Seminar Report-1

The Role of Microbes in Wastewater Treatment What are Microbes? The first part of the word microbe is micro," which in Latin means "small." The second part of the word is a derivation of the Greek word " bios," which means "life." P ttin! these to!ether, the word microbe essentia""# means "a sma"" "ivin! or!anism." $ndeed, microbes are the sma""est of a"" "ivin! creat res. The# are often ca""ed "microorganisms" beca se the# can be seen on"# with a microscope. %mon! the most common t#pes of microbes are bacteria, proto&oa, rotifers, vir ses, and fi"amento s or!anisms.. 'e often think of microbes as bein! harmf " to o r hea"th, ca sin! co"ds and other i""nesses. ( t microbes are a nat ra" part of the environment a"" aro nd s-and even inside s-and p"a# va" ab"e ro"es in o r hea"th and in man# of the nat ra" c#c"es in nat re. )or instance, witho t certain t#pes of bacteria, we co "d not di!est the food we eat and witho t certain varieties of proto&oa-which eat sma"" a"!ae and f n!i-o r streams, "akes and rivers mi!ht become over"oaded with potentia""# to*ic materia"s. Types of microbes There are man# different t#pes and varieties of microbes, b t amon! these a few are especia""# important in the p rification of water and wastewater s#stems. The# inc" de Bacteria, sin!"e-ce""ed or!anisms that move aro nd in water or other "i+ id sin! their f"a!e""a, or whip "ike tai"s. (acteria are an essentia" part of nat re,s food chain beca se the# cons me other microor!anisms that co "d potentia""# be harmf " to the environment and to h man hea"th. (acteria are ever#where that "ife is fo nd. )or e*amp"e, each person has abo t 1-- mi""ion bacteria . st on the s rface of the skin. There are n mber of (acteria/s fo nd in wastewater. Patho!enic bacteria/s are harmf " bacteria, which pose a threat to p b"ic hea"th. The ma.or bacteria" patho!ens and their associated diseases are0 Bacterial Pathogens Salmonella S. typhimurium Shigella Enterococcus 1)eca" Streptococci2 E. coli ( Fecal Coliform) Vi ro cholerae Camplyo acter !e!uni Related Disease Salmonellosis Typhoid fever Shigellosis 3iarrhea Diarrhea Cholera "astroenteritis

Protozoa are nice"" "ar micro-or!anisms that eat man# other t#pes of microbes. Some proto&oa even eat other t#pes of proto&oas. 4ommon varieties of proto&oa are %moebae, 4raw"in! 4i"iates, and Sta"ked 4i"iates %moebae 1which is the p" ra" of amoeba2 have no specific shape. $nstead, their c#top"asm oo&es o t in a certain direction "ike a b"ob, and the rest of their bod# then fo""ows. %moebae can ca se a"" sorts

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of i""nesses and diseases, a"tho !h some amoebae a"so have he"pf " f nctions. % bad b ! amon! the 5icrobe (abies, is an amoeba 4raw"in! 4i"iates have ci"ia 1tin# hair-"ike appenda!es2 on on"# one side of their bod#. The# se this ci"ia to seemin!"# craw" over bacteria to feed on them. Sta"ked 4i"iates have sta"ks with which the# attach to other microbes for feedin!. The# have rin!s of tin# ci"ia aro nd their openin!s, with which the# draw in food. 9ortice""a is a t#pe of Sta"ked 4i"iate Protozoal Pathogens Cryptosporidium parvum "iardia lam lia Entamoe a histolytica Related Disease cryptosporidiosis giardiasis amoe ic dysentery

Rotifers are invertebrates that come in man# shapes and si&es. The# are "ar!er in si&e than man# other microbes, and possess r dimentar# feet, hearts, di!estive s#stems, and reprod ctive s#stems. The name "rotifer" comes from the fact that the# have two sets of rotatin! ci"ia on their heads, which are sed to move and to capt re food. Ron the Rotifer is a !ood member. Viruses are e*treme"# sma"" parasites that are made of strands of 37% 1deo*#-ribon c"eic acid2 and R7% 1ribon c"eic acid2, with a protein e*terior. 9ir ses can be ver# harmf " to h mans and anima"s beca se the# ma# enter ce""s and disr pt norma" f nctionin! of the 37% and R7%. Related Disease $epatitis "astroenteritis "astroenteritis "astroenteritis and polio

