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Automobile
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Forthemagazine,seeAutomobile(magazine).
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BerthaBenz,thefirstlong distanceautomobiledriverinthe world KarlBenz,theinventorofthe modernautomobile

"Car"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeCar(disambiguation). Anautomobile,autocar,motorcarorcarisawheeledmotorvehicleusedfortransportingpassengers,whichalsocarriesitsownengineormotor.Mostdefinitionsofthetermspecify thatautomobilesaredesignedtorunprimarilyonroads,tohaveseatingforonetoeightpeople,totypicallyhavefourwheels,andtobeconstructedprincipallyforthetransportofpeople ratherthangoods.[3] Theyear1886isregardedtheyearofbirthofthemodernautomobilewiththeBenzPatentMotorwagen,byGermaninventorKarlBenz.Motorizedwagonssoonreplacedanimaldrafted carriages,especiallyafterautomobilesbecameaffordableformanypeoplewhentheFordModelTwasintroducedin1908. Thetermmotorcarhasformerlyalsobeenusedinthecontextofelectrifiedrailsystemstodenoteacarwhichfunctionsasasmalllocomotivebutalsoprovidesspaceforpassengersand baggage.Theselocomotivecarswereoftenusedonsuburbanroutesbybothinterurbanandintercityrailroadsystems.[4] Itwasestimatedin2010thatthenumberofautomobileshadrisentoover1billionvehicles,upfromthe500millionof1986.[5]Thenumbersareincreasingrapidly,especiallyinChina,India andotherNICs. [6]
Contents[hide] 1Etymology 2History 3Massproduction 4Weight 5Seatingandbodystyle 6Fuelandpropulsiontechnologies 7Safety 8Costsandbenefits 9Environmentalimpact 10Futurecartechnologies 10.1Autonomouscar 10.2Opensourcedevelopment 11Industry 12Alternativestotheautomobile 13Seealso 14References 15Furtherreading 16Externallinks
Powered Self propelled Wheels Axles Inventor Benz"Velo"model(1894)byGermaninventor CarlBenzenteredintoanearlyautomobile raceasamotocycle[1][2] Classification Vehicle Industry Application Fuelsource Various Transportation Gasoline,Diesel,Electric, Hydrogen,Solarenergy Yes Yes 34 12 FerdinandVerbiest

Automobile

Etymology
Thewordautomobilecomes,viatheFrenchautomobilefromtheAncientGreekword(auts,"self")andtheLatin mobilis("movable")meaningavehiclethatmoves itself.TheloanwordwasfirstadoptedinEnglishbyTheNewYorkTimesin1899.[7]ThealternativenamecarisbelievedtooriginatefromtheLatinwordcarrusorcarrum ("wheeledvehicle"),ortheMiddleEnglishwordcarre("cart")(fromOldNorthFrench),inturnthesearesaidtohaveoriginatedfromtheGaulishwordkarros(aGallic Chariot).[8][9]
Vehiclesinusepercountryfrom2001to2007.Itshows thesignificantgrowthinBRIC.

History
Mainarticle:Historyoftheautomobile ThefirstworkingsteampoweredvehiclewasdesignedandmostlikelybuiltbyFerdinandVerbiest,aFlemishmemberofaJesuitmissioninChinaaround1672.Itwasa 65cmlongscalemodeltoyfortheChineseEmperor,thatwasunabletocarryadriverorapassenger.[10][11][12]ItisnotknownifVerbiest'smodelwaseverbuilt.[11] NicolasJosephCugnotiswidelycreditedwithbuildingthefirstfullscale,selfpropelledmechanicalvehicleorautomobileinabout1769hecreatedasteampoweredtricycle.[13] HealsoconstructedtwosteamtractorsfortheFrenchArmy,oneofwhichispreservedintheFrenchNationalConservatoryofArtsandCrafts. [14]Hisinventionswerehowever handicappedbyproblemswithwatersupplyandmaintainingsteampressure.[14]In1801,RichardTrevithickbuiltanddemonstratedhisPuffingDevilroadlocomotive,believedby manytobethefirstdemonstrationofasteampoweredroadvehicle.Itwasunabletomaintainsufficientsteampressureforlongperiods,andwasoflittlepracticaluse.

