Mout Ka Vypar

cgqjk"Vh; daifu;ka vkSj
ekSr dk O;kikj
Rajiv Dxit
WWW.RAJIVDIXITMP3.COM(09928064941, 09782705883)
pg. 1
izLrkouk
vk;qfoZKku ds {ks= esa vkfndky ls euq"; dks 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld d"Vksa ls eqf
fnykus ds fy, ftrus Hkh iz;Ru gq, gSa muds ihNs ewy izsj.kk jgh gS ekuo lsokA jksfx;ksa dh
lsok lalkj ds lHkh /keksZa esa ,d izeq[k vax jgk gS vkSj bls vk/;kfRed mRFkku dk O;kogkfjd
vk/kkj le>k x;k gSA
fiNys 200&300 o"kksZa esa cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa ds mn; ds lkFk gh lsok dk ;g {ks=
cgqr cM+s O;kikj eas cny x;kA cgqjk"Vh; nok dEifu;ksa }kjk Hkkjh ek=k esa nok fuekZ.k ds
dkj.k vkSj mudh [kir djokus ds dkj.k fpfdRlk vkSj nok m|ksx dh dk;Z iz.kkyh esa
Hkkjh ifjorZu vk;kA nksuksa ,d nwljs ds iwjd cu x;sA O;kolkf;d :i ls rS;kj gksrs
fpfdRldksa us blesa egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkuk 'kqj dj fn;kA os cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa ds ,ts.V
cu x;s vkSj nwljh rjQ cgqjk"Vh; nok dEifu;ksa us <s+j lkjs izyksHku vkSj lqfo/kk, MkWDVjksa
dks miyC/k djkuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA
fiNy 5&7 o"kksZa esa tcls fo'o O;kikj laxBu (W.T.O.) dh n[kynkath fodkl'khy
ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa c<+h gSA rcls cgqjk"Vh; nok dEifu;ksa dh Hkwfedk Hkh lafnX/k gks
x;h gSA ,Slh fLFkfr esa bl iwjs nok m|ksx ds ckjs esa vke turk dks crkus ds fy,s cgqr
dqN fy[kk x;k gSA ysfdu og vklkuh ls miyC/k ugha gksrkA ,Slh fLFkfr esa vktknh cpkvks
vkanksyu us ns'k dh turk ds lkeus cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa }kjk dh tk jgh ywV[kksjh ds
f[kykQ fcxqy ctk;k gSA blh dM+h eas vkanksyu ds ofj"B lkFkh Jh oa'kh/kj feJ us ;g
iqLrd rS;kj djus esa dkQh esgur dh gSA
vkanksyu dks mEehn gS fd bl iqLrd ds ek/;e ls tks fopkj og laizf"kr djuk
pkgrk gS og vke turk rd vo'; igqapsxkA
vkt tc fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds dkuwu iqu% ykxw gksus tk jgs gS rc ;g vko';d
gks tkrk gS fd ns'k ds lHkh dksuksa ls blds f[kykQ vkoktsa mB+as vkSj turk blds f[kykQ
[kM+h gksaA
jktho nhf{kr
vktknh cpkvks vkanksyu
pg. 2
Table of Contents
thou j{kk ls ekSr ds O;kikj rd ................................................................................................................................................ 4
Hkkjrh; nok m|ksx ij dCtk ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
tku ysok nokvksa dk O;kikj ..................................................................................................................................................... 11
vuko;d nokvksa o xSj&t:jh VkWfudksa dk mRiknu ..................................................................................................................... 22
vkfFkZd nksgu........................................................................................................................................................................ 28
>wB ij fVdk vFkZkk ............................................................................................................................................................ 35
ljdkj vkSj U;k;ikfydk Hkh lokyksa ds ?ksjs esa .............................................................................................................................. 39
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ls eq nok&m|ksx dh t:jr ....................................................................................................................... 44
dhVukkdksa dk Hkh fukkuk gS gekjk LokLF;................................................................................................................................. 50
pg. 3
thou j{kk ls ekSr ds O;kikj rd

;wjksi dh vkS|ksfxd kfar us ekuo bfrgkl esa ;qxkUrdkjh ifjorZu yk;sA d`fk
vkSj dkjhxjh ij fVds lekt dh cqfu;knsa ,d&,d djds <gus yxhaA mRiknu kSyh]
[kkus&ihus ds rkSj&rjhds] igukok] Hkkkk] fpfdRlk i)fr;ksa esa ifjorZu vk;sA ;s ifjorZu
lrgh ugha] cqfu;knh FksA fofue; iz/kku d`fk&;qxhu O;oLFkk] pyu ds ckgj gksus yxh vkSj
mudk LFkku ys fy;k cstku ekhuh; fjrksa ij fVds O;kikfjd lekt usA
m|ksx dk isV Hkjus ds fy, taxy dVsA fokkydk; m|ksxksa ds jklk;fud
dpjksa] rst nkSM+rh xkfM+;ksa ,oa jsyxkfM+;ksa ds /kqvksa us /kjrh] ikuh vkSj vkleku esa tgj ?kksy
fn;kA bl fokk okrkoj.k us ubZ&ubZ chekfj;ksa dks tUe fn;kA
vkS|ksfxd lekt dh igyh t:jr Fkh cktkjA blfy, cktkj dh rykk esa
baXyS.M tSls nskksa us nqfu;k ds d`fk iz/kku nskksa ij dCtk djuk kq: dj fn;kA ;q) gq,
u;s lekt dh tfVyrkvksa us reke rjg ds rukoksa dks tUe fn;kA nqfu;k ds cM+s fpfdRlk
oSKkfudksa dk ekuuk gS fd gkbijVsUku] n; jksx] dSalj] efLrd lEcU/kh reke chekfj;ksa
dk lcls cM+k dkj.k vk/kqfud lekt ds ruko gSAa bl lekt dh rst Hkkx&nkSM+rh ftUnxh
esa jksxksa ds bykt ds fy, ijEijkxr fpfdRlk i)fr;ka vi;kZIr lkfcr gksus yxha vkSj
/khjs&/khjs pyu ls yxHkx ckgj gks x;haA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkS|ksfxd lekt us viuh
t:jrksa ds eqrkfcd ^,yksiSFkh^ dks TkUe fn;kA ,yksiSFkh dh igyh nok ,aVhck;fVd ds :i
esa ;q) esa ?kk;y flikfg;ksa ds mipkj ds fy, [kksth x;h FkhA
LiV :i ls vkS|ksfxd kafr ds QyLo:i cnyh lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa
jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa us ubZ ikpkR; fpfdRlk i)fr ds fy, vk/kkj&Hkwfe rS;kj fd;kA
cktkj ij dCtk djus ds fy, vkXus;kksa ds iz;ksx ls ;q ;q) dh ubZ rduhdh us ,d
,slh fpfdRlk i)fr dks ekuo bfrgkl esa t:jh cuk fn;k tks ?kk;y vkSj ejrs gq, flikfg;ksa
dk mipkj djds mUgsa iqu% fdlh lehiLFk ;q) ds fy, rS;kj dj ldsA
ysfdu Kku dh /kkjk rks :dus okyh ugha FkhA bl ubZ fpfdRlk i)fr ds
vUrxZr ,slh nokvksa dh [kkst dh x;h ftlus Iysx] gStk vkSj pspd tSls laked jksxksa ij
dkcw ikdj izR;sd okZ muls ejus okys yk[kksa balkuksa dks thounku fn;kA ?kksj vfufpr
vkSj dHkh Hkh vk /kedus okyh ekSr ds [kkSQ ls lewph ekuork dks eq djus okyh ubZ
fpfdRlk i)fr dk nqfu;k us fdlh u fdlh vak rd rks Lokxr fd;k ghA
ysfdu 20 oha lnh ds izFke pj.k esa ,d cM+k ifjorZu vk;kA ikpkR; fpfdRlk
i)fr vc dsoy fpfdRlk iz.kkyh gh ugha jg x;h] ;g ifpeh nskksa ds vkfFkZd lkezkT;
dks foLrkj nsus dk cgqr cM+k ek/;e cuk yh x;hA nok m|ksx ykHk dh n`fV ls gfFk;kjksa
ds dkjksckj ds ckn igys uEcj dk O;kikj ekuk tkus yxkA QyLo:i ifpe ds lkezkT;oknh
nskksa us vkSk/k cktkj ij viuk dCtk tekus ds fy, th&rksM+ dksfkk djuh kq: dj nhA
LokHkkfod :i ls rhljh nqfu;k ds reke nsk muds fy, lcls cM+s cktkj lkfcr gq,A
blfy, ogk vius dkjksckj pykus ds fy, ifpeh nok i)fr dks Fkksik x;kA
pg. 4
bl i)fr dks LFkk;h :i nsus ds fy, bu nskksa dh Lonskh fpfdRlk i)fr;ksa

dks [kRe djuk t:jh Fkk] ftuds jgrs ,yksiSFkh dk fodkl laHko ugha FkkA lkezkT;oknh
nskksa us ,d&,d djds kkflr nskksa dh fpfdRlk if)r;ksa dks ;g dgdj udkjuk kq:
fd;k fd os iqjkruiaFkh gSa rFkk ekuo ihM+kvksa dk bykt dj ikus esa l{ke ugha gSAa fd
lkezkT;oknh kf;ksa dh bUk lkftkksa ds pyrs fdruh Lonskh vkSk/k iz.kkfy;ksa us ne rksM+
fn;k vkSj fdruh vkt Hkh rksM+ jgha gSa] bldk vklkuh ls vuqeku ugha yxk;k tk ldrkA
ifpe esa ;g ubZ fpfdRlk i)fr lekt dh t:jrksa ,oa ogk dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ds eqrkfcd Hkys gh mi;ksxh Bgjrh gks ysfdu Hkkjr tSls rhljh nqfu;k ds reke lkjs nskksa
ds lkekftd ifjosk] tyok;q ,oa vU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds u rks ;s iwjh rjg vuqdwy gksrh gSa
vkSj u gh djksM+ksa xjhc ejhtksa dk bykt dj ikus esa l{ke gSAa cfYd myVs blus reke
LokLF; lEcU/kh tfVyrkvksa dks tUe fn;k gSA
f}rh; egk;q) ds ckn lkezkT;okn vkSj mifuoskokn dh iqjkuh nhokjsa rks <g
x;ha ysfdu mlds LFkku ij lkezkT;oknh rkdrksa us uo&Lok/khu nskksa ds kksk.k ds fy,
,slk :i vf[r;kj fd;k tks cgqr gh tfVy vkSj vn`;&lk FkkA ;g :i deksosk lewph
nqfu;k dks vkt vius dCts esa ys pqdk gSA ;g :i dksbZ vkSj ugha cfYd cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa
dk gSA
Hkkjr tSls nsk esa djksM+ksa xjhcksa dks lLrk mipkj nsus ds cgkus ?kqlus okyh]
fonskh nok dEifu;k ejhtksa dh tsc dkV djds vjcksa #i;k izfrokZ ckgj Hkst jgh gS]a vkSj
nok ds uke ij nsrh gSa D;k&tgj] Qkyrw VkWfudksa dh cksrysa vkSj gtkjksa&gtkj xSj&t:jh
nok,A bu dEifu;ksa us Hkkjr lesr rhljh nqfu;k ds xjhc eqYdksa dks dwMk+ nku le> j[kk
gS tgk ij ;s viuh mu gtkjksa nokvksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj fch djrh gSa ftu ij] izk.k&?kkrd
izHkkoksa ds dkj.k] muds Lo;a ds nsk ds lkFk&lkFk nqfu;k ds reke nskksa esa izfrca/k yxk
gksrk gSA
;g dSlh foMEcuk gS fd ekuork dks kkjhfjd ihM+kvksa ls futkr fnykus ds
fy, [kksth xbZ ubZ fpfdRlk i)fr dks cgqjkVh; fuxeksa us ekSr ds O;kikj esa cny fn;kA
foo LokLF; laxBu Hkh bl ckr dks Lohdkj djrk gS fd nok cukus okyh nqfu;k dh cM+h
cgqjkVh; fuxesa vius equkQs ds fy, xjhc eqYdksa esas gtkjksa&gtkj vuki&luki nok, Bwl
jgh gSa tks jksxksa ls eqf fnykus ds ctk; jksfx;ksa ds izk.k ys ysrh gSaA
pg. 5
Hkkjrh; nok m|ksx ij dCtk

vktknh ds ckn 1948 dh jkVh; vkS|ksfxd uhfr us cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dks
Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd nqfu;k esa Qyus&Qwyus dk Hkjiwj volj fn;kA Hkkjr ds izFke iz/kkuea=h
tokgj yky usg: dh fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk] ifpe ds pepekrs vkS|ksfxd ekMy ds izfr
mudh jh> ,oa xka/kh dh dqVhj vFkZO;oLFkk ds izfr muds fodkZ.k us Hkkjr dks ;wjksi dh
fodkloknh vo/kkj.kk ds jkLrs ij pyus ds fy, etcwj dj fn;kA laln esa usg: ds c;ku
us fonskh cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dks vkSj vf/kd izksRlkfgr fd;kA usg: us fonskh iwth fuosk
vkSj fonskh cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dks Lokxr djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd blls fodkl dh izf;k
dks vkxs c<+kus esa ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk dks etcwr djus esa enn feysxhA ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkkjrh;
vFkZO;oLFkk esa ifpeh nskksa dks ?kqlus dk i;kZIr ekSdk feykA mRiknu vkSj forj.k ds {ks=
esa baXySM
a vkSj vesfjdk dh cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa us cM+h rsth ls ?kqliSB+ djuh kq: dhA v
fuekZ.k ds ckn bu dEifu;ksa ds fy, Qk;ns dk nwljk cM+k {ks= vkSk/k dk FkkA ekSds dk
Qk;nk mBkrs gq, bu dEifu;ksa us nok m|ksx ij dCtk djuk kq: dj fn;kA pwfa d nok
m|ksx ds {ks= esa Hkkjr dh dksbZ vyx vkS|ksfxd uhfr ugha Fkh blfy, 1948 dh vkS|ksfxd
uhfr gh bl ij ykxw gqbZA bl uhfr ds rgr dgk x;k Fkk fd iwth fuekZ.k ,oa vkS|ksfxdj.k
dh izf;k rst djus ds fy, lkekU; vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa fonskh ,oa Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa ds chp
dksbZ Hksn&Hkko ugha cjrk tk;sxk rFkk nksuksa dks leku :i ls lqfo/kk;sa eqgS;k djk;h tk;sx
a hA
blds ihNs ;g Hkh vo/kkj.kk dke dj jgh Fkh fd nsk dk u;s vkSk/k foKku ,yksiSFkh ls
ifjp; gks ldsxk] ;g mldh rduhd lh[k ldsxk rFkk cgqjkVh; fuxesa Hkkjr dh djksM+ksa
chekj turk ds fy, iwjh rjg ls nok, miyC/k djk;sx
a hA
1948 dh jkVh; vkS|ksfxd uhfr us gekjs nsk esa cgqjkVh; fuxeksa dh ck<+ yk
nhA bu fuxeksa us Lonskh nok m|ksx ij ?kkrd izgkj fd;k] cktkj ij dCtk fd;k vkSj
lapkj ek/;eksa ds tfj;s ikpkR; nok laLd`fr dks gekjs vUnj LFkkfir dj fn;kA
vktknh ds igys nsk esa vk;qosZfnd vkSk/k i)fr dk gh izpyu FkkA ;|fi
vaxzstksa us ifpeh nok i)fr dh uhao Mky nh FkhA dqN ykbykt ;k izk.k?kkrd chekfj;ksa
tSls Vh-ch-] gStk] fe;knh cq[kkj dk ,yksiSFkh esa bykt lEHko gks ldus ds dkj.k bls vkxs
c<+us dk cy feykA ,slk ugha Fkk fd Hkkjrh; nok i)fr esa budk bykt ugha Fkk cfYd
vaxzstksa us blds fodkl dks grksRlkfgr fd;kA nok m|ksx ds {ks= esa vaxzstksa dh ?kqliSB
1924 esa kq: gks x;h Fkh tc fczfVk dEiuh XySDlks us ;gk viuk dkjksckj kq: fd;k FkkA
ysfdu fQj Hkh ;gk vaxzsth nok dEifu;ksa dh tM+ te ugha ik;h FkhA ,yksiSFkh ds {ks= esa
Hkkjrh; oSKkufd vufHkK rks Fks ughaaA blds ykHk dks en~ns utj j[kdj bl lnh dh
kq:vkr esa gh vkpk;Z ih- lh- jk; ,oa izks- Vh- ds- xTtj us QkekZL;wfVdy m|ksx dh LFkkiuk
dh FkhA ;gk dh izeq[k chekfj;ksa dks ns[krs gq, lsjk] oSfDlu rFkk eysfj;k izfrjks/kh nokvksa
dh [kkst rFkk mldk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA caxky bldk dsUnz cukA ;gh ugha f}rh; egk;q)
ds iwoZ ;wfj;k LVhcekbu dh [kkst rFkk jkfYQ;k lisZUVhuk ij kks/k fpfdRlk foKku ds {ks=
esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku lkfcr gqvkA ifpeh caxky ds MkW- ?kksk dk isfUlyhu ds fuekZ.k esa
pg. 6
u;k ;ksxnku Lonskh nok rduhd ds fodkl esa dkQh egRo dk gSA bl rjg Lora=rk
vkanksyu ds nkSjku vU; {ks=ksa dh Hkkfr nok m|ksx ds Hkh {ks= esa jkVh;rk dk lapkj gqvk
Fkk vkSj fcuk fonskh enn ds Hkkjrh; vkSk/k QkekZL;wfVdy m|ksx dks fodflr djus dk
ladYi fy;k x;k FkkA
ysfdu blds lkFk gh lkFk cgqjkVh; dEifu;k Hkh viuk dkjksckj c<+kus ds
fy, dk;Zjr FkhaA 1948 dh Hkkjr ljdkj dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr us rks muds fy, jkLrk [kksy
fn;kA foKkiuksa ,oa vU; izpkj ds tfj;s cktkjksa ij dCtk djus dh ikjjkVh; fuxeksa dh
vke.kdkjh uhfr us vk;qosZfnd nok i)fr dks rks izpyu ls ckgj dj gh fn;k] Hkkjrh;
QkekZL;wfVdy m|ksx dks Hkh dkQh ihNs NksM+ fn;kA vkRefuHkZj jkVh; nok m|ksx ds fodkl
ds lkjs iz;klksa ij ikuh fQj x;kA 50 ds nkd esa nok ds {ks= esa nqfu;k dh dqN cM+h
cgqjkVh; fuxeksa us nsk esa viuk dCtk tek fy;kA vesfjdk dh Qkbtj daiuh] fLoVtjyS.M
dh jksk] vesfjdk dh lhck xk;xh rFkk cs;j bf.M;k tSlh cgqjkVh; daifu;ksa us Hkkjr esa
vius dks LFkkfir dj fy;kA bldk ,d dkj.k vkSj FkkA vk/kqfud nok m|ksx dh cqfu;kn
ewy jklk;fud m|ksx dh cqfu;kn ij [kM+h gS vkSj ;g LiV gS fd lkezkT;okn us vius
vkSifuosfkd kksk.k ds mn~ns; ls bl nsk esa ewy jklk;fud m|ksx dk LokHkkfod fodkl
ugha gksus fn;k rFkk oSKkfud vuql/a kku vkSj dkjhxjh dh fk{kk dks iaxq cukdj j[k fn;kA
u;s midj.kksa ls lfTTkr nok dEifu;ksa dh rhoz izfr;ksfxrk esa ?kjsyw vkSj nskh nok m|ksxksa
dk iqu% kl gksus yxkA
lu~ 1948 esa nok dh dqy fch 10 djksM+ dh Fkh tks 1982 esa c<+dj 1200
djksM+ gks x;h vkSj 1992&93 esa 7500 djksM+ gks x;hA blesa 80 izfrkr fgLlk cgqjkVh;
dEifu;ksa ds gkFk esa FkkA 1975 esa dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk xfBr gkFkh desVh us nok cgqjkVh;
dEifu;ksa ds jkVh;dj.k dh flQkfjk dh FkhA gkFkh desVh dh fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd
lkekU; iwath yxk dj ;s dEifu;k viuh vkSkf/k;ksa dh fch dj vR;f/kd equkQk fonskksa
dks Hkst pqdh gSAa rFkk csfglkc futh iwt
a h esa o`f) dh gSA
blh gkFkh desVh dh eq[; flQkfjkksa vkSj uhfr;ksa dks Hkkjrh; nok fuekZrk vius
fy;s fgrdj ekurs jgs gS]a tcfd cgqjkVh; dEifu;k bls vius f[kykQ jpk x;k ,d
nLrkost ekurh gSAa ubZ vkSk/k uhfr] ftldk elfonk vxLr & 1993 esa ljdkj us laln
esa forfjr djk;k Fkk] esa gkFkh desVh dh ftu flQkfjkksa dks fujLr vkSj [kkfjt djus dh
flQkfjk dh x;h gS muds ckn Hkkjrh; nok cktkj iwjh rjg cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds dCts
esa pyk tk;sxkA [kkfjt dh tkus okyh dqN egRoiw.kZ flQkfjksa fuEu gSa %&
1- jkVh; nok izkf/kdj.k cuk;k tk;s tks lkjs ea=ky;ksa ds chp rkyesy
dk dke
djs ijUrq bl u;s elfons esa bldk dksbZ ft ugha gS
2- lkoZtfud {ks= dh nokvksa ds mRiknu vkSj forj.k dks izkFkfedrk nh
tkuh
pkfg;s vkSj muds vf/kdkj lqjf{kr j[ks tkus pkfg;s lkoZtfud {ks=] u;s nLrkost ds
vuqlkj fdlh fokskkf/kdkj dk ik= ugha gS
3- lkjh nok cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dks ek% Hkkjrh; LokfeRo esa ys fy;k tk;s ubZ uhfr
esa bldk myVk gS
pg. 7
4- Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk vuql/a kku ifjkn ubZ nokvksa dk forj.k djs ifjkn dks u rks ctV
fn;k x;k gS u iz;ksxkkyk,a
5- mRiknu ykblsal nsrs o vfuok;Z 117 nok,a cukrs jgus dk ok;nk fy;k tkuk
pkfg;s dksbZ ok;nk vc ugha fy;k tkuk gS
6- xq.kokk fu;a=.k ds dkuwu l[r fd;s tk;sa xq.kokk tkp ds fy;s nokb;ksa dk
jklk;fud la?kBu tkuuk gksrk gSA ubZ uhfr esa cgqjkVh; dEifu;k ;g crkus ds fy;s ck/;
ugha gSa
7- nokb;ksa ds czkaM ukeksa dks /khjs&/khjs lekIr dj fn;k tk;s nokb;ksa ds ,dkf/kdkj dks
c<+kus dh ubZ uhfr esa lykg nh x;h gS
bl iwjs pkyhl ist ds elfonss esa nokb;ksa dh xq.kokk vkSj mudh dherksa ds
ckjs esa dqN Hkh lkQ&lkQ ugha fy[kk x;k gSA bl ubZ uhfr dk LiV edln gh nok
m|ksx dks cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds gkFk esa iwjh rjg lkSai nsuk gSA 1978 dh nok uhfr esa Hkh
ljdkj us LiV ?kksk.kk dj nh Fkh fd cgqjkVh; nok dEifu;ksa dk jkVh;dj.k ugha fd;k
tk;sxk] rks vc rks mnkjhdj.k vkSj Hkwe.Myhdj.k dk nkSj py jgk gSA
xSV le>kSrk vkSj u;k isVUs V dkuwu
xSV le>kSrk gksus ls vkSj Hkkjrh; isVsUV dkuwu & 1970 ds cnys tkus ls
Hkkjrh; nok m|ksx iwjh rjg uV gks tk;sxk vkSj Hkkjrh; nok cktkj ij ,dkf/kdkjoknh
cgqjkVh; nok dEifu;k Nk tk;ax
s hA xSV le>kSrs esa lcls egRoiw.kZ fgLlk ckSf)d lEink
dkuwuksa fVIl dks ysdj gS ftlds dkj.k gekjk 1970 dk Hkkjrh; isVsUV dkuwu iwjh rjg
cny tk;sxkA 1 tuojh 95 dks ljdkj us ,d v/;knsk ds tfj;s u;k isVUs V dkuwu ykxw
Hkh dj fn;k FkkA gkykafd nskO;kih fojks/k ds dkj.k u;k isVUs V dkuwu laln ls eatwjh ugha
ik ldkA
1956 esa vaxzstksa us isVsUV O;oLFkk ykxw dh FkhA 1911 esa Hkkjrh; isVUs V vkSj
fMtkbu ,DV cuk;k x;k ftldk mn~ns; Hkkjrh; cktkj dks fczfVk m|ksxksa ds v/khu
cukuk FkkA fczfVk isVsUV /kkjdksa us Hkkjr esa ph dher okys fu;kZr }kjk gekjs cktkjksa dk
kksk.k fd;k vkSj djksM+ksa :i;s dek;s FksA ;g ykfteh Fkk fd ;g kksk.k nok {ks= esa Hkh
gksrkA vktknh ds igys vkSj ckn esa Hkh nokvksa dk mRiknu cgqr de Fkk vkSj nsk eq[;r%
vk;kr ij gh fuHkZj FkkA dksbZ ubZ nok vkrh Fkh rks og isVsUV /kkjdksa dh ethZ ds vuqlkj
gh vkrh FkhA ,sfrgkfld n`fV ls fonskh dEifu;ksa us Hkkjr esa vius isVsUV iathd`r ugha
djok;sA 1947 ls 1957 ds chp Hkkjr esa djk, x;s 1704 nok isVsUVksa esa 99 izfrkr isVsUV
fonskh ukxfjdksa ds ikl Fks vkSj ,d izfrkr ls de dks Hkkjr esa O;kikfjd mi;ksx esa yk;k
x;kA
1970 dk ^Hkkjrh; isVUs V dkuwu^ gekjs fgr ds eq[; {ks=ksa dh j{kk djus ds fy;s
cuk;k x;k FkkA blesa dsoy pkj {ks=ksa & nok m|ksx] d`fk jlk;u] Hkkstu vkSj fofkV
jlk;uksa ds ekeys esa dkuwu us 7 okZ ds fy;s izf;k isVsUV dh vuqefr nh] ysfdu mRikn
isVsUV dh vuqefr ugha nh gSA eq[; ckr ;g gS fd bl dkuwu esa ,dkf/kdkj dks jksdus ds
fy;s ^Lor% ykblsl
a ds vf/kdkj^ dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA 1970 ds isVsUV dkuwu dks
pg. 8
vadVkM us izxfrkhy dkuwu ?kksfkr dj mls vU; nskksa ds fy;s Hkh ,d ekMy crk;kA blh
dkuwu dk urhtk Fkk fd 1970 ds ckn m|ksx vkxs c<+kA ijUrq Hkkjrh; nok m|ksx ls
;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij Li/kkZ djus esa vleFkZ gksus ij ;s êq cktkj^ ds odhy vc fujkk
gksdj viuk ,dkf/kdkj tekus dh fQjkd esa gSaA
Hkkjrh; isVsUV dkuwu&1970 ds ykxw gksus ds ckn nskh nok m|ksx esa vPNh
izxfr gqbZ vkSj cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ij fuHkZjrk de gksus yxhA 1974 esa nok mRiknu 500
djksM+ :i;s ls c<dj 1991 esa 4000 djksM+ vkSj 1994 esa 6000 djksM+ :i;s dk gks x;k
FkkA blh izdkj 1985&86 ls 1991&92 ds cht 6 okksZa dh vof/k esa gekjk nok fu;kZr 140
djksM+ :i;s ls c<dj 1281 djksM+ :i;s dk gks x;k FkkA 1991&92 ess 76 djksM+ :i;s dh
nokb;k vesfjdk dks fu;kZr dh x;haA Hkkjrh; nok dEifu;ksa dks tks Hkh lQyrk feyh
mlds ihNs isVsUV dkuwu & 70 dk cgqr gkFk jgkA
xSV le>kSrs dk lgkjk ysdj cgqjkVh; dEifu;k bl isVsUV dkuwu dks cnyokuk
pkgrh gS]a mudk dguk gS fd Hkkjrh; nok dEifu;k muds QkeZwys kUl pqjk dj nokb;kasa dk
mRiknu dj jgh gSaA gkykfd ;g lgh ugha gSA 1970 ds isVsUV dkuwu ds eqrkfcd dsoy
îzf;k isVUs V^ dk Qk;nk nskh dEifu;ksa dks feykA ijUrq vc xSV ds eqrkfcd ^mRikn
isVsUV^ ykxw gks tk;sxk rks cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dk vf/kdrj nokb;ksa ij vf/kdkj gks tk;sxkA
isVsUVhd`r nokb;ksa dk izfrkr uhps lwph esa fn;k x;k gS] ftlls ge vUnktk yxk ldrs
gSa fd u;k isVsUV dkuwu ykxw gks tkus ds ckn cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dh fLFkfr fdruh etcwr
gks tk;sxhA Hkfo; esa cuus okyh lHkh nokb;ksa ij isVsUV vf/kdkj ykxw gksaxs tks cgqjkVh;
dEifu;ksa ds dCts esa jgsaxsA u;s isVsUV dkuwuksa dk izHkko gksxk 1 nokb;ksa ds nke 5 ls 20
xquk vkSj vf/kd gks tk;sx
a sA
nok,a
dhVk.kqukkd ,.Vhck;ksfVd
thok.kqukkd ,.VhcSDVhfj;y
QQwna hukkd ,.VhQaxy
dqB jksx ukkd ,.VhysizkWfVDl
n;
jksx
ukkd
dkfMZ;ksol
s dqyj
nnZ ukkd VkUD;wykbtj
e/kqesg ukkd ,.VhMk;fcfVd
vLFkek ukkd ,.Vh ,LFkeSfVd
xHkZfujks/kd dUVklsfIVo
vYlj jks/kh ,.Vh isfIVd vYlj
Y;wdsfe;k jks/kh ,.VhY;wdSfed
pg. 9
fdrus izfrkr isVsaV ds nk;js esa gSa

