shot multivibrators.

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PARTS LISTS
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon) R1 = 1 k potentiometer at 230 R2, R7, R12, R13, R21 = 10 k R3, R5, R6, R11 = 100 k R4 = 10 k potentiometer R8= 1 M potentiometer R9 = 180 k R10, R15 = 50 k potentiometer R14 = 510 k R16 = 3 k potentiometer R17 = 15 k R18 = 20 k R19 = 10 k potentiometer R20 = 1 k potentiometer R22 R28 = 220 R29 R31 = 1k Capacitors C1 = 1000 pF C2 = 100 pF C3, C6, C9 = 1 F C4, C5, C7, C8, C10 = 0.01 F C11 = 0.001 F Semiconductors IC1 = LM334 temperature sensor IC2 = LF353 dual op-amp IC3 = Teledyne 9400 V/F convertor IC4 = 74LS00 NAND gate IC5, IC6, IC7 = NE/SE 555 timers IC8 = MC 14553 three-digit BCD counter IC9 = MC 14543 BCD-to-seven segment decoder/driver/latch Q1, Q2, Q3 = 2N1305 switching transistors D1, D2 = 1N914 signal diodes Three seven-segment common anode LEDs: MAN72A or equivalent Circuit Description Next let us examine the design considerations and procedures for each of the sections in the temperature indicator of Figure l-2. The temperature sensor LM334 is a three-terminal adjustable current source whose current can be programmed from 1 to 10 mA with one external resistor R 1. The three terminals are labeled +V, R, and V. The pin diagram of the LM334 is shown separately in

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Figure 1-3.

The LM334 has a wide operating voltage range of 1 to 40 V. It can also withstand reverse voltage of up to 20 V(terminal + V is negative with respect to V). It is designed to operate over a temperature range of 0 to 70C. For a wider temperature range, such as -550 to 150C, Intersils AD590 temperature sensor is recommended. For the values indicated in Figure 1-2, the output of the LM334 changes 10 mV/K. This means that at 00F = 255.22 K the output of the sensor will be 2552.2 mV, which must be scaled down to 0 V so that the temperature displayed will be in degrees Fahrenheit. This is accomplished by the use of the summing amplifier. Specifically, potentiometer R4 of the summing amplifier is adjusted so that the output is 0 V. The same procedure is used to calibrate the output of the summing amplifier at any other value of 0F. Table 1-1 shows the relationship between K, C, 0F, and the output of the temperature sensor and the summing amplifier at corresponding values of temperature. Because the output of the sensor directly proportional to the temperature, the output of the summing amplifier needs to be calibrated at the temperature at which the circuit is initially started up (refer to Table 11). Table 1-1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE UNITS AND OUTPUTS OF THE SENSOR AND SUMMING AMPLIFIER Kelvin (K) Degrees Celsius Output of the Degrees Fahrenheit Output of the temperature sensor summing amplifier (mV) to be adjusted (mV) to

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255.22 273 298 310.78

-17.78 0 25 37.78

0 32 77 100

2552.2 2730 2980 3107.8

0 -177.8 -427.8 -555.6

Note that the output of the summing amplifier is a negative dc voltage since the net input voltage is always positive for temperatures >00 (see Table 1-1). However, the 9400 V/F requires a positive input voltage. The summing amplifier must be therefore be followed by an inverting amplifier. The gain of the inverting amplifier, however, depends on the voltage-to-frequency scaling of the convertor. The V/F convertor of figure 1-2 is calibrated for the maximum frequency of 50 KHz, which represents a temperature of 1000F when the input voltage is 10 V maximum. Since the output of the summing amplifier is -555.6 mV at 1000F, the gain of the inverting amplifier must be equal to