Worldmapofpassengercarsper1000people

Thedevelopmentofexternalcombustionenginesisdetailedaspartofthehistoryoftheautomobile,butoftentreatedseparatelyfromthedevelopmentoftrueautomobiles.Avarietyofsteampoweredroadvehicleswereusedduringthe firstpartofthe19thcentury,includingsteamcars,steambuses,phaetons,andsteamrollers.SentimentagainstthemledtotheLocomotiveActsof1865. In1807NicphoreNipceandhisbrotherClaudeprobablycreatedtheworld'sfirstinternalcombustionenginewhichtheycalledaPyrolophore,buttheychosetoinstallitinaboatontheriverSaoneinFrance.[15]Coincidentally,in 1807theSwissinventorFranoisIsaacdeRivazdesignedhisown'deRivazinternalcombustionengine'andusedittodeveloptheworld'sfirstvehicletobepoweredbysuchanengine.TheNipces'Pyrolophorewasfuelledbya mixtureofLycopodiumpowder(driedsporesoftheLycopodiumplant),finelycrushedcoaldustandresinthatweremixedwithoil,whereasdeRivazusedamixtureofhydrogenandoxygen. [15]Neitherdesignwasverysuccessful,as wasthecasewithothers,suchasSamuelBrown,SamuelMorey,andEtienneLenoirwithhishippomobile,whoeachproducedvehicles(usuallyadaptedcarriagesorcarts)poweredbyinternalcombustionengines.[16] InNovember1881,FrenchinventorGustaveTrouvdemonstratedaworkingthreewheeledautomobilepoweredbyelectricityattheInternationalExpositionofElectricity,Paris. [17] AlthoughseveralotherGermanengineers(includingGottliebDaimler,WilhelmMaybach,andSiegfriedMarcus)wereworkingontheproblemataboutthesametime,KarlBenzgenerallyis acknowledgedastheinventorofthemodernautomobile.[16] In1879,Benzwasgrantedapatentforhisfirstengine,whichhadbeendesignedin1878.Manyofhisotherinventionsmadetheuseoftheinternal combustionenginefeasibleforpoweringavehicle.HisfirstMotorwagenwasbuiltin1885inMannheim,Germany.Hewasawardedthepatentforitsinvention asofhisapplicationon29January1886(undertheauspicesofhismajorcompany,Benz&Cie.,whichwasfoundedin1883).Benzbeganpromotionofthe vehicleon3July1886,andabout25Benzvehiclesweresoldbetween1888and1893,whenhisfirstfourwheelerwasintroducedalongwithamodel intendedforaffordability.Theyalsowerepoweredwithfourstrokeenginesofhisowndesign.EmileRogerofFrance,alreadyproducingBenzenginesunder license,nowaddedtheBenzautomobiletohislineofproducts.BecauseFrancewasmoreopentotheearlyautomobiles,initiallymorewerebuiltandsold inFrancethroughRogerthanBenzsoldinGermany.InAugust1888BerthaBenz,thewifeofKarlBenz,undertookthefirstroadtripbycar,toprovethe roadworthinessofherhusband'sinvention. In1896,Benzdesignedandpatentedthefirstinternalcombustionflatengine,calledboxermotor.Duringthelastyearsofthenineteenthcentury,Benzwas thelargestautomobilecompanyintheworldwith572unitsproducedin1899and,becauseofitssize,Benz&Cie.,becameajointstockcompany. ThefirstmotorcarincentralEuropeandoneofthefirstfactorymadecarsintheworld,wasproducedbyCzechcompanyNesselsdorferWagenbau(later renamedtoTatra)in1897,thePrsidentautomobil.
AphotographoftheoriginalBenz PatentMotorwagen,firstbuiltin1885and awardedthepatentfortheconcept