Viral Pathogens $epatitis % &or'al()li(e agents Virus)li(e #* nanometer particles +otavirus

Filamentous organisms are fo nd in man# wastewater treatment s#stems The# tend to bind to!ether, and when there are too man# in a s#stem, the# can make it hard for other microbes to feed. Lamen is a t#pe of harmf " fi"amento s or!anism. 'astewater treatment s#stems contro" the !rowth of harmf " microbes, thereb# makin! o r steams, "akes, and drinkin! water safe for ever#one.

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What is the role of Microbes in Waste Water Treatment? Ti"" the $nvention of bio"o!ica" treatment, on"# chemica" treatment of sewa!e adopted to remove or!anic matter from sewa!e 1waste water2. 6nvironmenta" en!ineers have discovered that a"most a"" wastewater can be p rified sin! certain t#pes of microbes "ike co""ifroms, streptococci, anaerobic spore formin! bacteria, enterobactor, escherichia etc, which cons me or!anic wastes and other t#pes of potentia""# harmf " microor!anisms, and thereb# make the water p re and safe. :enceforth, (io"o!ica" 'aste water treatment has become o r foremost choice. Microbes are sed to red ce the amo nt of potentia""# harmf " or!anic materia" and microor!anisms in wastewater. The# do this b# eatin! and di!estin! the or!anic materia". This process is often ca""ed "de!radin!" or!anic materia". Ob ecti!es an" Role of Biological Treatment# Transformation of ;r!anic 5atter0 1;*idation of disso"ved and partic "ate bio- de!radab"e constit ents into acceptab"e end prod cts. %ttract and attach s spended and non-settab"e co""oida" so"ids into a bio"o!ica" fi"m or f"ocs. Remove <transform n trients s ch as nitro!en and phosphor s. Remove Specific traces of or!anic constit ents and compo nds. Role The 5icrobes 1(acteria2 bio"o!ica""# remove the disso"ved and partic "ate carbonaceo s (;3 and stabi"i&ed the or!anic matter in wastewater. 5icrobes or micro or!anisms converts 1;*idi&es2 the disso"ved partic "ate carbonaceo s matter into simp"er end prod cts and forms additiona" ce""s. 1biomass2 The# Remove 7itro!en and Phosphor s in wastewater. 'astewater often contains "ar!e amo nts of the n trients, partic "ar"# nitro!en and phosphoro s. 7itro!en is a comp"e* e"ement e*istin! both in or!anic and inor!anic forms. Some (acteria/s are capab"e of o*idi&in! ammonia. 17itrite to 7itrates, ;*idi&ed 7itro!en to !aseo s nitro!en2 (io"o!ica" process are so confi! red to enco ra!e the !rowth of the bacteria with abi"it# to absorb and store "ar!e amo nt of inor!anic phosphor s, beca se the bio mass has specific !ravit# s"i!ht"# !reater than of water, the# sett"e and removed a"on! treated "i+ id b# !ravit# sett"in!. 'astewater contains most"# biode!radab"e or!anic matter. 5icroor!anisms principa""# =bacteria> metabo"i&e or!anic materia" and inor!anic ions present in wastewater d rin! !rowth and th s nder !oes bio"o!ica" decomposition of or!anic matter. (iochemica" o*idation reactions invo"ve the conversion of or!anic materia" sin! o*#!en and n trients into carbon dio*ide, water, and new ce""s. The e+ ation that e*presses this is0

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;r!anic materia" ? ;@ ? n trients A 4;@ ? :@; ? new ce""s ? n trients ? ener!#

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Biological $ecomposition of waste water %erobic 3ecomposition0 1;*idation2

%naerobic 3ecomposition0 1Se"f P trefaction2 %erobic $ecomposition#

$f air or o*#!en is avai"ab"e free"# to the wastewater in disso"ved form, then the biode!radab"e or!anic matter wi"" nder!o aerobic decomposition, ca sed b# aerobic bacteria as we"" as fac "tative bacteria operatin! aerobica""#.

