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Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

98 SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES
Radians 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 2 1.9 1.8 ----- 1.2 -3 3 2.0 1.1 2 2.1 1.0 2.2 90 80 110 100 70 120 60 Degrees 50 130 sin + sin + 40 140 cos cos + 30 tan 150 tan + 160 170 180 190 200

3 ----4 2.3 2.4 2.5 5 ----6 2.6

0.9

2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

0.8 0.7 0.6 -6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 6.3 2 6.2 6.1 6.0 5.9 10

-4

cot sec csc +

cot + sec + csc + sin cos tan cot sec csc + +

20

3.6 7 3.7 ----3.8 6 3.9 5 4.0 ----4 4.1

210 220 230 240

sin cos tan cot sec csc

+ +

II I III IV

0 and 360 350 340 330 320 310 300

250 260

270 280

290

4.2 5.2 4 4.3 5 5.1 --------4.4 4.5 5.0 3 3 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 3 ----2

5.8 11 5.7 --------6 5.6 5.5 7 ----5.4 4 5.3

Fig. 1. Signs of Trigonometric Functions, Fractions of , and DegreeRadian Conversion

Graphic Illustrations of the Functions of Angles. In graphically illustrating the functions of angles, it is assumed that all distances measured in the horizontal direction to the right of line AB are positive. Those measured horizontally to the left of AB are negative. All distances measured vertically, are positive above line CD and negative below it. It can then be readily seen that the sine is positive for all angles less than 180 degrees. For angles larger than 180 degrees, the sine would be measured below CD, and is negative. The cosine is positive up to 90 degrees, but for angles larger than 90 but less than 270 degrees, the cosine is measured to the left of line AB and is negative. The table Useful Relationships Among Angles that follows is arranged to show directly whether the function of any given angle is positive or negative. It also gives the limits between which the numerical values of the function vary. For example, it will be seen from the table that the cosine of an angle between 90 and 180 degrees is negative, and that its value will be somewhere between 0 and 1. In the same way, the cotangent of an angle between 180 and 270 degrees is positive and has a value between infinity and 0; in other words, the cotangent for 180 degrees is infinitely large and then the cotangent gradually decreases for increasing angles, so that the cotangent for 270 degrees equals 0. The sine is positive for all angles up to 180 degrees. The cosine, tangent and cotangent for angles between 90 and 180 degrees, while they have the same numerical values as for angles from 0 to 90 degrees, are negative. These should be preceded by a minus sign; thus tan 123 degrees 20 minutes = 1.5204.

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

General Information

Measurement of angles
There are two systems for the measurement of angles commonly used in the UK.

English system
The English or sexagesimal system which is universal: 1 right angle 90 (degrees) 1 (degree) 60 (minutes) 1 (minute) 60 (seconds)

International system
Commonly used for the measurement of plane angles in mechanics and mathematics, the radian is a constant angular measurement equal to the angle subtended at the centre of any circle, by an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle. p radians 1 radian 180 (degrees) 180 180 57 17 44 p 3.1416

Equivalent angles in degrees and radians and trigonometric ratios


Angle in radians Angle in degrees sin cos tan 0 0 0 1 0 p 6 30 1 2 3 2 1 3 p 4 45 1 2 1 2 1 p 3 60 3 2 1 2 3 p 2 90 1 0

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