DaimlerandMaybachfoundedDaimlerMotorenGesellschaft(DMG)inCannstattin1890,andsoldtheirfirstautomobilein1892underthebrandname,Daimler.Itwasahorsedrawnstagecoachbuilt byanothermanufacturer,thattheyretrofittedwithanengineoftheirdesign.By1895about30vehicleshadbeenbuiltbyDaimlerandMaybach,eitherattheDaimlerworksorintheHotelHermann, wheretheysetupshopafterdisputeswiththeirbackers.Benz,MaybachandtheDaimlerteamseemtohavebeenunawareofeachother'searlywork.Theyneverworkedtogetherbythetimeofthe mergerofthetwocompanies,DaimlerandMaybachwerenolongerpartofDMG. Daimlerdiedin1900andlaterthatyear,MaybachdesignedanenginenamedDaimlerMercedes,thatwasplacedinaspeciallyorderedmodelbuilttospecificationssetbyEmilJellinek.Thiswasa productionofasmallnumberofvehiclesforJellinektoraceandmarketinhiscountry.Twoyearslater,in1902,anewmodelDMGautomobilewasproducedandthemodelwasnamedMercedesafter theMaybachenginewhichgenerated35hp.MaybachquitDMGshortlythereafterandopenedabusinessofhisown.RightstotheDaimlerbrandnameweresoldtoothermanufacturers. KarlBenzproposedcooperationbetweenDMGandBenz&Cie.wheneconomicconditionsbegantodeteriorateinGermanyfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,butthedirectorsofDMGrefusedto consideritinitially.Negotiationsbetweenthetwocompaniesresumedseveralyearslaterwhentheseconditionsworsenedand,in1924theysignedanAgreementofMutualInterest,validuntilthe year2000.Bothenterprisesstandardizeddesign,production,purchasing,andsalesandtheyadvertisedormarketedtheirautomobilemodelsjointly,althoughkeepingtheirrespectivebrands.On28 June1926,Benz&Cie.andDMGfinallymergedastheDaimlerBenzcompany,baptizingallofitsautomobilesMercedesBenz,asabrandhonoringthemostimportantmodeloftheDMG automobiles,theMaybachdesignlaterreferredtoasthe1902Mercedes35hp,alongwiththeBenzname.KarlBenzremainedamemberoftheboardofdirectorsofDaimlerBenzuntilhisdeathin 1929,andattimes,histwosonsparticipatedinthemanagementofthecompanyaswell. In1890,mileLevassorandArmandPeugeotofFrancebeganproducingvehicleswithDaimlerengines,andsolaidthefoundationoftheautomobileindustryinFrance.

ThefirstdesignforanAmericanautomobilewithagasolineinternalcombustionenginewasmadein1877byGeorgeSeldenofRochester,NewYork.Seldenappliedforapatentforanautomobilein 1879,butthepatentapplicationexpiredbecausethevehiclewasneverbuilt.Afteradelayofsixteenyearsandaseriesofattachmentstohisapplication,on5November1895,Seldenwasgranteda UnitedStatespatent(U.S.Patent549,160 )foratwostrokeautomobileengine,whichhindered,morethanencouraged,developmentofautomobilesintheUnitedStates.Hispatentwaschallenged byHenryFordandothers,andoverturnedin1911. In1893,thefirstrunning,gasolinepoweredAmericancarwasbuiltandroadtestedbytheDuryeabrothersofSpringfield,Massachusetts.ThefirstpublicrunoftheDuryeaMotorWagontookplaceon21September1893,onTaylor StreetinMetroCenterSpringfield.[18][19]TheStudebakerAutomobileCompany,subsidiaryofalongestablishedwagonandcoachmanufacturer,startedtobuildcarsin1897[20]:p.66andcommencedsalesofelectricvehiclesin1902 andgasolinevehiclesin1904.[21] InBritain,therehadbeenseveralattemptstobuildsteamcarswithvaryingdegreesofsuccess,withThomasRickettevenattemptingaproductionrunin1860.[22]SantlerfromMalvernisrecognizedbytheVeteranCarClubofGreat Britainashavingmadethefirstpetrolpoweredcarinthecountryin1894[23]followedbyFrederickWilliamLanchesterin1895,butthesewerebothoneoffs.[23]ThefirstproductionvehiclesinGreatBritaincamefromtheDaimler Company,acompanyfoundedbyHarryJ.Lawsonin1896,afterpurchasingtherighttousethenameoftheengines.Lawson'scompanymadeitsfirstautomobilesin1897,andtheyborethenameDaimler. [23] In1892,GermanengineerRudolfDieselwasgrantedapatentfora"NewRationalCombustionEngine".In1897,hebuiltthefirstDieselEngine. [16]Steam,electric,andgasolinepoweredvehiclescompetedfordecades,withgasoline internalcombustionenginesachievingdominanceinthe1910s. Althoughvariouspistonlessrotaryenginedesignshaveattemptedtocompetewiththeconventionalpistonandcrankshaftdesign,onlyMazda'sversionoftheWankelenginehashadmorethanverylimitedsuccess.