40-23
98-80
25-66
69-96
40-18
74-42
55-30
47-53
88-79
65-92
32-41
vkijsku fjlpZ xqzi }kjk fd;s x;s losZ ij vk/kkfjr

1994&95 esa nokb;ksa ds nke 1991&92 dh rqyuk esa 2&3 xqus gks pqds gSa tcfd
vHkh isVsUV dkuwu iwjh rjg ykxw gksuk ckdh gSA 2 nokb;ksa dh vkiwfrZ izHkkfor gksxh D;ksafd
vc ;g vk;kr ij T;knk fuHkZj gksxhA 3 nok m|ksx esa u;s iwath fuosk ij vlj iMsxkA
4 ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr jkVh; LokLF; j{kk dk;Ze tks mu ukxfjdksa ds fy;s pyk,
tkrs gSa tks vius LokLF; dh vko;drkvksa ds fy;s [kpZ ugha dj ldrs] izHkkfor gksaxsA 5
jkVh; nok m|ksx dk fodkl izHkkfor gksxkA 6 jkVh; kks/k ,oa fodkl izHkkfor gksxkA
vkt nqfu;k ds nok mRiknu ds 90% fgLls ij 30 cM+h cgqjkVh; nok dEifu;k
viuk vf/kdkj j[krh gSa vkSj vuqfpr isVsUV O;oLFkk vkSj ckSf)d lEink vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk
ds uke ij] 90 fodklkhy nskksa] tgk nok dk LFkkuh; mRiknu ugha gS vkSj os vf/kdrj
vk;kr ij fuHkZj djrs gS]a dh vlgk; xjhc vkSj fujhg turk dk kksk.k dj jgh gSAa bu
lHkh 90 nskksa esa fodflr nskksa ds gh isVsUV dkuwu ykxw gks pqds gSa ftUgsa ekuus ds dkj.k os
2000% vf/kd ewY; nsdj viuk kksk.k djok jgs gSAa bf.M;u MXl eSuqQSDplZ ,lksfl;sku
ds v/;{k Jh- vkbZ- ,- eksnh dgrs gSa fd Hkkjr lfgr djhc 15 fodklkhy nsk ,sls gSa tks
viuh nok vko;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s QkewZys kuks ds mRiknu esa yxHkx vkRefuHkZj gSAa
bu nskksa esa Hkh Hkkjr gh ,d ek= nsk gS tgk nok mRiknu vHkh Hkh nskh mRikndksa ds gkFk
esa gSA vU; 14 nskksa esa nokb;ksa dk eq[; mRiknu ;k rks lh/ks cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa }kjk
fu;fU=r gksrk gS ;k cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ls ykblsl
a izkIr jkVh; bdkb;ksa }kjk gksrk gS
ftudh nokb;ksa ds fch ewY; dks izR;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls cgqjkVh; dEifu;k fu;fU=r
djrh gSAa Hkkjr bldk viokn gS ;gk 60% ls vf/kd nok QkeZwys ku vkSj 80% ls vf/kd
cYd nok,a iwjh rjg ls jkVh; bdkb;ksa }kjk mRikfnr gks jgh gSAa jkVh; nokb;ksa dk
fu;kZr esa fgLlk 70% gSA bu 15 nskksa esa LFkkuh; mRiknu ds dkj.k vkSj Hkkjr esa 1970 ds
isVsUV dkuwu ds dkj.k nok ewY; laLkkj esa lcls lLrs gSAa ewY;ksa esa 500% ls 2000% rd
dk vUrj gSA
lUnHkZ
1- Mx baMLVh ,sUM n bafM;u ihiqy lEiknd MkW vfer lsu xqIr] izdkkd fnYyh
lkbal Qksje o QsMjsku vkQ esfMdy fjizstsUVsfVOl ,lksfl,ku vkWQ bafM;k iqLrd ds
ts- ,l- etwenkj ds ys[k ls mn~?k`r] i`- 8A
2- Hkkjrh; nok m|ksx ij cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dh dkyh Nk;k&MkW lej
pkS/kjh] ihiqYl ifCyfkax gkml] i`- 12A
pg. 10
jk;
tku ysok nokvksa dk O;kikj

gekjs nsk esa bl le; yxHkx 515 nok, ,slh gSa tks cktkj esa yxHkx 8000
fofHk ukeksa ls fcd jgh gSAa bu nokvksa ij nqfu;k ds reke nskksa esa ikcUnh yxk;h tk pqdh
gS rFkk buds fuekZ.k vkSj fch dks ?kkrd vijk/k ?kksfkr fd;k tk pqdk gSA MkDVjksa vkSj
oSKkfudksa dk dguk gS fd ;s nok, izk.k?kkrd gSa vkSj vkneh ds j dks iznwfkr dj dSalj]
ydok] va/kkiu] fodykaxrk tSlh Hk;adj chekfj;ksa dks tUe nsrh gSa rFkk kjhj dh jksx ls
yM+us dh {kerk [kRe dj nsrh gSAa ;s nokb;k vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa esa kkjhfjd rFkk
ekufld&fod`fr;k Hkh iSnk djrh gSaA ;g xEHkhj fpUrk dk fok; gS fd nqfu;k ds vU;
reke nskksa esa tgj ?kksfkr dh tkus okyh dqN nok, fgUnqLrku esa [kqyh fch dh btktr
ik pqdh gSAa ;gk dqN ,slh nokvksa ds uke fn;s tk jgs gSa tks nwljs reke nskksa esa izfrcaf/kr
gSa ysfdu gekjs ;gk cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa }kjk cuk;h vkSj csph tkrh gSAa bu nokvksa dks eq[;
:i ls es ,.M csdj] lhck xk;xh] ckjkstosyde] ikdZ Msfol] T;ksheSulZ] Qkbtj] gsDLV]
lS.Mkst] jksl] LdsQ] ,l- th- QkekZL;qfVdy] XySDlks] cwV~l dEiuh] bZLV bafM;k dEiuh rFkk
baQkj bf.M;k dEifu;k cukrh gSAa bu nokvksa dks csp
a dj ;s dEifu;k nsk dk vjcksa :i;k
izfrokZ ckgj Hkst jgh gSAa
nokvksa dk uke
nsk }kjk izfrcfU/kr
dqizHkko
1- vkDlhfQu cwVktksu
2- fQukby cwVktksu
3- ,Dvheky
4- ,Ythfj;y
5- vjhLVksikbjhu
6- cwVkdkfVZMku
7- cwVkizkfDloku
8- vkWDlhikst
9- yktsZfld
10- U;wjkstsflu
11- lqxfjy
12- vkWDlhtksu
13- iSjkcwVktksu
14- fDyvksfuky
15- ,fEcfuky
16- ,yhfu
17- ,Echtkbe QksVZ
18- ,ehD;ksj
fczVsu] ifpeh teZuh] tkiku]

bVyh] LohMu] fQuySM
a ]
vesfjdk] ckaXyknsk]
vkLVsfy;k] U;wthyS.M]
eysfk;k] btjkby] tkMZu
vkfnA
bl nok dh dsoy dqN

[kqjkd ysus ij gh vrfM+;ksa
esa ?kko gks tkrk gSA blls
j dSalj gksus dk Hkh [krjk
jgrk gSA bl nok ls vc
rd 15]000 yksxksa dh ekSr
gks pqdh gSA izfrcfU/kr nskksa
es bls ch Js.kh dk tgj
?kksfkr fd;k x;k gSA iSjksa dks
ydok ekj tkrk gS rFkk
O;f ds vU/ks gksus dk [krjk
cuk jgrk gSA blds lsou ls
tkiku esa 10]00 yksx yaxM+s
vkSj vU/ks gks x,A
pg. 11
tkiku] ukosZ] LohMu teZuh]

MsuekdZ] usiky] fQyhihu]
Lisu] kal] Jhyadk]ckaXyknsk]
lesr nqfu;k ds reke nskA
19- ,ehDyhu
20 ,ehthy Iyl
21- DyksjksiDs VMhu
22- Mk;Mkshu
23- b.Vjkstkbe
24- vk;Mkstksy
25- vk;MkslkbDyhu
26- esVkhu
27- U;wVkt
s kbe
28vk;MksgkbMkfDlhu
29- fukstksy
30- ,uYthu
31- csjkYxu
32- cqLdkiku
33- cwVkfYtu
34- Qkjtsfld
35- ekykZftu
36- vkDlhikst
37- flukYtsfld
38- ftekfYtu
39- vYVkftu
40- QhuksfYtu
441- ikekftu
42- ,ih QksVZ

43- esLVkstuQksVZ
44- vksjkslsku QksVZ
45- vksjxkyqVhu
46- vksLVksjksu
47- ,l- th- QksVZ
48- DyksjksLVsi
49- dwij LVsi
50- DyksjksEQsfudky
,.MLVIsVkeskbflu
pg. 12
vkLVsfy;k] vkfLV;k]
csfYt;e] fpyh] MsuekdZ]
kal] xzhl] fe] btjkby]
bVyh] tkiku] dksfj;k]
eSfDldks] usiky] LohMu]
vesfjdk] fczVsu] teZuh vkfnA
vfLFk&eTtk esa osr j

df.kdkvksa ds cuus esa Hkkjh
ck/kk igqaprh gS ftlds dkj.k
gM~fM;ksa ,oa ekalisfk;ksa dh
lajpuk esa Hk;adj fodkj
mRi gks tkrs gSa] tks
vUrrksxRok bUgsa {kh.k dj
buds lsou djus okys dks
fugk;r detksj dj e`R;q
rd igqpk nsrh gSA
vkfLV;k] csfYt;e] MsuekdZ]

xzhl] bVyh] U;wthySM
a ]
flaxkiqj nf{k.k vhdk]
FkkbZyS.M] fczVsu] vesfjdk]
teZuh] ckaXyknsk vkfnA
xHkZ.kh efgykvksa dks nh tkus

okyh ;s nok, xHkZLFk fkkqvksa
dks fodykax dj nsrh gSaA
;fn fcuk xHkZorh efgyk dks
ns fn;k tk;s rks ekfld /keZ
vfu;fer gks tkrk gSA
ckaXyknsk] lkbizl] MsuekdZ]

bVyh] tkiku] osr j
df.kdkvksa ds cuus usiky]
vfLFk&eTtk dks {kfrxzLr

dj esa
ck/kk mRi djrh gSa rFkk
51- baVLs VksLVsi

52- baVjksLVsi
53- LVsIVksQsfudky
ukosZ] fQyhihal LohMu]

csustq,yk] ikfdLrku]
eysfk;kA
54555657-
vksjkcksyhu
M~;wjkcksyhu
MsdkM~;wjkcksyhu
bokcksyhu
58596061626364-
uksokfYtu
czwQsu
,fLifju
dkbej
dkbeksjy
dkbeksjy QksVZ
vYQkfIlu
ckaXyknsk] fczVsu lesr nskksa esa Hkkjr esa cPpksa dks fn, tkus
izfrcaf/krA
reke okyh ;s Mki cPpksa esa
fodkl lEcU/kh fodkj iSnk
djrs gSAa buds vkSj Hkh dbZ
Hk;adj dqizHkko gksrs gSaA
fczVsu] vesfjdk lesr dbZ
vkarks esa ?kko dj vYlj
nskksa esa izfrcaf/krA
cukrh gSA
65666768697071-
LiSflfetky
ik[kkQksVZ
tkxfjy
csVkyke
,l- th- ikbfju
baVjksfuky
fMLQj Iyl
72- bUVksck;ksQkseZ
73- esDlkQkeZ
74- ikbjksyku
75- flukYtsfld
76- czkes kslsMku
78- ,lhVksQus sVkbfMu
79- QsukflVhu
pg. 13
kjhj dh izfrjks/kd {kerk

lekIr dj e`R;q dh vksj
<dsyrh gSaA
lHkh fodflr nskksa esa

izfrcaf/krA
;s nokb;k fcYdqy vizHkkoh

gSa rFkk budh {kerk lafnX/k
gSA oSKkfudksa dk er gS fd
buesa jksx dks Bhd djus dh
rkdr gh ugha gksrhA
vtsZUVkbuk] fczVsu vk;jyS.M] izk.k?kkrd j nksk gksrk gSA
btjkby] fQyhihal vkfnA
fdMuh o dysts dks {kfr
igqpkrh gSa ftlls vkneh dh
e`R;q Hkh gks tkrh gSA
MsuekdZ] Mkfefu;u x.kjkT;]
bVyh] ukosZ] tkiku] usiky]
fQyhihal lnh vjc]
LohMu] csustq,yk] lkbizl
vkfnA
usiky lfgr foo ds reke
nskA
buds lsou ls yaxM+k] va/kk

gksus dk xaHkhj [krjk gksrk
gSA
vrfM+;ksa ls lEcfU/kr jksxksa esa
lh/kk izHkko ds ctk; mYVk
izHkko Mkyrh gSaA
;s nok, ilhuk fudyuk
jksd dj rki ?kVkrh gSaA
mfYV;k RkFkk mkstuk iSnk
dj ekufld lUrqyu [kjkc
djrh gSa
;d`r vkSj xqnsZ dks {kfr
igqpkrh gSaA
80- ,ksekbZflu
81- Vsjkekbflu ,l,Q82- Mksdkcksyhu
83- fgLVkizsM
84- isjhdkVZ
85- isjhMku
86- bjxksQus
87- ekbfxzy
88- ekbxszfuy
89- LVhIVkseVs
90- VsVklkbfDyuFkksZjku
lLisa ku
991- VkbukftZd
9293949596-
jsfLVy
dkEkfLyi
IyklhMkDl 2
IyklhMkDl 10
IyklhMkDl 5
dukMk] fpyh] lkbizl]

MsuekdZ] bVyh] ekjhkl]
vesfjdk vkfnA
bVyh] usiky] LohMu]
vesfjdk] csustq,ykA
foo ds reke nskksa esa
izfrcaf/krA
bu nokvksa esa ekStwn foVkfeu

lh flQZ nek c<+kus ds
flok; dksbZ dke ugha djrkA
CyM izskj c<+ tkrk gS rFkk
xqnsZ ds [kjkc gks tkus dh
lEHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA
foo dsa reke nskksa esa

izfrcaf/krA
CyM izksj c< tkrk gS rFkk

xqnsZ ds [kjkc gks tkus dh
lEHkkouk c< tkrh gSA
ckaXyknsk] MsuekdZ] bVyh]

tkMZu] U;wthyS.M] is: vkfnA
foo ds reke nskksa esa
izfrcaf/krA
xzhl] bVyh] ukosZ] LohMu]
csustq,yk] ckaXyknsk] usiky
vkfnA
cPpksa ds nkr Hkwjs jax ds gks

tkrs gSaA lLisa ku
kjhj ij Hk;adj dqizHkko
izHkko Mkyrh gSA
?kkrd tgj dh rjg izHkko
Mkyrh gSA raf=dk ra= ij
cqjk izHkko Mkyrh gSA
lzkrs % cSaM ,sUM cSuscqy MXl gsYFk ,sDku lhjht 2 lakksf/kr laLdj.k] Mx ,.M n bafM;u
ihiqy rFkk LFkkuh; nok cktkjksa ds losZ{k.k ij vk/kkfjrA
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa us ,sls dbZ lfEeJ.k cuk;s gSa tks fd fujFkZd gksus ds
lkFk&lkFk gkfuizn Hkh gksrs gSaA felky ds rkSj ij DyksjksQfs udky rFkk LVsIVksekbflu dk
lfEeJ.k tks isfpl esa fn;k tkrk gSA fokskK MkDVjksa dk dguk gS fd ;g lfEeJ.k cgqr
gh vrdZlaxr vkSj uqdlkunsg gS] Qk;nk fcYdqy ughaa vkSk/k lykgdkjh lfefr dh 1980
dh flQkfjk esa DyksjksQsfudky ds lHkh ,Q- Mh- lfEeJ.kksa ij jksd yxk nh x;h FkhA
ysfdu nq%[k fd ckr gS fd bl jksx esa m lfEeJ.k kkfey ugha FkkA Qyr% vkt Hkh ;g
[kqys cktkjksa esa miyC/k gSA blh rjg isfa lyhu vkSj LVsIVksekbflu] isaflyhu vkSj
lYQkukekbMl] foVkfeUl vkSj ,ukfYtDl] VsVklkbDyhu ,oa foVkfeu lh] vkfn ds lfEeJ.k
pg. 14
Hkh csgn uqdlkunsg gSAa ysfdu lkjs lfEeJ.k cgqjkVh; fuxeksa }kjk rS;kj fd;s vkSj vkiwfrZ
fd;s tkrs gSaA
[krjukd xHkZ fujks/kd cgqjkVh; lkezkT;okn ds xqIr gfFk;kj
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa] foo cSad vkSj vUrjjkVh; eqnzk dksk }kjk Fkksis x;s
lajpukRed lek;kstu dk;Zeksa dh vfuok;Z krZ gS tula[;k fu;a=.kA gkykafd bl krZ
dk yksxksa dh ftanxh csgrj cukus ls dksbZ eryc ugha ij ;g krzZ lqfufpr djrh gS fd
gj gFkd.Mk viuk dj gj gkyr esa fodklkhy nskksa dh tula[;k dks fu;af=r fd;k tk;
vkSj lkFk esa cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa }kjk cuk;s tk jgs [krjukd xHkZ fujks/kdksa dks cspdj Hkkjh
equkQk Hkh dek;k tk;A fiNys rhu nkdksa ls ljdkj dk ifjokj fu;kstu dk;Ze vesfjdh
vkfFkZd lgk;rk ls tqM+h krksZa ds vuqlkj py jgk FkkA ftlds fy;s ljdkj us xHkZ fujks/kdksa
ds LFkku ij ulcUnh ij tksj fn;k] ijUrq tksj tcjnLrh ulcUnh djus ds jktuSfrd
nqifj.kke lkeus vk;s rks ;g uhfr R;kx nh x;h vkSj xHkZ fujks/kd nokb;ksa dks izkRs lkgu
fn;k x;kA
Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks xsgw&pkoy ds chp pquko dj HkjisV [kkuk fnykus esa vleFkZ
jgh ljdkj bl ckr ds fy;s rS;kj Fkh fd bu Hkw[kh vkSjrksa dks nqfu;k dh ubZ xHkZ fujks/kd
nok feysA 60 ds nkd esa btkn T;knkrj xHkZ fujks/kd] gkeksZu ij vk/kkfjr yEch vof/k
rd vlj j[kus okys jlk;u gh FksA buesa d`f=e gkeksZu bLVkstu vkSj izkstsLVku ds
vyx&vyx feJ.kksa ls cus xHkZ fujks/kd kkfey Fks] ftUgsa [kkus dh xksfy;ksa ls ysdj lqb;ksa]
peM+h ds vUnj jksis tkus okys dSIlwy] ;ksfu esa j[ks tkus okys NYyks]a ukd esa fNM+dh tkus
okyh nokb;ksa ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k x;kA bLVkstu o izkt
s sLVku ds la;ksx ls cuh ;s
nokb;k xEHkhj chekfj;ksa dk dkj.k cuha] ftuesa fny o jpki dh chekjh] Fks teus dh
chekjh] dSalj] ikpu lEcU/kh xM+cfM+;k] Hkzw.k ij foijhr vlj okyh chekfj;k kkfey FkhA
blh nkSjku nks ubZ izdkj dh lqb;ksa dk Hkh vkfodkj gqvkA teZuh dh ^ksfjax , th^ uked
dEiuh }kjk cuk;h ûsV&bu^ o vesfjdk dh vitku dEiuh }kjk cukbZ ^fMiks izkos sjkÂ usV
bu vkSj fMiks izkos sjk lqb;ksa ds xEHkhj izHkko vkSjrksa ds kjhj ij iM+rs gS]a lqbZ yxokus ds
ckn vkSjrksa dk kjhj Qwy tkrk gS] pj vkrs gSa] ljnnZ dh fkdk;r] Fkdku] Hkw[k u yxuk]
vFkok vR;f/kd Hkw[k yxuk] oSokfgd lEc/kksa vkSj fdlh dks gj le; [kwu fjlrk jgrk gSA
vxj os cPps dks Lruiku djk jgh gSa rks nw/k dh ek=k o xq.kokk ij vlj iM+rk gSA isV
o Lruksa dks Nwus ls nnZ] ?kcjkgV o mnklh dh chekjh] ,ythZ] n; jksx [kwu ds Fks teus
dh chekjh Hkh gks ldrh gSA dqy feykdj Msiks izksojs k ds fuekZrk us 78 nqizHkkoksa dks Lohdkj
fd;k gSA ,d ckj yxokus ds ckn nqckjk vkSjrsa buds ikl QVdrh Hkh ughaA ijUrq budh
fuekZrk cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksaA kksfjax , th o vitkWu ij dksbZ vlj ugha gqvk D;ksfa d
bUgksua s fodklkhy nskksa esa vius cktkj <wa< fy;s] tgk dh ljdkjsa igys ls gh tula[;k
fu;a=.k ds fy;s gkFk iSj ekj jgha FkhaA fMiks izkos sjk ds ijh{k.kksa ls gh Kkr gks pqdk Fkk fd
blds iz;ksx ls dSalj gksrk gS ijUrq bldh fuekZrk dEiuh dh bruh ij rd igqp Fkh fd
;s xHkZ fujks/kd fch ds fy;s cktkjksa esa vk x;sA vesfjdk esa MkDVj dkyh peM+h dh
pg. 15
fdkksfj;ksa dks ml le; ls fMiks izkos sjk yxkrs pys vk jgs gSa tc ogk dh ljdkj us bls
Lohd`fr rd ugha nh FkhA blh rjg U;wthySaM ds vkfnokfl;ksa o baxySM
a ds vosrksa dks ;g
lqbZ yxkbZ tk jgh gS] vkSj vc rhljh nqfu;k ds vU; eqYdksa esa bldk izpkj&izlkj fd;k
tk jgk gSA fMiks izkos sjk dh Hkq Hkksxh os lHkh euq; iztkfr;k gSa ftudh la[;k dks lhfer
j[kuk osr uLy dh vxqokbZ cuk, j[kus ds fy;s vko;d gSA
,M~l vkSj d.Mkse dk O;kikj
,M~l dk gYyk epk dj cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa lkFk gh lkFk nskh dEifu;ksa us
Hkh us d.Mkse dk cktkj [kM+k fd;k gS vkSj dbZ lkS djksM+ :i;s dk lkykuk equkQk dek
jgh gSAa gkykafd ,M~l [krjukd chekjh gS vkSj ;kSu lalxZ ds vykok dbZ vU; rjhdksa ls
Hkh bldk izlkj gksrk gSA tSls bUtsDku dh lqbZ }kjk] j ysus ls ,oa ilhus ds lEidZ
}kjkA ijUrq cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dh kg ij ,M~l dks jksdus ds ftu rjhdksa dks T;knk
izpkfjr fd;k tk jgk gS muesa gSa lqjf{kr lEHkksx vkSj d.Mkse dk iz;ksxA MkDVj ykMZ vks
dfyaXl ds vuqlkj ,d ckj ds ;kSu lEidZ ls 0-1&1 izfrkr lqbZ ls 0-5&1 izfrkr] j
p<+k, tkus ls 0-9 izfrkr ,M~l gksus dh lEHkkouk jgrh gSA bl rjg lafer O;f ds
lkFk lEHkksx ;k lqbZ ds bLrseky vkSj j p<+kus ls ,M~l gksus dh cjkcj lEHkkouk,a jgrh
gSAa nsk esa ;kSu lEcU/kksa ds yk;d flQZ 30% yksx gh gSa tks vf/kdrj vius thou lkFkh
ds vykok fdlh vU; ls ;kSu lEidZ ugha cukrsA nwljh rjQ cPps ls ysdj cw<+s rd
bUtsDku dh lqbZ dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vr% bl jkLrs ,M~l QSyus dh lEHkkouk,a cgqr vf/kd
gSAa blds vykok jnku }kjk bl chekjh dk gksuk yxHkx r; gSA vkSj vHkh Hkh gekjs nsk
esa 50 izfrkr ekeyksa esa j fcuk tkap ds gh p<+k fn;s tkrs gSAa Hkkjr esa foksk fLFkfr;kssa
esa mi;qZ nksuksa rjhdksa ls ,M~l izlkj dh T;knk lEHkkoukvksa dks utj vankt dj ;kSu
lEidkasZ dks gh eq[; ftEesnkj ekuuk ifpe dk izHkko vkSj d.Mkse fuekZrk dEifu;ksa dh
igqap dk gh ifj.kke gSA foyklh miHkkskoknh laLd`fr ds bl nkSj esa d.Mkse laLd`fr vkSj
ml dk izpkj fookgskj ;kSu lEcU/kksa dks c<+kdj bl chekjh dh tM+ dks gjk gh cuk;sx
a sA
gekjs nsk esa yxHkx 40 djksM+ :i;s dk d.Mkse nskh dEifu;k vkSj bruk gh
d.Mkse fonskh dEifu;k csp jgh gSAa fonskh d.Mkseksa ds ckjs esa ;g ckr [kkl rkSj ls
mYys[kuh; gS fd 1982 ls gh ljdkj us buds vk;kr ij ls lhek kqYd lEkkIr dj fn;k
Fkk vkSj ml QSlys ds ckn gh nsk dk cktkj fonskh d.Mkseksa ls Hkj x;kA djhc 25&30
,tsfUl;k tkiku] dksfj;k] rkboku] gkaxdkax] FkkbyS.M oxSjk ls d.Mkse Fkksd ds Hkko eaxkrh
vkSj csprh gSAa djhc 20 nskh o 80 fonskh czkM
a ks vFkkZr 100 ls T;knk czkM
a ks esa 100 djksM+
ls T;knk d.Mkse lkykuk fcd jgs gSaA
xHkZ fujks/kd nok,

czkaM
uke
pg. 16
jklk;fud
uke
fuekZrk dEiuh D;k gS
dSls dke
djrk gS
leL;k;sa
Hkkjr esa
iz;ksx dk
Lrj
usV bu LVhjkW;M
ukjsfFkLVsku
,uUFksV
laysfkr
izkt
s sLVsjku
ksfjax ,- thteZuh
nks eghus
esa fn;k
tkus
okyk gSA
bUtSDku
fi;wk
xzfUFk ds
gkeksZu dks
jksdrk ;g
v.Mk
idus vkSj
v.MksRlxZ
dks jksdrk
gSA
Msiks
izksojs k
fMik
eSMjkSDlh
izkt
s sLVsjkWu
,flVsV
vitkWu
dEiuh
;w-,l-,
gj nks
eghuksa esa
ekal
isfk;ksa esa
fn;k tkus
okyk
bUtsDku
ekyk
Mh
de ek=k dh vuqiyC/k
,LVksu o
izkt
s sLVku dh
xksfy;k
v.MksRlxZ
jksdrk gSA
xzzho
ysek dks
kqk.kq
xzg.k
djus ls
jksdrk
gS] xHkkZk;
dh Bgjus
ds nhokjksa
dks xHkZ
vuqi;q
cukrk gSA
v.MksRlxZ
dks jksdrk
gSA
xHkkZk;
dh
nhokjsa xHkZ
BgjusgSAa
ds
vuqi;q
cukrh gSA
pg. 17
[kkus dh
xksfy;
fcuk
tkudkjh
ds ;g
batsDku
fn;k tk
ldrk gSA
bldk
nqizHkko
ugh [kRe
gks ldrk
gS
ekgokjh
p esa
nksk iSnk
djrk gSA
dSalj]
jpki
tSlh
chekfj;k
iSnk
djrk gSA
pkSFkk
pj.k
lekIr gks
pqdk gS
kgjksa esa
bLrseky
ds fy;s
rS;kj
lHkh
nqizHkko
tks nwljs
d`f=e
gkeksZu ls
gksrs
fu;fer
lsou u
djus ls
vlj ugha
jgrkA
fcuk
MkDVj dh
iphZ ds
cktkj ls
[kjhnh tk
ldrh gSA
izfrcfU/kr
ekdsZV
fujh{k.k
ds ckn
cktkj esa
ykus dh
vuqefr
fey x;h
gSA
vkj- ;w- izkLs VkXykfUMu gks,LV ,- th- [kkus dh