10V/555.6mV = 17.9985
The output frequency of the V/F converter is then ANDed with the output frequency (called the gate signal) of the 555 free-running multivibrator to produce the clock signal for the three-digit BCD counter. Since the maximum 50-kHz output frequency of the converter represents 1000F, the threedigit BCD counter must be clocked 100 times to display I00F. To accomplish this, the pulse width of the free-running multivibrator must be 100/50 K = 2 ms so that 100 pulses will be produced in 2 ms. At the end of 2 ms, the count of the counter is latched and displayed on the LED display. After the count is displayed as a temperature on the LEDs, the BCD counter is reset and the cycle repeats. In other words, the counter continuously cycles through three states: count, latch, and reset. Therefore, the free-running multivibrator (gate signal) must provide for the time period required to count, latch, and reset the BCD counter. The latch enable and master reset pulses for the BCD counter MCl4553 are produced by using two 555 one-shot multivibrators. Where the time period of the free-running multivibrator is approximately 12.5 ms with a pulse width of 2 ms. The pulse width of the latch enable pulse is approximately 10 ms, and the master reset pulse width is approximately 0.5 ms. To accomplish 2-, 10-, and 0.5-ms pulse widths, adjust potentiometers R16, R18, and R20, respectively (Figure l-2). The three-digit BCD counter used in Figure 1-2 is the MC14553. The MCl4553 consists of three negative-edge-triggered BCD counters with a quad latch at the output of each counter, which enables the storage of any given count. The outputs of the latches are time multiplexed so that one

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BCD digit at a time is produced. The operation of the multiplexer output selector is controlled by the on-chip oscillator, whose frequency depends on the external capacitor. As shown in Figure 1-2, the master reset (MR) and latch enable (LE) pulses for the MC14553 are produced by using two 555 one-shot multivibrators. In addition, the clock signal for the MC14553 is produced by ANDing the output of the V/F converter with the gating signal, which is obtained by using the 555 free-running multivibrators. The digit select outputs DS1, DS2, and DS3 sequentially drive the 2N1305 PNP transistors T1, T2, and T3, which in turn control the three LED displays. The BCD outputs of the MCl4553 are connected to the BCD inputs of the MCl4543, which is a BCD-toseven segment latch/decoder/driver. The seven-segment outputs of the MCl4543 then drive the seven segments of the LED selected by the digit-select of the MC14553. The MCl4543 is designed to provide three functions: a 4-bit storage latch, an 8421 BCD-to-seven segment decoder, and a driver. The device is capable of driving LCD and LED displays. The PH pin 6 of the MC14543 is connected to VDD (logic 1) because the LED displays are the common anode type. To limit the current through each of the LED segments, a separate resistor is used in series with each segment. Note, however, that only seven resistor are required for all the segment of LEDs. This is possible because the digit-select output of the MC14553 function sequentially. In addition, the BCD output are also multiplexed, one BCD digit at a time. Finally, since the accuracy of the temperature displayed depends mainly on the frequency stability of the free-running multivibrator, all resistors must be of 5% or better tolerance, and capacitor must be either Mylar of tantalum types. Also remember that the temperature indicator must be calibrated at a temperature at which it is initially turned on.

Digital Mains Failure/Resumption Alarm Project Option II

APPLICATION OF THIS PROJECT
AC mains fails when over load is connected and this problem is common in now days. Here is the simple circuit using optocoupler Digital Mains failure and resumption alarm, for indicating AC mains fails or resumes by producing alarm sound. Circuit Description of digital mains failure alarm The circuit digital mains failure alarm is built around optocoupler. The resistor R 1, capacitor C1 & C2, with diode D1 &D2 provide sufficient voltage to glow internal LED of optocoupler. Here the IC 2 CD4011 is used as oscillator to generate low frequency of 0.662 Hz to 1.855 KHz controlling with
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preset VR1. Audio sound is generator by timer IC NE555 (IC2). The generated frequencies from IC2 vary from 472 Hz to 1.55 KHz controlling with preset VR2. For sensing mains fails position of switch SW1 to point 1 and for sensing mains resumption change the position of switch SW1 to point 2.

PARTS LIST Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon) R1, R4 = 1 K R2, R5 = 10 K R3 = 22 K VR1 = 50 K VR2 = 47 K Capacitors C1 = 0.22 F C2 = 1 F/16V C3, C4 = 10 F/16V C5 = 0.04 F C6 = 0.01 F
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C7 = 100 F/16V C8 = 470 F/16V Semiconductors IC1 = MCT2E (optocoupler) IC2 (N1-N3) = CD4011 IC3 = NE555 (Timer IC) D1, D2, D3 = 1N4001 Miscellaneous SW1 = SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw) Switch SW2 = ON/Off Switch LS1 = 8/0.5W 9V Battery