Massproduction
Seealso:Automotiveindustry

Norsknynorsk Nouormand Occitan Ozbekcha Piemontis Polski Portugus Romn RunaSimi Scots Seeltersk Shqip SimpleEnglish Slovenina Slovenina / lnski Soomaaliga /srpski Srpskohrvatski/ BasaSunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog /tatara Tsetshesthese Trke /Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vneto Vepsnkel TingVit Vro Walon Winaray Zazaki emaitka Editlinks

Thelargescale,productionlinemanufacturingofaffordableautomobileswasdebutedbyRansomOldsin1902athisOldsmobilefactorylocatedinLansing,Michiganandbaseduponthe assemblylinetechniquespioneeredbyMarcIsambardBrunelatthePortsmouthBlockMills,Englandin1802.Theassemblylinestyleofmassproductionandinterchangeablepartshad beenpioneeredintheU.S.byThomasBlanchardin1821,attheSpringfieldArmoryinSpringfield,Massachusetts. [24]ThisconceptwasgreatlyexpandedbyHenryFord,beginningin1914. Asaresult,Ford'scarscameoffthelineinfifteenminuteintervals,muchfasterthanpreviousmethods,increasingproductivityeightfold(requiring12.5manhoursbefore,1hour33minutes after),whileusinglessmanpower.[25]Itwassosuccessful,paintbecameabottleneck.OnlyJapanblackwoulddryfastenough,forcingthecompanytodropthevarietyofcolorsavailable before1914,untilfastdryingDucolacquerwasdevelopedin1926.ThisisthesourceofFord'sapocryphalremark,"anycoloraslongasit'sblack".[25]In1914,anassemblylineworkercould buyaModelTwithfourmonths'pay.[25] Ford'scomplexsafetyproceduresespeciallyassigningeachworkertoaspecificlocationinsteadofallowingthemtoroamaboutdramaticallyreducedtherateofinjury.Thecombinationof highwagesandhighefficiencyiscalled"Fordism,"andwascopiedbymostmajorindustries.TheefficiencygainsfromtheassemblylinealsocoincidedwiththeeconomicriseoftheUnited States.Theassemblylineforcedworkerstoworkatacertainpacewithveryrepetitivemotionswhichledtomoreoutputperworkerwhileothercountrieswereusinglessproductivemethods.

RansomE.Olds

Intheautomotiveindustry,itssuccesswasdominating,andquicklyspreadworldwideseeingthefoundingofFordFranceandFordBritainin1911,FordDenmark1923,FordGermany1925 in1921,CitroenwasthefirstnativeEuropeanmanufacturertoadopttheproductionmethod.Soon,companieshadtohaveassemblylines,orriskgoingbrokeby1930,250companieswhichdidnot, haddisappeared.[25] Developmentofautomotivetechnologywasrapid,dueinparttothehundredsofsmallmanufacturerscompetingtogaintheworld'sattention.Keydevelopmentsincludedelectricignitionandthe electricselfstarter(bothbyCharlesKettering,fortheCadillacMotorCompanyin19101911),independentsuspension,andfourwheelbrakes. Sincethe1920s,nearlyallcarshavebeenmassproducedtomeetmarketneeds,somarketingplansoftenhaveheavilyinfluencedautomobiledesign.ItwasAlfred P.Sloanwhoestablishedtheideaofdifferentmakesofcarsproducedbyonecompany,sobuyerscould"moveup"astheirfortunesimproved. Reflectingtherapidpaceofchange,makessharedpartswithoneanothersolargerproductionvolumeresultedinlowercostsforeachpricerange.Forexample,in the1930s,LaSalles,soldbyCadillac,usedcheapermechanicalpartsmadebyOldsmobileinthe1950s,Chevroletsharedhood,doors,roof,andwindowswith Pontiacbythe1990s,corporatepowertrainsandsharedplatforms(withinterchangeablebrakes,suspension,andotherparts)werecommon.Evenso,onlymajor makerscouldaffordhighcosts,andevencompanieswithdecadesofproduction,suchasApperson,Cole,Dorris,Haynes,orPremier,couldnotmanage:ofsome twohundredAmericancarmakersinexistencein1920,only43survivedin1930,andwiththeGreatDepression,by1940,only17ofthosewereleft.[25]
PortraitofHenryFord(ca. FordModelT,1927,regarded asthefirstaffordableAmerican automobile