496
gkeksZu
teZuh
xksfy;k
:lSy
;wDySQ
vuqiyC/k
Cktkj esa
miyC/k
Ukj
IykaV
fyok
ukjtsLVky]
d`f=e
izkt
s sLVku
gkeksZu
lgsyh
lsaVks dkseu
lh- Mh-vkj[kkus dh
xSj gkeksZfud vkbZ- y[ku xksfy;k
jlk;u
dh [kkst vkSj
fgUnqLrku
ySVsDl dk
mRiknu
vuqiyC/k
iztuu
jks/kd
Vhdk
,aVh g;weu
dkfj;kfud
Vhdk
xHkkZ/kku
vuqiyC/k iz;ksx dk
ds f[kykQ
igyk
izfrjks/kd
pj.k
{kerk
pg. 18
fy;jkt
bUtsDku vuqiyC/k
QkekZL;qfVdy]
fQu yS.M
}kjk
fufeZr
49 fnuksa
ds ckn
ysus ls
xHkZikr
ugha gksrk
o cPpk
fodykax
iSnk gks
ldrk gSA
ekl
isfk;k
<hyh iM+
tkrh gSA
egkokjh
xM+cM+k
tkrh gSA
csgkskh
vkus
yxrh gSA
a
flj
pdjkuk
ikpu dh
leL;k,a
uskuy
baLVhV~;Vw
vkQ
bE;wuksykth
Vhdk
vuqiyC/k
cktkj esa
MkDVj
dh lykg
ij
miyC/k
ubZ fnYyh
fodflr
djrk gS
eq ;kSu dh laLd`fr vkSj mls d.Mkse }kjk lqj{kk dop iguk dj izpkfjr
djus ls ;qokvksa dh mtkZ dk izokg fdl fnkk esa eksM+ fn;k x;k gS ;g vyx ls ,d cgqr
gh xEHkhj loky gSA
fLeFkykbu chpe dEiuh dk [krjukd Vhdk
cPpksa dh xys dh chekjh eEil dh jksdFkke ds fy;s ^;wjsc LVsu^ ds Vhds
ds Hk;kud nqizHkkoksa dks ns[krs gq, tkiku] dukMk vkSj baXyS.M us blds bLrseky ij jksd
yxk nh gSA dukMk vkSj baXyS.M ds MkDVjksa ds eqrkfcd ;wjcs Vhdk yxkus ds ckn cPpksa esa
fnekxh cq[kkj vkSj fnekx dh ijh ijr rFkk es: jTtw ij lwtu dk vlj ik;k x;kA
ijUrq Hkkjr ljdkj bu lcls cs[kcj gS ;k cgqjkVh; dEiuh dk izHkko gS fd vkt Hkh ;g
Vhdk xkaoksas esa cM+s iSekus ij bLrseky fd;k tk jgk gSA ;|fi fLeFkykbu chpe dEiuh us
bl Vhds dk mRiknu cUn djuk r; dj fy;k gS ijUrq Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa bl Vhds
dk Hkkjh LVkd tek gS vkSj ljdkj mldk mi;ksx tkjh j[ks gq, gSA
[krjukd VwFkisLV
xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; }kjk rS;kj fd;s x;s ,d v/;;u esa bl ckr ij xEHkhj
vlarksk O; fd;k x;k fd cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds xSax us fdl izdkj nok vkSj dkLesfVd
,DV&1992 dh /kfTTk;k mM+k nhA bl dkuwu esa yksjkbM feys gq, VwFkisLVksa dh fch ij
dqN ikcfUn;k yxk nh x;h FkhaA jkVh; is;ty vk;ksx }kjk rS;kj fd;s x;s bl nLrkost
esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa yksjksfll uked chekjh ftlesa gfM~M;k detksj gks tkrh gS]a nkar fxj
tkrs gSa ds f[kykQ yM+ jgs LokLF; dfeZ;ksa ,oa vU; fokskKksa dks lpsr fd;k x;k gSA 90
ist ds bl nLrkost esa dgk x;k gS fd yksjksfll uked chekjh mu {ks=ksa esa vf/kd gksrh
gS tgk is;ty esa yksjkbM dh ek=k vf/kd gksrh gSA
1945 ds nok vkSj dkLesfVd dkuwu esa lakks/ku djrs gq, cuk, x;s ^nok vkSj
dkLesfVd ,DV& 1992^ ds ykxw gksus ls igys gh ljdkj ,d xtV uksVhfQdsku }kjk
VwFkisLV fuekZrkvksa ds fy;s rhu krksZa dh lwph cuk pqdh FkhA igyh] dksbZ Hkh VwFkisLV esa
yksjkbM dh ek=k 1000 ih- ih- ,e- ikVZ ij fefy;u ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg;s nwljs]
izR;sd VwFkisLV fMCcs ij cukus vkSj vuqi;ksxh gksus dh rkjh[ksa lqLiV fy[kh tkuh pkfg,A
rhljs] izR;sd VwFkisLV V~;cw ij ;g psrkouh fy[kh gksuh pkfg, fd 7 okZ ls de ds cPps
yksjkbM ;q VwFkisLV dk bLrseky ugha djsx
a sA ijUrq ;g uksVhfQdsku tc tkjh gqvk rks
blesa cPpksa dh psrkouh okyh krZ gh xk;c gks x;hA nLrkost dh lEiknd vky bf.M;k
baLVhV~;Vw vkQ esfMdy lkbalt
s dh Mk- ,- ds- lqkhyk us crk;k fd ,slk VwFkisLV fuekZrk
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds ncko eas fd;k x;kA D;ksfa d ;s dEifu;k pkgrh Fkh fd Hkkjrh;
pg. 19
ljdkj dksbZ dM+k :[k u viuk;s] vU;Fkk lkjs fodklkhy nskksa dh ljdkjsa bl rjg dk
dkuwu cuk nsx
a h vkSj cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dk vjcksa :i;s dk dkjksckj lekIr gks tk;sxkA
Mk- lqkhyk us ,d [kkeh dh vksj vkSj bkkjk fd;kA mUgksaus dgk fd cgqjkVh; dEifu;k
;g rks fy[k nsrh gSa fd fuekZ.k ds le; VwFkisLV eas 1000 ih- ih- ,e- ls de yksjkbM
feyk;k x;k gS] ijUrq ftu dPps eky dk bLrseky VwFkisLV cukus esas gksrk gS mlesa Lo;a
dHkh&dHkh bl lhek ls T;knk yksjkbM gksrk gSA fokskKksa us fQj ekax dh gS fd nok vkSj
dkLesfVd ,DV & 92 esa Hkh bl fnkk esa lakks/ku gksus pkfg;sA
D;k VwFkisLV esa yksjkbM feyk;k tkuk pkfg,] bl ij fiNys okksZa ls yxkrkj
cgl pyrh jgh gSA D;ksfa d yksjksfll uked chekjh dk dksbZ bykt ugha gS vkSj bls dsoy
yksjkbM dh ek=k ls fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu isLV fuekZrk dEifu;ksa ij D;k
vlj iM+rk gSA mUgsa rks vf/kd ls vf/kd equkQs ls erycA
cwpM [kkus ls [kwu vkSj gfM~M;k nok dEifu;k ys tkrh gSa
fnYyh ds bZnxkg cwpM+[kkus ls jkstkuk fudyus okyk 13 gtkj yhVj [kwu
cM+h&cM+h nok dEifu;k VkWfud cukus ds fy;s ys tkrh gSAa [kklrkSj ij xHkZorh efgykvksa
ds fy;s ikqvksa ds [kwu ls cuus okyk ^MsDlksjat
s ^ VkWfud cgqr yksdfiz; gSA [kwu gh ugha]
dkVs x;s ikqvksa ds rdjhcu gj vax dk bLrseky VwFkisLV] ljsl] Qsohdksy] phuh ds cjru]
luekbdk] balfw yu bUtsDa ku vkfn cukus esa gksrk gSA cwpM+ [kkus esa lc tkuojksa dk feyk
tqyk [kwu bdV~Bk fd;k tkrk gSAa blds ckotwn nok cukus okyh dEifu;ksa dks [kwu dh
deh iM+rh jgrh gSA
[kwu ds lkFk&lkFk ckdh vaxks dk bLrseky Hkh nokbZ vkSj dbZ nwljh phtsa cukus
esa fd;k tkrk gSA budh gfM~M;ksa dks tykdj mldk ikmMj VwFkisLV] phuh ds crZu vkSj
luekbdk cukusa esa bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA yCck dysth ds fiks ds ikl dk VqdMk dk
bLrseky cjukSy V~;wc cukus vkSj balqfyu bUtsDku esa gksrk gSA gkstM+h tkuojksa ds isV dh
FkSyh ftlesa [kkuk tek gksrk gS ls isiVwu cuk;k tkrk gSA tkuojksa dk yhoj Hkh VkWfud
vkSj bUtsDku cukus esa bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA
ePNj ekj nok,a ?kkrd gSa
,d rjQk tgk vuql/a kkudrkZ ePNjksa ls eqf ds fy;s ijskku gSa ogha nwljh rjQ cgqjkVh;
m|ksx ePNj Hkxkus okyh nok,a vkSj vU; midj.k dkQh cMs+ iSekus ij cukus esa yxs gq,
gSAa ePNjekj nokvksa vkSj midj.kksa dks cM+s iSekus ij mRikfnr] foKkfir vkSj fch fd;k
tk jgk gSA djksMk+ sa vjcksa MkWyj dk budk dkjksckj gks x;k gS midj.kksa vkSj nokvksa ls
ePNj rks Hkkxrs gSa ijUrq ekuo LokLFk ij budk xEHkhj vlj iMrk gSA
fiNys fnuksa foo LokLF; laxBu us crk;k fd ePNjksa ls cpus ds fy;s fudyh
vf/kdrj nokvksa esa esYQkshu uked jlk;u gksrk gS tks fnekx vkSj kjhj ds fy;s ?kkrd
gks ldrk gSA gekjs nsk esa ePNjekj nokvksa esa dqN ,sls dhVukkdksa dk iz;ksx gks jgk gS
pg. 20
tks vU; nskksa esa izfrcfU/kr gSAa blh dkj.k fuekZrk dEifu;k dhVukkd mRiknksa dh lajpuk
dh tkudkjh dk [kqyklk Hkh ugha djrhaA
cktkj eas fcd jgs bu ePNjekj czkM
a +ks esa fokSys jlk;u ^Mh&,Fkhyhu^ dk
bLrseky fd;k tk jgk gS ftlds yxkrkj mi;ksx ls LokLF; ds fy;s [krjk iSnk gks ldrk
gSA LokLF; fokskKksa ds vuqlkj fctyh ls pyus okys midj.kksa esa tks /kqvk fudyrk gS
mlesa QkslQhu uked xSl ls fljnnZ] ,ythZ] ukd esa [kqdh] gksBksa dk lw[kuk] xys esa [kjkk
oxSjk gks tkrh gSA blds yxkrkj iz;ksx ls ne ?kqVus vkSj lkl :dus dh fLFkfr cu tkrh
gS tks fny vkSj nek ds ejhtksa ds fy;s ?kkrd gks ldrh gSA
vf/kdkak LokLF; fokskK lcls T;knk fpafrr rks mu cPPkksa ds fy;s gSa ftUgsa
tUe ls ePNj ekj nokvksa dks >syuk iM+rk gSA T;knkrj ek&cki vius cPpksa ds fudV
dNqvk Nki] dSLij ;k xqM ukbV tyk nsrs gSa rkfd mUgsa ePNj u yxsA cPps T;knk rhoz
xfr ls lkal ysrs gSa blfy;s ;g /kqavk T;knk rsth ls cPpksa ds QsQMksa esa tkrk gSA vkSj cPps
chekfj;ksa dk fkdkj gks tkrs gSaA ;g /kqavk xHkZorh efgykvksa ij Hkh izHkko Mkyrk gS] ftlds
izHkko ls eancqf) ;k fodykax cPps iSnk gks ldrs gSaA LokLF; fokskKksa us ePNjekj he dks
Hkh gkfudkjd crk;k gSA bu heksa esa ,sls inkFkZ feyk;s tkrs gSa ftudh [kqkcw ls ePNj nwj
Hkkxrs gSaA bl he ls Ropk ij >qfjZ;k iM+ ldrh gSaA Ropk ij gYds&gYds nkus o [kkfjk
gks ldrh gSA
bu nokb;ksa ds LFkku ij lqjf{kr fof/k;ksa dk yksxksa dks Kku djk;k tkuk cgqr
t:jh gSA ePNjnkuh lcls lLrk o lqjf{kr rjhdk gSA ePNjksa dk iztuu :ds gq, ikuh esa
gksrk gSA blhfy;s jgus ds LFkkuksa ij ikuh dk teko ugha gksuk pkfg;sA
pg. 21
vuko;d nokvksa o xSj&t:jh VkWfudksa dk mRiknu

Hkkjr ikjjkVh; fuxeksa }kjk izfrcaf/kr vuko;d vkSj uqdlkunsg nokvksa dks
[kikus dk cgqr cM+k cktkj jgk gSA nsk dh tyok;q vkSj ;gk QSyus okys fofHk jksxksa ds
eqrkfcd bUgksaus dHkh Hkh nokvksa dk fuekZ.k ugha fd;kA Hkkjr esa eq[; :i ls Vh-ch-] dqB
jksx] vka=Toj] isfpl] Qkbysfj;k ds ejht vkf/kd gSAa bl le; cktkj esa 50 ls 60 gtkj
izdkj ds QkeZwys ku miyC/k gSAa ysfdu foMEcuk gS fd Vh-ch] eysfj;k] isfpl rFkk Qkbysfj;k
tSls jksxksa dh nokvksa dh cktkj esa deh gSA gkFkh desVh us viuh fjiksVZ esa dgk Fkk fd 117
;k 150 nok, gh vR;ko;d gSa tks 89&90 izfrkr yksxksa dh jksx ds O;kf/k esa dke vkrh
gSAa foo LokLF; laxBu dh ,d fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd Hkkjr esa izpfyr jksxksa ds bykt ds
fy, ek= 250 nokvksa dh t:jr gSa ewy mRiknku tks O;kid iSekus ij nokvksa dh t:jrksa
dks iwjk djrk gS] og cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa }kjk cgqr gh de rS;kj fd;k tkrk jgk gS] ;gk
rd dh y?kq {ks= ls Hkh deA lu~ 1973 esa bl nsk esa 5]300 Vu ewy jlk;u cYd dk
mRiknu gqvk] buesa ls ek= 10 izfrkr dk mRiknu lk/ku lEi VsDukWykth ds ek/;e ls
bu fonskh vkSj cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa us fd;k FkkA ckdh 90 izfrkr dk mRiknu Hkkjrh;
turk vkSj futh laLFkkvksa us fd;k FkkA jkVh; {ks= eaas 33 izfrkr mRiknu gqvkA uhps ds
vkdMs+ bls vkSj Hkh LiV djrs gSaA
ewy jlk;u dk mRiknu fofHk {ks=ksa ds }kjk
{ks=
lkoZtfud {ks=
Hkkjrh; futh {ks=
y?kq {ks=
cgqjkVh;
dEifu;k
Qsjk ,Dl ,oa
Qsjk nksuksa
1976&77
43
25
10
#i;s&djksM+ esa
1983&84
1992&93
61
102
155
840
74
330
63
65
84
lzkrs % gkFkh desVh Vw 1978 Mx ikWfylhA , tuhZ bu fjolZ MkbjsDkuA ts- ,l- etwenkj
uskuy dEisu dfeVh Qkj Mx ikWfylh] jktsUnz uxj] }kjk izdkfkr rFkk Mx ,Dku
usVodZ ds lzksrksa lsA
bl ckr esa fdlh lansg dh xqatkbk ugha fd fonskh cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa us nok
m|ksx ij viuk ,dkf/kdkj LFkkfir djus ,oa csrgkkk equkQk dekus dh uh;r ls lewps
pg. 22
uSfrd ekunaMks] jkVh; dkuwuksa vkSj ok;nksa dks rksM+k gSA Hkkjr lesr xjhc eqYdksa dks bu
dEifu;ksa us viuh tkxhj cuk j[kk gSA gekjs nsk esa ftu jksxksa dh cgqyrk gS vkSj muds
bykt ds fy;s nok, vko;d gSa mudk mRiknu ;s dEifu;k vius Qk;ns dh xf.kr lgh
djus ds fy;s u ds cjkcj djrh gSAa blds cnys ;s ,slh nokvksa vkSj VkWfudksa dk mRiknu
djrh gSa tks xSj&t:jh gksrh gSAa ysfdu ftlesa equkQs dk izfrkr vis{kkd`r cgqt T;knk
gksrk gSA uhps fn;s x;s vkdM+kas ls ;g ckr LiV gks tkrh gSA
nok dk uke
dEiuh dk uke Vuqeksfnr mRiknu 1973 ds okZ esa
kf
mRiknu
DyksjeQsfudky 1- ikdZ Msfol 20 Vu
11-79 Vu
fe;knh cq[kkj 2- cks;fjaxj uy 30 Vu
19-58 Vu
dh nok
3eSd 25 Vu
0-47 Vu
yscksjsVjht
lYQkfMfefMu 1- es- ,.M csdj 210 Vu
0-04 Vu
iSl
120 Vu
56-06 Vu
Vh- ch- dh
300 Vu
135-82 Vu
nok
vkb- ,u- ,p- 1- ck;ks bokal 10 Vu
0-13 Vu
Vh- ch- dh 2okuZj 1-6 Vu
0-06 Vu
nok
fgUnqLrku
90-0 Vu
6-24 Vu
lzkrs % feFk ,.M fj;fyVh vkWQ Mx baMLVh Hkkjrh; nok m|ksx ij cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa
dh dkyh Nk;k& MkW- lej jk; pkS/kjh ds i`B la[;k 24 ls mn~/k`r
gkFkh desVh us viuh fjiksVZ esa dgk gS& Hkkjr ljdkj dk funsZk Fkk fd ftu
dEifu;ksa dk okfkZd mRiknu dk fo; ewY; 2 djksM+ :i;s ls vf/kd gS] os vxj ekSfyd
jlk;u dk mRiknu ugha djsa rks mUgsa u;h mi;ksxh nokvksa dks rS;kj djus dh btktr ugha
nh tk;sxh] ysfdu vusd fonskh ,oa cgqjkVh; izfrBku ps ewY; esa ewy jlk;u dk vk;kr
dj QkeZwysku rS;kj dj jgsa gSa vkSj bl rjg os ljdkjh funsZkksa dk mYya?ku dj jgs gSAa
ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjrh; ;wfuVsa ekjh tk jgh gSAa 66 cgqjkVh; ;wfuVksa esa es ek= 19 izfrBkuksa
us lu~ 1973 eas ewy jlk;u dk mRiknu fd;k gSA
Hkkjr tSls xjhc eqYd esa tgk vkt Hkh 60 Qhlnh ls vf/kd yksx xjhch dh
js[kk ds uhps th jgs gksa chekfj;ksa dk ,d eq[; dkj.k dqiksk.k gqvk djrk gSA blfy,
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa us bldk [kwc Qk;nk mBk;kA foVkfeu vkSj izkVs hu;q dSIlwyksa] VSCysVksa
rFkk VkWfud lhji rS;kj djds cktkj easa >ksd
a fn;kA ysfdu vlfy;r ;g Fkh fd bUgksua s
ftruk foVkfeu vkSj izkVs hu ugha fn;k mlls vf/kd [kwu xjhcksa dh gfM~M;ksa ls fupksM+
fy;kA uhps ds vkdM+s crkrs gSa &
pg. 23
uke
izksVhu dh ek=k
ewY; yksdy
VSDl vykok
izksVhU;wYl vysfEcd
90 xzke 225 xzke Vhu esa 27-83 :i;s
izkseksykWu lkjk HkkbZ
VksQkWDl jSIVkdkl
ghizks fyfOdM vesfjdu 13 xzke 200 feyh- esa
19-90
jseM
s ht
,YizksfoV ,Yde
13 xzke 200 feyh- esa
17-60 :i;s
lzkrs % Mx baMLVh ,.M n bafM;u ihiqy iqLrd esa MkWDVj oh- czg~e jsM~Mh ds ys[k
bu,lsUly ,.M ;wtysl MXl bu n ekdsZV ls lkHkkjA
,d o;Ld O;f 60 fdyksxzke otu dks 60 xzke izfrfnu ds fglkc ls izkVs hu
dh t:jr iM+rh gSA ,d cPps 10 fdyks dks 30&40 xzae izkVs hu izfrfnu pkfg,A bl rjg
;fn ,d cPps dks mfPkr ek=k esa izkVs hu fn;k tk; rks izkVs hU;wy 225 xzke Vhu okyh dk
fMCck dsoy rhu fnu pysxk vkSj bl izdkj izfrfnu dk [kpZ 10 :i;k gksxkA vxj izkVs hu
dk fyfOdM fn;k tk;s rks nks cksry ls vf/kd jkst nsuk gksxk ftldh dher 35&50 :i;s
gksxhA tcfd bldk ,d fodYi rS;kj fd;k x;k gS ftls gSnjkckn QkeZwyk dgk tkrk gS
ts- bZ- ikVZ ds ,l- ih- ,e- ds VsDLV cqd ls fy;k x;k gSA
rRo
ek=k
dher
xsgw
400 xzke
2-00 :i;s
caxkyh puk
160 xzke
1-00 :i;s
ewxQyh
100 xzke
0-80 :i;s
rkM+ xqM+ ;k kj
200 xzke
1-00 :i;s
dqy ;ksx
860 xzke
4-80 :i;s
lzkrs % Mx b.MLVh ,.M n bf.M;u ihiqy ds i`B la[;k 118 ls
blesa dqy izkVs hu dh ek=k 113 xzke gksxhA ;fn ;g ,d cPps dks fn;k tk;s
rks izfrfnu dk [kpZ 1 :i;s] 25 iSls iMsx
+ k tc fd izkVs hu fyfOdM dk [kpZ izfrfnu 35
:i;s iMs+xkA gSnjkckn ikmMj esa Hkjiwj foVkfeu] izkVs hu ,oa vU; ikskd rRo gksaxs] gk] ;g
pepekrs [kksy eas ughaa yisVk gksxk vkSj u gh blds ihNs foKkiu ,oa izpkj dh vkked
,oa fgald rduhd gh dke dj jgh gksxhA ysfdu pepekrh iSfdax ls rks foVkfeu vkSj
vU; ikskd rRo feyrs ughaA
blh rjg XySDlks dEiuh 200 xzke ds Xywdkst ds fMCcs ij yxHkx 10&12
:i;s olwyrh gS] bl rjg 1 fdyks ds fMCcs dk nke 50 :i;s gqvkA bldk lsou detksjh]
isfpl] fMgkbMsku] bUQsfDVo gsikVkbfVl esa fd;k tkrk gSA bu jksxksa esa ejht dks
pg. 24
dkcksZgkbMsV dh t:jr i+rh gSA 250 xzke phuh esa 1000 xzke dSyksjh ds cjkcj dkcksZgkbMsV
izkIr gksrk gS ftldh dher vkt c<s+ gq, nke ij Hkh pkj :i;s gqbZA tcfd bruh dSyksjh
ds fy, yxHkx 14 :i;s dk Xywdkst ysuk iM+rk gSA XySDlks dk nkok gS fd ;g Xywdkst
ek= 15 feuV esa kjhj ds Hkhrj tkZ esa rCnhy gks tkrk gS] ysfdu brus gh le; esa phuh
Hkh tkZ dk :i ys ysrh gSA bl rjg ;fn gekjk dke phuh ls py ldrk gS rks gesa dbZ
xquk vf/kd nke nsdj XySDlks dEiuh ds Qk;ns esa btkQk D;ksa djuk pkfg,A
blh izdkj foVkfeu ch-1] ch-6] ch-12 tks U;jksfc;ku] bZ- eVZ] eskcsfju XySDlks
tSls reke izpfyr ukeksa ls curh vkSj fcdrh gS]a xSjt:jh gSaA felky ds rkSj ij 100
feyhxzke ds batsDku esa kjhj foVkfeu ch-1 dh dsoy 1 ;k 2 feyhxzke] brus gh ds ch-6
ds batsDku esa kjhj 1 xzke rFkk 1]000 feyhlsaVhxzke ds ch-12 ds batsDku esa kjhj dsoy
2 ;k rhu feyh lsaVhxzke gh Lohdkj djrh gS] ckdh iskkc ds lkFk ckgj fudy tkrk gSA
MkWDVjksa dk dguk gS fd foVkfeu ch-12 dh deh rks izk;% ns[kus dks feyrh gh ughaA ysfdu
cgqjkVh; dEifu;k budk vU/kk/kqU/k fuekZ.k djrh gSAa
Le`fr c<+kus ;k okil ykus] ekufld lUrqyu dks Bhd djus rFkk bl rjg dh
vU; chekfj;ksa ds fy, cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa us bUlsQkckWy bZ-edZ] gkbMjfxo lUMkst tSls
cgqr egxs VSCysVksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k gS ftudh jkst dh [kqjkd ij 15&20 :i;s [kpZ gksrs
gSAa ysfdu vf/kdkak MkWDVj ;g c[kwch tkurs gSa fd [kksbZ gqbZ ;knnkr dks okil ykSVkus ds
fy, ;s lkjh nokb;k fdlh Qk;ns dh ugha gS]a ysfdu ;g bu dEifu;ksa dh djkekr gS fd
budh vPNh&[kklh fch gksrh gSA jko dks jksdus ds fy, cuh fLVIVksfc;ku bZ- edZ
,oa LVsIVkskWe MkfYQu nokvksa dk Hkh jko dks jksdus esa dksbZ mi;ksx ugha gSA blh
rjg nnZukkd nokvksa tSls ,fLifju] ,Lizk]s dksMkik;fju] ekbksikbfju blh ds lkFk vkfn
dk Hkh iz;ksx mfpr ugha gksrkA ewyr% ;s uks dh xksfy;k gksrh gSa vkSj budk mi;ksx
uqdlkunk;d gksrk gSA blh dkj.k ls ;s dbZ nskksa esa izfrcaf/kr gSaA blh rjg ds reke
lhji] VkWfud] ch- dkEiysDl lhji] ikpd VkWfud vkfn xSj t:jh nok, gSa tks cgqjkVh;
dEifu;ksa }kjk Hkkjh iSekus ij rS;kj dh vkSj csph tkrh gSaA ,d losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj ljdkjh
vLirkyksa dks NksM+dj 1973 esa ftruh nok, cktkj esa fcdha] muesa VkWfudksa vkSj ikSfVd
nokvksa dk LFkku NBk FkkA equkQs ds Qans esa Qal dj ge ;g Hkh Hkwy x, fd vk/ks isV
vFkok Hkw[ks vkneh dks VkWfud ds lgkjs ftUnk ugha j[kk tk ldrk] Hkys gh og VkWfud cgqr
gh LokfnV] dherh] lqxfa /kr vkSj ns[kus esa lqUnj D;ksa u gksA fcdklqy] fcdkstkbe QksVZ]
ysMkjIysDl bR;knh foVkfeu lksus ds Hkko fcd jgs gSa ftUgs ge crZu&HkkaMs cspdj Hkh [kjhnus
ds fy, etwcj gksrs gSaA
yksxksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd VkWfud dk lsou djus ls vkneh LoLFk gks tkrk
gSA ;g rF; iw.kZr;k Hkzked gSA oLrqr% ,d LoLFk kjhj ds fy, VkWfud dh dksbZ vko;drk
ugha gSA ysfdu vktdy VkWfud dk lsou ,d QSku dh rjg gks x;k gSA VkWfud ds uke
ij cgqjkVh; dEifu;k gesa CySdesy dj jgh gSAa ,d cgqr mke fdLe ds VkWfud ds nke
ds nlosa fgLls ls Hkh de ewY; ds larqfyr vkgkj ls dgha T;knk ikskd rRo izkIr gks tkrs
gSAa vkerkSj ij VkWfud esa ik;s tkus okys rRo cgqr de ek=k esa kjhj ds fy, vko;d
pg. 25
gksrs gSa vkSj mudk vlj nks ;k rhu ?kaVs rd gh jgrk gSA vr% vf/kd ek=k esa VkWafud ysus
ls og lkjs vko;d rRo kjhj }kjk xzg.k gksus ds ctk; ey ,oa ew= ds lkFk fudy tkrs
gSAa vkerkSj ls lHkh VkWfudksa esa dqN foVkfeu] [kfut] bUtkbe vkSj vYdksgy gksrk gSA ;s
lHkh phtsa izd`fr ds lzkrs ksa tSls nw/k] puk] v.Mk] Qyksa rFkk gjh lfCt;ksa esa cgqrk;r ls
feyrs gSAa izkd`frd lzkrs ksa ls izkIr vko;d rRo ekuo kjhj esa vokksfkr gks tkrs gSa rFkk
nke dh n`fV ls Hkh lLrs iMrs gSAa ysfdu izpkj rFkk Hkzkediw.kZ c;kuckth ls cgqjkVh;
dEifu;k 500 djksM+ :i;s lkykuk dsoy VkWfud ls dekrh gSAa bl rjg ;s dEifu;k VkWfud
ds uke ij gesa cgdk dj gekjk kksk.k dj jgh gSAa xSj&t:jh rFkk vkdkZd ukeksa ls
VkWfud cukdj bUgksua s gekjs tkZ rFkk vko;d ikskd rRoksa ds ijEijkxr lzkrs ksa dks xkS.k
cuk fn;k vkSj iwjs Hkkjr esa VkWfud laLd`fr QSyk;h gSA izpkj dh pdkpkS/a k esa va/kk gqvk
Hkkjrh; eku cSBk gS fd tks cPpk xzkbiokVj] cwLV] gsi gkfyZDl vkSj dkEIyku ugha fi;sxk
og eksVk&rktk ugha gks ldrkA vkxs nh x;h lwph esa cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa }kjk cuk;s x;s
VkWfudksa dh yEch QsgfjLr rFkk muds ijEijkxr izkd`frd ,oa vk;qosZfnd fodYi lq>k;s x;s
gSAa
VkWfud dk uke
1- cwLV
2-- gkfyZDl
3- dkEiykWu
4- LiVZ
5- izksVhusDl
6- cksuZfoVk
7- lsUVhfouh
8- chdkMsDlkehu
9- ch- th- Qkl
10- ikfyfo;ku
11- izSfDVu
12- izkUs ;wVhu
13- uohZVksu
14- ehVkVksu
15- U;wjksQkLQsV~l
16- vkfeYdky
17- flYVku
18- dkbusVksu
19- lkbiku lhji
pg. 26
tkZ rFkk kf nsus okys VkWfud

