VANCOUVER STYLE OF REFERENCING

The Vancouver style of referencing (also known as the Uniform Requirements style) is the style most commonly used in medicine and the biomedical sciences. For details or examples not covered here, go to www.icmje.org/index.html#reference

The Vancouver style consists of the following elements:

1. Citations in the body of the text, using consecutive numbers in brackets. Note that some journals use superscripted numbers rather than numbers in parentheses. 2. A numbered reference list at the end of the text which includes the details for each source referred to.

1. IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Take care to place citation numbers at the point of most relevance within the sentence. References in your text should be identified by numbers in brackets. The number originally assigned to a reference should be re-used if that reference is cited again later in the text. If you are citing multiple references at a given point in your text, these should be separated by a hyphen. - in the case of inclusive numbers eg. (5-7) - or commas in the case of non-inclusive numbers eg. (8,10,12). As a general rule, reference numbers should be placed outside of full-stops and commas, and inside of colons and semicolons. If citing a specific page include the page numbers within the in-text citation, preceded by a comma and p., for single pages, and pp. for multiple pages. - Smiths research (35, p.23) found that - patients displayed no symptoms (22, pp. 45-47) The placement and format of in-text citations may vary according to the rules of a particular journal or your lecturer. Always double-check before applying these guidelines.

2. REFERENCE LIST
The reference list must only include only references to those works cited in your text. Place the reference list at the end of your text. Arrange numerically by citation number. Indent the second and subsequent lines of each entry.

GENERAL RULES ABOUT REFERENCE ENTRIES

AUTHORS
Where there are 6 or fewer authors, list all author names. Where there are 7 or more authors, list the first six authors followed by et al Initials follow the family names of authors, with no spaces or full-stops between initials -eg. Smith CK Place a comma and space between each name. Do not use and or & to separate the last two authors.

TITLES
Do not italicize or underline titles Only the first word of journal articles and book titles (and words that normally begin with a capital letter) are capitalized.

EXAMPLES OF JOURNAL ARTICLES ENTRIES

In addition to the general rules above: Titles of journals may be abbreviated. For accepted abbreviations see www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/serials/lji.html No punctuation is used in abbreviations, except a full-stop at the end. Include the year of publication (plus month and day if available) after the journal title. However, if a journal carries continuous pagination within the volume (that is, each issue does not begin with page 1) the month and day, as well as the issue number may be omitted. The year of publication is followed by a semicolon, with no space following, then the volume or date. Include the page range for articles. Limit the number of digits in the 2nd part of the page range to those needed for clarity . For example: - use 351-7 (not 351-357)

One Author 1. Penny S. Pain, morphine and addiction. Kai Tiaki N Z. 2008;14(9):15-17.

Two- Six Authors 2. Vega KJ, Pina I, Krevsky B. Heart transplantation is associated with an increased risk for pancreatobiliary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:980-3. More than Six Author 3. Goske MJ, Applegate KE, Bell C, Boylan J, Bulas D, Butler P, et al. Image gently: providing practical educational tools and advocacy to accelerate radiation protection for children worldwide. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI. 2010;31:57-63. No Author 4. Giving birth: upright positions shorten first stage labour. MIDRS Mid Dig. 2009;16:233.

Online Article with a DOI Most journal articles are now available online, with individual articles assigned an identifying number, called a "digital object identifier", or DOI. If an article is assigned a DOI, this number is now added to the journal article reference. DOIs are generally found on the first page of journal articles. Even if you viewed a journal article in its print format, be sure to check if it has a DOI listed. 5. Ballinger ML, Talbot LA, Verrinder GK. More than a place to do woodwork: a case study of a community mens shed. J Mens Health. 2009;6:20-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jomh.2008.09.006

Online Article without a DOI To reference a journal article found online which does not have a DOI: Include Internet in square brackets directly after the abbreviated journal title, follow with a full-stop. Add the date the article was cited in square brackets after the year of publication in the format [cited year month day]. Follow with a semi-colon. At the end of the reference, after the page numbers, add the phrase Available from: followed by the URL. Do not include a full-stop at the end. 6. Jorm AF, Barney LJ, Christensen H, Highet NJ, Kelly CM, Kitchener BA. Research on mental health literacy: what we know and what we still need to know. Aust N Z J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2010 October 19]; 40;3-5. Available from: http://0informahealthcare.com.library.newcastle.edu.au