%erobic bacteria are those bacteria, which f"o rish in the presence of free disso"ved o*#!en in wastewater, and cons me or!anic matter for their food and o*idi&in! it to stab"e end prod cts. Facultati!e bacteria are those bacteria, which can s rvive both in presence of air or in absence of air. 1%erobica""# or %naerobica""#2 :ence the# ca se decomposition of or!anic matter either in the presence or absence of free disso"ved o*#!en in wastewater. These bacteria wi"" then ti"i&e the free o*#!en as e"ectron acceptor, thereb# o*idi&in! the or!anic matter to stab"e and n-ob.ectionab"e end prod cts. 3 rin! this process the 7itro!eno s, carbonaceo s and s "phro s matters are o*idi&ed aerobica""# to prod ce stab"e end prod cts "ike 7itrates, 4arbon dio*ide and s "phates. ;ther b# prod cts is water, heat ener!# and some new additiona" bacteria/s. The stab"e end prod cts "ike nitrates, 4arbon dio*ide, S "phates are formed for the three forms of the matter ie. 7itro!eno s, carbonaceo s and s "phro s matter, 'ater, heat and additiona" bacteria wi"" be prod ced in the bio"o!ica" o*idation. 3ecompositions are stated b# e+ ations0 1) 7itro!eno s ;r!anic matter @2 4arbonaceo s ;r!anic matter B2 S "ph ro s ;r!anic matter
;*idation b# %erobics

7o-B ? 6ner!#? 7:B 4o@ ? :@o ? 6ner!#

;*idation b# %erobics

;*idation b# %erobics

SoC--- ? 6ner!#

%mmonia formed d rin! initia" decomposition ma# "ast ti"" end dependin! the amo nt of avai"ab"e o*#!en, temperat re and other factors, which tries to covert the ammonia to nitrates.

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%naerobic "ecomposition# &

$f free disso"ved o*#!en is not avai"ab"e to the wastewater then anaerobic decomposition ca""ed Se"f-P trefaction wi"" occ r. %naerobic and fac "tative bacteria, which operate anaerobica""#, f"o rish and convert the comp"e* or!anic matter into simp"er or!anic compo nds of 7itro!en, 4arbon and S "ph r. These %naerobic bacteria s a""# s rvive b# e*tractin! and cons min! the bo nded

mo"ec "ar o*#!en present in the compo nds "ike 7itrates 17;B2 and S "phates 1S;C2.

Gases "ike ammonia, nitro!en, :#dro!en S "phide, 5ethane etc. are a"so evo"ved in the decomposition, prod cin! obno*io s odo rs 3ecompositions d e to red ction b# anaerobics are !iven as

7itro!eno s ;r!anic matter

Red ction b# %naerobics Red ction b# %naerobics

7o@ ? 7:B ? ;r!anic %cids? :eat ener!# 4o@ :@S ? :eat 6ner!# ? 6ner!#

4arbonaceo s ;r!anic matter S "ph ro s ;r!anic matter

Red ction b# %naerobics

The or!anic acids inc" din! a"coho"s prod ced are f rther converted in to methane !as 14: C2, and 4arbon dio*ide !as 14o@2. $f 5ethane formin! bacteria/s are a"so present in the sewa!e. The conversion is represented b# the e+ ation0 ;r!anic %cids
5ethane formin! %naerobic bacteria

4:C

? 4o@

? :eat 6ner!#

Treatment nits which works on aerobic decomposition princip"es are0

%eration tanks, Sand )i"ters, Trick"in! )i"ters, ;*idation ponds, %eration "a!oons. Rotatin! bio"o!ica" 4ontactors.

Treatment nits which works on anaerobic decomposition princip"es are

%naerobic "a!oons, S" d!e di!estion tank, D%S(, $mhoff tanks and Septic tanks.