dEiuh dk uke
fodYi
cwLV
buds ?kjsyw lzkrs nw/k] puk] tkS]
v.Mk] Qy ,oa lfCt;k gSAa
chpe xzqi
larqfyr vkgkj ysus ds ipkr~
chpe xqzi
budh dksbZ vko;drk gksus
okbUMj
ij P;ouizkk dk lsou fd;k
Qkbtj
tk ldrk gSA
dSMcjht
foVkfeu ;q VkWfud
lUMkst
;s VkWfud Hkw[k c<+kus] Hkkstu
ipkus rFkk foVkfeuksa dh deh
XySDlks
ls gksus okys jksxkas esa iz;q gksrs
esfjUM
gSAa Hkw[k c<+kus okys ;s VkWfud
edZ
vlgt <ax ls kjhj dh
esfjUM
raf=dk ra= ij izHkko
lh-,Q-,y-QkekZ
Mkydj kjhj esa fod`fr;k iSnk
,ysfEcd
dj nsrs gSAa lHkh izdkj ds
ikdZ Msfol
foVkfeuksa dk vPNk lzk=
s nw/k]
,LdsQ
gjh lfCt;k] ngh] VekVj]
fxYVu
uhacw] gjk fepkZ] ?kh
M~;wQj
vkWoyk] iihrk] xktj rFkk
cwV~l
fofHk Qy gSAa
foksk
thuh
20- U;wVhfQy
21- ,EcsfyDl
22- ekfoZVk
23- vksjgsIVky
24- flDlki
25- chVkgsDLV
26- chVkIysDl
bfyfDlj
27- tsfuV
28- chdklwy
ckuZj
es ,.M csdj
QkEMZ
edZ
Sadks bf.M;u
gsDLV
bZLV bf.M;k
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa nzk{kklo]

vaxwjklo]
voxa/kkfjB]
fladkjk] tsjh QksVZ lhji vkfn
vk;qosZfnd VkWfud fy;s tk
ldrs gSaA blds
vfrfjDr gksE;ksiSfFkd] ;wukuh
esas Hkh csgrj fodYi fey
tk;sx
a sA
LdsQ
ykSg ;q VkWfud
293031323334353637383940414243444546474849-
pg. 27
,fuehMkDl
MselksjsUt
vkVhu
ohukstsu
dsIlksfoVQksVZ
M~;wekL;wYl
QlhZ
QsjksZfpysV
QfoZV
QhtksQksjstM
QhtksfoVLiSUL;wy
QhyksusV ch
ghesfVu
gsEQj
ghikL;wYl
vkboky
beQjky
tSDVksQj
fyokstsu
VksuksQksjku
gsi
edZ
Sadks bf.M;u
lk;ukfeM
jSyhl
QkEMZ
Qkbtj
,Ydse
vYoVZ MsfoM
okYVj cqkuSy
bLdsQkekZ
bLdsQkekZ
,ysfEcd
lUMkst
,Ydse
ck;ykftdy ^b^
,ckV
jSyhl
lh- ,Q- ,y- QkekZ
,ysu cjhl
bZLV bf.M;k
Y;qfiu
;s VkWfud jkYirk ,uhfe;k

esa iz;q gksrs gSaA mfpr ek=k
esa nw/k] lsc] gjh lfCt;k] xs
dk jl] xqM+] vkoyk rFkk
ikyd dk lkx lsou djus ls
,uhfe;k dh dksbZ lEHkkouk
ugha jgrh rFkk bu VkWfudksa
ds gkfudkjd izHkko ls cpk
tk ldrk gSA foksk
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ykSgklo dk
lsou
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vkfFkZd nksgu
vktknh ds ckn [kkldj nokvksa ds {ks= esa cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dks U;ksrus ds
ihNs tks mn~ns; Fkk og ,d lky ds vUnj pdukpwj gks x;kA nsk ds djksM+ksa ejhtksa ds
fy;s i;kZIr nokvksa dh iwfrZ rks gks gh ugha ldh] myVs ,d okZ dh vof/k 1951&52 ds
nkSjku Hkkjr dks 15-6 djksM+ :i;s ds ewY; ds cjkcj nok;sa vk;kr djuh iM+hAa bl xjhc
nsk dh turk dh tsc ls djksMk+ &
sa vjcksa :i;k jkW;YVh ds uke ij bu cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa
ds tfj;s fonsk pyk tkrk gSA lkFk gh lkFk bu cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dh equkQs dh jkfk
lky&nj&lky c<+rh xbZA uhps lkj.kh ls LiV gS &
dEiuh
LFkkfir
Qkbtj
1950
cs;j bf.M;k 1958

XySDlks
1924
lkbukfeM
1947
jl
izkM
s DVl
fjpMZ
fgUnqLrku
1958
1964
lsaMkst
1947
vydyh
dsfedy
lhck
1937
1947
izkFkfed ewy/ku equkQk

a1972&73
2 yk[k :i;s 585
yk[k
:i;s
4
232
yk[k
:i;s
&
287
yk[k
:i;s
1-50
394
yk[k
:i;s
10-00
175
yk[k
:i;s
0-02
50 yk[k :i;s
2 gtkj :i;s
10
yk[k 117
:i;s
:i;s
&
248
:i;s
3
196
:i;s
2]294
:i;s
yk[k
yk[k
yk[k
yk[k
lzkrs % feFk ,.M fj;fyVh vkWQ Mx baMLVh

lkj.kh ls LiV gS fd Qkbtj vesfjdh cgqjkVh; dEiuh us lu~ 1950 esa ek=
nks yk[k :i;s dh iwth ls Hkkjr esa nok dk dkjksckj kq: fd;k Fkk vkSj 22 osa okZ 1972&73
pg. 28
esa 585 yk[k :i;s dk kq) equkQk dek;kA 23 okksZa esa ewy/ku dh rqyuk esa 293 xquk dk
equkQk ;kuh 29 gtkj Qhlnh ls vf/kd dk equkQkA blh rjg ls vU; dEifu;ksa dk gSA
dqy 9 dEifu;ksa dk izkFkfed ewy/ku 30 yk[k 51 gtkj :i;s jgk vkSj budk equkQk 2]294
yk[k :i;s 23 djksM+A ;fn bu dEifu;ksa ds lkykuk ykxr vkSj equkQs dk vkSlr ns[kk
tk; rks og Hkh dkQh pkSadkus okyk gSA uhps dh lkj.kh bl ckr dks iqV djrh gS &
fonskh dEifu;ksa dk ykxr ewy/ku vkSj equkQk 1971&72
dEiuh dk
ykxr ewy/ku
VSDl nsus ds ckn dk kq) ykHk
uke
XYkSDlks
30-00 yk[k :i;s
175-00 yk[k :i;s
cs;j bf.M;k
6-00 yk[k :i;s
154-64 yk[k :i;s
lhck xk;xh
70-00 yk[k :i;s
114-46 yk[k :i;s
lkbukfeM
40-00 yk[k :i;s
115-32 yk[k :i;s
es ,s.M csdj
180-00 yk[k :i;s
201-77 yk[k :i;s
lzkrs % fMDyjsku ,.M MkD;wesVa ~l & uskuy dkUosaku vku bdkukfed bafMisaMsaV~l ,.M
ilZisfDVo vkWQ Mx baMLVh] visZfMdl & XXII
XySDlks dEiuh 36 yk[k :i;s dh iwth yxkrh gS vkSj ikSus 2 djksM+ :i;s dk
equkQk dekrh gS ;kuh 5 xquk vksj izfrkr dh Hkkkk esa 500 izfrkrA cs;j bf.M;k dk
Qk;nk blds ykxr ewY; ls yxHkx 26 xquk vf/kd ;kuh 2]600 izfrkrA
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds equkQs nok m|ksx esa yxkrkj c<+s gSAa LokLF; ds
O;kolk;hdj.k dh mudh uhfr;ksa us Hkkjrh; nok dEifu;ksa dk HkV~Bk cSBk fn;k gSA nok ds
ykblsal ij izlk/ku lkefxz;k rFkk 90 Qhlnh ls vf/kd xSj&t:jh nok, cukus okyh
dEifu;k lcls HkzV vkSj wj rjhds viukdj Hkkjrh; cktkjksa ij viuk dCtk tek;ha gSAa
nwljh rjQ lLrh vkSj vf/kd mi;ksxh fodYi nsus okyh Hkkjrh; nok dEifu;k lkoZtfud
,oa futh nksuksa yxkrkj ?kkVs dk fkdkj gksrh tk jgh gSAa bu dEifu;ksa dk ykHk fdl rjg
lky&nj&lky c<+k gSA ;g uhps ds vkdM+ksa ls LiV gS %
dEiuh dk uke kq) equkQk okZ 1971&72
okjkst osYde 20-35 yk[k :i;s
XySDlks
175-00 yk[k :i;s
es ,s.M csdj 201-77 yk[k :i;s
ikdZ Msfol
42-06 yk[k :i;s
lSUMkst
32-93 yk[k :i;s
ikp dEifu;k 472-04 yk[k :i;s
LiV gS fd bu dEifu;ksa dk equkQk 17 lky esa
izfrkrA
pg. 29
kq) equkQk okZ 1988&89

540-00 yk[k :i;s
760-00 yk[k :i;s
394-00 yk[k :i;s
306-00 yk[k :i;s
206-00 yk[k :i;s
2206-00 yk[k :i;s
yxHkx ikp xquk c<+k gSA ;kuh 500
nokvksa ij gksus okys vjcksa&[kjcksa :i;s ds equkQs ls tc ;s nok dEifu;k

larqV ugha gqbZ rks [ksrh&ckM+h esa bLrseky gksus okyh dhVekjd nokvksa ,oa vU; jlk;uksa ds
mRiknu {ks= esa iko ilkjuk kq: dj fn;kA vkt fLFkfr ;g gS fd vf/kdkak nok dEifu;k
dhVekjd nok, ,oa vU; d`fk jlk;u Hkh cuk jgh gSAa buds ykHk ds izfrkr esa o`f) dh
dkQh xqatkbk jgrh gSA felky ds rkSj ij lhck xk;xh dEiuhA bl dEiuh us okZ 1988&89
esa 255-49 djksM+ :i;s ds cjkcj dhVukkh nokvksa dk dkjksckj fd;k] ftlesa bls 14-91
djksM+ :i;s dk kq) equkQk gqvkA gekjs nsk esa yxHkx 60 gtkj nok, rS;kj dh tkrh gSa
ftlesa 90 Qhlnh ls vf/kd xSj&t:jh gSa bu xSj&t:jh nokvksa ij cgqjkVh; dEifu;k
nsk dk 2]500 djksM+ :i;k izfrokZ ckgj ys tkrh gSaA 500 djksM+ :i;s dh uqdlkunsg
nok, Hkkjrh; cktkjksa esa fcd jgha gS tcfd 1985&86 esa Hkkjr esa dqy nokvksa dh [kir ek=
2]000 djksM+ dh jghA
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa us vkfFkZd :i ls rhljh nqfu;k ds nskksa dks fdl rjg ls
ywVk gS bldh dbZ txg felky gSA vUrjkZVh; cktkj esa fV;ksVDlhu dh izfr fdyks dher
tc 500 MkYkj Fkh rks vesfjdk dh Qkbtj dEiuh us bls fpyh esa 3]026 Mkyj ds fglkc
ls cspk FkkA ySfVu vesfjdk esa vkSk/k fuekZ.k ds {ks= esa 15 ikjjkVh; fuxesa dk;Zjr gSAa
muds equkQs dh nj 972-1 izfrkr igqp x;h gSA ,d :lh ys[kd ds vuqlkj Hkkjr tSls
dqN nskksa esa ;s dEifu;k nokvksa ij 8-000 izfrkr dk equkQk ysrh gSaA vtsZUVhuk esa vk;kfrr
nokvksa ds ewY;ksa esa U;wure 3]700 izfrkr vf/kd o`f) gqbZA ,aVhck;fVDl ij 650 izfrkr]
foVkfeu VSCysVksa ij 730 izfrkr dk Qk;nk cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa us olwykA
Hkkjr esa fLoV~tjyS.M dh nok dEiuh jksk] fyfcz;e vkSj csfy;e dh vk;kfrr
lkexzh ij ek% 13]246 :i;s rFkk 27]860 :i;s izfr fdyks olwy dj jgha FkhA tc Hkkjr
ljdkj us bldk [kqn vk;kr djuk kq: fd;k rks bl dEiuh us bu nks phtksa dh dher
ek% 380 :i;s vkSj 462 :i;s izfr fdyks dj fn;kA bl izdkj ls dEiuh us Hkkjr dks
nks izdkj ls ywVk & igyk miHkkskvksa dks T;knk nke nsus ij etcwj fd;k rFkk nwljk Hkkjr
ls dj pksjh dhA ,d :lh ys[kd dk dguk gS fd cgqjkVh; fuxeksa us ekuo tkfr dk
tcjnLr uqdlku fd;k gS rFkk lekt ls gtkjks&
a djksM+ksa :i;s olwyrs jgs gSaA
vesfjdk dh dsQ,ckj lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ esa dgk Fkk lEiw.kZ foo esa ,d
ek= Hkkjr gh ,slk nsk gS tgk turk dh vkSlr vk;q dh rqyuk esa nokvksa dk ewY; lcls
vf/kd gS lfefr us bl ckr dks Hkh ns[kk fd 50 ds nkd esa Hkkjr esa dke dj jgh vesfjdh
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa us ;gk fcdus okyh ,aVhck;fVDl nokvksa ds nkeksa esa Hkkjh o`f) dj nhA
ljdkj us tc Hkh nok ds eqY; dks fLFkj djus dk iz;kl fd;k bu dEifu;ksa us blds
f[kykQ gYyk epkuk kq: dj fn;kA 9 vizSy 1963 dks Hkkjr&phu la?kkZ ds le; ljdkj
us Hkkjr j{kk dkuwu dk iz;ksx djds nokvksa dk ewY; fLFkj dj fn;k FkkA ikjjkVh; fuxeksa
us bldk cgqr fojks/k fd;kA ljdku us 1966 esa dqN foksk nokvksa ds ewY; c<+k;sA cgqjkVh;
dEifu;ksa dh vksj ls ek= 6 izfrkr nke c<+kus dk vkosnu fd;k x;k ysfdu bUgksua s 10 ls
40 izfrkr nkeksa dh o`f) dhA
pg. 30
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dks ubZ nokvksa dh fch ij ,dkf/kdkj dh NwV &

1 tuojh 95 dks ljdkj us cgqjkVh; fuxeksa dks nsk esa ubZ nokvksa vkSj d`fk
jlk;uksa dh fch ij ,dkf/kdkj dh NwV ns nhA 1970 ds isVUs V dkuwu dks cnyrs gq, u;s
isVsUV dkuwu dk v/;knsk ikfjr djrs le; ljdkj us ckdk;nk mRikn isVsUV dh ckrsa
Lohdkj dhA gkykafd bl dkuwu dks ckn esa laln us vLohdkj dj fn;k vkSj vc ;g
v/;knsk fujLr gks x;k gS] ijUrq v/;knsk ykus ls igys xSV dh le>kSrk okrkZvksa esa gh
ljdkj us cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds fch ,dkf/kdkj dh ckr Lohdkj dj yh FkhA xSV le>kSrk
ij gLrk{kj gksus 14 viSzy] 1994 ds ,d okZ ckn dksbZ Hkh nok dEiuh viuh nok ds
isVsUVhdj.k ds fy;s Hkkjrh; isVsUV dk;kZy; esa vthZ ns ldrh gSA gkykafd isVsUV vf/kdkj]
Hkkjrh; isVsUV dkuwu & 1970 cnyus ds ckn gh feysxkA ijUrq ;g vf/kdkj vthZ nsus dh
frfFk ls gh ykxw ekuk tk;xkA blh le>kSrs ds rgr cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dks ml mRikn
dh fch dk ,deso vf/kdkj izkIr gks tk;xk] tks bl izdkj dh 5 okhZ; isVsUV lqj{kk ds
nk;js esa vk tk;xkA ;g vf/kdkj nok fu;a=.k izkf/kdj.k }kjk iznku fd;k tk;sxkA ,slh
fLFkfr;ksa esa tcfd mRikn isVUs V ds fy;s vthZ nkf[ky dh tk pqdh gks vkSj ,deso foi.ku
vf/kdkj 5 okZ ds fy;s miyC/k djk fn;s x;s gks]a 1970 ds isVsUV dkuwu ds rgr fn;k
x;k izf;k isVUs V vFkZghu gks tk;xkA
bldk ,d Hk;adj ifj.kke rks ;gh gksxk fd nskh nok mRiknd 10 okZ ds
lae.k dky xSV le>kSrs esa fodklkhy nskksa dks vius isVsUV dkuwu cnyus ds fy;s fn;k
x;k le; esa dksbZ Hkh ubZ nok cktkj esas ugha yk ik;saxs vkSj nsk Hkkjh iSekus ij nok vk;kr
ij fuHkZj gks tk;xkA vfuok;Z ykblsal i)fr] tks nokvksa dh miyC/krk lqfufpr djkrh
gS] Hkh detksj gks tk;sxhA D;ksfsa d fVIl le>kSrs esa nok dh vuqiyC/krk dh fLFkfr esa fdlh
rhljh ikVhZ dks ykblsal tkjh djus dk vf/kdkj Hkh Nhu fy;k x;k gSA nokvksa ds u;s
QkewZys ku cukus vkSj mudk isVsUV djkus ds fy;s j[h x;h dM+h krZ ;g [kkst vkfFkZd
egRo dk rduhdh ,MokalesaV j[krh gks dk cgqjkVh; dEifu;k Hkkjh jk;YVh dekus esa
bLrseky djsx
a h vkSj ubZ rduhdksa nwljh ih<+h dh rduhd ds fodkl dks jksd nsx
a hA xSV
le>kSRks ds rgr vc fdlh mRikn dk vk;kr gh ml ij izkIr isVsUV fdlh Hkh nsk esa dk
f;kUo;u ekuk tk;xk] vr% flQZ vk;kr mkjnkf;Roksa dks iwjk u djus dh fLFkfr esa gh
vfuok;Z ykblsfa lax fdlh rhljh ikVhZ dks nh tk ldsxhA bldk lh/kk vFkZ ;g gS fd vc
cgqjkVh; dEifu;k nokvksa dk vk;kr gh djsx
a hA ubZ rduhdksa dk gLrkarj.k vk;krd nskksa
esa ugha gks ik;sxkA
ubZ isVsUV O;oLFkk esa nokvksa dh ?kjsyw dherksa ij vlj
ubZ isVsUV O;oLFkk esa nokvksa ds ?kjsyw nke 5 ls 20 xqus c<+ tk;sx
a sA nsk dk
nok m|ksx 1970 ls iwoZ dh fLFkfr esa vk tk;sxk] tc nokvksa dh dherksa ij ljdkj dk
dksbZ fu;a=.k ugha Fkk vkSj nok cgqjkVh; dEifu;k viuh equkQk[kksj fufr;ksa ds rgr nokvksa
ds nke fu/kkZfjr djrh FkhaA mnkgj.k ds fy;s ,d vesfjdh cgqjkVh; dEiuh csjkyxu
dhVksu uke dh nok dks 24000 :i;s izfr fdyksxzke dh nj ls csprh jghA tc ljdkj us
bldh tkp djk;h rks nok dh dher ek= 1810 :i;s izfr fdyksxzke fudyhA vc fQj
pg. 31
u;s isVsUV dkuwuksa ds ckn cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds equkQs gtkjksa izfrkr esa gksaxsA izf;k
isVsUV ds LFkku ij mRikn isVsUV O;oLFkk ykxw gks tkus ij nokvksa dh dherksa esa fdruk
vUrj vk tk;sxk] ;g uhps nh x;h rkfydk ls LiV gks tk;sxkA Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] vesfjdk
vkSj fczVsu esa nokvksa dh dherksa ds vUrj ds ckjs esa uskuy ofdZax xqzi vku isVsUV ykt
}kjk fd;s x;s ,d v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij uhps rkfydk nh x;h gSA
nok dk uke
vkykDlsflu
lsQM
s kfDly
flizksykWDlsflu
ukjykWDlsflu
Vkscjkekblhu
MkbDyksQsukd
ikbjkDlhu
jSuhVkbMhu
QSeksVkbMhu
vkWusiSjktsy
,VuksykWy
fMyfV;ktksu
cukykfizu
izktksflu
,fu;ksMkjksu
,lkbDyksohj
dsVkdksuktksy
ekbukDlhfMy
,tVSuhtksy
VjQSukMhu
vizkt
s ksyku
VkstksMksu
C;wlihjksu
feVkstu Vksu
dkjcksIykVhu
fcufdLVhu
fcu CykLVhu
cLVksLVhu
VksikslkbM
ywlSfVu
pg. 32
Hkkjr
66-00
30-00
51-00
39-36
22-17
5-67
13-87
29-03
26-24
71-25
7-50
20-24
9-00
16-50
45-00
33-75
43-00
31-25
6-00
13-50
5-40
15-25
4-05
446-25
746-25
28-80
108-00
16-95
158-60
29-00
ikfdLrku
117-23
82-68
234-63
125-50
116-31
55-80
78-12
260-40
260-40
vuqiyC/k
86-63
74-40
37-20
13-64
vuqiyC/k
363-32
221-96
vuqiyC/k
120-90
60-93
vuqiyC/k
17-77
89-69
vuqiyC/k
vuqiyC/k
323-16
333-85
vuqiyC/k
vuqiyC/k
618-76
vesfjdk
196-27
325-88
305-21
616-15
395-32
239-47
603-93
744-65
726-14
992-46
228-36
165-10
230-83
159-24
673-67
356-74
673-67
1311-55
436-36
293-17
171-21
291-01
150-60
5176-64
vuqiyC/k
1068-37
1102-01
vuqiyC/k
3612-47
517-83
fczVsu
155-33
104-79
315-96
252-77
75-30
95-84
166-93
481-31
500-27
684-05
103-21
78-99
147-97
39-50
157-98
577-68
250-14
1053-20
100-05
78-99
22-64
108-48
168-51
7921-64
3608-26
542-92
541-87
550-30
750-93
562-41
tSuQhczksthy
341-00
178-56
1294-89
1263-84
ij nh x;h rkfydk esa 1 Mkyj = 30-86 :i;k 1 ikmaM = 52-66 rFkk 1 ikfdLrkuh
:i;k = 1-24 :i;s fy;k x;k gSA
vesfjdk esa mRikn isVsUV ds tks dkuwu bl le; py jgs gSa yxHkx oSls gh
dkuwu fczVsu vkSj ikfdLRkku esa gSaA blhfy;s ikfdLrku vkSj fczVsu esa nokvksa dh dhersa
vesfjdk esa nokvksa dh dherksa ds yxHkx cjkcj gSA Hkkjr esa izf;k isVsUV ds dkuwu gksus ds
dkj.k nokvksa dh dhersa dkQh de gSaA mijks rkfydk ls LiV gS fd Hkkjr esa nokvksa dh
dhersa vesfjdk esa nokvksa dh dherksa ls 3 xqus ls ysdj 35 xqus rd de gSaA ikfdLrku esa
nokvksa dh dherksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa dhersa 2 xqus ls ysdj 22 xqus rd de gSAa bl
le; Hkkjr vkSj ckaXyknsk esa nokvksa dh dhersa yxHkx cjkcj gSAa bldk dkj.k gS fd
ckaXyknsk esa isVsUV dkuwu Hkkjrh; isVsUV dkuwuksa dh rjg gSA vr% ;g ,dne ls LiV gS
fd xSV djkj dh ubZ isVsUV O;oLFkk ykxw gksus ls nokvksa dh dhersa Hk;kud :i ls c<+sx
a h
vkSj cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds equkQs cgqr c<+ tk;saxsA gekjs lafo/kku esa iznk uhfr fu/kkZjd
rRoksa dk mYya?ku gksxk D;ksfa d buds vuqlkj ljdkjksa dks lLrh vkSj vPNh nok, nsk dh
turk ds fy;s miyC/k djkus dh uhfr;k cukuh pkfg,A lcls ij ekSfyd vf/kdkj thou
dk vf/kdkj jkbV Vw ykbQ dk D;k gksxk\
jk;YVh % vf/kdre equkQk
vc rd cgqjkVh; dEifu;k nsk esa nok mRiknu dj ,oa csp dj equkQk dek
jgh Fkha] ijUrq xSV le>kSrs ds ckSf)d lEink fVIl izko/kkuksa us ;g lehdj.k cny fn;k
gSA vc mUgsa Hkkjr esa dkjksckj djus ds ctk; ckgj ls gh dkedkt djus esa T;knk ykHk
utj vk jgk gSA iqjkuk Hkkjrh; isVsUV dkuwu jn~n gksus vkSj u;k dkuwu cuus ij cgqjkVh;
dEifu;k isVsUV nokb;ksa ij jk;YVh dh ekax djsaxhA bf.M;u MXl eSuqQSDplZ ,lksfl,ku
dk dguk gS fd vc rdjhcu 200 nokb;ksa ij] ftUgsa Hkkjrh; dEifu;k cukrh o csprh gSa]
cgqjkVh; dEiuh dks jk;YVh nsuh gksxhA ,lksfl;sku ds eqrkfcd fiNys dqN okksZa esa ljdkj
}kjk eatwj dh x;h 240 ubZ nokb;ksa esa 90 izfrkr isVsUV ds nk;js esa vkrh gSaA buesa dbZ
t:jh vkSj egRoiw.kZ nokb;k kkfey gSaA 4 izfrkr dh vf/kdre jk;YVh nj Hkh vc
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dks eatwj ugha gksxh vkSj os viuh bPNkuqlkj mPp jk;YVh njksa dh ekax
djsx
a hA
T;knkrj cgqjkVh; nok dEifu;ksa ds kks/k fodkl dsUnz fLoV~tjyS.M esa gSA
dbZ egRoiw.kZ ewy vkSkf/k;ksa ds QkewZys muds uke gksus dh otg ls mUgsa isVsUV dk vf/kdkj
izkIr gksxk vkSj os gj vkSkf/k ij 15 okksaZ rd fuckZ/k :i ls jk;YVh ikrh jgsaxhA bu lHkh
dEifu;ksa dk kks/k vk/kkj Hkkjr ds ckgj gS vkSj bl {ks= esa u dsoy bUgksua s dkQh /ku fuosk
fd;k gS cfYd mUgsa dkQh fokskKrk gkfly gSA ,sls esa vius kks/k dk ykHk mBkrs gq, os
pg. 33
ftu ubZ nokb;ksa dks btkn djsaxh mu ij Hkh jk;YVh mUgsa mu QkeZwyksa dk bLrseky djus
okys nskksa ls feyrh jgsxhA xSV le>kSrk gks tkus ls mudh lcls cM+h fpUrk isVsUV pksjh
dh nwj gks x;h gSA fLoV~tjyS.M ;k fdlh Hkh vU; fodflr nsk esa cSBs&cSBs gh mUgsa jk;YVh
ls bruk /ku izkIr gks tk;sxk ftruk mUgsa Hkkjr esa bdkbZ yxk dj Hkh ugha gksrkA
lUnHkZ
1- gkFkh dfeVh Vw 1978 Mx ikWfylh Vw U;w Mx ikWfylh , tuhZ bu fjolZ MkbjsDku]
ys[kd ts- ,l- etwenkj] uskuy dSEisu dfeVh QkWj Mx ikWfylh }kjk izdkfkrA i`B&1A
2- Mx baMLVh ,.M n bafM;u ihiqy iqLrd ds MkWDVj /koys ds ys[k ls mn~/k`r] i`B&57A
3- mijks iqLrd ds MkW- kaHkw eS= ds ys[k ls mn~/k`r] i`B&59A
4- ûskuy ofdZax xqzi vku isVUs V ykt^ dk lkfgR;A
pg. 34
>wB ij fVdk vFkZkk