Circuit Description of twilight lamp blinker Project Option III

APPLICATION OF THIS PROJECT

The entire circuit of twilight lamp blinker is designed and fabricated around LDR (Light Detector Resistor) and IC CD4093 (IC1). The preset VR1 is used to control brightness. For sensor LDR1 is used that has a high resistance during night (i.e. dark) and a low resistance at day time (i.e. light). The NAND gates (N3 and N4) of IC1 is used as oscillator where high input from NAND gate (N1) makes the output of NAND gate (N2) low and vice-versa. The high at NAND gate N2 result LED1 blinks by conducting transistor T1 where transistor T1 is the LED driver transistor. For more brightness more LEDs is connected parallel to LED1.

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PARTS LIST Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon) R1 = 10 K/10W R2 = 1 M/1W R3 = 100 K R4 = 100 VR1 = 100 K

Capacitors C1 = 0.68 F/400V C2 = 100 F/40V C3 = 10 F/35V Semiconductors IC1 (N1 N4) = CD4093 T1 = BC547 D1, D2 = 1N4007 ZD1 = 5.6V/1W ZD2 = 15V/1W Miscellaneous LED1 = Blinker LDR1 = Light Detector Resistor Battery = 4.8 V/500 mAh battery pack SW1 = SPST (Single Pole Single Throw)

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Power Supply for Integrated circuit (ICs) and Microprocessor Project Option IV

APPLICATION OF THIS PROJECT

Since a power supply is a vital part of all electronics systems. Most digital ICS, including microprocessor and memory ICS, operate on a 5-V supply, while almost all linear ICS (op-amps and special-purpose ICS) require 15-V supplies. Therefore, the power supply presented in this section will have 5 and 15 V.

Working of the system

Figure 1-1 shows the block diagram of a typical power supply. The schematic diagram of the power supply that provides output voltage of 5-V at 1.0A and 15 V at 0.500 A is shown in Figure 1-2. In this figure two separate transformers are used because they are readily available; however, it is possible to custom design a single transformer with the same specifications to replace the two. The supply voltages are obtained from a 26.8-V center-tapped (CT) transformer, and the supply voltages are obtained from the 12.6-V CT transformer. The output of these secondaries is then applied to the bridge rectifiers, which convert the sinusoidal inputs into full-wave rectified outputs. The filter capacitors at the output of the bridge rectifiers are charged to the peak value of the rectified output voltage whenever the diodes are forward biased. Since the diodes are not forward biased during the entire positive and negative half-cycle of the input waveform, the voltage across the filter capacitors is a pulsating dc that is a combination of do and a ripple voltage. From the pulsating dc voltage, a regulated dc voltage is extracted by a regulator IC.

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Circuit Description
Consider first how the 15-V supply voltages are obtained in the circuit of Figure 1-2. The 7815 is a +15-V regulator, the 7915 is a -15-V regulator, and both can deliver output current in excess of 1.0 A, They will hence perform satisfactorily in the circuit of Figure 1-2 by providing 15 V at 0.500 A. However, since the drop-out voltage (Vin V0) is 2 V, the input voltage for the 7815 must be at least +17 V and that for the 7915 must be at least 17 V. This means that the rectified peak voltage must be greater than +17 V and 17 V, which in turn implies that the secondary voltage must be larger than 34 V peak or 24 V rms. The voltage across the center-tapped secondary in Figure 1-2 is 26.8 V rms, thus satisfying the minimum voltage requirement of 24 V rms. Also, the peak voltage between either of the secondary terminals and the center-tap (ground terminal) is 18.95 V peak, which is less than the maximum peak voltages of +35 V and -35 V for the 7815 and 7915, respectively. Note that the voltages across the two halves of the center-tapped secondary are equal in amplitude but opposite in phase. During the positive half-cycle of the input voltage, diode D1 conducts and capacitor C1 charges toward a positive peak value =18.95 V. At the same time, diode D3 is also conducting; hence capacitor C3 charges toward a negative peak value = -18.95 V. This means that the voltage across nonconducting diodes D2 and D4 is 37.90 V peak, which implies that the peakreverse-voltage (PRV) rating of the bridge rectifiers must be larger than 37.90 V peak or 26.8 V rms. The PRV rating of the bridge rectifier diodes, also known as a working inverse voltage (WIV), is specified on the data sheets. The bridge rectifier, MDA200 (Mot0r0las rectifie r) in Figure 1-2, has a PRV rating of 50 V, which is higher than needed. This bridge rectifier is, in fact, used here because it is readily available and more commonly used.