'uspen"e" (rowth Processes The microor!anisms responsib"e for treatment are maintained in "i+ id s spension b# appropriate mi*in! methods. %erobic S spended !rowth0 ;perates with a positive disso"ved o*#!en 4oncentration. %naerobic S spended !rowth0 7o o*#!en is present %erobic 'uspen"e" growth %erobic s spended !rowth s#stems are of two basic t#pes0 1. Those which emp"o# s" d!e re-circ "ation 14onventiona" %SP, 6%,etc.,2 @. Those that do not have s" d!e rec#c"in!. 1%erated La!oon2

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The common microbe 1bacteri m2 in %SP is E;;GL;6% R%5$G;R% %ctivated S" d!e contains "ar!e n mber of ver# active bacteria a"on! with #east , mo"d and proto&oa. 5ost of these microbes in the s" d!e tr# to s#nthesi&e and secrete po"#saccharide ce"", d e to these !e" the microbes tend to a!!"omerate into f"ocs ca""ed %ctivated S" d!e. The %ctivated s" d!e has affinit# for s spended so"ids and co""oida" partic"es, which fina""# removes the s spended so"ids a"on! with the f"ocs. Sewa!e containin! waste or!anic matter is aerated in an aeration basin in which microor!anisms, metabo"i&e the so" b"e and s spended or!anic matter.

Part of the or!anic matter is s#nthesi&ed in to new ce""s, other part is o*idi&ed to carbondio*ide and water to derive ener!# Poor sett"ement of activated s" d!e wi"" "ead to S" d!e b "kin!, main"# beca se of )i"amento s or!anisms "ike Sphaerotilus natans0 Strreptothri1 hyaline0 2eucothri10 Thiosthri10 3icrothri1 parvicella etc.0 %erobic an" facultati!e bacteria are the predominant microor!anisms, which carr# o t the reaction of or!anic matter. 4e"" "ar mass containin! n trients abo t 1@F 7itro!en and @F Phosphoro s sho "d be present in s fficient in the waste or the# ma# be added, re+ ired for the reaction to proceed satisfactori"#. $n %SP the new ce""s formed d e to o*idation of or!anic matter are removed from the eff" ent stream in the form of f"occ "ated s" d!e in secondar# c"arifier. Part of the activated s" d!e, which contains hi!her concentration of hi!h"# active aerobic microor!anisms, is rec#c"ed to aeration tank and e*cess s" d!e is disposed. %cti!ate" 'lu"ge Process Variables# %n %ctivated '" d!e P"ant essentia""# consists of the fo""owin! %eration tank containin! microor!anisms in s spension 1from incomin! sewa!e and rec#c"ed s" d!e2 in which reaction takes p"ace. %ctivated s" d!e recirc "ation s#stem. %eration s#stem to transfer o*#!en Secondar# 4"arifier to separate and thicken activated s" d!e. 6*cess s" d!e wastin! and disposa" faci"ities.

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%naerobic 'uspen"e" growth $n anaerobic s spended s#stem the bacteria "ike or!anisms do not have the norma" t#pes of ce"" wa"" or !enetic mechanisms fo nd in the rest of the bacteria" kin!dom. %rchaeo&bacteria are one of the microbes fo nd in more e*treme and n s a" habitats s ch as swamps, acid sprin! and sa"t "akes. There are three ma.or !ro ps of archeo bacteria0 5ethano!enic archaeobacteria 1%bi"it# to !enerate 5ethane2 Thermophi"ic archaeobacteria 1%bi"it# to !row nder conditions of e*treme temperat re2 :a"ophi"ic archaeobacteria 1%bi"it# to !row in sa"ine conditions2

Methanogenic %rchaeobacteria -1(io!as !enerators2 These bacteria/s prod ce methane 1nat ra" !as, bio!as2 anaerobica""# b# convertin! simp"e compo nds s ch as 4o@, :@s, formate, acetate to either methane or a mi*t re of methane and 4o @. These bacteria s rvive in anaerobic environment rich in or!anic materia"s. 6*amp"e. 1%naerobic s" d!e di!esters2 4ommon !enera enco ntered amon! the methano!ens inc" deG 5ethano-bacteri m, 5ethano-therm s, 5ethano-cocc s, 5ethano-microbi m and 5ethano-sarcina