InEuropemuchthesamewouldhappen.MorrissetupitsproductionlineatCowleyin1924,andsoonoutsoldFord,whilebeginningin1923tofollowFord'spractise 1919) ofverticalintegration,buyingHotchkiss(engines),Wrigley(gearboxes),andOsberton(radiators),forinstance,aswellascompetitors,suchasWolseley:in1925, Morrishad41%oftotalBritishcarproduction.MostBritishsmallcarassemblers,fromAbbeytoXtrahadgoneunder.CitroendidthesameinFrance,comingto carsin1919betweenthemandothercheapcarsinreplysuchasRenault's10CVandPeugeot's5CV,theyproduced550,000carsin1925,andMors,Hurtu,andotherscouldnotcompete.[25] Germany'sfirstmassmanufacturedcar,theOpel4PSLaubfrosch(TreeFrog),cameoffthelineatRusselsheimin1924,soonmakingOpelthetopcarbuilderinGermany,with37.5%ofthe

market.[25]

Weight
Theweightofacarinfluencesfuelconsumptionandperformance,withmoreweightresultinginincreasedfuelconsumptionanddecreasedperformance.AccordingtoaresearchconductedbyJulianAllwoodoftheUniversityof Cambridge,globalenergyusecouldbeheavilyreducedbyusinglightercars,andanaverageweightof500kghasbeensaidtobewellachievable.[26] InsomecompetitionssuchastheShellEcoMarathon,averagecarweightsof45kghavealsobeenachieved.[27][28]Thesecarsareonlysingleseaters(stillfallingwithinthedefinitionofacar,although4seatercarsaremore common),butitneverthelessdemonstratesthehugedegreeinwhichcarweightscanstillbereduced,andthesubsequentlowerfueluse(i.e.uptoafueluseof2560km/l).[29]

Seatingandbodystyle
Seealso:Carbodystyle Mostcarsaredesignedtocarrymultipleoccupants,oftenwithfourorfiveseats.Largercarscanoftencarrysix,sevenormoreoccupantsdependingintheinternalarrangeofseats.Sportscarsareoftendesignedwithonlytwoseats, andveryoccasionallythreeseats.Thedifferingneedsforpassengercapacityandtheirluggagehasresultedinalargevarietyofbodystylestosuitpersonalrequirementssuchasthesedan/saloon,hatchback,stationwagon/estate andMultiPurposeVehicle/Minivan.

Fuelandpropulsiontechnologies
Seealso:Alternativefuelvehicle Mostautomobilesinusetodayarepropelledbyaninternalcombustionengine,fueledbydeflagrationofgasoline(alsoknownaspetrol)ordiesel.Bothfuelsareknowntocauseairpollution andarealsoblamedforcontributingtoclimatechangeandglobalwarming. [30]Rapidlyincreasingoilprices,concernsaboutoildependence,tighteningenvironmentallawsandrestrictionson greenhousegasemissionsarepropellingworkonalternativepowersystemsforautomobiles.Effortstoimproveorreplaceexistingtechnologiesincludethedevelopmentofhybridvehicles, pluginelectricvehiclesandhydrogenvehicles.Vehiclesusingalternativefuelssuchasethanolflexiblefuelvehiclesandnaturalgasvehiclesarealsogainingpopularityinsomecountries. Oilconsumptioninthetwentiethandtwentyfirstcenturieshasbeenabundantlypushedbyautomobilegrowththe19852003oilglutevenfuelledthesalesofloweconomyvehiclesinOECD countries.TheBRICcountriesmightalsokickin,asChinabrieflywasthefirstautomobilemarketinDecember2009.[31]

