DEFINITION OF NGOs A non-governmental organization (NGO) is any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group which is organized on a local, national or international

level !as"-oriented and driven #y people with a common interest, NGOs perform a variety of service and humanitarian functions, #ring citizen concerns to Governments, advocate and monitor policies and encourage political participation through provision of information $ome are organized around specific issues, such as human rights, environment or health !hey provide analysis and e%pertise, serve as early warning mechanisms and help monitor and implement international agreements !heir relationship with offices and agencies of the &nited Nations system differs depending on their goals, their venue and the mandate of a particular institution Role of NGOs in Development '(th century transferred the num#er of issues to its successor with regard to social sector )erhaps among those most discussion a#le and dispersing one is *!he +ole of NGO, s in the ,evelopment- particularly with regard to third world having mushroom growth largely depending upon the contri#ution made #y the socially developed countries, which on its turn also e%alted a num#er of issues lying under the generous contri#ution made, #y the developed world .ut as far as our concern, the presentation contains in itself the evolutionary development of the concept #oth theoretically and practically emerging the various types of NGOs i e charita#le organizations, national organizations, community organization #oards and international NGOs etc !he o#/ectives of these NGOs as relief welfare, community development, sustaina#le system and people0s participation are also considered in this wor" !he role of NGOs which are common for almost all the Ngo, s with regard to development in different fields as in education, health, women welfare etc are mostly sponsored #y international NGOs NGOs also contri#ute their due share in the development sector of )a"istan and the facts a#out their activities funds and utilization of funds is also considered in this presentation !he NGOs are also wor"ing in rural areas of )a"istan and their programs in these areas are also under the consideration of our paper so, all the presentation will provide the "nowledge and #asic facts a#out the role of NGOs in development #oth at national and international level, their types, wor" a#ility and o#/ectives and

some Introduction

fact

a#out

their

wea"nesses

!he term NGO seems to #e dishonestly simple 1t may overloo" the enormous variety and differential capa#ilities of different NGOs 1n fact, NGOs offer a "aleidoscopic collection of organizations varying in origin, size, programmes, ideology, role strategy, funding, lin"ages evaluation, pro#lem etc NGOs s2ueeze a confusing group of organizations varying in terms of innumera#le parameters No standard definition can include all organizations wor"ing at present under the title of NGO, originally voluntarism was a doctrine which held that the will is dominant factor or it is a principle relying on one0s own free will for an action !he definition of NGOs vary as3 4 According to Asian ,evelopment .an" the term non-governmental organization refers to organization
o o

Not #ased in government Not created to earn profit

' &nited Nations defines it *NGOs are private organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interest of poor, protect the environment, provide #asic social services or underta"e community developmentBACKGROUND OF NGOS IN DE E!O"#ENT

Although NGOs have recently emerged into the development limelight #ut they are not a recent phenomenon !hey were the earliest form of human organizations 5ong #efore the governments, people organized themselves into group for mutual protection and self help 6irst, there were farmer0s organizations as in 7apan in 4898: such organizations played a vital role in agricultural movement !raditional self-help associations have also a long history in Africa and Asia

,uring the 48th and 4;th centuries in particular there has #een an e%plosion in the num#er of NGOs and an upsurge for the realistic answers to pro#lem over a "ing of neglected issues related to ecological degradation, rights of people and other common property resources appropriate technologies, health, safety, gender and e2uity !he institutional forms to such organizations can #e traced #ac" in late 4<th and early '(th centuries particularly in west world where the history of social organizations seems to have #een largely influenced #y *laissez fair- movement #ased on a more planned way NE$ TRENDS IN NGOS ACTI IT% &people p'rticip'tion(

New trends emerge in NGOs activities from 4<=( to 4<9( when it start to wor" in field of development $imilarly, the concept of people0s participation does not have a long history 1t reflects partly the failure of the- tric"le down- model of economic development advocated after >orld >ar 11 1n 4<8(,s NGOs #ecome a ma/or phenomenon in the field of development !vedt analyzed NGOs *as an outcome of complicated processes where factors li"e international ideological trends, donor policies and agenda interacts with national historical and cultural conditions in a comple% way On the whole these organizations are commanding growing attention as possi#le alternative to government in addressing the needs of vast of population $o, we can summarize NGOs development in three stages

