Chapter 15 Section 4

 Explain why there are so many organic

compounds

 Identify and describe saturated, unsaturated,

and aromatic compounds

 Describe the characteristics of carbohydrates,

lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and their
functions in the body
 List as many carbon-containing
items as you can in 3 minutes.
 More than 90% of all compounds are organic
compounds

 Covalent compounds composed of carbon-

based molecules

 Ex: fuel, rubbing alcohol, sugar, cotton, plastic,

paper…
  Each carbon atom has 4 valence electrons

 Each carbon atom can make 4 bonds with 4

other atoms

http://www.free-ed.net/sweethaven/MedTech/GenChem/803fig0308.jpg
 Structural formulas: used to show how atoms
in a molecule are connected

 Each line represents a pair of electrons that

form a covalent bond

 Some compounds can have 100’s or 1000’s of

carbon atoms as part of their backbones
  Straight chain
 Branched chain
 Ring

http://image.tutorvista.com/content/carbon-compounds/type-of-compound-structural-representation.jpeg
 Hydrogen

 Oxygen

 Sulfur

 Nitrogen

 Phosphorus
  Organic compounds that contain only 2 kinds
of atoms are called: hydrocarbons

 Carbon & Hydrogen

 Ex: Methane

http://image.tutorvista.com/content/carbon-compounds/methane-structural-formula.jpeg
 Saturated

 Unsaturated

 Aromatic
  Alkane
 Ex: Propane

 Each carbon atom shares a single bond with each

of the 4 other atoms

 Single covalent bond made up of one pair of

shared electrons

http://www.school-for-champions.com/chemistry/images/hydrocarbon-propane.gif
 At least one pair of carbon atoms shares a
double bond or a triple bond

 Double bond: covalent, 2 pairs of shared

electrons (alkenes)
 Triple bond: covalent, 3 pairs of shared
electrons (alkynes)

√ Unsaturated because these bonds can be broken and

more atoms can be added to the molecules
•Fruitmakes ethene which is a compound
that helps to ripen fruit

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Ethene-2D-flat.png
•Ethyne:Burned in miners lamps and in
welding torches

http://www.hcc.mnscu.edu/chem/V.19/ethyne.jpg
 Most are based on benzene

 Benzene has a ring of six carbons with

alternating double and single bonds

 Strong odors

 Benzene is used manufacturing products

(medicines)
http://web.pdx.edu/~nathanh/benzene/benzene2.gif
 Refer to page 434 of text. Table 1.
 Alkyl halides

 Alcohols

 Organic acids

 Esters
 Biochemicals: organic chemicals that are made
by living things

 Four categories:
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic acids
 Composed of one or more simple sugars

 Used as a source of energy

 2 kinds of carbohydrates:
 Simple
 Complex
  Simple
 Glucose

 Complex
 Cellulose

 Glycogen

http://home.hia.no/~stephens/glucose.gif

http://www.rsc.org/education/teachers/learnnet/cfb/images/cellulose.gif

http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Glykogen.svg/400px-Glykogen.svg.png
 Do not dissolve in water

 Fats, oils, waxes

 Functions: storing energy, making up cell

membranes

 Animals store as fat; plants store as oil

 Store some vitamins
 Most common molecules in your cells after
water

 Composed of “building blocks” called: amino

acids

 Amino acids are made of: carbon, hydrogen,

oxygen, and nitrogen (some contain sulfur)
 Amino acids bond to form proteins of many
shapes and sizes

 The shape determines the function of the

protein

 If one amino acid is missing, the protein will

not function
  Many functions:
 Regulate chemical activities

 Transport and store materials

 Provide structural support

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19823.jpg
 Enzymes are proteins that are catalysts

 Hormones are proteins

 Hemoglobin is a protein

 Proteins provide transport in cells

 Structural support in hair and silk fibers

 Largest molecules made by living organisms

 Biochemicals made up of nucleotides

 Nucleotides: molecules made of C, H, O, N, P

atoms

 There are only 5 kinds of nucleotides

  Functions:
 Store genetic information

 Build proteins and other nucleic acids “Blueprints of

Life”

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/nucleotides.jpg
 2 kinds of nucleic acids

 DNA: genetic material of the cell

 Molecules the length of 2m (6 ft!)

 RNA: involved in the actual building of

proteins
 How many bonds does carbon form?

 Name 4 kinds of biochemicals