%naerobic Process 'ystems#

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%naerobic contact process0 17orma""# sed for treatment for ind stria" waste water2 $t is a stirred tank reactor in which the biomass "eavin! with the reactor eff" ent is sett"ed in the sedimentation tank and rec#c"ed. 4ontin o s and comp"ete mi*in! in the reactor is not recommended as this ma# affect the sett"in! character of the s" d!e. %naerobic Filter# 17orma""# wastewater2 )pflow anaerobic filters0 Packed with pebb"es, stones, brick ba""ast, P94 sheet as media to s pport s bmer!ed bio"o!ica" !rowths 1fi*ed fi"ms2. The nits are reported to work we"" b t a "ike"# prob"em is acc m "ation of so"ids in the interstices. $own flow anaerobic fi"ters0 $n these anaerobic nits the in"et and o t"et are so p"aced that the media and the fi*ed fi"m sta# s bmer!ed. The# are simi"ar in operation to the D%). )pflow %nerobic 'lu"ge Blan*et +)%'B unit, $n these t#pes of s#stem no specia" media is sed since the s" d!e !ran "es themse"ves act as the media and sta# in s spension. The 6nvironment in the reactor is %naerobic. $n this nit the sewa!e enter the nit from bottom and rises pwards thro !h the s" d!e b"anket sin! @-@.Hm hei!ht. The or!anic matter and s spended partic"es !ets entrapped in this s" d!e b"anket as the sewa!e rises. The %naerobic bacteria and fac "tative bacteria that !row anaerobica""# in the s#stem biode!rade the or!anic matter and decompose it. The microbes attach themse"ves to each other or to s spended matter partic"es and "timate"# s" d!e b"anket. The bacteria in the s" d!e contin e their f nction of treatin! the incomin! eff" ent. (# prod cts of decomposition are bio !as.15ethane and 4arbon dio*ide2 sed for treatment of "ow stren!th wastes s ch as m nicipa"

'lu"ge $igesters $n this nit the s" d!e from sedimentation basins are stabi"i&ed before dr#in! and disposa".

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16

The S" d!e di!esters f nction in contro""ed anaerobic conditions there b# stabi"i&in! <decomposin! the ba"ance p trescib"e or!anic matter. The anaerobic bacteria converts the comp"e* or!anic matter into simp"e end prod cts "ike !ases and we"" di!ested s" d!e which can be sed for ferti"i&er after dr#in!. $n this process the 5ethano!enic and Thermophi""ic archaeobacteria a"on! with other microbes work to to!ether in bio"o!ica" de!radation. Ripe s" d!e is added for rapid di!estion as those di!ested s" d!e contains "ar!e n mber of active microor!anisms which wi"" brin! abo t s" d!e di!estion active"#. Lar!e amo nt of 5ethane !as is !enerated. -ybri" units# $n these t#pes of s#stem, a part of nit is of D%S( t#pe with !ran "es in s spension and another part with media and fi*ed fi"m. This s#stem was deve"oped in 4anada and ca""ed as :I%7 process or :#brid anaerobic process. Flui"ize" be" units# These t#pes of nits are fi""ed with sand or p"astic !ran "es are sed with recirc "ation nder re+ ired press re to keep the entire mass f" idised and the s" d!e distrib tion over the entire vo" me. Their power cons mption is hi!her. /0pan"e" granular slu"ge be" +/('B, These are hi!h rate D%S( with an e*panded bed. $n these t#pes of s#stem, ind stria" wastewater at temperat re be"ow 1-- de!ree centi!rade can be treated ver# effective"#. The operation comp"e*ities. %"!antage of %naerobic treatment o!er %erobic treatment process 6ner!# inp t in the s#stem is "ow. Lower prod ction of e*cess s" d!e, per nit mass of or!anic matter stabi"i&ed. Lower n trient re+ irements d e to "ower bio"o!ica" s#nthesis. 3e!radation of waste or!anic materia"s "eads to the prod ction of bio!as, which is a va" ab"e so rce of ener!#. %ttache" or Bio&film (rowth Processes

rban wastewater

treatment is not desirab"e as there is a h !e amo nt of power cons mption for recirc "ation and

The bioreactors in which biomass !rows attached to inert medi m s ch as rocks, s"a! or specia""# desi!ned ceramic, p"astic materia"s or s#nthetic materia"s nder aerobic condition constit te aerobic attached !rowth s#stem. 6*amp"e0 (io-Trick"in! fi"ters and Rotatin! (io"o!ica" 4ontractors.

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11

1These are a"so ca""ed fi*ed fi"m reactors have been wide"# emp"o#ed for remova" of or!anic po"" tants and for nitrification.2 Tric*ling filters

%s the wastewater trick"es thro !h the fi"ter media, it becomes coated with microbia" bacteria, the 7oogloeal film 'hich consists of acteria0 fungi0 proto8oa0 and algae.