TheNissanLeafisanallelectriccar launchedinDecember2010

Safety
Mainarticles:Carsafety,Automobileaccident,andLowspeedvehicle Whileroadtrafficinjuriesrepresenttheleadingcauseinworldwideinjuryrelateddeaths,[32]theirpopularityunderminesthisstatistic. MaryWardbecameoneofthefirstdocumentedautomobilefatalitiesin1869inParsonstown,Ireland[33]andHenryBlissoneoftheUnitedStates'firstpedestrianautomobilecasualtiesin 1899inNewYorkCity.[34]Therearenowstandardtestsforsafetyinnewautomobiles,liketheEuroNCAPandtheUSNCAPtests,[35]andinsuranceindustrybackedtestsbytheInsurance InstituteforHighwaySafety(IIHS).[36] Worldwide,roadtrafficisbecomingeversafer,inpartdotoeffortsbythegovernmenttoimplementsafetyfeaturesincars,andbyimplementingsafetycomponents (Vertical_deflection_traffic_calming_devices)ontheroadsthemselves.

Costsandbenefits
Mainarticles:Economicsofautomobileusage,Automobilecosts,andEffectsoftheautomobileonsocieties
Resultofaseriousautomobileaccident

Thecostsofautomobileusage,whichmayincludethecostof:acquiringthevehicle,repairsandautomaintenance,fuel,depreciation,drivingtime,parkingfees,taxes,andinsurance,[37]are weighedagainstthecostofthealternatives,andthevalueofthebenefitsperceivedandrealofvehicleusage.Thebenefitsmayincludeondemandtransportation,mobility,independenceandconvenience.[12] Similarlythecoststosocietyofencompassingautomobileuse,whichmayincludethoseof:maintainingroads,landuse,pollution,publichealth,healthcare,andofdisposingofthevehicleattheendofitslife,canbebalanced againstthevalueofthebenefitstosocietythatautomobileusegenerates.Thesocietalbenefitsmayinclude:economybenefits,suchasjobandwealthcreation,ofautomobileproductionandmaintenance,transportationprovision, societywellbeingderivedfromleisureandtravelopportunities,andrevenuegenerationfromthetaxopportunities.Theabilityforhumanstomoveflexiblyfromplacetoplacehasfarreachingimplicationsforthenatureofsocieties.[38]

Environmentalimpact
Seealso:Automobileemissions Whiletherearedifferenttypesoffuelthatmaypowercars,mostrelyongasolineordiesel.TheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgencystatesthattheaveragevehicleemits8,887gramsofcarbondioxidepergallonof gasoline.Theaveragevehiclerunningondieselfuelwillemit10,180gramsofcarbondioxide.[39]Manygovernmentsareusingfiscalpolicies(suchasroadtaxortheUSgasguzzlertax)toinfluencevehiclepurchasedecisions,witha lowCO2figureoftenresultinginreducedtaxation.[40]Fueltaxesmayactasanincentivefortheproductionofmoreefficient,hencelesspolluting,cardesigns(e.g.hybridvehicles)andthedevelopmentofalternativefuels.Highfuel taxesmayprovideastrongincentiveforconsumerstopurchaselighter,smaller,morefuelefficientcars,ortonotdrive.Onaverage,today'sautomobilesareabout75percentrecyclable,andusingrecycledsteelhelpsreduceenergy useandpollution.[41]IntheUnitedStatesCongress,federallymandatedfuelefficiencystandardshavebeendebatedregularly,passengercarstandardshavenotrisenabovethe27.5milesperUSgallon(8.6L/100km33.0mpgimp) standardsetin1985.Lighttruckstandardshavechangedmorefrequently,andweresetat22.2milesperUSgallon(10.6L/100km26.7mpgimp)in2007.[42] Themanufactureofvehiclesisresourceintensive,andmanymanufacturersnowreportontheenvironmentalperformanceoftheirfactories,includingenergyusage,wasteandwaterconsumption.[43] Thegrowthinpopularityofthecarallowedcitiestosprawl,thereforeencouragingmoretravelbycarresultingininactivityandobesity,whichinturncanleadtoincreasedriskofavarietyofdiseases.[44][deadlink] Transportation(ofalltypesincludingtrucks,busesandcars)isamajorcontributortoairpollutioninmostindustrialisednations.AccordingtotheAmericanSurfaceTransportationPolicyProjectnearlyhalfofallAmericansare breathingunhealthyair.Theirstudyshowedairqualityindozensofmetropolitanareashasworsenedoverthelastdecade.[45] Animalsandplantsareoftennegativelyimpactedbyautomobilesviahabitatdestructionandpollution.Overthelifetimeoftheaverageautomobilethe"lossofhabitatpotential"maybeover50,000squaremeters(540,000sqft)based onprimaryproductioncorrelations.[46]Animalsarealsokilledeveryyearonroadsbyautomobiles,referredtoasRoadkill.Morerecentroaddevelopmentsareincludingsignificantenvironmentalmitigationsintheirdesignssuchas greenbridgestoallowwildlifecrossings,andcreatingwildlifecorridors. Growthinthepopularityofvehiclesandcommutinghasledtotrafficcongestion.BrusselswasconsideredEurope'smostcongestedcityin2011accordingtoTomTom. [47]