bl ckr dks dgus vkSj Lohdkj djus esa rfud Hkh fgpfdpkgV ugha gksuh pkfg,
fd cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa us rhljh nqfu;k esa vius O;kikfjd YkkHk ds fy, >wB dk lgkjk
fy;k gSA ykHk ds >wBs vkdM+s isk djds mls de crkrh gS]a dj pksjh djrh gSaA dksyafc;k
esa nok cukus ds dbZ fuxeksa us fokh; fuxeksa dks crk;k fd muds vkSlr equkQs 6-7 izfrkr
gSAa tkp djus ij irk pyk fd os equkQs 136 izfrkr FksA ekykxklh x.kjkT; esa blh izdkj
ds dkys dkjukeksa ds dkj.k vesfjdh] ;wukuh vkSj csfYt;e dh iwth ls pyus okys lkslkbVs
vesfjdkuks xzslh eYxkps ds izca/kdks dks tsy dh gok [kkuh iM+hA ,slh fLFkfr esa cgqjkVh;
dEifu;k fdruk T;knk Qk;nk dekrh gSa bldk vanktk yxk ikuk dfBu gSA D;ksfa d buds
ykHk ds tks vkdM+s gesa miyC/k gksrs gSa os egt lkoZtfud :i ls ?kksfkr gSa rFkk bl ij
dj vnk djuk iM+rk gSA dj pksjh ds fy, ;s dEifu;k vius Qk;ns vlfy;r ls cgqr
de crkrh gSaA
;s fuxesa dsoy vius ykHk dh jkfk dks gh de djds ugha crkrh gSa cfYd vius
lkykuk dkjksckj dks Hkh de djds crkrh gS]a rkfd vlyh jkfk ls dkQh de djds crk;s
x;s ykHkkak dks U;k;ksfpr vkSj lgh Bgjk;k tk ldsA 1988&89 esa bykgkckn ftys esa
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dk nok ds {ks= esa dSlk dkjksckj jgk] bl ij bu iaf;ksa ds ys[kd us
,d losZ{k.k fd;kA losZ{k.k v/;;u ds ifj.kkeksa dks tc bu dEifu;ksa ds jkVh; Lrj ds
dkjksckj ds vkdM+ksa ds lUnHkZ esa ns[kk x;k rks dkQh folaxfr utj vk;hA uhps dh lkj.kh ls LiV
gS
dEiuh dk
uke
XySDlks
ckjkst csYde
gsDLV
Qkbtj
ikdZ Msfol
bykgkckn esa okZ 1988&89 dk Hkkjr esa dqy dkjksckj okZ 1988&89
dkjksckj
1-10 djksM+ :i;s
194-99 djksM+ :i;s
1-10 djksM+ :i;s
103-42 djksM+ :i;s
1-00 djksM+ :i;s
239-37 djksM+ :i;s
0-90 djksM+ :i;s
82-37 djksM+ :i;s
0-80 djksM+ :i;s
100-80 djksM+ :i;s
;fn ij fn;s x;s fdlh Hkh dEiuh ds ,d ftys bykgkckn ds dkjksckj ds

vkdM+ksa dks Hkkjr esa mlh okZ ds muds dqy dkjksckj ls vkSlru rqyuk dh tk; rks dkQh
folaxfr utj vkrh gSA iwjs Hkkjr esa yxHkx 400 ftys gSaA bykgkckn ch Js.kh dk kgj gS
;kuh , Js.kh vkSj lh Js.kh ds chp dk kgjA FkksM+h nsj ds fy, ;fn mijks ikp cM+h
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds dkjksckj dks n`fV esa j[k dj bykgkckn dks 400 ftyksa esa ls vkSlr
ftyk eku fy;k tk; rks bykgkckn esa bu dEifu;ksa ds 1988&89 ds dkjksckj dks vk/kkj
ekudj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd okZ 1988&89 esa &
pg. 35
XySDlks dk Hkkjr esa lkykuk dkjksckj

okjkst osYde dk Hkkjr esa lkykuk
dkjksckj
gsDLV dk Hkkjr esa lkykuk dkjksckj
Qkbtj dk Hkkjr esa lkykuk dkjksckj
ikdZ Msfol dk Hkkjr esa esa lkykuk
dkjksckj
1-10 x
400
1-10 x
400
1-0 x 400
0-90 x
400
0-80 x
400
= 440 djksM+ :i;s

= 440 djksM+ :i;s
= 400 djksM+ :i;s
= 360 djksM+ :i;s
= 320 djksM+ :i;s
ysfdu XySDlks okZ 1988&89 dk jkVh; dkjksckj ek= 194-99 djksM+ :i;s
crkrh gS vkSj okjkst osYde rks dsoy 103-42 djksM+ :i;ss gh nkkZrh gSA dgk 440 djksM+
vkSj dgk 194-99 ;k 103-42 djksM+ :i;sA ;g lk/kkj.k lh xf.kr bu dEifu;ksa ds cgqr
cM+s >wB dh rjQ bkkjk djrh gSA
ikjjkVh; fuxeksa us vius O;kikj ds izpkj&izlkj dh iwjh bekjr gh >wB ij
[kM+h dh gSA izlkj ek/;eks&
a jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] i=&if=dkvksa] ,tsUVksa ds ek/;e ls MkWDVjksa
dks nh tkus okyh tkudkfj;ksa esa ;s dEifu;k >wB dk lgkjk ysrh gSaA nqfu;k ds reke lkjs
gYdksa esa ;g ckr dkQh xEHkhjrk ls Lohdkj dh x;h gS fd cM+h dEifu;k [kkldj rhljh
nqfu;k ds xjhc eqYdksa esa >wBs foKkiuksa ds tfj;s ,slh tkuysok nokvksa] xSj&t:jh ,oa
uqdlkunsg VkWfudksa dk O;kikj dj jgh gSa tks nqfu;k ds reke nskksa esa izfrcaf/kr gSAa foMEcuk
;g gS fd ;s dEifu;k vius foKkiuksa esa mu nokvksa dks cgqr dkjxj fl) djrh gSa rFkk
bl ckr dks turk ls ysdj lewps fpfdRlk txr esa lgh izekf.kr dj fn;k tkrk gSA gkFkh
desVh dh jiV esa Hkh bl ckr dks cM+s tksjnkj <ax ls mBk;k x;k gSA
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds vuSfrd rkSj&rjhdksa dks mnkgj.k ls le>k tk ldrk
gS fd fdl izdkj ;s dEifu;k [krjukd nokvksa dk xksj[k/kU/kk djrh gSa vkSj ekuo thou
dks /kjrh ij jsx
a us okys dhM+&
s edksM+s le>rh gSAa vesfjdh dEiuh lhck&xk;xh dk ekeyk
dkQh fnypLi gSA 1934 esa bl dEiuh us fDyvksfOduky uke ls nLrjks/kh nok cukuk kq:
fd;kA 1935 ls gh vtsZUVkbuk ds MkWDVjksa us fjiksVZ Hkstuh kq: dj nh fd bl nok ds
dqizHkko gSa ysfdu dEiuh us bu fjikssVkZsa dks nck;s j[kkA
1962 esa dEiuh us ;g izpkj fd;k fd turk bu nokvksa dk iz;ksx ikqvksa ij
er djs yssfdu mlh le; mlus ;g dgk fd ;g nok euq;ksa ds fy;s lqjf{kr gSA MkWDVj
vksyh gSULku tks fd LohfMk cky jksx fokskK Fks] us ;g rF; ik;k fd nok dEiuh dk ;g
nkok fd gkfudkjd rRo vkgkj uky esa vokksfkr ugha gksr]s xyr gSA bldk [kaMu djrs
gq, mUgksua s viuh fjiksVZ fyulsV 1966 esas izdkfkr fd;kA
mlh chp tkiku esa dbZ gtkj yksx yxkrkj nnZ] ydok rFkk va/kkiu ls xzflr
gks x,A ;gh ugha bl nok ds tgjhys vlj ls reke yksx ej x;sA MkWDVjksa ds vuqlkj bl
nok dks [kkus ds ckn Leku ;k lwckD;wV ekbyks vkfIVd U;wjiSFkh jksx gks tkrk gSA
pg. 36
lhck&xk;xh dks U;k;ky; ds dV?kjs esa [kM+k fd;k x;kA MkW- gSUlu us viuh ethZ ls ,d
foksk xokg dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
bl nok fuekZrk dEiuh dh rjQ ls ;g nyhy nh x;h fd bu lkjh chekfj;ksa
ds fy, [kkl fdLe dk thok.kq ftEesnkj gS] fDyvksfODuky dk dksbZ dqizHkko ugha gSA ysfdu
VksD;ks ftyk U;k;ky; us ;g ugha ekukA lhck&xk;xh ds f[kykQ QSlyk nsrs gq, U;k;ky;
us ;g ik;k fd dEiuh ds vkUrfjd nLrkostksa ls ;g ckr lkQ gS fd dEiuh ;g ckr
vPNh rjg tkurh Fkh fd fDyvksfODuky ds dkj.k Leku gksrk gSA ;g eqdnek vkB lky
ckn fuf.kZr fd;k x;k vkSj dEiuh dks 20-30 djksM+ ikmaM tqekZuk ihfM+rksa dks nsuk iM+kA
blds vfrfj bls lkoZtfud :i ls turk ls {kek ekxuh iM+hA
bl lcds ckotwn dEiuh us fDyvksfODuky ij vk/kkfjr nok, foo ds vU;
fgLlksa esa cspuk tkjh j[kkA iqu% ckn esa LohMu esa dbZ ekSrksa ds ckn LohMu] MsuekdZ rFkk
ukosZ us bu nokb;ksa dk cfgdkj djuk kq: dj fn;kA blds ifj.kkeLo:i viSzy 1985 esa
?kkVs dh fLFkfr mRi gksus ij dEiuh us bu mRiknksa dks foo ls mBk fy;kA ysfdu ckn
esa bl dEiuh us /khjs ls Hkkjr esa bl nok dk O;kikj djuk kq: dj fn;k vkSj vkt ;g
nok dbZ izpfyr ukeksa ls Hkkjrh; cktkjksa esa miyC/k gSA
lhck&xk;xh dk ,d nwljk dkaM MkW- gSUlu }kjk [kksyk x;k tc dEiuh ds
van:uh nLrkostksa esa mUgksaus ik;k fd cgqr T;knk yksx ml le; izpfyr nks nok, VsfMy
vkSj cqVktksykMhu ds iz;ksx ls ej x;sA esfMdy tuZy us viuh fjiksVZ esa 150 ekSrsa gksus
dh ckr fy[kh Fkh] tcfd lhck&xk;xh ds nLrkostksa ls ekSrsa ,d gtkj ls T;knk FkhaA
vesfjdh nok fokskK feYVu flYoj eSu us viuh 162 ist dh fjiksVZ ftldk khkZd
fizfLIku Qkj MsFk esa dgk gS fd bu vUrjjkVh; nok m|ksxksa esa lkekftd mkjnkf;Roksa dk
loZFkk vHkko gSA
vkB lky ds v/;;u ds ckn nh x;h fjiksVZ ls ;g lkfcr gksrk gS fd rhljh
nqfu;k ds nskksa esa nok m|ksx esa yxh cgqjkVh; dEifu;k [kqyk nksgjk ekin.M viuk jgh
gSa vkSj vius mRiknksa dks xjhc nskksa esa cspdj vkfFkZd kksk.k ds lkFk&lkFk nokvksa dk
dqizHkko Hkh QSyk jgh gSAa fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd bu vfodflr nskksa esa MkWDVj dsoy os
gh vkdM+s izkIr djrs gSa tks nok dEifu;ksa ds esfMdy fjizstsUVsfVo mUgsa miyC/k djkrs gSa
fdlh fpfdRld ds ikl esfMdy tuZy rFkk kks/k &i=ksa dks i<us dk le; gh ugha gksrkA
vc rks fodfLkr vkSj /kuh nskksa ,oa bu dEifu;ksa dh vkdk ljdkjsa Hkh budh
gjdrksa ls ijskku jgus yxh gSaA vesfjdk ds [kk|k ,oa vkSk/k izkklu QwM ,s.M Mx
,sMfefuLVsku us bl ckr ij dkQh fpUrk tkfgj dh vkSj nok fuekZrk dEifu;ksa dks ,d
fkdk;rh i= tkjh fd;k fd ;s >wBs foKkiu izlkfjr dj viuh nok, csp jgh gSa vkSj yksxksa
dks ew[kZ cukdj va/kk/kqa/k equkQk dek jgh gSAa 1989 esa bu dEifu;ksa ds uke Hksts x;s
fkdk;rh i= esa dgk x;k Fkk fd vkSk/k ds bfrgkl esa brus O;kid iSekus ij xyr foKkiuksa
dk izlkj.k igys dHkh ugha gqvk FkkA tkiku esa Hkh ljdkj us dqN ,sls rjhds viukuk kq:
fd;k gS rkfd nok fuekZrk fuxesa eupkgh /ka/kk[kksjh u dj ldsaA foo LokLF; laxBu us
rks lHkh nskksa dh ljdkjksa dks ;g lykg nh gS fd os kklu dh rjQ ls nokvksa dh fch
pg. 37
dk bUrtke djsa rkfd MkWDVjksa dks ;k ejhtksa dks fufgr LokFkZ okys rRoksa cgqjkVh; fuxeksa
dh rjQ bkkjk ij fuHkZj u jguk iMsA+ fczVsu dh ljdkj fiNys dqN lkyksa ls vius ;gk
dh dfri; nok fuekZrk dEifu;ksa dh gjdrksa ls ijskku jgh gSA bu dEifu;ksa us vius
O;kikj ds izlkj ds fy, ftl rjg ds xyr izpkj ,oa ewY; o`f) dk lgkr fy;k gS og
ljdkj ds fy, fljnnZ cu x;k gSA XySDlks dEiuh fiNys dqN lkyksa esa ^tSUVsd^ uked
nok dh cnkSyr nqfu;k ds igys uEcj dh dEiuh cu x;hA vYlj esa bLrseky gksus okyh
bl lk/kkj.k lh nok ds foKkiu ij fczrkuh cgqjkVh; dEiuh us bruk [kpZ fd;k fd
1989&90 esa dsoy bl fVfd;k dh fch iwjh nqfu;k esa 6000 djksM+ :i;s ds cjkcj gqbZA
tcfd ftl foKkiu ds lgkjs ;g dEiuh bl nok dks bruk csap ldh mlesa cgqr dqN >wB
FkkA
xjhc eqYdksa ds LFkkuh; cktkjksa ij viuh idM+ etcwr djus ds fy;s cgqjkVh;
dEifu;k cM+s MkWDVjks]a QkekZflLVksa o nok fosrkvksa dks lk ek/;e ds :i esa bLrseky
djrh gSAa bu dEifu;ksa ds esfMdy izfrfuf/k vk;s fnu kgjksa ds ukeh&fxjkeh MkWDVj ds
;gk pDdj yxkrs jgrs gSa vkSj viuh dEifu;ksa dh nokvks]a VkWfudksa ds lEcU/k esa Nis QksYMj]
iSEiysV o vU; lkfgR; ckVdj jksfx;ksa ds ipsZ ij mu nokvksa o VkWfudksa dks fy[kus ds fy,
jkth dj ysrs gSAa yxHkx gj eghus dEiuh dh vksj ls HksVa ds rkSj ij dherh lkeku muds
?kjksa esa j[k tkrs gSAa mu ^migkjksa^ esa ?kfM+;k vkSj FkeZl ykl tSls lLrs lkekuksa ls ysdj
ft] jaxhu Vsyhfotu vkSj ek:fr dkjsa rd kkfey gksrh gSaA kgj vkSj MkWDVjksa dh izfrBk
rFkk muds Lrj ds eqrkfcd ^migkjksa^ dh dher r; gksrh gSA cM+s MkWDVjksa dk rks vkye gh
nwljk gS] bykgkckn tSls nwljs ntsZ ds kgj ds ,d MkWDVj dks ,d cgqjkVh; dEiuh us
ek:fr dkj HksaV esa nhA bl MkWDVj us dqN ok;nkf[kykQh dh vkSj dqN gh ekg chrs Fks fd
mlus bl dEiuh dh ml foksk nok dks jksfx;ksa ds ijps ij fy[kuk gh cUn dj fn;k
ftlds fy, mls ek:fr dkj HksVa dh x;h FkhA dEiuh bl ckr dks ysdj dkQh ukjkt
jghA bykgkckn ds ,d tkus&ekus vfLFk jksx fokskK us crk;k fd ,d cgqjkVh; dEiuh
us viuh ,d ubZ nok dks jksfx;ksa ds ipsZ ij fy[kus ds fy, mUgsa izfrekg 20]000 :i;s
lqfo/kk kqYd nsus dk izLrko j[kk FkkA
cM+s kgjksa ds cM+s MkWDVjksa dks fookl esa ysus ds ihNs bu dEifu;ksa dk flQZ
,d mn~ns; gksrk gS & viuh nokvksa dk vf/kdre izpkj djukA bu kgjksa ds cM+s MkWDVjksa
dh udy djrs gq, NqVHkS;s MkWDVj Hkh mlh nok ;k VkWfud dks lEcfU/kr jksx ds fy, vius
jksfx;ksa dks fy[kus yxrs gSa vkSj vuqdj.k dk ;g flyflyk NksVs ftyksa ls gksrk gqvk lqnwj
xkoksa rd tkjh jgrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd cgqjkVh; fuxesa vius dqy ykxr dk cM+k
fgLlk ^migkjksa^ vkSj izpkj lkfgR; ds forj.k ij [kpZ djrh gSaA
pg. 38
ljdkj vkSj U;k;ikfydk Hkh lokyksa ds ?ksjs esa

,d cgqr LokHkkfod lk izu ckj&ckj dkSa/krk gS fd vkf[kj tc reke lkjs
vk;ksxksa dh jiVksa] MkWDVjks]a esfMdy izfrfuf/k la?kksa] miHkksk la?kks]a i=&if=dkvksa esa cgqjkVh;
dEifu;ksa dh dkyh djrwrksa] nokvksa ds uke ij muds tgjhys O;kikj ds fok; esa [kwc
fy[kk&dgk tkrk jgk gS vkSj ljdkj ls ekx dh tkrh jgh gS fd cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dk
;k rks jkVh;dj.k fd;k tk;s ;k mUgsa nsk fudkyk fn;k tk;] ysfdu ljdkj us bu lc
lokyksa dh vulquh djrs gq, mYVs bu dEifu;ksa dks c<+kok D;ksa fn;k\ ;g loky gkFkh
fjiksVZ ds ckn vkSj xgjk tkrk gSA bls vkp;Z gh dgsx
a s fd gkFkh desVh dh jiV ls izHkkfor
gksdj ckXyknsk us vius ;gk dh nok uhfr esa vkewy&pwy ifjorZu fd;k Fkk vkSj cgqjkVh;
dEifu;ksa ds reke lkjs fojks/kksa ,oa vUrjjkVh; nckoksa ds ckotwn mlus viuh uhfr esa dksbZ
ifjorZu ugha fd;kA ysfdu ogha nwljh rjQ Hkkjr ljdkj us jiV dh izeq[k laLrqfr;ksa dks
utj vankt djrs gq, ftl rjg dh uhfr cuk;h og jkV fojks/kh gh ugha ekuork&fojks/kh
Hkh jgh gSA 1978 esa cukbZ x;h bl nok&uhfr ds rgr Hkkjrh; nok&m|fe;ksa dks c<+us ,oa
cgqjkVh; fuxeksa ij vadqk yxkus dk tks ,d volj vk;k Fkk og Hkh ml le; [kRe gks
x;k tc ljdkj us cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa }kjk bl uhfr dk fojks/k fd;s tkus ij 94 ewy
jlk;u okyh nokvksa ij ykblsl
a [kRe dj fn;k rFkk bu dEifu;ksa ij vadqk yxkus okys
^fonskh fofue; fu;eu vf/kfu;e Qsjk^ ,oa ,e- vkj- Vh- ih- tSLks dkuwuksa esa lakks/ku djds
budh ywV ds fy, jkLrk lkQ dj fn;kA
ljdkj us tc dHkh bu dEifu;ksa ij vadqk yxkus dk iz;kl fd;k rks bu
dEifu;ksa us vius ykHkkak esa dVkSrh djus okyh fdlh dkuwuh izf;k dk fuekZ.k gksrs ns[kdj
flj ij vkleku mBk fy;kA blds dbZ mnkgj.k gSaA Hkkjr&phu ;q) ds le; tc Hkkjr
ljdkj us thouj{kd nokvksa ds nke esa dVkSrh djus dk izko/kku fd;k rks cgqjkVh;
dEifu;ksa us mldk lcls tcjnLr fojks/k fd;kA 1978 dh nok&uhfr ds f[kykQ rks
cgqjkVh; dEifu;k ,dtqV gksdj fojks/k djus yxhaA Hkkjr esa dke dj jgh baxyS.M dh
cgqjkVh; dEiuh XySDlks us 1978 dh nok&uhfr ds lanHkZ esa Hkkjr dh fo/kkf;dk laln
dh cM+h rh[kh vkykspuk dh vkSj ml ij vkjksi yxk;k fd og Hkkjrh; nok m|fe;ksa dk
i{kikr dj jgh gSA ljdkj ij iM+us okys ncko dh rjQ bkkjk djrs gq, jlk;u ,oa
moZjd ea=h us laln esa bl ckr dks Lohdkj fd;k Fkk fd ubZ nok uhfr 1986 esa foyEc
blfy, gks jgk D;ksafd ^nok fuekZrkvksa dh vusd ykWch^ ljdkj ij vius&vius fofHk fgrksa
dh iwfrZ ds fy, yxkrkj ncko Mky jgh gSA 1982 esa laln esa rRdkyhu jlk;u ,oa moZjd
ea=h us XySDlks nok dEiuh dh djrwrksa dk inkZQkk djrs gq, ;g dgk Fkk fd bl dEiuh
us Hkkjrh; dkuwuksa dk mYya?ku djds vukf/kd`r mRiknu] fcuk dkuwuh vuqefr ds m|ksx
yxkus] fcuk ljdkj }kjk dher fu/kkZfjr fd;s nokvksa dh fch djus tSls xEHkhj vijk/k
fd;s gSAa ysfdu ljdkj tc bl ij jksd ds fy, dkuwu cukrh gS rks ml ij ;s dEifu;ka
i{kikr djus dk vkjksi yxkrh gSaA ^myVk pksj dksroky dks MkVs^ okyh gkyA ysfdu
foMEcuk rks ;g gS fd ljdkj us buds ncko ds lkeus ?kqVus Vsddj gkFkh desVh ls ysdj
pg. 39
dsydj lfefr rd dh flQkfjkksa dks tehu dh lkr irksZa ds uhps xkM+ fn;k rFkk cnys esa
,sls dkuwu cuk;s tks bUgha ds O;kikfjd fgrksa dks iwjk djrs gSaA ;g bl ckr ls gh LiV gks
tkrk gS fd gkFkh desVh us lHkh cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dks jkVh;d`r fd;s tkus ,oa muds
ks;j dks ek % 40 izfrkr rFkk 26 izfrkr rd fd+;s tkus dh flQkfjk dh FkhA ljdkj
us rks igys budk ks;j ?kVkdj 40 izfrkr dj fn;k Fkk ysfdu vHkh gky esa ljdkj us
mls iqu% c<+kdj 51 izfrkr dj fn;k gSA 1986 esa cuh ubZ nok&uhfr esa Hkh dksbZ ,slh
O;oLFkk ugha nh x;h ftlls bu dEifu;ksa dh ywV[kksj ,oa vkne[kksj izo`fr ij dksbZ vadqk
yxk;k tk ldsA ,d cgqr cM+k loky tks bl nsk dh turk ds lkFk cgqr cM+h =klnh
cu pqdk gS fd ;gk ds yksxksa dks equkQk[kksjh ds pDdj esa cgqjkVh; dEifu;k nok ds uke
ij tgj ns jgh gSa vkSj ljdkj muds bl dke esa ennxkj gS] ,slk D;ksa\ ftu nokvksa dks
foo LokLF; laxBu fpfdRlk vkSj nok ds {ks= esa lokZf/kd ,oa izkekf.kd tkudkjh j[kus
okyk ls ysdj bafM;u dkmafly vkWQ esfMdy fjlpZ tSLks vusd laxBuksa us uqdlkunsg ,oa
tgjhyh ?kksfkr dj fn;k gks vkSj tks nok, vesfjdk vkSj fczVsu tSls fodflr nskksa ls ysdj
ckZXyknsk tSls xjhc eqYdksa rd esa izfrcaf/kr gksa mUgsa Hkkjr ljdkj vius ;gk cuus vkSj
fcdus dh NwV D;ksa nsrh gS\ dbZ ckj ljdkj ds :[k ls ;g lkQ tkfgj gqvk fd og
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksas ds ncko esa vkdj dke djrh gSA fQukby cwVktksu vkSj vkDlhfQu
cwVktksu ds ekeys esa rks cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds ncko dk vkHkkl nks dsUnzh; LokLF; jkT;
eaf=;ksa ds laln esa fn;s x;s tokc ls gh gksrk gSA jkT; lHkk esa LokLF; jkT;ea=h dk dguk
Fkk fd bu nokvksa ds fup; gh dqN ?kkrd izHkko gSAa ysfdu Hkkjr esa ljdkj us ekalisfs k;ksa
rFkk raf=dkra= lEcU/kh jksxksa esa bu nokvksa ds yxkrkj ysfdu lhfer bLrseky dh btktr
nh gSA dqN lky igys uqdlkunsg nokvksa ds lEcU/k esa lokyksa dk tokc nsrs gq, Hkkjr
ljdkj dh rRdkyhu LokLF; ea=h ljkst [kkiMsZ us dgk Fkk fd fQukby cwVktksu] vkDlhfQu
cwVktksu ,oa ,ukfYtu ls CyM dSalj dh vkkadk jgrh gSA ea=h us vkxs dgk fd blds
ckotwn bu nokvksa dks rduhdh ncko esa izfrcaf/kr ugha fd;k x;kA1 ;g rduhdh ncko
dksbZ ea=h dHkh LiV ugha djrkA ysfdu LiV :i ls ;g ncko bu nokvksa ds fujkin
fodYiksa dk vHkko ugha gksrk cfYd cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dk ncko gksrk gSA
nok ds uke ij ekSr dk O;kij djus okyh cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dks ljdkj us
1986 dh nok&uhfr ?kksfkr dj ewY;&o`f) dk rkgQk HksVa fd;kA bl rksgQs ls bu dEifu;ksa
dks [kqys vke 100 izfrkr equkQk dekus dk ekSdk feykA
;s cgqjkVh; dEifu;k bruh lk gSa ;k ljdkjksa dks bruh fiz; fd ejhtksa
dh tku dh dher ij mUgsa vius Qk;ns ds fy, Hkjiwj NwV nh tkrh gSA ubZ vkS|ksfxd
uhfr ds rgr rks ftl rjg ls bUgsa loksZPprk nh x;h gS mls ns[krs gq, ;g dguk xyr u
gksxk fd Hkkjr dk cpk&[kqpk nok m|ksx Hkh buds dCts esa pyk tk;sxkA nok m|ksx ij
,dkf/kdkj dh fLFkfr esa ;s dEifu;k [kqysvke euekus nke ij euekuh nok, bl xjhc nsk
esa cuk;sx
a h vkSj cspsaxhA
jktusrkvksa vkSj ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa dks [kjhndj vius eueqrkfcd uhfr;k
cuokus ;k vupkgh uhfr;ksa esa ifjorZu djkus ;k mUgsa j djokus dk dke cgqjkVh;
pg. 40
dEifu;k djrh jgh gSAa mudh ,slh djrwrksa ds mnkgj.k dsoy rhljh nqfu;k ds xjhc eqYdksa
esa gh ugha /kuh nskksa esa Hkh miyC/k gSaA tkWu czSFkOgkbV us viuh fdrkc ^dkiksZjsV kbe bu
QkekZL;qfVdy baMLVh^ esa cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa }kjk fofHk nskksa dh fofHk ljdkjksa dks nh
x;h fjor dh dbZ fekkysa nh gSA cSzFkOgkbV us fy[kk gS fd bVyh esa ,d ntZu nok fuekZrk
dEifu;ksa us ,dtqV gksdj ogk dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dks okil djkus esa lQyrk IkzkIr dj
yhA bl dke ds fy, izfr dEiuh 80]000 Mkyj 20 yk[k :i;k dh nj ls bVyh dh
ffLp;u MsekssfVd ikVhZ dks dqy 10 yk[k Mkyj 250 yk[k :i;k fjor nh x;h Fkh
edZ ,s.M dEiuh us ,d fonskh ljdkj ds fLoV~tjyS.M dh viuh lgk;d dEiuh edZ kkiZ
,s.M nksges ds ek/;e ls 73 yk[k Mkyj 575 yk[k :i;s fjor nhA
1971 ls 75 ds chp vesfjdh gkse izkWMDV us 41 nskksa dh ljdkjkssa dks O;kikj
ds fy, ljdkjh vuqefr izkIr djus gsrq 34 yk[k Mkyj lk<+s 8 djksM+ :i;s fjor nh
FkhA blds vfrfj blus 38 yk[k Mkyj lk<+s 9 yk[k :i;s ^ vko;d jktuhfrd
mn~ns;^ ds fy, [kpZ fd;k FkkA
bl lanHkZ esa Hkkjrh; U;k;ikfydk dh Hkwfedk dks Hkh js[kkafdr djuk t:jh gSA
vkSk/k rduhdh lykgdkjh ifjkn~ Mx VsfDudy ,sMokbtjh cksMZ us 1982 esa 18 nokvksa ds
fuekZ.k ij ikcanh yxkus ds fy, flQkfjk dh FkhA bu nokvksa ds Hk;adj dqizHkko dks ns[krs
gq, Hkkjr ds nok fu;a=d us bu ij ikcanh yxk nhA ysfdu cEcbZ mPp U;k;ky; us bl
vknsk ij jksd yxk nhA cksgfjaxj uky uked dEiuh us ljdkj ds vknsk dks cEcbZ mPp
U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh fn;kA U;k;ky; us vknsk ds f[kykQ LFkxu vknsk tkjh dj fn;kA
blh izdkj 13 twu 1982 esa Hkkjr ds nok fu;a=d us ,d vknsk tkjh dj csgn uqdlkunsg
nok vksLVkstu&izkstsLVsjku ds lfEeJ.k ij jksd yxk nhA ysfdu bl vknsk ds f[kykQ
lhck&xk;xh ,oa dqN vU; dEifu;ksa us dydkk vkSj cEcbZ mPp U;k;ky; ls LFkxuknsk
ys fy;kA mPp U;k;ky; }kjk fn;s x;s bu LFkxuknskksa dk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd fuekZrk
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dks bu uqdlkunsg nokvksa dk dkjksckj tkjh j[kus dk ekSdk fey x;kA
,slh lSdM+ksa tgjhyh nokb;k U;k;ky; ds bu vknskksa ds pyrs Hkkjrh; ejhtksa dks f[kykbZ
tk jgh gSa vkSj buls gksus okyh djksM+ksa :i;s dh vkenuh ckgj tk jgh gSA nwljs] bu vknskksa
us ljdkj dks bu dEifu;ksa ds f[kykQ bl rjg dh dksbZ dk;Zokgh u djus dk cgkuk ns
fn;k gSA ;gh ugha ljdkj us budk bLrseky vius f[kykQ yxus okys vkjksiksa ls cpus ds
fy, <ky ds :i esa fd;k gSA
1983 esa izfrcfU/kr nok,a
Hkkjr ljdkj us 23 tqykbZ 1983 esa xtV uksVhfQdsku ,Dl 11014@2@83
Mh- lh- ,e- ,l- ,.M ih- ,Q- ,- ds rgr 27 izdkj dh ewy nokvksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj O;kikj
izfrcfU/kr fd;kA ysfdu buesa ls dqN nok,a vHkh Hkh cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa }kjk cuk;h vkSj
csp
a h tk jgh gSAa bu nokvksa ds uke uhps fn;s x;s gSa %
pg. 41
nokvksa ds
uke
1flusYtsfld
2,ksekbflu
3VsVkekbflu
4- Msdkcksfyu
5- fgLVkizsM
6- isjksdksVZ
7- isjksMku
fuekZrk
cgqjkVh;
dEifu;k
T;kSQhZ eSulZ
lk;ukfeM
Qkbtj
bUQkj
osFk
Fksfel
dsfedYl
esjfeM
?kkrd izHkko
vR;Ur ?kkrd] ilhuk }kjk kjhj ds
rkieku dks fu;fU=r djus okyh fof/k
dks uqdlku igqpkrh gSAa
vuqi;ksxh] ftudk dksbZ izHkko ugha
iM+rkA
vR;Ur ?kkrd] ;fn ejht dks ;s nok;sa
nsrs jgus ds ckn vpkud cUn dj nh
tk;sa rks
xqnsZ [kjkc gksrs gSa rFkk CyM izskj fxj
tkrk gSA
1988 esa izfrcaf/kr nok;sa

Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 15 twu 1988 dks foksk xtV uksVhfQdsku ,Dl
11018@1@88 Mh- ,e- ,l- ih- ,Q- ,- tkjh fd;k x;k ftlds rgr bZLVkstu&izkstsLVksu]
DyksjEQsfudksy&LVsIVksekblhu] LVhjkW;M~l ewy nokvksa dk O;kikj izfrcaf/kr fd;k x;kA
ysfdu fofHk czkM
a ukeksa ls cgqjkVh; dEifu;k vkt Hkh bu nokvksa dk O;kikj dj jgh gSAa
1- bZ- ih;wuhdse vR;Ur ?kkrd
QksVZ
2- esLVkt
s u bUQkj xHkZorh efgykvksa }kjk
QksVZ
iz;ksx djus ij viax
3- vksjlsksu fudksyl cPps iSnk gksus dk [krjkA
lkekU; fLFkfr esa ysus ij
QksVZ
4- vksxY;wfVu bUQkj efgykvksa ds ekfld /keZ
esa xM+cM+h iSnk dj nsrh
gSA
1990&91 esa izfrcfU/kr nok,a
ljdkj us 26 fnlEcj 1990 rFkk 11 Qjojh 1991 dks tkjh vknskksa }kjk ek%
ikp vkSj nl izdkj dh tsufjd nokb;k izfrcfU/kr dh Fkh ysfdu bu tsufjd nokvksa ds
izpfyr czkM
a ukeksa dks izfrcfU/kr lwph esa u Mkyus dh otg ls vkt Hkh ;s nokb;k cktkj
pg. 42
esa [kqys:i ls fcd jgh gSAa bu nokb;ksa esa izeq[k :i ls nnZukkd] dQ lhji vkSj VkWfud
vkfn gS]a budh lwph uhps nh tk jgh gSA
1-
C;wVk izkDthoku
cksdkMZ fyfeVsM
LikTeks izkDthoku cksdkMZ fyfeVsM
izkDthoku
dkC;wZVkby
okyktsfld
osxkfuu
2-
QksVZtsfld
ekUVksfji
3-
fMdsfjl
tsVfelksy&ih
4-
tsQkjy
Y;wihfgLV
fVDlhfyDl
dksjsDl
5-
V~;Cw lkbu
MhLVu
lanHkZ
1- tulkk] flrEcj] 1989A
pg. 43
;s nokb;k igys 1983 esa

izfrcfU/kr dh tk pqdh
gSAa
cksdkMZ fyfeVsM
budk vf/kd bLrseky
nnZ
jlYl bafM;k fyfuokjd ds :i esa gksrk
gSA
dkVZj okysl
ysfdu ;s varfM+;ksa esa
?kko Hkh
bZLV bafM;k fydjrh gSa vkSj izfrjks/kd
{kerk
fouFkzksi bafM;k fyuV djrh gSaA
IysFkdks QkekZizfrjks/kd {kerk uV
djrh gSA
,Fkukj bafM;k fy,d izdkj dk tgj tks
isV ds
,Fkukj bafM;k fydhM+s ekjus esa bLrseky
gksrk gSA
es ,.M csdj
;s lHkh dQ lhji gSaA
MkWDVjksa ds
Y;wfiu bafM;k fyeqrkfcd dQ lhjQ xSj
t:jh gS
es ,.M csdj
vkSj fdlh Hkh rjg ds
dQ
Qkbtj bafM;k fyls yM+us esa l{ke ugha
gSA
xzahQkbu bafM;k fy-[kkalh esa bLrseky dh tkus
T;ksQhZ eSulZ
okyh xksfy;k tks raf=dk
ra=
dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA
2- U;w;kdZ VkbEl] 31-3-1976] Mx baMLVh ,.M n bafM;u ihiqy ds i`B la[;k 224 ls
mn~/k`rA
3- ;w- ,l- lsD;wfjVh ,.M ,Dlpast dehku] mijks iqLrd ds m i`B ls mn~/k`rA
4- mijks iqLrd ds i`B la[;k 225 ls mn~/k`rA
fdlh Hkh nsk esa nok dh t:jr LFkkuh; tyok;q] lkekftd O;oLFkk ,oa vkfFkZd {kerk ls fu/kkZfjr gksrh
gSA fonskh laLFkku cgqjkVh; dEifu;k /kuh nskksa ds lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjosk dks esutj j[kdj
uhfr;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSaA eq&cktkj O;oLFkk esa O;kikj djuk mudh uhfr gS] Hkkjr esa mUgksaus ;gh
i)fr viuk;h gSA blhfy, ;g i)fr gekjs jkVh; fgrksa dh n`fV ls gkfudkjd gSA
gkFkh desVh dh fjiksVZ] i`B & 95
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ls eq nok&m|ksx dh t:jr

gekjs nsk esa ,d ls vf/kd fpfdRlk i)fr;k izpyu esa gSAa loZizFke bl nsk
dh feV~Vh vkSj vkcks&gok ls iSnk vkSj ;gk dh ijEijkxr lksp vkSj lkaLd`frd igpku ls
tqM+h gqbZ vk;qosZfnd fpfdRlk i)fr gSA blh ls feyrh tqyrh ;wukuh i)fr gSA vaxzsth]
kalhlh ,oa iqrZxkfy;ksa ds lEidZ dh cnkSyr ,yksiSFkh ,oa gksE;ksiSFkh vk;hA nks lkS lkyksa
ds vkSifuosfkd kklu vkSj vktknh ds ckn cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds fkdats us gekjh vfLerk
dks rksM+k vkSj oSKkfud /kjksgj dks jkSankA urhtk ;g fd ,yksiSFkh ds eqdkcys Hkkjrh; i)fr;k
fiNM+rs&fiNM+rs xqykeh dh gkyr esa jg x;h gSAa ljdkj us vktkn Hkkjr esa loZizFke
,yksiSFkh i)fr dh fk{kk ,oa fpfdRlky;ksa ds fu;eu ds fy;s 1956 esa Hkkjrh; vk;qfoZKku
ifjkn bf.M;u esfMdy dkmafly dk xBu laln ls ikfjr ,d vf/kfu;e ds rgr fd;k
A vk/kqfud i)fr esa gh vuql/a kku gsrq vk;qfoZKku vuql/a kku ifjkn esfMdy fjlpZ dkmafly
igys ls gh xfBr FkhA dqN vlsZ ckn Hkkjrh; ,oa gksE;ksiSFkh vuql/a kku dh dsUnzh; ifjkn
lh- lh- vkj- vkbZ- ,e- ,p- dk xBu fd;k x;kA yksdrkfU=d nckoksa ds pyrs 1970 esa
dsUnzh; Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk ifjkn lh- lh- vkbZ- ,p- dk xBu fd;k x;kA blds ckn
Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk ,oa gksE;ksiSFkh esa vuql/a kku ds fy;s 1977 esa vk;qosZn ,oa fl)] ;wukuh]
gksE;ksiSFkh] ;ksx ,oa izkd`frd fpfdRlk i)fr;ksa gsrq vyx&vyx dsUnzh; vuql/a kku ifjknksa
dk xBu fd;k x;kA bl izdkj orZeku esa dsUnzh; Lrj ij fofHk fpfdRlk i)fr;ksa dh
fk{kk ,oa fpfdRlkH;kl gsrq rhu ifjknsa ,oa vuql/a kku gsrq 6 ifjknsa dk;Z dj jgh gSaA blds
pg. 44
vykok lh- ,l- vkbZ- vkj- ds lkFk&lkFk vkbZ- lh- ,y- vkj- Hkh dHkh&dHkh ,sls dk;Zeksa
ds lkFk vkxs vkrh gS tks fpfdRlk ,oa LokLF; ls tqM+s gSaA nsk esa vk/kqfud] Hkkjrh; ,oa
gksE;ksiSFkh ds yxHkx 104] 120 vk;qosZfnd&98] ;wukuh&20 ,oa fl)&2 ,oa 94 dkyst py
jgs gSaA
brus cM+s rke>ke ds jgrs vkSj fokskdj 1970 ds Hkkjrh; isVsUV dkuwu ds cu
tkus ds ckn iwjs Lonskh fpfdRlk m|ksx rU= us dkQh izxfr dh vkSj ,d izdkj ls ge bl
ekeys esa vkRefuHkZj gh gks x;sA gk bl ekeys esa ,d xEHkhj [kkeh t:j jgh ,yksiSFkh ij
vU; i)fr;ksa ds eqdkcys T;knk /;ku fn;k x;k vkSj LokLF; ctV dk 90 izfrkr fgLlk
blds fodkl] kks/k vkSj mRiknu ij [kpZ fd;k x;kA gkykafd ,yksiSFkh dsoy 20 izfrkr
tula[;k dh gh LokLF; t:jrksa dks iwjk djrh gSA tcfd nskh fpfdRlk i)fr;k tks yksd
LokLF; ijaijkvksa esa O;kid :i ls QSyh gS]a vLlh Qhlnh ls T;knk vkcknh dh jkstejkZ dh
LokLF; t:jrsa iwjk dj jgh gSaA Hkkjr ds fofHk izkra ks esa vyx&vyx ukeksa ls izpfyr
LFkkuh; ;k yksd fpfdRlk dehZ nskh fpfdRlk i)fr;ksa dk mi;ksx dj jgs gSaA gtkjksa okksZa
ls taxyh tM+h&cwfV;ksa dks nokbZ ds :i esa ge iz;ksx djrs vk jgs gSaA
vc isVsUV dk geyk
vktknh ds ckn gekjs Lonskh m|ksxksa us ikpkR; fpfdRlk i)fr ,yksiSFkh esa
Hkh vHkwriwoZ izxfr dh gSA dbZ nqyZHk ,yksiSfFkd nokb;k loZlqyHk gSa rFkk vU; nskkas ds
eqdkcys lLrh Hkh gSAa gtkjksa kks/kdrkZ vkSj oSKkfud u;h nokb;ksa dh [kkst esa iz;kljr gSaA
nsk ds cM+s kks/k laLFkkuksa us viuh t:jrksa ds eqrkfcd nokb;k fodflr dh gSAa ;gk rd
fd vkt ge dqN nokb;k rks nwljs nskksa dks lLrh njksa ij fu;kZr Hkh dj jgs gSaA
ijUrq xSV esa kkfey gksus ls vc nksuksa izdkj dh fpfdRlk i)fr;ksa ij u;k
[krjk vk x;k gSA ;w rks igys ls gh cgqjkVh; nok dEifu;k jkVh; tu LokLF; leL;kvksa
dks vuns[kk dj vdwr equkQk dekrh jgh gSAa nsk esa izfrcfU/kr] izfrcU/k ;ksX;] gkfudkjd
vkSj xSj t:jh nokvksa dks cspdj cgqjkVh; dEifu;k 3000 djksM+ :i;s dk lkykuk ls
vf/kd dk equkQk dekrh jgh gSa vkSj lkFk gh nok cktkj ij ,dkf/kdkj izkfIr dk dqfRlr
kM;U= jprh tk jgh gSAa
Mady izLrkoksa esa tu LokLF; vis{kkvksa dh loZFkk mis{kk dh x;h gSA buds }kjk
cgqjkVh; dEifu;k foo Hkj dh eafM;ksa dks gfFk;kus dk iz;kl dj jgh gSAa ftldk nqfu;k
Hkj dh xjhc turk ij izHkko iM+us okyk gSA jksfx;ksa dks vkSkf/k;k vc vkSj eagxh feysaxhA
miHkksk dks viuh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd izkFkfedrkvksa dks cnyuk iM+x
s kA bl Hkwfedk ds
ifjizs{; esas bykt ij [kpkZ vkSj nokb;ksa dh dherksa esa rsth ls o`f) gksxhA
u;s isVsUV dkuwuksa ds vUrxZRk izR;sd rduhd vkSj mRikn dks isVsUV O;oLFkk ds
vUrxZRk ykuk gksxkA vkSkf/k;ksa ij oLrq (Product) rFkk cukus dh fof/k (Process) ij
isVsUV ykxw djus dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA ;g O;oLFkk 20 okZ oLrq ij vkSj 20 okZ oLrq
dks cukus dh fof/k ij ykxw gks ldsxhA bl izdkj yEcs le; rd vkSkf/k;ksa dks isVsUV
iz.kkyh ds vUrxZr yk;k tk ldsxkA bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa 70
pg. 45
izfrkr ls ij nokb;ksa ij isVUs V iz.kkyh dh O;oLFkk gksus dh lEHkkouk gSA ubZ rFkk iqjkuh
lc nokb;k blls izHkkfor gksaxhA iqjkuh nokb;ksa ds cukus dh ubZ fof/k;ksa ds isVsUV fy;s
tk;sx
a sA
vc ;fn u;s isVsUV dkuwu cu tkrs gSa rks cph [kqph nokb;k Hkh isVsUV iz.kkyh
dh gn esa vk tk;sx
a hA cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds uke gh T;knkrj isVsUV gksaxs vkSj ;s vf/kdkj
vkSkf/k;ksa dks nsk esa cukus (Domestic Production) rFkk ckgj ls vk;kr (Import)
djus ij leku :i ls ykxw gksax]s bl dkj.k ls cgqjkVh; dEifu;k viuh isVsUV dh gqbZ
nokb;ksa dks fonsk ls gh vk;kr djsx
a hA bldk lh/kk izHkko vkSkf/k;ksa dh miyfC/k rFkk mudh
dherksa ij iM+x
s kA ^Hkkjrh; nok mRiknd la?k^ ds eqrkfcd vkSkf/k;ksa dh dhersa nl xquk
rd c<+ tk;saxhA vk;kr vf/kd gks tk;sxk] LFkkuh; mRiknu grksRlkfgr gksxk vkSj ewY;
fu;U=.k vizHkkoh gks tk;sxkA
ubZ xSV iz.kkyh ds vUrxZr Hkkjr dh isVUs V O;oLFkk Hkh vesfjdk tSls nsk dh
Hkkafr cu tk;sxh rFkk ,dkf/kdkj LFkkfir gksus ds dkj.k nokb;ksa dh dhersa dbZ xquk c<+
tk;sx
a h vkSj vf/kdkak turk bu nokb;ksa dks ikus ls oafpr jg tk;sxhA ;gh ugha cfYd c<+h
gqbZ dherksa ds dkj.k ljdkjh ctV esa c<+kskjh u gksus dh lEHkkouk ls vLirkyksa] fMLiSalfj;ksa
rFkk LokLF; dsUnzksa ij nokb;ksa dh miyfC/k esa Hkkjh deh vk;sxh vkSj LokLF; lEcU/kh lHkh
;kstuk,a cqjh rjg izHkkfor gksaxhA
nwljh rjQ nskh fpfdRlk i)fr;ksa ij tks dqBkjk?kkr gksus tk jgk gS mldh
rjQ ls lHkh dh vk[ks cUn gSAa igys ls gh misf{kr vk;qosZfnd] ;wukuh vkSj flf) i)fr;ksa
ij vc u;h isVUs V iz.kkyh ds rgr cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dk tcjnLr geyk gksus okyk gSA
blds ,d dkj.k rks ;g gS fd vk/kqfud fpfdRlk i)fr ,yksiSFkh ifpe ds nskksa dh
LokLF; leL;kvksa dks iw.kZ:is.k gy djus esa v{ke lkfcr gqbZ gS vkSj ogk ds kks/kdrkZvksa
vkSj mRikndksa dh fuxkgsa iwoZ dh ijEijkxr i)fr;ksa ij yxh gqbZ gSAa bu i)fr;ksa esa
bLrseky gksus okyh ouLifr;k] tM+h&cwfV;k ifpe ds nskksa esa ugha ik;h tkrhA ifpeh
dEifu;k fdruh egRoiw.kZ nokb;k ikS/kksa vkSj tM+h&cwfV;ksa ls cukrh gS ;g fuEu rkfydk
ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS &
nqfu;k Hkj esa tM+h&cwfV;ksa ls izkIr dh tkus okyh izeq[k nok,a
tM+h cwVh
,estksfu;u
fy;kuk
vksVe ksdl
csykMksuk
dSEQj ikS/kk
dksdk
dkeu Fkkbe
QkDl Xyks
pg. 46
nok
D;wVsV
mi;ksx
iskh ds f[kapko esa
dksyfdlhu
,Vkis kbu
dSEQj
dksdsu
Fkkbeksy
fMftVksDlhu
V~;ew j fojks/kh
,.Vh ,ythZ
:chQsfl;sUV
yksdy ,uLFkhfl;k
QQwna jks/kh
n; VkWfud
bf.M;u lzsd
:V
feMh LohV
esDlhdu ;ke
feaV
ukSDloksfedk
vksfi;e
FkkuZ ,Iiy
jksth isjh fozady
okyosV chu
OgkbV foyks
FkSyks fludksuk
jstjikbu
ruko jks/kh
lsyh lkbDyhd
,flM
Mk;ksltsfuu
esFa kksy
LVkbduhu
ekjQhu
Ldksiksyes hu
fou fLVhu
,y & Mksik
lSyhlhu
dwuSu
nnZ ukkd
xHkZ fujks/kd
:chQsfl;saV
,u- lh- ,l- mRizsjd
nnZ fuokjd
kkfUr iznku djus
Y;wdsfe;k jks/kh
ikfdZlu jksx jks/kh
nnZ fuokjd
eysfj;k jks/kh
Hkkjr TkSls rhljh nqfu;k ds nskksa esa gh budk HkaMkj gSA cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dh
reke kks/k ,tfUl;k igys ls gh bu nskksa essa dk;Z dj jgh gSa vkSj pksjh fNis gtkjksa ouLifr
iztkfr;k viuh iz;ksxkkykvksa esa ys tk pqdh gSa vkSj vc ;fn ubZ isVUs V iz.kkyh ds rgr ;s
cgqjkVh; dEifu;k mu yk[kksa nskh uqL[kksa vkSj tM+h cwfV;ksa ds vkSk/kh; xq.kksa dks vius uke
isVsUV djk ysrh gSa rks gekjk D;k gksxk\ ;g izu vfr xEHkhj gSA nsk esa gtkjksa lkyksa ls
lafpr Kku vkSj vuqHko dh iwth dks cgqjkVh; dEifu;k ywV ys tk;sx
a h vkSj fQj gedks gh
eqagekaxh dher ij miyC/k djk;sx
a hA
;g gksus Hkh yxk gSA elyu gekjs nsk esa uhe loZlqyHk gS vkSj mlds vkSk/kh;
xq.kksa dk iz;ksx gtkjksa okksZa ls gekjs ;gk vk;qosZn ls ysdj ?kjsyw uqL[kksa vkSj dhVukkdksa ds
:i esa cM+s iSekus ij gks jgk gSA ysfdu bl uhe ij isVsUV dh ekj iM+ x;h gS vkSj ,d
vesfjdh dEiuh MCY;w- vkj- xzsl ,.M dEiuh us uhe ds fofHk peRdkfjd vkSk/kh; xq.kksa
dks vius uke isVUs V djk fy;k gSA
uhe % cskdherh
vktkfMjsDVk bafMdk , tqLl & uhe dk oSKkfud uke ftlds dhVukkh
jlk;fud inkFkZ ij vc vesfjdh cgqjkVh; dEiuh MCY;w- vkj- xzsl isVsUV ys pqdh gSA
fczfVk vkSj vesfjdh oSKkfudksa dk /;ku uhe dh vksj 1970 esa x;kA rc ls gh vesfjdk dk
d`fk foHkkx] futh m|ksxksa dh lgk;rk ls bl ckr dh [kkst dj jgk gS fd uhe dk
okf.kfT;d mi;ksx dSls fd;k tk;sA
Hkkjrh; xkoksa esa uhe dh ifk;ksa dk mi;ksx xje diM+ksa vkSj vukt dks dhVksa
ls cpkus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA xHkkZ/kku fokskKksa dk er gS fd xqIrkaxksa eas uhe dk rsy
bLrseky djus ls xHkkZ/kku jksdk tk ldrk gSA uhe ds ikksa dk jl ihus ls h ,d lIrkg
rd c/;k gks tkrh gSA peZ jksxksa esa rks uhe dk ?kksy vpwd vlj djrk gSA
pg. 47
fpfdRlk txr esa uhe dh vuUr lEHkkouk,a gSAa vHkh gky gh esa p.Mhx<+ ds
krdkskj fpfdRlk fk{kk ,oa vuql/a kku laLFkku dh fpfdRld izks- d`.kk ;kno us ?kkoksa esa
lae.k jksdus ds fy;s uhe ds ?kksy ls rS;kj vpwd ,aVhlSfIVd nok btkn dh] tks vU;
nokvksa ds eqdkcys cgqr lLrh gSA izks- dq.kk ;kno dk dguk gS fd egRoiw.kZ fpfdRlk
laLFkkuksa esa Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk i)fr ij kks/k dks c<+kok fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
vc Hkfo; esa ge uhe ds xq.kksa ij yk[k nkosnkjh djrs jgsa] mu xq.kksa ij
isVsUV/kkjh dh nkosnkjh gh ekU; gksxhA rqylh dk isM+ gekjs ;gk ?kj&?kj mxk;k tkrk gS
vkSj mldk mi;ksx cgqr lkjs jksxksa esas fd;k tkrk gS ijUrq vc ,d cgqjkVh; dEiuh rqylh
ds vkSk/kh; xq.k dks isVsUV djkus dk izkFkZuk i= ns pqdh gSA blcxksy uked ouLifr dh
Hkh ;g dgkuh gS ftldk djksM+ksa dk O;kikj cgqjkVh; dEifu;k gh djrh gSAa bu tSlh
gtkjksa vU; ouLifr;ksa ds vkSk/kh; xq.kksa dh gekjs nsk ds rFkkdfFkr vui<+ xaokj yksxksa esa
foy{k.k igpku {kerk gSA tYnh gh mUgsa Hkh isVsUV ds Mkdw ys mM+sax]s rks gekjh D;k gkyr
gksxh\
,d vn~Hkqr ouLifr dh mis{kk
Le`fr dks c<+kus okyh ouLifr ds :i esa czg~eh dh cgqr izfrBk gS vk;qosZn xzaFkksa
esa blds xq.kksa dk cgqr o.kZu feyrk gSA vHkh gky gh esa cukjl fgUnw foofo|ky; esa blls
;knnkr okil ykus okyh nok cuk yh x;h gSA bl Hkkjrh; miyfC/k dk fonskh cgqjkVh;
dEifu;ksa ds gkFkksa tkus dk [krjk iSnk gks x;k gSA D;ksfa d Hkkjrh; vf/kdkjh bls isVsUV
djkus esa fnypLih ugha ys jgsA nwljh rjQ vesfjdk esa uskuy baLVhV~;Vw vkWQ esVa y gSYFk
^czg~eh^ nok cukus esa tqV x;k gSA ch- ,p- ;w- ds kks/k drkZ izks- th- ih- nwcs dks Mj gS fd
vesfjdk gels igys bls isVsUV djk ysxkA
czg~eh u flQZ Lej.k kf c<+kus esa lgk;d gksrh gS] cfYd vfunzk ds dkj.k
gksus okys ruko dks Hkh de djrh gSA ch- ,p- ;w- esa gq, kks/k ls irk pyrk gS fd
i<+us&fy[kus esa detksj Ldwyh cPpksa ds fy;s Hkh ;g nok dkjxj gSA blls ikxyiu rd
Bhd gks ldrk gSA czg~eh fejxh ds nkSjs jksdus esa Hkh dke;kc gqbZ gSA
Hkkjr gh ugha ,fk;k vhdk ds reke eqYdksa dh lEi izkd`frd lEink
dks mifuoskhdj.k ds ;s u;s ig:;s ys tk;sx
a sA ck;ks rduhd ds ek/;e ls u;h iztkfr;ksa
vkSj chtksa dk fodkl dj ;s cgqjkVh; dEifu;k gesa gh egaxs nkeksa ij cspax
s h tcfd mudk
teZIykTe gekjs ;gk ls gh bUgksua s izkIr fd;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] vhdk ds taxyksa esa
ik;s tkus okys ,d Qy esa FkksesfVu uke dk nqfu;k dk lcls ehBk phuh ls 1 yk[k xquk
T;knk inkFkZ vesfjdk dh tSuVSd uked dEiuh us vius uke isVsUV djk fy;k gS vkSj vc
e/kqesg ds jksfx;ksa dks phuh ds fodYi ds rkSj ij FkksesfVu cspdj ;s dEifu;k equkQk
dek;sx
a hA
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ls eq nok&m|ksx dh t:jr
vkt tc cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dh ekuo fojks/kh xfrfof/k;ksa dk inkZQkk gks pqdk
gS rks ,sls le; nok m|ksx ds {ks= esa bl rjg dh oSdfYid O;oLFkk dks lkeus j[kuk
t:jh gks tkrk gS tks cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ls fcYdqy eq gksA bl rjg dh O;oLFkk dsoy
pg. 48
blfy, gh vko;d ugha gS fd blls nsk nok ds {ks= esas vkRefuHkZjrk dh rjQ c<+sxk
cfYd blfy, Hkh fd djksM+ksa xjhc ejhtksa dks lLrk mipkj miyC/k djkdj ^ thou j{kk^
tSls mnkk uSfrd ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk Hkh gks ldsxhA 1974 esa xfBr gkFkh desVh us viuh
fjiksVZ 1975 esas dgk Fkk] equkQs ds vknkZ esa fookl j[kus okys cgqjkVh; laLFkkuksa
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds gekjs nsk esa jgus ls gekjs nok&m|ksx ij flQZ O;oLkkf;d LokFkZ
dk izHkko c<+sxkA ;s lkjh nqfu;k eas euq; ds nq[k dks iwth cukus dk laxfBr iz;kl dj jgs
gSAa muds bl iz;kl dks fN&fHk djus ds fy, Hkkjr esa mudh mifLFkfr ;Fkkkh?kz lekIr
djuh gksxhA fjiksVZ esa vkxs cM+s tksjnkj <ax ls dgk x;k blfy, ge yksx iwjh rkdr ds
lkFk flQkfjk djrs gSa fd nok ,oa ouLifr m|ksxksa ds {ks=ks esa cgqjkVh; ;wfuVksa dk ljdkj
vkf/kxzg.k djs vkSj muds lapkyu dk Hkkj izLrkfor ^jkVh; nok izkf/kdj.k^ dks lkSaik tk;A
bl ckr esa dksbZ lUnsg ugha gS fd jkVh;dj.k ds flok; equkQk[kksj cgqjkVh;
dEifu;ksa ls fuiVus dk dksbZ nwljk jkLrk ugha gS D;ksafd buds jgrs thou j{kk ds mn~ns;
dks ysdj dke djus okys [kkldj lkoZtfud nok izfrBku can gksus dh fLFkfr esa igqp x;s
gSAa vkbZ- Mh- ih- ,y- ,d ,slk gh mnkgj.k gSA blds lkFk gh lkFk Hkkjrh; nok m|ksx dks
thoar cukus ds fy;s ljdkj dh rjQ ls vko;d vkfFkZd] uSfrd ,oa izkklfud lqfo/kk,
miyC/k djk;h tkuh pkfg,A
xjhc turk dks lLrk mipkj eqgS;k djus ds fy, t:jh gS fd ljdkj nokvksa
dk ewY;&fu/kkZj.k djs ,oa nokvksa dks muds ewy jklk;fud ukeksa ij gh cukus dh NwV ns u
fd izpfyr uke ij rkfd nkeksa ij euekuhiu dh lEHkkouk u jgsA
nokb;ksa dk ekSfyd miknku nsk esa gh cus] ckgj ls fdlh Hkh dher ij vk;kr
u fd;k tk; rkfd nokvksa dk ykxr ewY; de vkSj fLFkj jg ldsA
bl lanHkZ esa ,d ckr tks cgqr vko;d gsS og ;g gS fd gtkjksa okZ ls vktekbZ
gqbZ mu Lonskh fpfdRlk i)fr;ksa dks iquthZfor ,oa fodflr fd;k tk; tks cgqjkVh;
fuxeksa dh geykoj uhfr;ksa ds pyrs vkt mis{kk dh fkdkj gSAa vk;qosZfnd] ;wukuh&frCch
gdheh] vkfnoklh fpfdRlk i)fr;k lEHkor % ;gk ds ifjosk esa vf/kd izHkkoh vkSj lLrk
mipkj ns ikus esa l{ke gksaxh u fd fonskh ifjosk esa iuih ifpeh fpfdRlk i)frA oSls
bu lcds chp ;fn vPnk leUo; cuk;k tk lds rks csgrj gksxkA ysfdu nqHkkZX; ls gekjs
nsk dh ljdkjksa us vkt rd Lonskh fpfdRlk i)fr;ksa ds lkFk lkSrsyk O;ogkj fd;k gSA
vkt gj O;f ^,yksiSfFkd laLd`fr^ esa iyrk gS] D;ksafd fk{kk ds ikB~;eksa esa mls vk;qosZfnd
thou&kSyh dk ikB ugha i<+k;k tkrkA blfy, cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ls eqf ikus ds fy,
vko;d gS fd vius Kku vkSj viuh euhkk ls ekuo ihM+kvksa ij fot; ikus gsrq jkLrk <w<
fudkyk tk;A
pg. 49
dhVukkdksa dk Hkh fukkuk gS gekjk LokLF;