EXAMPLES OF BOOK ENTRIES

In addition to the general rules above: If the author is a corporate author, include at the same position as personal authors. Include the year of publication as the last element in the reference. Include the edition number for second and later editions after the title in the format, 2nd ed, 4th ed. End with a full-stop. The place of publication appears after the title (and edition if included) and is followed by a colon. If the place of publication is not well known, include a state or country abbreviation. Include the publisher after the place of publication, follow with a semi-colon. One Author 7. Schumaker JF. The age of insanity: modernity and mental health. Westport, CN: Praeger; 2001. Two - Six Authors 8. Ringsven MK, Bond D. Gerontology and leadership skills for nurses. 2nd ed. Albany (NY): Delmar Publishers; 1996. 9. Seidel HM, Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Soloman BS, Stewart RW. Student laboratory manual for Mosbys guide to physical examination. 7th ed. Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier Australia; 2010. More than Six Authors 10. Smith DR, Jones AB, Wells ERE, Webster F, Booth SD, Junction KL, et al. Mental health and professional education. New York: McGee; 2009.

Edited Book 11. Norman IJ, Redfern SJ, editors. Mental health care for elderly people. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1996. Corporate Author 12. Institute of Medicine (US). Looking at the future of the Medicaid program. Washington: The Institute; 1992.

EXAMPLES OF BOOK CHAPTER ENTRIES

In addition to the general rules above: Include the authors of the chapter as the first element in the reference. After the chapter authors, include the title of the chapter, followed by a full-stop. Next, add the title of the book, preceded by In: Add the names of each editor, followed by editor/s, and a full-stop The place of publication appears after the book title and is followed by a colon. If the place of publication is not well known, include a state or country abbreviation. Include the publisher after the place of publication, follow with a semi-colon, then the year of publication and a full-stop. Include the page range for the chapter preceded by p.. Limit the number of digits in the 2nd part of the page range to those needed for clarity . For example: - use p. 351-7 (not p. 351-357)

Book Chapter 13. Phillips SJ, Whisnant JP. Hypertension and stroke. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM, editors. Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1995. p. 465-78.

Dictionary Entry 14. Stedman's medical dictionary. 26th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1995. Apraxia; p. 11920.

EXAMPLES OF WEB PAGE ENTRIES

To reference a web page: Include the author as the first element in the reference. If no author is listed, include the title as the first element. Add Internet in square brackets directly after the web page title. Follow with a full-stop. Next, add the headquarters of the organization publishing the website, followed by a colon, then the organization itself. End with a semi-colon. Add the copyright date/range for the site. Next, include the date the page was updated followed by a semi-colon, then the date the page was cited. All of this detail must be included in square brackets. For example: [updated 2010 June 24; cited 2010 October 19]. End with a full-stop after the closing bracket.

At the end of the reference, add the phrase Available from: followed by the URL. Do not include a full-stop at the end.

Homepage/web site 15. Cancer-Pain.org [Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources, Inc.; c2000-01 [updated 2002 May 16; cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from: http://www.cancer-pain.org/

Part of a database on the Internet Follow the above rules. Add the name of the section referred to after the copyright date, then follow with the updated and cited dates in square brackets. Follow the end square brackets with a semi-colon. Add an estimation of the number of pages for the section followed by p. Include this detail in square brackets. End with the URL. 16. MIMS Online [Internet]. London: UBM Medica; 2010-. Serepax [updated 2010 October; cited 2010 October 20]; [about 6 p.]. Available from: https://0-www.mimsonline.com.au.library.newcastle.edu.au

REFERENCING SECONDARY SOURCES OF INFORMATION

In your research you will often encounter the situation where an author refers to another researcher's work. For example, the following image is from page 216 of the journal article: 17. Featherstone, IE. Physiological third stage of labour. Br J Mid. 1999;7: 216-21. In-text references to secondary sources must name the original source, as well as provide a citation to the secondary source.

In this article, the author, Izumi Featherstone, refers to research undertaken in 1990 by Begley (see circled text). If Begley's research was also relevant to your own assignment you might decide that you also need to refer to this author's research in your writing. Where possible, you should try to obtain the original published work by Begley - in this case a 1990 journal article - and read through the article to form your own opinions on Begley's research. Often, however, it is impossible to obtain the original publication - it may be published in another language, or in a book or journal which is difficult to obtain. In these circumstances, you are permitted to include a citation to the secondary source, in this case, the article by Featherstone. In-text Citation In-text citations to secondary sources must name the original source, and also provide a citation for the secondary source. To illustrate, using the example in the article above:

... Featherstone discusses Begleys research in his article (18) Or; ... begleys study, as cited in Featherstone (18)

Reference List Entry Your reference list includes entries for sources you have read when completing your text. In the case of secondary sources, you must include a reference to where you found the information. Therefore, using the example above once again, you must include an entry for the Featherstone article. 18. Featherstone, IE. Physiological third stage of labour. Br J Mid. 1999;7:216-221.