During the negative half-cycle of the input waveform, diodes D2 and D4 conduct and charge capacitors C1 and C3 toward the peak voltage of 18.95 V with indicated polarities. Note, however, that the diode pair that conducts during either the positive or negative half-cycle does not do so for the entire half-cycle. The diodes conduct only during the time when the anodes are positive with respect to the cathodes. In other words, when the diodes are forward biased, the capacitors are charged by current pulses. Data sheets give the maximum average rectified current I 0max that the diode can safely handle. For the MDA200,Iomax is 2.0 A. In addition, when the power supply is first turned on, the initial charging of the capacitor causes a large transient current called the surge current to pass through the diodes. The surge current IFS flows only briefly and is therefore much larger than the maximum average current I0max. The maximum surge-current IFSM is normally included on the data sheets; it is 60 A for the MDA200.

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Finally, the size of the filter capacitor depends on the secondary current rating of the transformer. As a rule of thumb, a 1500-F capacitor should be used for each ampere of current. The working voltage rating (WVDC) of the capacitor, on the other hand, depends on the peak rectified output voltage and must be at least 20% higher than the peak value of the voltage it is expected to charge to. Capacitors C1 and C3 satisfy these requirements (see Figure 1-2). Capacitors C2 and C4 at the output of 7815 and 7915 regulators, respectively, help to improve the transient response and should be in the range of 1F.

Next consider the 5-V supply. The circuit arrangement of the 5-V supply is identical to that of the 15-V supply except that here the specifications for the transformer T2 secondary are different. Therefore, the operation and considerations for the 5-V supply are the same as those presented for the 15-V supply.

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The voltage regulators in Figure 1-2 will require heat sinks. Let us examine why. The power dissipated by the 15-V regulators is as follows: Power dissipated = (dropout voltage) (current) = (18.95 I5) (0.5) = 1.98 W Similarly, the power dissipated by the 5-V regulators is (8.91 5)(1.0) = 3.91 W

Therefore, for the proper operation the regulators must be heat-sinked in order to keep their temperature down. If a regulator is a metal package (TO-3 type), the appropriate heat sink is mounted on the case of the package. However, if the regulator is an epoxy package, silicon grease may be used on the back of the package, and then the package can be bolted to the chassis of the power supply cabinet with insulating hardware. Besides the 15 and 5-V regulated supply voltages, there is often a need for a 60-Hz square-wave signal, which is used as a time base in scanning the digital displays and as a trigger for sequential and timing circuits. If needed, a 1-Hz (1-s) signal for the real-time clock can be readily obtained from the 60-Hz signal by using a divide-by-60 network. Although not commonly done, a higherfrequency Signal can also be obtained from the 60-Hz signal by using e multiplier. For these reasons, in Figure 1-2 a 60-Hz square-wave signal is produced by using two small-signal diodes and a 555 timer as the Schmitt trigger PARTS LISTS Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon) R1 = 10 k Capacitors
C1, C3 = 1500 F C2, C4, C6, C8 = 1 F C5, C7 = 3000 F

Semiconductors IC1 = MC7815 IC2 = MC7915 IC3 = MC7805 IC4 = MC7905 IC5 = NE555 timer
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D1 D2 =MDA200 PVR = 50 V, I0max = 2.0 A, IFSM = 60 A D5 D8 = MDA970A1 PVR = 50 V, I0max = 4.0 A, IFSM = 100 A D9, D10 = 1N914 signal diodes Miscellaneous Transformer T1 = Primary: 117 V, 60 Hz: Hobart P-300 Secondary: 26.8 V CT, 1.0 A Transformer T2 = Primary: 117V, 60 Hz: Hobart P-305 Secondary: 12.6 V CT, 2.0 V Fuse 0.750 A slow blow Switch On-off toggle type Silicon grease with insulating hardware or four het sink for Voltage regulator