dhVukkd nokb;ksa ds fNM+dko okys xsgwa ds vkVs dh ryh gqbZ iwfj;k [kkus okys
mkj iznsk ds cjsyh ftys ds djhc Ms<+ lkS O;f;ksa ds ekSr ds fkdkj cuus dh ?kVuk vHkh
tsgu esa cjdjkj gSA gkyr ;g gS fd bl rjg ds NksV&
s cM+s lekpkj vk;s fnu lqf[kZ;ksa es a
i<+us dks fey tkrs gSAa bu lekpkjksa ls fopkjd ,d ckj fQj fpafrr gksus yxs gSaA ladj
cht ds vkxeu ds ckn dhVukkdksa ds mi;ksx esa rsth ls o`f) gksus ds dkj.k vkt dqy
[ksrh ;ksX; tehu ds pkSFks Hkkx esa bl tgj dk bLrseky kq: gks x;k gSA mlesa vk/ks ls
vf/kd Hkkx rks Mh- Mh- Vh-] ch- ,p- lh- vkSj eSykfFk;ksu dk gh gSA ipkl ds nkd esa bu
nokb;ksa dk okfkZd mi;ksx flQZ nks gtkj Vu Fkk] tks vkt c<+ dj vLlh gtkj Vu rd
igqap pqdk gSA fQj Hkh rkTtqc rks ;g gS fd tho&tUrq] jksx vkfn ls Qly dks tks uqdlku
laxzg ds le; ds uqdlku lfgr gksrk Fkk] mldk vkdM+k] tks lu~ 1976 esa 3300 djksM+
Vu Fkk] og vkt c<+dj N% gtkj djksM+ Vu gks x;k gSA lu~ 1960&61 esa 64 yk[k gsDVsvj
esa ;g tgj okLro esa bls nok dSls dgk tk;A nok thou j{kk djrh gS mldk guu ugha
Mkyk tkrk Fkk] vc mlds LFkku ij vkB djksM+ gsDVsvj esa Mkyus dk ;g urhtk gSA vksVkok
fLFkfr baVjuskuy MsosyiesaV fjlpZ laVas j dk nkok gS fd rFkkdfFkr fodflr nskksa esa gh
dhVukkdksd
a s tgj ls gj okZ nl gtkj vkneh ej tkrs gSa vkSj nwljs pkj yk[k vkneh
rjg&rjg ds foijhr ifj.kkeksa ls ihfM+r gksrs gSAa ,sls tgjksa dks ge D;k dgsaxs & dhVukkd
;k ekuo Hk{kd\ buds eq[; fkdkj [ksr etnwj gksrs gSaA ikpkR; nskksa esa ftu ij ikcanh
yxkbZ xbZ gS] oSls jlk;u rhljs foo esa mM+sys tkus ds dkj.k ;g ifjfLFkfr iSnk gqbZ gSA
egkjkV rFkk vka/kziznsk esa :bZ dikl mxkus okyh iV~Vh esa bu dhVukkdksa ds dkj.k [ksr
etnwjksa esa vU/kRo] dSUlj] vaxfod`fr;ka] yhoj ds jksx rFkk KkurUrqqvksa ds jksx gksus s ds
mnkgj.k ik;s x;s gSaA
vY;qfefu;e QkWLQkbM tks vukt laxzg ds fy, lokZf/kd izHkkokkyh ekuk tkrk
gS] euq; ds Hkkstu esa tkus ls tgjhyk vlj djrk gSA vky bafM;k bUlVhV~;wV vkQ
esfMdy lkbalt
s ds MkDVjksa ds ,d ny us lu~ 1988 esa ,d losZ{k.k fd;k Fkk] mlesa
vY;qfefu;e QkWLQkbM ds gh tgjhys vlj ds 114 mnkgj.k jksgrd gfj;k.kk es]a 55 mkj
iznsk es]a vkSj 30 fgekapy iznsk eas ik;s x;s FksA
,j.Mh ds rsy ls ysdj jk[k feykus rd dh vkSj xksj feV~Vh dh dksfB;ksa esa
?kj&?kj vukt lqjf{kr j[kus dh tks lqanj fodsfUnzr O;oLFkk Fkh] mls [kRe dj fn;k x;kA
,l- Vh- lh- ds vjcksa :i;ksa dh ykxr ls cus xksnkeksa esa vukt ds lkFk tgj feyk dj
djksM+ksa ds O;oLFkk [kpZ ls vukt laxzg djus dh O;oLFkk fQj Hkh yk[kksa Vu vukt lM+
tkrk gS dks gh D;k ge izxfr vkSj fodkl dgsaxs\
QkyhMksy uked dhVukkd ds fNM+dko okyh phuh vkSj xsagwa ds vkVs ds mi;ksx
ls dsjy esa 106 yksxksa dh e`R;q gks x;h crk;h tkrh gSA Mh- Mh- Vh-] ch- ,p- lh-] ,YMku]
DykslMsu] ,Mhu] feFkkby iSjkfFk;ksu] VksDlkQsu vkSj gsIVkDyksj rFkk fy.Msu vkfn vusd
dhVukkd ftUgsa foo LokLF; laLFkk MCY;w- ,p- vks- us vR;Ur fokSyk vkSj vlqj{kke;
pg. 50
djkj fn;k gS vkSj ftuds bLrseky ij dbZ nskksa essa ;k rks lEiw.kZ jksd gS ;k l[r fu;a=.k
gS] gekjs nsk eas [kqyv
s ke mi;ksx D;ksa gksrk gS\ bldk LifVdj.k laln lnL;ksa rFkk
tulk/kkj.k dks nsk rFkk jkT;ksa ds d`fk foHkkx ls ekxuk pkfg,A ;|fi lkeus ls LiVhdj.k
feyus dh laHkkouk cgqr gh de gS] D;ksfa d cspkjs eaf=;ksa dks rks vius lfpoksa dk i<+k;k ikB
gh jV ysuk gksrk gSA
,d vkSlr Hkkjrh; dks vius nSfud vkgkj esa 0-27 feyhxzke Mh- Mh- Vh- Hkh isV
esa Mkyuk iM+rk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i vkSlr Hkkjrh; ds kjhj ds rdksa esa ,df=r gq,
Mh- Mh- Vh- dk Lrj 12-8 ls 31 ih- ih- ,e- ;kfu foo esa lcls pk gSA fnYyh okyksa ds
kjhj dh pjch esa Hkh dhVukkdksa dk Lrj foo eaas lcls pk dgk tkrk gSA xsgaw esa 1-6 ls
17-4 ih- ih- ,e-] pkoy esa 0-8 ls 16-4 ih- ih- ,e-] nkyksas esa 2-9 ls 16-9 ih- ih- ,e-]
ewaxQyh esa 3-0 ls 19-1 ih- ih- ,e- lkx lCth eas 5-00 vkSj vkyw esa 68-5 ih- ih- ,e- rd
Mh- Mh- Vh- ik;k x;k gSA vukt] nkysa] vaMs] ekal vkSj lkx&lCth ds ftu uewuksa dh tkp
dh xbZ Fkh muesa ls vk/ks uewuksa eas dhVukkdksa ds vak ns[kus dks feys vkSj ,d frgkbZ uewuksa
esa rks ;s vak MCY;w- ,p- vks- }kjk lq>kbZ xbZ lg;ek=k ls Hkh vf/kd FkhA egkjkV essa Ms;jh
}kjk cksryksa essa fcdus okys nw/k ds 90 izfrkr uewuksa esa 4-8 ls 6-3 ih- ih- ,e- rd Mh- MhVh-] 1-9 ls 6-3 ih- ih- ,e- rd fMYMhu Hkh ik;k x;kA tcfd nksuksa dh lg;ek=k flQZ 066 ih- ih- ,e- gh gSA Mh- Mh- Vh- vkSj ch- ,p- lh- dk vkSlr ifjek.k ek % 3-6 vkSj 26 ih- ih- ,e- eD[ku esa ns[kk x;k gS tcfd lek=k dsoy 1-25 ih- ih- ,e gSA
,sls tgj ds yxkrkj bLrseky ds dkj.k HkwxHkZ dk ty] unh] ukys] rkykc vkfn
nwfkr gks x;s gSaA dukZVd ds gklu ftys ds rkykcksa ds ihus ds ikuh esa rks 0-02 ls ysdj
0-2 ih- ih- ,e- rd dhVukkd ik;s x;s] tcfd dkosjh ds ikuh esa 1000 ih- ih- ch- ikV~Zl
ij fcfy;u] ch- ,p- lh- vkSj 1300 ih- ih- ch- isjksfFk;ksu ns[kk x;kA
lLrk lkfgR; laLFkk }kjk izdkfkr vk;ZfHkkd~ uked 100 okZ iwoZ fy[ks x;s
ouLifr vkSk/k fok; ds ,d xzaFk esa ,slk mYys[k gS fd vukt esa gjs tks lw[k u x;s gksa
eha<y MksMs ds Qy Mky j[ks gksa rks vukt ikjk Mkys gq, vukt ls Hkh T;knk vPNh rjg
lqjf{kr jgrk gSA ckr&ckr esa ih<+h&nj&ih<+h feyus okys vuqHko Kku dh ,slh fdruh
fojklr Ldwy&dkystksa esa fk{kk izkIr efgykvksa us lqjf{kr j[kh gksaxh\
vf/kd ls vf/kd Qly mxkus ds ikxyiu esa geus ladj cht vkSj cukoVh
[kkn dh xyr jkg viuk;h] ftlls Qly dh jksx izfrjks/kd kf ?kV x;h vkSj dhVUkkkdksa
dks izosk feykA vukt dh mit c<+kus ds fy, ugha] cfYd dhVukkdksa dks nkf[ky djus
ds fy, ladj cht dk bLrseky c<+k;k tk jgk gS] ;g ckr yksxksa ds /;ku esa gh ugh vk;hA
lky esa nks&nks] rhu&rhu Qlysa ikuss dh miyfC/k dh Mhax gkadrs le; ;g fcYdqy Hkqyk
fn;k x;k fd idh Qly ysus ij fdlku tc og Qly dkV ysrk rks mlds ckn [ksr
[kkyh jgrkA bl nkSjku ml [ksr esa gkfudkjd tho&tarqvksa dks iuius ds fy, dksbZ vkgkj
u feyus ds dkj.k mudh tkfr;ksa ij dqnjrh <ax ls vadqk vk tkrk FkkA
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa }kjk dhVukkdksa dk O;kikj %&
pg. 51
dhVUkkkdksa ds mRiknu vkSj muds iz;ksx dks izpkfjr djus esa cgqjkVh;
dEifu;ksa dks egkjr gkfly gSA vjcksa Mkyj dk lkykuk O;kikj djds djksM+ksa yksxksa ds
thou esa tgj ?kksy jgh gSAa gfjr kfUr vkSj O;kikfjd d`fk ds uke ij fodklkhy nsk
dhVukkdksa ds dqtky eas Qal pqds gSaA uhps dh rkfydk esa dhVukkd mRiknu djus okyh
eq[; cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds uke fn;s tk jgs gSa %&
dhVukkd cukus okyh eq[; cgqjkVh; dEifu;k
dEiuh
lhck&xk;xh
cs;j
vkbZ- lh- vkbZjksu & iksysd
a
ekulsaVks
M~;w ik
ch- ,- ,l- ,QgsDlV
Mks
kSy
ksfjax
,- lkbukfeM
lsM
a kst
,Q- ,e- lhbyh fyyh
eq[; xfrfof/k
dhVuk O;kikj kks/k vkSj fodkl ij

kd
[kpZ
djksM+ Mkyj esa djksM+ Mkyj
esa
nokb;k
203-7 16-7
jlk;u
172-7 14-0
jlk;u
147-7 15-0
jlk;u
146-4 10-0
jlk;u
117-8 9-4
isVkfs y;e
110-0 11-0
jlk;u
88-9 vuqiyC/k
jlk;u
83-3 8-0
jlk;u
82-0 7-0
isVkfs y;e
75-4 7-5
nokb;k
66-0 8-0
jlk;u
61-5 8-6
nokb;k
55-0 5-5
jlk;u@gfFk;kj 47-8 6-7
nokb;k
40-8 4-0
lzkrs & xSV ,.M bf.M;k % ikfyfVDl vkQ ,xzhdYpj & ys- nsosUnz kekZ
D;ksfa d dhVukkd fuekZrk cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dk dkjksckj vjcksa Mkyj lkykuk
dk gS vr % bl m|ksx ds fufgr LokFkZ cgqr rkdroj gks x;s gSAa T;knkrj dhVukkd
mRiknd dEifu;k lkFk gh lkFk vU; izdkj ds d`fk jlk;uksa vkSj ubZ iztkfr;ksa ds chtksa
dk Hkh mRiknu djrh gSAa jlk;u cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa us cM+&
s cM+s Qly vuql/a kku laLFkkuksa
vkSj cht foi.ku izfrBkuksa dks [kjhn fy;k gSA ns[kus lquus esa rks vPNk yxrk gS fd vc
cgqjkVh; dEifu;k ubZ&ubZ tSorduhdksa }kjk mPp mRiknu {kerk vkSj dhVjks/kh xq.klEi
chtksa dk mRiknu vkSj foi.ku djsx
a hA ijUrq [krjukd gS dhVukkh mRiknu djus okyh
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa }kjk cht mRiknu vkSj O;kikj dks vius gkFkksa fu;fU=r djus ds ihNs
pg. 52
dk fufgRk LokFkZ% ,sls chtksa dk mRiknu ftuesa T;knk jklk;fud [kknksa vkSj T;knk dhVukkdksa
dk mi;ksx gks ldsA ftl jrkj ls d`fk chtksa dh tSo fofo/krk O;oLkkf;d [ksrh ds pyrs
uV gks jgh gS] og fnu nwj ugha tc lkjk dk lkjk cht O;kikj dEifu;ksa ds gkFk esa gksxk
vkSj fdlku iwjh rjg bu u;s chtksa ij gh fuHkZj gks tk;sx
a sA lkFk gh lkFk] dhVukkdksas ds
Hkkjh bLrseky ds fy;s Hkh etcwj gks tk;saxsA
lHkh ,xzkd
s sfedy cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa us vius kks/k dk vf/kdkak fgLlk
[kjirokj ukkdksa ds izfr lgukhy cht fodflr djus esa yxk j[kk gS] ;kfu ,sls cht
ftuds lkFk T;knk ls T;knk [kjirokj ukkd jlk;u bLrseky fd;s tk ldas] ijUrq bu
jlk;uksa dk vlj Qlyksa ij u gksA pkoy] ek] xsgw] vkyw] lksjxe] lks;kchu] lCth vkSj
vU; O;kikfjd Qlysa tSls ,YQk&,YQk] dsuksyk] dkVu] ikiyj] xk] lwjteq[kh] rEckdw]
VekVj vkSj [kk|rsy vkfn Qlyksa ds chtksa esa [kjirokj ukkh jlk;uksa ds izfr lgukhyrk
fodflr djus ds iz;kl ;s dEifu;k dj jgh gSAa ;g nkok Hkh fd;k tk jgk gS fd bu u;s
chtksa ds bLrseky djus ls [kjirokj ukkh jlk;uksa dh [kir de gksxhA bl izdkj dh
Qlysa î;kZoj.k&nksLr^ jlk;uksa ds bLrseky dks c<+kok nsx
a hA ,sls u;s [kjirokj ukkh
jlk;uksa ds fodkl dk nkok fd;k tk jgk gS tks de ls de nqizHkko j[krs gSa vkSj feV~Vh
esa feyus ds ckn vgkfudkjd jlk;uks esa rCnhy gks tkrs gSAa ijUrq jscd
s k xksYMoxZ vkSj
lkfFk;ksa }kjk fyf[kr iqLrd ^ck;ksVDs uksykstht fcVj gkjosLV % gfoZlkbM VksyjsUV kIl
,.M n FkszV Vw lLVsuscy ,xzhdYpj^ esa bl ckr dks pqukSrh nh gS fd okLro esa [kjirokjukkh
jlk;uksa ds izfr lgukhyrk j[kus okys chtksa ds bLrseky ls î;kZoj.k&nksLr^ jlk;uksa dk
bLrseky c<+sxk\ jscsdk xksYMoxZ dgrs gSa fd [kjirokjukkh lgukhyrk iqjkus] T;knk
tgjhys tSls eSVhC;wthu] ,Vkthu] Vkb;kthu] eSVksykDyksj vkSj 2] 4 Mh vkfn jlk;uks ds
izfr gh iz;ksx dh tk jgh gS] vkSj u;s vkSj iqjkus [kjirokj ukkdksa dk cktkj c<+kus ds
fy;s izkRs lkgu Hkh fn;s tk jgs gSAa bls ns[krs gq;s ;g vlEHko gh gS u;s de [krjukd
[kjirokj ukkh jlk;u iqjkus T;knk [krjukd jlk;ukss dk LFkku ys ysaxsA xksYMcxZ us
psrkouh nh gS fd [kjirokj ukkh lgukhy Qlysa vkSj o`{k ds mRiknu esa ubZ fdLe ds
[kjirokj ukkh jlk;uksa dk T;knk bLrseky gksxk vkSj vUrr% d`fk dh bu jlk;uks ij
fuHkZjrk cuh jgsxhA
;wjksih;u ikfyZ;kesVa ds [kk|] eRL; vkSj d`fk vk;ksx dh ,d fjiksVZ 1986 esa
Bhd gh dgk x;k gS ^ m|ksxksa ds n`fVdks.k ls] [kjirokj ukkh lgukhy iztkfr;ksa dk
fodkl vkfFkZd n`fVdks.k ls ykHkizn gS D;ksfa d bu iztkfr;ksa ds fodkl ds eqdkcys u;s
[kjirokj ukkh jlk;uksa ds fodkl esa 20 xquk vf/kd /ku yxrk gSA^ vkSj ;gh rdZ cgqjkVh;
dEifu;ksa dk gSA ftuesa ls vf/kdrj bl eSnku esa dwn pqdh gSAa dhVukkd fodkl] ikS/k
iztuu vkSj cht mRiknu rhuks dks lfEefyr :i ls ,d gh dEiuh }kjk djus ds dkj.k]
vc dEifu;k d`fk ykxrksa dk ,d lEiw.kZ iSdst gh csp ldsaxhA ;s cht] mlh dEiuh }kjk
mRikfnr dhV vkSj [kjirokj ukkh ds izfr lgukhy gksaxs] vkSj bl rjg nksuksa cht] vkSj
dhV o [kjirokj ukkh dh fch lkFk&lkFk gksxh] lkFk&lkFk c<+sxhA
pg. 53
27 ls T;knk cgqjkVh; dEifu;k bl izdkj ds kks/k esa yxh gqbZ gSAa uhps dh
rkfydk esa dqN cht mRiknd cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds uke fn;s tk jgs gSaA
cht mRiknu esa yxh cgqjkVh; dEifu;k
dEiuh
nsk
eq[; xfrfof/k
ik;ksfu;j
lsM
a kst
yhekxzsu
dkjfxy
vitksu
izksoasMj
lhck&xk;xh
Qkbtj
kSy
vksjlu
dsMCY;w,lvkbZlhvkbZY;wczhtksy
;w- ,l- ,fLoV~tjyS.M

kal
;w- ,l- ,;w- ,l- ,fLoV~tjyS.M
fLoV~tjyS.M
;w- ,l- ,fczVsu@U;wthyS.M
kal
teZuh
cht
jlk;u
cht
[kk| izlLa dj.k
jlk;u
[kk| izlLa dj.k
jlk;u
cht
isVksfy;e
tSo jlk;u
cht
cht O;kikj djksM+