Futurecartechnologies
Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallenged andremoved. (June2010) Automobilepropulsiontechnologyunderdevelopmentincludegasoline/electricandpluginhybrids,batteryelectricvehicles,hydrogencars,biofuels,andvariousalternativefuels.Researchintofuturealternativeformsofpowerinclude thedevelopmentoffuelcells,HomogeneousChargeCompressionIgnition(HCCI),Stirlingengines, [48]andevenusingthestoredenergyofcompressedairorliquidnitrogen. Newmaterialswhichmayreplacesteelcarbodiesincludeduraluminum,fiberglass,carbonfiber,andcarbonnanotubes. Telematicstechnologyisallowingmoreandmorepeopletosharecars,onapayasyougobasis,throughcarshareandcarpoolschemes. Communicationisalsoevolvingduetoconnectedcarsystems.

Autonomouscar
Mainarticle:Autonomouscar Fullyautonomousvehicles,alsoknownasdriverlesscars,alreadyexistinprototype(suchastheGoogledriverlesscar),andareexpectedtobecommerciallyavailablearound2020. AccordingtourbandesignerandfuturistMichaelE.Arth,driverlesselectricvehiclesinconjunctionwiththeincreaseduseofvirtualrealityforwork,travel,andpleasurecouldreducethe world's800millionvehiclestoafractionofthatnumberwithinafewdecades.[49]Thiswouldbepossibleifalmostallprivatecarsrequiringdrivers,whicharenotinuseandparked90%ofthe time,wouldbetradedforpublicselfdrivingtaxisthatwouldbeinnearconstantuse.Thiswouldalsoallowforgettingtheappropriatevehiclefortheparticularneedabuscouldcomefora groupofpeople,alimousinecouldcomeforaspecialnightout,andaSegwaycouldcomeforashorttripdownthestreetforoneperson.Childrencouldbechauffeuredinsupervisedsafety, DUIswouldnolongerexist,and41,000livescouldbesavedeachyearintheUSalone.[50][51]

Opensourcedevelopment

Mainarticle:Opensourcecar Therehavebeenseveralprojectsaimingtodevelopacarontheprinciplesofopendesign.TheprojectsincludeOScar,Riversimple(through40fires.org)[52]andc,mm,n.[53]Noneofthe projectshavereachedsignificantsuccessintermsofdevelopingacarasawholebothfromhardwareandsoftwareperspectiveandnomassproductionreadyopensourcebaseddesignhave beenintroducedasoflate2009.Somecarhackingthroughonboarddiagnostics(OBD)hasbeendonesofar.[54]


