Crystal $y%%etries

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&hy shoul' (e be intereste')

*%portant physical properties 'epen' on crystal structure

Con'ucti+ity Magnetic properties $ti,,ness $trength

These properties also o,ten 'epen' on crystal orientation

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$o%e *%portant Ter%s ,or Crystals

Crystal $tructure -ra+ais lattices $y%%etry operations -asis o, Close Pac.e' $tructures Miller *n'ices

Planes /irections

$tereographic Pro0ection

$tan'ar' Pro0ection Principal Metal $tructures 1-CC2 3CC2 4CP *onic Crystals /ia%on' $tructure T(inne' Crystals *so%orphis% Poly%orphis%

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-ra+ais Lattices 5"6 Total7

Cubic1a8b8c2 all angles8 90o Tetragonal1a8b !8c2 all angles890o :rthorho%bic1a!8b!8c2 all angles890o ;ho%bohe'ral1a8b8c2 three e<ual angles2 ! 890o 4e=agonal1a8b!8c2 t(o angles 890o 2 thir' 8"20o Monoclinic1a!8b!8c2 t(o angles 890o 2 thir' not. Triclinic>> a!8b!8c2 no angles 82 nor 890o

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Cubic -ra+ais Lattices

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Tetragonal an' :rthorho%bic

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:rthorho%bic2 ;ho%bohe'ral2 4e=agonal

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Monoclinic2 Triclinic

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Miller *n'ices

A Con+enient &ay to *'enti,y Crystal Planes an' /irections

3or Planes2 the in'e= is the reciprocal o, the +alue o, the intersection o, the plane (ith a particular a=is2 con+erte' to (hole nu%bers. 3or /irections2 the in'e= is the a=is coor'inate o, the en' point o, the +ector2con+erte' to nearest (hole nu%bers.
Copyright 2008 Loren A. Jacobson !"#!08

METE 327 Physical Metallurgy

Miller *n'ices 5'irections7

h,k,an' l re,er to principal a=es2 x,y an' z. /irections are in'icate' by s<uare brac.ets2 ?h.l@. 3a%ilies o, 'irections are in'icate' by Ah.lB. E=a%ple o, a ,a%ily o, 'irectionsC A"00B 8 ?"00@2 ?0"0@2 ?00"@2 ?>"00@2 ?0>"0@ an' ?00>"@ The ,irst three are principal a=es2 =2y2 an' D.

METE 327 Physical Metallurgy

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Miller *n'ices 5planes7

Planes are in'icate' by parentheses2 5h.l7 an' ,a%ilies o, planes by curly brac.ets2 Eh.lF. E=a%ple o, a plane ,a%ily is as ,ollo(sC E"00F 8 5"0072 50"072 500"72 5>"0072 50>"072 an' 500>"7 These are all si= ,aces o, a cube.

METE 327 Physical Metallurgy

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Calculating Miller *n'e= ,or planes

z

y x Intercepts= 0.5, 1, 1/3 Index = (213) Intercepts= -1, 1, 0.5 Index = (-112)

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Calculating Miller *n'e=2 'irections

End coordinates= 0.5,0.5,1 Index = [112]

End=0,1,0.5 Index=[021]

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4e=agonal2 Miller>-ra+ais *n'ices

c
!ree a directions, as s!o"n, p#$s c Indices are% (!,&,-(!'&), #) !e p#ane s!o"n is% (11-20)

a3 a2 a1

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:ther Crystal CharacteriDation

*t is o,ten i%portant to 'eter%ine crystal orientation. $ingle crystals. *n'i+i'ual grains in a polycrystal *, there is a pre,erre' grain orientation2 this is re,erre' to as Gte=tureH. :ne %etho' is to e%ploy the $tereographic Pro0ection.

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$tereographic Pro0ection

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$o%e Cubic Crystal Planes

001 (#ane

110 (#ane

111 (#ane
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Crystal $y%%etries

Translational $y%%etry1a %o+e o, one cell in each o, 3 a=is 'irections restores the structure. ;otational $y%%etry1rotation o, speci,ic angle 590o2 "20o2 "80o7 restores the structure. Mirror $y%%etry1re,lection across a plane restores the structure.

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A si%ple Cubic $tructure 5illustrating translational sy%%etry7

The cubic unit cell Eight unit cells2 the start o, a crystal structure.
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;otational $y%%etry2 Cubic

)o$r-*o#d +otation
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"o-)o#d +otation

!ree-)o#d +otation
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E"00F Poles o, a Cubic Crystal

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*nterplanar Angles

(oints on t!e sp!ere are intersections o* p#ane nor,a#s.

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Calculating *nterplanar Angles 5Cubic Crystals7

-os =

h1h2 + k1k2 + l1l2 -------------------------./+ ((h12 + k12 + l12 )(h22 + k22 + l22 ))

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Calculating *nterplanar $pacing 5Cubic Crystals7

1/d2 = (h2 + k2 + l2)/ a2

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$tan'ar' 500"7 Cubic Pro0ection

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The $tan'ar' $tereographic Triangle

0se*$# *or s!o"in1 crysta# axis orientations.

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Metallic -on'ing

Ialence2 or outer electrons o, %etallic ato%s are 'istribute' throughout the structure. Positi+ely charge' %etal ions are 'istribute' (ithin this GseaH o, electrons. This allo(s %etals to be electrical con'uctors. There are secon' nearest neighbor interactions that in,luence the crystal structure

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-o'y Centere' Cubic 5-CC7 Metals

-)e, -r, 2o, 3, - i, -4r

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3ace>Centere' Cubic 53CC7 Metals

-$, 5#, 6i, (7, -)e

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4e=agonal Close>Pac.e' 54CP7 Metals

8e, 21, 4n, -d, - i, -4r

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;elation -et(een 3CC an' 4CP

5 8 5 8 . . . 5 8 5 8 5 8 . . .

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-CC to 4CP Trans,or%ation

-#ose (ac&ed 8-- p#ane 9110: 7eco,es -#ose (ac&ed ;-( p#ane (0002).
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-CC to 4CP Trans,or%ation 527

1.<33 a 8-- 9110: 1.=32 a 1.155 a ;-( (0002) a

In 7ot! cases t!e dia1ona#, "!ere ato,s to$c!, is o* #en1t! = 2a, "!ere a is t!e ato, dia,eter. 5 s,a## distortion is needed *or 8-- to trans*or, to ;-(. (6ote t!at t!ere can 7e < orientation >ariants o* ;-(.)
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Types o, Trans,or%ations

/isplaci+e2 (hich %eans that ato%s 'o not ha+e to %o+e +ery ,ar2 an' o,ten a shear 'isplace%ent can lea' ,ro% one crystal structure to another. ;eplaci+e2 (hich %eans that ato%s (ill %o+e so%e 'istance2 to their ne( locations an' so longer range 'i,,usion is re<uire'. These topics (ill be treate' in %ore 'etail later
Copyright 2008 Loren A. Jacobson !"#!08

METE 327 Physical Metallurgy

Iector Multiplication E=a%ples

7 c=ax7 7 a a

b 8 ab cos a

c8 a = b c 8 ab sin a

73

7 3 = a1 x a2 a3 ( a1 x a2)

a3

a2 a1

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METE 327 Physical Metallurgy

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METE 327 Physical Metallurgy

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