5an# species "ike proto8oa0 fungi occ r thro !ho t the fi"ter. %morphous 7oogloeas are present more in n mbers. 7orma""# a period of two weeks is re+ ired for makin! the fi"ter read# for operation. 3 rin! the operation the or!anic matter present in the waste water is metabo"ised b# the biomass attached to the contact medi m. The attached biomass is referred to as the bio"o!ica" fi"m or s"im "a#er.

The bio"o!ica" s"im !rows in thickness as the or!anic matter abstracted from the f"owin! wastewater is s#nthesi&ed in to new ce"" "ar materia".

The s"im "a#er, which s a""# has a tota" thickness between 1 and @.- mm, consists of both aerobic and anaerobic "a#ers.

The thickness of the aerobic "a#er is "imited b# the depth of penetration of o*#!en in to microbia" "a#er, which depends on the coefficient of diff sivit# of o*#!en in the fi"m.

Recirc "ation has an advanta!e of brin!in! the or!anic matter in the waste in contact with the bio"o!ica" s"im more than once, th s increasin! the efficienc# of the fi"ters

Rotating Biological 1ontactors0 This is re"ative"# simp"e attached !rowth s#stem operatin! in the princip"es of movin! media. R(4 nit consists of a series of c"ose"# p"aced vertica" discs mo nted on a hori&onta" shaft. The (io 3isc Rotates at B-J RP5 over a tank containin! waste water. 1C-F of the disc area is s bmer!ed in wastewater2 The Rotation of disc ca ses the bio mass to be a"ternative"# s bmer!ed in waste water to absorb food and picks a thin "a#er of waste water, and then raised o t of the "i+ id to come in contact with air. The disc ses atmospheric air to o*idi&e the or!anic matter formed in the disc and a!ain s bmer!es into the "i+ id to contact with new "a#er of or!anic matter. Th s disc "a#er becomes thick with bio mass, after attainin! "a#er of @ to Hmm, the s" d!e !ets sheared off and s"o !hed biomass is kept in s spension which removed contin o s"# in the process. S itab"e for sma""-sca"e p"ants, and for sma""er comm nities.

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1#

1onclusion# 5an# different t#pes of microbes p"a# a ro"e in wastewater treatment. %"" the vario s varieties of bacteria, proto&oa, and rotifers feed on and "de!rade" or!anic materia" and other microbes. The varieties of microbes often work to!ether-dependin! on the chan!in! temperat re of the water and the concentrations of harmf " microor!anisms-to de!rade the or!anic materia" and p rif# wastewater Present"# microbes are sed in vario s wa#s for treatin! the waste water effective"# into stab"e acceptab"e eco-friend"# end prod cts. The end prod cts are eff" ent, s" d!e and methane !as. 5ost"# the rec"aimed water after tertiar# treatment is sed for the fo""owin! p rposes0 $n $nd stries for water-coo"in! s#stems< towers, boi"er feeds, process water etc. $n %!ric "t re, hortic "t re, piscic "t re, waterin! "awns, !o"f co rses etc., Gro nd water rechar!in! for a !mentin! !ro nd water reso rces < prevention of sa"ine water intr sion in coasta" areas. These techno"o!ies are based on nat ra" s#stems of waste mana!ement and treatment. The# possess the fo""owin! distinct advanta!es. 5inim m se of mechanica" e+ ipments 5ore eco-friend"# 4apab"e of !eneratin! reven e

%"tho !h wastewater treatment p"ants have man# important f nctions, their most vita" contrib tion to societ# is the p rification of o r wastewater. Treatment p"ants make s re that o r rivers, "akes and drinkin! waters are safe for ever#one b# p rif#in! the water that we se in o r kitchens, baths, and ind stries.

Reference# 'aste Treatment for Po"" tion 4ontro" (# S.K. %rceiva"a 5an a" on Sewera!e and Sewa!e Treatment 14P:66; 5an a"2 'aste 'ater Treatment P"antsG P"annin!, 3esi!n and ;peration (# S#ed R Lasim. 'astewater 6n!ineerin! Treatment and Re se (# 5et4a"f and 6dd#.

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1,

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