Mkyj esa
69-2
38-2
23-4
25-0
21-7
21-3
21-3
15-4
20-0
13-9
12-7
fczVsu
jlk;u
9-8
;w- ,l- ,-
jlk;u
8-3
lzkrs & fi;js] oSfu;V tksyh] vkbZ- ,u- ,- &lh- ,u- vkj- ,l- &kal
lhck xk;xh dEiuh us u;s fdLe dk lks;kchu dk cht rS;kj fd;k tks lhck
xk;xh }kjk gh mRikfnr [kjirokj ukkh ,Vkthu ds izfr lgukhyrk j[krk gSA bl cht
dh otg ls lhck xk;xh ds ,Vkthu dh lkykuk fch 12 djksM+ Mkyj c<+ x;hA gekjs
fy;s bl izdkj dh [ksrh okLro esa fpUrktud gS] D;ksfa d u;s chtksa ds bLrseky djrs gq;s
gekjs fdlku etcwj gks tk;saxs fd os [kjirokj ukkh o dhVukkh jlk;u Hkh [kjhnsa vkSj
iz;ksx djsAa gekjs ;gk vHkh dqy d`fk ds 15&20 izfrkr fgLls esa gh bu tgjhys vkSj
[krjukd jlk;uksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS ijUrq vc ;g fufpr :i ls c<+ tk;sxkA
fodfLkr nsk pkykd gSa &
cgqjkVh; dEifu;k vius T;knkrj dhVukkdks vkSj [kjirokj ukkdks ds fy;s
fodklkhy nskksa esa cktkj [kkstrh gSaA ,sls jlk;u Hkh [kqysvke csps tkrs gSa tks fodflr
nskksa esa izfrcfU/kr gSaA buds mi;ksx dks gfjr kfUr] T;knk mRiknu] O;oLkkf;d mRiknu
ds uke ij c<+kok fn;k tkrk gSA fufpr~ :i ls] ,slh Qlyksa esa [krjukd jlk;uksa dk
pg. 54
cgqr cM+k vak jgrk gS tks buds bLrseky ls ikqvksa vkSj euq;ksa esa igqaprk gS rFkk muds
thou dks [krjs esa Mky nsrk gSA bl izdkj ds d`fk mRikn fodflr nskksa dks fu;kZr u fd;s
tk ldsa blds fy;s xSV le>kSrs esa vyx ls ,d v/;k; ^lSuhVjh vkSj QkbVks lSuhVjh
estlZ^ dks tksM+k x;k gSA
^lSuhVjh vkSj QkbVks lSuhVjh estlZ^ dk eq[; fukkuk os fodklkhy nsk gh gS]a
tgka ls d`fk mRikn fodflr nskksa dks fu;kZr fd;s tkrs gSAa xSV le>kSrs ds bl izko/kku esa
;g r; fd;k x;k gS fd lHkh nskksa dks os lqj{kk fu;eu vkSj funsZku ekuus gksaxs tks [kk|
jlk;uks]a osVsujh nokvksa] dhVukkdks]a feykoVksa] foysk.k ds rjhdksa vkSj gkbthu izsfDVl ds
fu;eksa ds fy;s dksMDs l ,syhesaVsfj;l vk;ksx (Codex Alimentarius Comission) }kjk
r; fd;s x;s gSaA jkse fLFkr ;g vk;ksx la;q jkV la?k ds [kk| ,oa d`fk laxBu ,Q- ,vks- }kjk lapkfyr rFkk foo LokLF; laxBu MCY;w- ,p- vks- }kjk fokh; lgk;rk izkIr
gSA bl vk;ksx dk ms; ikqvksa] lfCt;ksa vkSj Qyksa dh xq.kokk ds fy;s cus fu;e dkuwuksa
esa ,d:irk LFkkfir djuk gSA blds fy;s vU; vUrjjkVh; laLFkkvksa] b.Vjuskuy vkfQl
vkQ bfitwfVDl rFkk b.Vjuskuy IykaV izkVs sDku dUosku vkfn dk Hkh lg;ksx feyrk gSA
dksMDs l ,yhesaVsfj;l }kjk [kk| Lrj cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s dh x;h laLrqfr;k cgqr gh
pkykdh ls fodflr nskksa }kjk fodklkhy nskksa ls gksus okys [kk| lkexzh d`fk mRiknksa
ds vk;krksa dks ;g dg dj jksdus esa bLrseky dh tkrh gS fd fodklkhy nskksa }kjk
mRikfnr [kk| oLrqvksa ds bLrseky ls fodfLkr nskksa ds yksxksa dks LokLF; dk [krjk gSA
;s laLrqfr;k gh xSV le>kSrs esa lSuhVjh ,oa QkbVks lSuhVjh estlZ ds izko/kkuksa
esa kkfey dh x;h gSaA gkykafd bu laLrqfr;ksa dks cukrs le; vkSj mu ij ,d vUrjjkVh;
le>kSrk djrs le; [kk| fokskKks]a oSKkfudksa ,oa MkDVjksa }kjk mudh leh{kk dh tkuh
pkfg;s Fkh] ijUrq [kk| ,oa jlk;u cukus okyh cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds vf/kdkfj;ksa us gh lc
dqN vius vki r; dj fn;kA blesa miHkksk lewgksa ds lq>ko Hkh ugha fy;s x;sA ifj.kke
lkeus gSA dksMDs l laLrqfr;k cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds i{k es tkrh gSAa vc tc fodklkhy
nsk Hkh [krjukd dhVukkdksa vkSj jlk;uksa }kjk LokLF; vkSj i;kZoj.kh; [krjksa ds izfr
lpsr gks jgs gS]a rc dksMsDl dh laLrqfr;ksa esa dhVukkdksa ds vak (Residues) ds lhek esa
NwV ns nh x;h gSA
dksMDs l ,yhesaVsfj;l esa vesfjdh izfrfuf/k e.My dk xBu bl ckr dk lcwr
nsrk gS fd bl laLFkk esas vkf[kj D;k id jgk gSA bl izfrfuf/k e.My esa usLys] gkyS.M ,.M
ukbV] dksdkdksyk] isIlh dksyk] gksZ QwM dkiksZjsku tSlh cM+h [kk| vkSj dhVukkd cgqjkVh;
dEifu;ksa ds izfrfuf/k jgs gSaA dksMsDl dk v/;{k Hkh ;wukbVsM LVsV~l MssoyiesaV ,tsalh ;w,l- Mh- ,- dk ofjB vf/kdkjh gh FkkA vesfjdh dkaxzsl dk er gS fd [krjukd dhVukkdksa
ds fu;kZr dks] ftudk mi;ksx vesfjdk esa izfrcfU/kr gS ,d dkuwu cukdj jksd fn;k tk;
D;ksfa d] ;s dhVUkkkd vU; nskksa esa mu Qlyksa ij fNM+ds tkrs gS]a ftudk vk;kr fQj
vesfjdk dks gh gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s vesfjdk esa 1972 esa Mh- Mh- Vh- dk mi;ksx
izfrcfU/kr dj fn;k x;k vkSj Hkkjr esa Hkh flQZ eysfj;k fuokj.k esas blds bLrseky dh
vuqefr gSA ijUrq dksMDs l dh laLrqfr;k bl dhVukkh ds iz;ksx dks mfpr Bgjkrh gSAa ,d
pg. 55
rjQ rks fodklkhy nskksa esa izfrcfU/kr jlk;uksa dk iz;ksx dksMDs l laLrqfr;ksa ds eqrkfcd
pyrk jgsxk] ijUrq nwljh rjQ lSuhVjh ,oa QkbVks lSuhVjh estlZ ds pyrs bu dhVukkdksa
dk mi;ksx ftu d`fk mRiknksa ij fd;k tk;sxk os d`fk mRikn fodflr nskksa dks fu;kZr
ugha fd;s tk ldsx
a sA
cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dh okLrfodrk
,d cgqr cM+h rsy dEiuh dk dguk gS fd og ^Xykscy okfeZax^ ds izfr lko/kkuh
dk joS;k viuk jgh gSA ,d cM+k d`fk jlk;u fuekZrk ,d ,sls [krjukd dhVukkd dk
O;kikj djrk gS tks dbZ nskksa esa izfrcfU/kr gS] ijUrq og dEiuh trykrh gS fd og Hkw[kksa
dks [kkuk nsus esa enn dj jgh gSA M~;w ik ds vf/kdkjh vc Hkh ;g ugha ekurs fd mudk
ySM xSlksyhu ,fMfVo gkfudkjd gSA kSy vHkh Hkh dhVukkdksa ls tgj QSykus dh ?kVukvksa
dh ftEesnkjh udkjrh gSA jksu ikSyd
sa vkSj dqN vU; dEifu;k vius nskksa esa izfrcfU/kr
dhVukkdksa ds fu;kZr dk leFkZu djrh gSAa ;wfu;u dkckZbM tks Hkksiky dk dhVukkd
dkj[kkuk pykrh Fkh mlus nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h vkS|ksfxd nq?kZVuk ls gqbZ gtkjksa ekSrksa dh
ftEesnkjh ysus ls bUdkj dj fn;kA ,sls gh Mks dsfedy o kSy dEiuh us lkyksa rd dkuwuh
nkao isp
a esa ml dsl dks my>k, j[kk ftlesa mu ij Mh- ch- ih- lh- uke ds dhVukkd ds
fuekZ.k o bLrseky dk vkjksi FkkA bl dhVukkd ds izHkko ls dksLVkfjdk ds [ksr etnwjksa
esa cU/k;rk iSnk gks x;h FkhA dqN dEifu;ksa ds dkjukesa uhps fn;s gSa &
M;w ik &
;w- ,l- ,- dh lcls cM+h jlk;u dEiuh ftldk 40 nskksa esa dkjksckj gS rFkk
jlk;u] isVksfy;e] QkbclZ] ikyhelZ] dks;yk] dhVukkd dk dkjksckj djrh gSA M;w ik
foo esa Dyksjks yksjks dkcZu lh- ,Q- lh- dh vkfodkjd o lcls cM+h fuekZrk dEiuh gSA
;g jlk;u okrkoj.k dh vkstksu ys;j esa {k; dk eq[; dkj.k gSA la;q jkV i;kZoj.k
dk;Ze ds vuqlkj vkstksu {k; ds pkyw Lrj dh otg ls de ls de 3 yk[k Ropk dSalj
ds dsl gksaxsA blls eSfyxzSaV eSysukssek Hkh gksxk vkSj okZ Hkj esa eksfr;k fcUn ds djhc 1-5
djksM+ dsl vkSj c<+ tk;sx
a sA euq;ksa dh izfrjks/kd {kerk esa deh] Qlyksa dks uqdlku vkSj
QkbVks Iysd
a Vu dh la[;k esa deh gks ldrh gS tks leqnzh thoksa ds Hkkstu dk eq[; vk/kkj
rS;kj djrs gSAa M~;w ik us lh- ,Q- lh- ds ,ot esa cuk;s x;s jlk;u dk mRiknu vkSj fch
kq: dj nh gSA gkbMks Dyksjks yksjks dkcZu ,p- lh- ,Q- lh- o gkbMks yksjks dkcZu ,p,Q- lh- dks ;g dEiuh lqjf{kr fodYi ds :i esa isk dj jgh gSA ij okLrfodrk ;g gS
fd ;g xSlas Hkh foo ds i;kZoj.k ds fy;s [krjukd gSAa vkstksu ijr dks de djrs gS]a xzhu
gkml izHkko c<+krs gSaA
M~;w ik VsVkbFkkby ySM xSlksyhu ,fMfVo dh vkfodkjd rFkk vkf[kjh cps gq,
mRikndksa esa ls gSA ;g mRiknu] ;w- ,l- ,-] dukMk] tkiku o vkLVsfy;k esa iwjk izfrcfU/kr
fd;k tk pqdk gS] D;ksfa d i;kZoj.k esa ySM dk tgj QSykus esas bldh Hkwfedk LiV gSA
efLrd dks uqdlku vkSj i;kZoj.k esa ySM ds tgj ds chp lh/kk lEcU/k gS& [kkl rkSj ij
cPpksa esAa [kwu esa FkksM+h lh ySM ls Hkh cqf) esa deh] lh[kus esa :dkoVs]a ;knnkr esa deh o
O;ogkj esa ijskkuh dh fLFkfr gks ldrh gSA
pg. 56
foo Hkj esa vuqeku gS fd M~;w ik vkSj mlds lgk;d jkst 1-6 djksM+ ikmaM
iznwkd NksM+rs gSaA flQZ 1986 esa M~;w ik vkSj mlds lgk;dksa us 34-8 djksM+ ikmaM tgjhys
jlk;u vesfjdk dh ok;q] feV~Vh vkSj ikuh esa MkysA 1991 ekpZ esa ekVkeksjksl] eSfDldks esa
M;w ik dk fDofedk yksj IykaV ds vkl ikl dk {ks= bruk tgjhyk gks x;k Fkk fd
eSfDldks ds jkVifr us txg ds vklikl 2 ehy dk cQj tksu cukus ds fy;s 30]000 yksxksa
dks vius ?kj NksM+us dk vknsk fn;kA
kSy xqzi &
baXyS.M dh kSy xqzi dh cgqjkVh; dEiuh dk eq[; /ka/kk isVksfy;e inkFkksZa dk
gSA 1990 esa kSy xqzi us nqfu;k dh lc dEifu;ksa ds eqdkcys lcls T;knk equkQk dek;kA
bldk dkjksckj 100 nskksa esa QSyk gSA 50 nskksa esa 40 djksM+ ,dM+ tehu gSA blesa 1]37]000
yksx dke djrs gSaA okfkZd fch 100 vjc Mkyj ls ij gSA
vkt rd ds lcls egRoiw.kZ [krjukd jlk;u fu;kZr ekeys esa kSy us LVS.MMZ
wV dEiuh dks dsys ds ckxkuksa ds fy;s ,d ,slk dhVukkd jlk;u lIykbZ fd;k ftlesa
MkbZ czkes ks Dyksjks izksisu Mh- ch- lh- ih- FkkA kSy dEiuh dks 1950 ls gh ekywe Fkk fd
iz;ksxkkyk ds uj tUrqvksa esa blls cU/;rk LVjfyVh gksrh gSA ij mlus vius yscyksa ij
;g tkudkjh ugha nhA la;q jkV la?k i;kZoj.k dk;Ze us tc r; fd;k fd Mh- ch- lhih- ls euq;ksa esa Hkh cU/;rk gksrh gS vkSj mRiknu ij fuks/k yxk fn;k] rc Hkh kSYk us ;g
jlk;u cspuk cUn ugha fd;kA Mh- ch- lh- ih- ds lkFk dke djus ds ckn dksLVkfjdk ds
dsys ds ckxkuksa esa dke djus okys gtkjksa yksxkssa esa cU/;rk iSnk gks x;h rks kSy ds oSKkfud
us Mh- ch- lh- ih- dsl ds ij ckr djrs gq, dgk [kSj tks Hkh gS] tgk rd eSus lquk gS
fd ogk tjk cPpksa dks iSnk djus ij jksd yxsxh rks bl nsk ds fy;s vPNk gh gksxkA
kSy foo esa nloha lcls cM+h dhVukkd fuekZrk dEiuh gS vkSj ,fYMu]
Mkb,fYMu] o ,fYMu dh vkfodkjd o vdsyh mRiknd gSA ;g [krjukd dhVukkd mu
ntZu Hkj [krjukd inkFkksZa esa ls gS tks 35 nskksa esa izfrcfU/kr gSA
lkYos o lh- vkbZ -bZ- &
csfYt;e dh bl dEiuh dk dkjksckj 24 nskksa esa gS vkSj foo dh pkSFkh cM+h
Dyksjhu o ikyh okbfuy DyksjkbM dh fuekZrk gSA lkYos ds v/;{k Msfu;y tkulu ^;wjksfi;u
QsMjsku Qkj dSfedy b.MLVht^ ds Hkh v/;{k gSa ftldh milfefr ^;wjksa Dyksj QSMjsku^
vk/kqfud lekt esa Dyksjhu ds Qk;nksa dsk c<+kok nsus dk dke djrh gSA Dyksjhu dbZ
vk/kqfud i;kZOkj.k o LokLF; leL;kvksa dh tM+ gSA vkstksu foukkd lh- ,Q- lh-] Mh- MhVh-] o ih- lh- ih- tSls dhVukkd] ih- lh- oh- ls fufk) vkS|ksfxd jlk;u] Hkwfe ty iznwkd
tSls DyksfjusVsM lkYosUV] MkbvkDlhu o ;wjku tSls lg mRiknu vkSj gtkjksa vU; [krjukd
jlk;u viuh dk;e jgus dh fokskrk ds fy;s Dyksjhu dk bLrseky djrs gSaA
gkbMksdkcZu ds lkFk feJ.k ls DYkksjhu] vkxsZuksDyksjhu uke ds jlk;u cukrh
gSA vkxsZuksDyksjhu izo`fk ls tgjhys] fVds jgus okys o tSo rU+= esa bdV~Bs gksus okys gksrs
pg. 57
gSAa euq;ksa esa oks iztuu esa vlQyrk] tUetkr [kjkfc;k] isV esa cPPkksa ds kSko fodkl esa
:dkoVs]a dSalj o rfU=dkvksa dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSaA
jksus iksyd
sa &
kal dh lcls cM+h jlk;u dEiuh] foo esa vkBoha lcls cM+h] 80 nskksa esa
dk;Zjr] jksus iksyd
sa dks 1990 esa ^sp
a lsaVj Qkj Qkjsu VsM^ }kjk okZ dk loZJs B fu;kZRkd
?kksfkr fd;k x;kA lsUVj us ;g ugha tksM+k fd buesa ls vf/kdkak fu;kZRk tku ysok jlk;uksa
ds FksA jksus iksyad
s foo ds vkt csps tkus okys lcls tgjhys dhVukkd ,fYMdkCkZ dh ,d
ek= mRiknd gSA ,YMhdkcZ dh ,d cwna ls o;Ld O;f ej ldrk gSA de ek=k esa tkus
ls ulksa dh rdyhQs]a lkal dh jksd] feryh] isV esa rst nnZ] nLr o lj nnZ gks ldrs gSAa
1986 esa la;q jkV i;kZoj.k dk;Ze us vuqeku yxk;k fd nfl;ksa gtkj fkkq o cPps
izfrfnu dsyksa o vkyqvksa esa ,YMhdkcZ vokskksa dh pisV esa vk jgs gSa vkSj mlus izLrkfor
fd;k fd ,YMhdkcZ ds fNM+dko dh eukgh dj nh tk;A ,YMhdkcZ 11 nskksa esa izfrcfU/kr
gS ijUrq dEiuh vHkh Hkh 70 nskksa esa bls csp jgh gSA
,YMhdkcZ cukus dh izf;k ds ,d Hkkx esa ehFkkby vkblks lkbusV bLrseky
gksrh gS & og xSl ftlus Hkksiky esa gtkjkssa dks ekjkA
lsUMkst fyfeVsM &
fLoVtjyS.M dh ;g cgqjkVh; dEiuh vkSk/kh] jlk;u] d`fk jlk;u] cht]
iksk.k dk dke 54 nskksa esa djrh gSA lsaMkst og dEiuh gS tks bfrgkl esa lcls cqjs unh esa
tgjhys jlk;u ds fc[kjko dh ftEesnkj gSA 1986 esa oklsy] fLoVtjyS.M esa ,d jlk;u
fo[kjko ls jgkbu unh esa iznwk.k o tgj gks x;k ftlls lSdM+ksa ehyksa rd eNyh] ou&thou
o isM+&ikS/ks ej x;sA jgkbu unh ls fc[kjko esa cgqr [krjukd vkxsZuks QkLQsV fMlqYQksVksu
o ikjkfFk;ksu ds rhl Vu unh esa cg x;sA rc lsaMkst us lQkbZ ds rkSj ij viuk vkxsZuks
QkLQsV mRiknu dk 60 VDdk fgLlk jslsUMs] czkthy igqpk fn;kA
fdruh cM+h gSa ;s\ cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dh
foukk eas Hkwfedk
cM+h nq?kZVuk;sa & cgqjkVh; dkiksZjskuksa dh dkjZokb;k vke rkSj ij odZjksa rFkk
tu lewgksa dks dbZ rjg ds LokLF; o lqj{kk ds tksf[ke esa Mkyrh gSAa cgqr nQk ;g
dkjZokb;k nq?kZVukvksa eas cny tkrh gSAa dbZ cM+h nq?kZVuk;sa dkiksZjsku ds vius nsk ds ckgj
gksrh gSa vkSj dqN esa i;kZoj.k] LokLF; o lqj{kk fu;ekas vkSj muds ikyu esa nksgjs ekin.M
bLrseky gq, gSAa buds lcls cqjs mnkgj.k gSa %&
lscl
s ks] bVyh & fLol gkWQeSu yk jksk dh ,d lgk;d dEiuh us
VkbDyksjksfQuksy dk IykUV yxk;k ftlds fy;s mUgsa fLOkVtjyS.M esa ifeZV ugha fey ldkA
1976 esa ogk ,d foLQksV esa 156 odZj rFkk 37]000 ukxfjd Mk;vkWfDlu ds ckny ls
izHkkfor gq,A
Hkksiky] Hkkjr & vesfjdh ;wfu;u dkckZbM dh lgk;d dEiuh esa 1984 essa ,d
cM+h nq?kZVuk esa 3]500 yksx ekjs x;s] 20]2000 yksx ?kk;y gq, vkSj vutkuh la[;k ds cPpksa
esa LFkkbZ iSnkbkh dfe;k vkbZA
pg. 58
csly] fLoVtjyS.M & 1986 esa fMlqyQksVksu vkSj vU; jlk;uksa ds ,d cMs+
fc[kjko esa lSdM+kas ehy rd eNyh] ou tUrq vkSj isM&
+ ikS/ks ej x;sA fLol dEiuh lSUMkst
tks vf/kdkak fc[kjko dh ftEesnkj Fkh & us vius fMlqyQksVksu dk xksnke jslsUMs czkthy
igqapk fn;kA
Qkfly baZ/ku & cgqjkVh; dEiuh dh dkjZokb;k vkS|ksfxd [k.Mksa ls fudyrh
vk/ks ls vf/kd xzhugkml xSlksa dh ftEesnkj gSa ftudk Xykscy okWfeZax ij cgqr vlj gSA
cgqjkVh; dEifu;k dqy rsy fudkyus vkSj ifjd`r djus dk 50 izfrkr fu;af=r djrh
gSAa xSl o dks;ys ds fudkyus] ifjd`r djus rFkk cspus esa Hkh mudk bruk gh gkFk gSA
lh- ,Q- lh- & cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds ikl vkstksu foukkd DYkksjksyksjksdkcZu
lh- ,Q- lh- ds mRiknu o bLrseky dk yxHkx iwjk fu;a=.k gSA
[knku dk dke & [kfut rsy fudkyus esa cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dk vHkh Hkh
izeq[k m|ksxksa ij izHkqRo gSA vY;wfefu;e esa flQZ 6 dEifu;k dqy [knku {kerk dk 63
izfrkr] ifjd`r djus dh {kerk dk 66 izfrkr rFkk fi?kykus dh {kerk dk 54 izfrkr
fu;a=.k esa fy;s gSaA
d`fk & tksrh tkus okyh Hkwfe esa ls 80 izfrkr cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds gkFkksa esa
gS ftl ij fu;kZRk ds fy;s Qlysa mxkbZ tkrh gSAa vDlj ;g LFkkuh; [kk|kksa dks gVk dj
fd;k x;k gSA chl cgqjkVh; dEifu;k 90 izfrkr dhVukkd dh fch dh ftEesnkj gSa
vkSj nqfu;k esas T;knkrj tufud cht dkskksa dk fu;a=.k buds gkFk esa gSA
tgjhys jlk;u & cM+h cgqjkVh; dEifu;k nqfu;k dh T;knkrj Dyksjhu dk
mRiknu djrh gSa& ;g vkt rd Kkr dqN cgqr gh tgjhys] fVdus okys vkSj tSo txr essa
bdV~Bs gksus okys d`f=e jlk;uksa dk vk/kkj gSA bu esa ih- lh- ch-] Mh- Mh- Vh-] Mk;vkWfDlu
o ;wjku] DyksfjusfVM lkWYosUV rFkk gtkjksa vU; vkxsZuksDyksjhu feJ.k kkfey gSAa bu
jlk;uksa ds LokLF; ds ij fuEu vlj gSa & bE;wu lizsku] iSnkbkh dfe;k] tufud
fodkl] o raf=dk lEcU/kh [kjkfc;k] ftxj o vU; vaxksa dks uqdlku] dSUlj o vU; chekfj;kA
[krjukd oLrqvksa esa O;kikj & ,d lewg ds :i esa cgqjkVh; dEifu;k mu
phtksa o izks|ksfxfd;ksa ds vk;kr o fu;kZr esa vxqvk gSa tks fd dqN nskksa esa LokLF; o lqj{kk
dh otgksa ls fufk) gSAa dqN mnkgj.k % 1980 ds nkd ds var esa vesfjdk ls cgqjkVh;
dEifu;ksa ds dqy dhVukkd fu;kZr dk 25 izfrkr ,sls jlk;uksa dk Fkk tks Lo;a vesfjdk
esa fufk)] jftLVsku jn~n fd;s gq, ;k okil fy;s gq, FksA vejhdk o ;w- ds- esa vk/kkfjr
cgqjkVh; dEifu;k ySM xSlksyhu ,fMfVo dk yxHkx iwjk foo cktkj fu;af=r djs gq, gS&
a
;g mRiknu vesfjdk] dSukMk] tkiku] vkLVsfy;k ls yxHkx iwjh rjg gVk;k tk pqdk gS
vkSj ifpeh ;wjksi esa gVk;k tk jgk gS D;kafs d i;kZoj.k esa ySM ds iznwk.k o cpiu esas ySM
ds tgj QSykus ds fy;s mldk ;ksxnku Hkyh Hkkfr igpkuk tk pqdk gSA
fok & cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dh xfrfof/k;k foo Hkj dh mRiknd lEifk dk
,d pkSFkkbZ fgLlk bLrseky djrh gSaA foo O;kikj ds mRiknksa dk 70 izfrkr] vUrjjkVh;
fokh; vknku&iznku dk cM+k Hkkx vkSj foo dh mPpre izk|
s ksfxdh dk ,d cM+k fgLlk
muds gkFk gSA
pg. 59
pg. 60

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cgqjk"Vh; daifu;ka vkSj

thou j{kk ls ekSr ds O;kikj rd

bl i)fr dks LFkk;h :i nsus ds fy, bu nskksa dh Lonskh fpfdRlk i)fr;ksa

Hkkjrh; nok m|ksx ij dCtk

fdrus izfrkr isVsaV ds nk;js esa gSa

vkijsku fjlpZ xqzi }kjk fd;s x;s losZ ij vk/kkfjr

tku ysok nokvksa dk O;kikj

nsk }kjk izfrcfU/kr

fczVsu] ifpeh teZuh] tkiku]

bl nok dh dsoy dqN

tkiku] ukosZ] LohMu teZuh]

42- ,ih QksVZ

vfLFk&eTtk esa osr j

vkfLV;k] csfYt;e] MsuekdZ]

xHkZ.kh efgykvksa dks nh tkus

ckaXyknsk] lkbizl] MsuekdZ]

vfLFk&eTtk dks {kfrxzLr

51- baVLs VksLVsi

ukosZ] fQyhihal LohMu]

kjhj dh izfrjks/kd {kerk

lHkh fodflr nskksa esa

;s nokb;k fcYdqy vizHkkoh

buds lsou ls yaxM+k] va/kk

dukMk] fpyh] lkbizl]

bu nokvksa esa ekStwn foVkfeu

foo dsa reke nskksa esa

CyM izksj c< tkrk gS rFkk

ckaXyknsk] MsuekdZ] bVyh]

cPpksa ds nkr Hkwjs jax ds gks

xHkZ fujks/kd nok,

fuekZrk dEiuh D;k gS

vkj- ;w- izkLs VkXykfUMu gks,LV ,- th- [kkus dh

vuko;d nokvksa o xSj&t:jh VkWfudksa dk mRiknu

tkZ rFkk kf nsus okys VkWfud

ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa nzk{kklo]

;s VkWfud jkYirk ,uhfe;k

cs;j bf.M;k 1958

izkFkfed ewy/ku equkQk

lzkrs % feFk ,.M fj;fyVh vkWQ Mx baMLVh

kq) equkQk okZ 1988&89

nokvksa ij gksus okys vjcksa&[kjcksa :i;s ds equkQs ls tc ;s nok dEifu;k

cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dks ubZ nokvksa dh fch ij ,dkf/kdkj dh NwV &

>wB ij fVdk vFkZkk

;fn ij fn;s x;s fdlh Hkh dEiuh ds ,d ftys bykgkckn ds dkjksckj ds

XySDlks dk Hkkjr esa lkykuk dkjksckj

= 440 djksM+ :i;s

ljdkj vkSj U;k;ikfydk Hkh lokyksa ds ?ksjs esa

1988 esa izfrcaf/kr nok;sa

;s nokb;k igys 1983 esa

cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ls eq nok&m|ksx dh t:jr

dhVukkdksa dk Hkh fukkuk gS gekjk LokLF;

dhVuk O;kikj kks/k vkSj fodkl ij

;w- ,l- ,fLoV~tjyS.M

cht O;kikj djksM+

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