$ocial and cultural in early stage ?ommunity services and development in intermediate stage @ore recently target oriented activist groups

NEED FOR NGOS

!here is none the less a single answer to 2uestion why NGOs are formedA Bow they are given meaning and how they operateA One cannot perceive NGOs as entities #ut we have ta"en into account the notion of multiple relation !he entry of NGOs in the field of development process thus represents important response to the need resulted due to the over#urdened government, the hesitant private sector and underutilized people power !hese are appeared to compose of overlapping social networ"s !he development e%perience of 4<;(s and 4<8(s have raised more and more critical concerning as growing awareness a#out the widening gap #etween very few rich and the vast ma/ority of poor in developing countries !his has also given a momentum to search for a more ade2uate and appropriate strategy for improving conditions $o, strategies constitute #asic elements of the development of a num#er of NGOs throughout the world, which get people0s participation recent, glo#al transformations and the search to a varia#le new option for supporting grass-root development presently provide 2uite significant opportunities for a rapid development of NGOs in the decade of 4<8(s in following consideration3 1 11 Growing interest among donors and national governments in strengthening the development roles of institution outside the pu#lic sector !he demonstrated capacity of some non-governmental organizations to reach the poor more effectively than pu#lic agencies 111 A sharp decline in pu#lic development resources, necessating a search #y government for more cost effective alternatives to conventional pu#lic services and development programs 1C A#ility to carry out programme on national scale and influence national policies and agencies

!oday, the NGOs address every conceiva#le issue and they operate virtually in every part of the glo#e !hough international NGOs activity has grown steadily, most NGOs operate within a country and fre2uently they function properly According to one estimate some '=((( NGOs now 2ualify as international NGOs up from less than D(( a century ago

RO!ES OF NGO ACCORDING TO T)E E*"ECTATION OF "EO"!E

NGOs play a critical role in all areas of development )eople and policy ma"ers are agree on one thing that NGOs play a very important role in development +ole of NGOs vary over the years as the policy of government changes NGOs are almost dependent on polices of government $ocio economic development is a shared responsi#ility of #oth i e government and NGOs +ole of NGOs are complementary #ut vary according to polices of government

1f we closely pursue the voluminous literature on NGOs many roles can #e found according to the e%pectations of people !he ma/or development roles ascri#ed to NGOs are to act as3

)lanner and implementer of development programmers, @o#iliser of local resources and initiative, ?atalyst, ena#ler and innovator, .uilder of self reliant sustaina#le society, @ediator of people and government, $upporter and partner of government program in activating delivery system implementing rural development programs, etc ,

Agents of information, 6actor of improvement of the poor, and

6acilitator of development education, training, professionalization, etc

.asically NGOs role is to prepare people for change !hey empower the people to overcome psychological pro#lem and opposition of oppress 1ts role cannot #e denied OB+ECTI ES OF NGOS IN DE E!O"#ENT NGO is one of the alternatives availa#le among various development organizations and one of the inputs among technical, financial and other resources, ma/or merits of NGOs are emerging from their limited scale of operation: the sporadic efforts of NGOs can #e consolidated and made more effective $till the primary role of NGO is at the local level as mo#ilizes of people and their resources for an indigenous self-sustaina#le development And at this level it can #e a pioneer, mediator power #ro"er, catalyst and has many other roles NGOs and their long lomerations also are very in playing their role as advocates in policy issues #eyond local level-national or even international level )roper assessment of e%pected an actual roles of NGOs ena#le us to ma"e them an effective alternative in the development process Bowever, small and sporadic NGOs are, they are valued in a pluralist society as an alternative approach to conventional system of attaining human well #eing and as such NGOs have a pivotal role to play in any society especially where institutions are alienated and development is dehumanized

An Ngo is nowadays not e%pected to deliver directly some #enefits to people, #ut to motivate people, mo#ilize resources, initiate leadership, and participate in development programs for self reliance An NGO is only an ena#ler and as and when a society is made self reliant, role of NGO is shifted to another place where NGO service is re2uired .ut NGO wor"s in relief and delivery of pu#lic goods as direct suppliers and ma/ority of the development NGOs are also involved directly in productive activities !he roles of NGOs an ena#ler or catalyst for self reliant society and as supplier or implementer is relevant where #ureaucracy is indifferent or inefficient, programs lac" fle%i#ility and cost effectiveness poor are ignorant, elite are am#itious, successes and services are pre conditions for motivation etc

O,-ectives.