Electronics Cricket on board Project Option V This is very interesting project not for only who love cricket for also who love to watch this game because thousands of us want to play this game but some time it is not possible because of this busy life, lack of ground etc. The game electronics cricket on board can be played by anyone even in their home by sitting on table. The interesting fact is even a single player can play this game. Circuit description of electronics cricket on board This electronics game circuit cricket on board is design by most popular IC LM555 and decade counter IC CD4017 from CMOS family. IC1 555 timer IC, forms the heart of circuit used as clock pulse generator. Generated clock pulse is fed to pin 14 of IC2 CD4017. Output is obtained from pin number 3, 2, 4, 7, 10, 1, 5, 6, 9, 11 by connecting LED to each pin as shown in circuit diagram. To play this game switch SW1 are placed in on position (or pushed). All 10 LEDs are in on mode. But when we release switch SW1 last pulse only lit up one LED which is the game result. Now compare the result of cricket on board to chart and write your score in score boards, lastly count your all run.

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PARTS LIST Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon) R1, R2, = 10 K Capacitor C1 = 0.1 F/50V Semiconductors IC1 = NE555 Time IC IC2 = CD4017

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GAME RESULT
Catch Out Stamp Out Bold Out Leg By Single Run Two Run Four Run Sixer Wide Ball No Ball LED 1 LED 2 LED 3 LED 4 LED 5 LED 6 LED 7 LED 8 LED 9 LED 10

Electronics Lucky Number Project Option VI The circuit is simple and self-explanatory. IC1, a NE555 timer, is used as astable mode to generate clock pulses at a rate of about 20 Hz. The frequency can be varied with the help of potentiometer VR1. The clock pulses from the timer are fed to clock input of IC 2, a decade counter. The outputs of the counter are decoded by IC3, (BCD to seven segment decoder/driver) which drives a common anode display (DIS1) to show from figure 0 to 9. On pressing switch SW1, IC1 starts working, with the display changing from 0 to 9. Capacitors C1 is charged during this time.

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Once SW1 is released, the capacitor discharges through resistor R3, VR1, R1 and R2. Thus, the frequency of IC1 decrease (and hence the rate of changing figures on the display) and ultimate becomes zero, once C1 has totally discharged thereby stopping the displayed is enhanced by the time for which SW1 is pressed. So, the random effect is natural outcome. PARTS LIST Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon) R1 = 100 K R3 = 1 K R4 R10 = 330 VR1 = 100 K Capacitors C1 = 47 F/10V C2 = 0.47 F C3 = 0.01 F Semiconductors IC1 = NE555 IC2 = 7490 IC3 = 74247 D1 = 1N4001 DIS1 = FND507 or LTS542 Miscellaneous SW1 = push to on switch
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Programmable electronics dice project Option VII Dice game is very interesting indoor game mostly played in childhood. Here is verified game project programmable electronics dice useful in many game. With the help of this project we can display any number between 1 - 9 according to our dip switch setting Circuit description of programmable electronics dice The project programmable electronics dice comprises three ICs as heart and for output a common anode display. Here, IC1 used is a dual 4-input Schmitt trigger NAND gate IC where gate N1 used as frequency generator which generate the clock frequency of 70kHz with the help of resistor R 2 and capacitor C1 and gate N2 load data at the input of IC2, Where IC2 is a presettable binary counter with the facilities of parallel loading. Lastly the output of IC2 is displayed on common-anode, 7-segmant display with the help of IC3 which is BCD-to-7-segmant decoder and the resistor R8 is used as current limiter.

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Setting for the 4-way DIP switch for display range Dice Range 1 to 2 1 to 3 1 to 4 1 to 5 1 to 6 1 to 7 1 to 8 1 to 9 Close the inner switch B and A C only A and C B and C A, B and C D only A and D B and D Open the inner switch D and C A, B and D B and D A and D D only A, B and C B and C A and C

PARTS LIST Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon) R1 = 1 K R2 = 100 R3 R7 = 4.7 K R8 = 220 Capacitor C1 = 0.1 F Semiconductors IC1 = 74LS13, dual 4-input Schmitt trigger NAND gate IC IC2 = 74LS191, presettable binary counter with parallel facility IC3 = 7474, BCD-to-7-segmant decoder
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Miscellaneous DIS-1 = LTS542 common anode display of equivalent SW1 = ON/OFF switch SW2 = 4-way dip switch

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