AroboticVolkswagenPassatshownat StanfordUniversityisadriverlesscar

Industry
Mainarticles:AutomotiveindustryandAutomotivemarket Theautomotiveindustrydesigns,develops,manufactures,markets,andsellstheworld'smotorvehicles.In2008,morethan70millionmotorvehicles,includingcarsandcommercialvehicleswereproducedworldwide.[55] In2007,atotalof71.9millionnewautomobilesweresoldworldwide:22.9millioninEurope,21.4millionintheAsiaPacificRegion,19.4millionintheUSAandCanada,4.4millioninLatinAmerica,2.4millionintheMiddleEastand 1.4millioninAfrica.[56]ThemarketsinNorthAmericaandJapanwerestagnant,whilethoseinSouthAmericaandotherpartsofAsiagrewstrongly.Ofthemajormarkets,China,Russia,BrazilandIndiasawthemostrapidgrowth. About250millionvehiclesareinuseintheUnitedStates.Aroundtheworld,therewereabout806millioncarsandlighttrucksontheroadin2007theyburnover260billionUSgallons(980,000,000m3)ofgasolineanddieselfuel yearly.Thenumbersareincreasingrapidly,especiallyinChinaandIndia.[6]Intheopinionofsome,urbantransportsystemsbasedaroundthecarhaveprovedunsustainable,consumingexcessiveenergy,affectingthehealthof populations,anddeliveringadeclininglevelofservicedespiteincreasinginvestments.Manyofthesenegativeimpactsfalldisproportionatelyonthosesocialgroupswhoarealsoleastlikelytoownanddrivecars.[57][58][59]The sustainabletransportmovementfocusesonsolutionstotheseproblems. In2008,withrapidlyrisingoilprices,industriessuchastheautomotiveindustry,areexperiencingacombinationofpricingpressuresfromrawmaterialcostsandchangesinconsumerbuyinghabits.Theindustryisalsofacing increasingexternalcompetitionfromthepublictransportsector,asconsumersreevaluatetheirprivatevehicleusage.[60]RoughlyhalfoftheUS'sfiftyonelightvehicleplantsareprojectedtopermanentlycloseinthecomingyears, withthelossofanother200,000jobsinthesector,ontopofthe560,000jobslostthisdecade.[61]CombinedwithrobustgrowthinChina,in2009,thisresultedinChinabecomingthelargestautomobileproducerandmarketinthe world.China2009saleshadincreasedto13.6million,asignificantincreasefromonemillionofdomesticcarsalesin2000.[62]

Alternativestotheautomobile
Mainarticle:Alternativestotheautomobile Establishedalternativesforsomeaspectsofautomobileuseincludepublictransitsuchasbuses,trolleybuses,trains,subways,tramwayslightrail,cycling,andwalking.Carsharearrangementsandcarpoolingarealsoincreasingly populartheUSmarketleaderincarsharinghasexperienceddoubledigitgrowthinrevenueandmembershipgrowthbetween2006and2007,offeringaservicethatenablesurbanresidentsto"share"avehicleratherthanownacarin alreadycongestedneighborhoods.[63]BikesharesystemshavebeentriedinsomeEuropeancities,includingCopenhagenandAmsterdam.SimilarprogramshavebeenexperimentedwithinanumberofUSCities.[64]Additional individualmodesoftransport,suchaspersonalrapidtransitcouldserveasanalternativetoautomobilesiftheyprovetobesociallyaccepted.[65]

Seealso
Mainarticle:Outlineofautomobiles Automobilecosts Carclassification Carfreecity Listofcountriesbyautomobileproduction Listofcountriesbyvehiclespercapita Listsofautomobiles Motorvehicletheft Noisepollution Peakcar Steering Trafficcollision Trafficcongestion
Carsportal

References
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Furtherreading
Halberstam,David,TheReckoning,NewYork,Morrow,1986.ISBN0688048382 Kay,JaneHoltz,Asphaltnation:howtheautomobiletookoverAmerica,andhowwecantakeitback,NewYork,Crown,1997.ISBN0517587025 HeathcoteWilliams,Autogeddon,NewYork,Arcade,1991.ISBN1559701765 WolfgangSachs:Forloveoftheautomobile:lookingbackintothehistoryofourdesires,Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1992,ISBN0520068785

Externallinks
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