A +elief and welfare . ?ommunity development ? $ustaina#le system , )eople0s movement T%"ES OF NGOS !ypes of NGOs can #e understand #y their level of orientation and level of cooperation 4 !ypes of NGOs #y the level of orientation

1t has further types as under,

C/'rit',le orient'tion 1t often involves a paternalistic effort with little participation #y 00#eneficiaries00 1t includes the NGOs which directed the people towards meeting the needs of poor and help them #y gaining them food, clothing, medicine, provision of housing etc $uch NGOs may also underta"e relief activities during natural or manmade herds Service orient'tion0 1t includes with NGOs with activities such as the provision of health, family planning or education services in which the program is designed #y the ngo,s and people are e%pected to participate in its implementation and in receiving the services "'rticip'tor1 orient'tion 1t is characterized #y self-help pro/ects where local people are involved particularly for e%ample in the implementation of a pro/ect in any village #y contri#uting,cash,tools,land,materials and la#or etc this type is #asically cooperation #ased and on limited scale

Empo2erin3 orient'tion0 !he aim of these NGOs are to help poor people an d develop a clear understanding of the social, political and economic factors which are effecting their lives, and aware them how can they solve their pro#lem #y using their resources and purpose to mo#ilize the people or self mo#ilization 1n any case there is ma%imum involvement of the people with NGOs acting as a facilitators 40 T1pes of NGOs ,1 t/e level of oper'tion 1t has further types which are as following Communit1 ,'sed or3'ni5'tion&CBOs( >hen people start feelings that what are their needs and how can they fulfill them !hese NGO,s arise out of people0s own initiatives !hese can includes sports clu#s women organizations neigh#orhood organizations, religious and educational organizations $ome supported #y NGO,s ,national and international NGO,s and other independent outside help $ome are devoted to raising the consciousness of ur#an poor or helping them to understand their rights in gaining access to needed services while others are involved in providing such services Cit12ide or3'ni5'tions !hese NGO,s are organized for some ma/or or personal purpose 6or e%ample cham#ers of commerce and industry, coalition of #usiness, educational group $ome e%ist for other purposes and #ecome involved in helping the poor as one of many activities, while others are created for the specific purpose of helping the poor N'tion'l NGOs 1t includes organizations such as the +ed cross, E@>?As, E>?As, professional organizations etc $ome of these have state #ranches and assist local NGOs

Intern'tion'l NGO 0!hese range from secular agencies such as +F,,A .A+NA and save the children organization, ?A+F, &N,), &N1?F6 !heir activities vary from mainly funding local NGOs institutions and pro/ects and implementing the pro/ects themselves

NGOs E#ERGENCE IN "AKISTAN 1n $u#-continent NGOs culture too" shape in the form of Ghandi Ashram .anaras in 4<'; this pro/ect created to provide /o#s for natives in the days of .ritish, +a/-,iyal $igh trust is an e%ample of the time #ut these efforts could not #ecome a social norm due to highly centralized #ureaucratic governance As it is not a new phenomenon for $u#-continent it emerged during the colonial period when religious, linguistic and ethnic communities felt their cultural, religious and social identity threatened +efusing politics they concentrated on religious, cultural and social assertion

!o control these associations, the colonial authorities introduced the system of registration under the act of co-operative societies Fach society was re2uired to give constitution and #ylaws and maintain financial accounts !he ma/or purpose of these organizations was to open educational, institutions, help the poor and destitute and improve the condition of women $uch welfare, charita#le and educational organizations produced a #reed of social wor"ers who devote their lives to social wor" !hey were sincere and concerned with the welfare of their community !hese community #ased organizations also created a since of competition among each other which resulted in positive development !he great contri#ution of old NGOs was that they preserved cultural, social and religious values and in resistance to colonial states started movements which lead to positive struggle in the field of development &nfortunately, in )a"istan these NGOs cannot wor" properly due to political wea"ness0 till

4<=8 so, under these circumstances in ;(s new type of NGOs emerge which were 2uite different from old ones !he only thing common in old ones and new NGOs is that #oth came into #eing into response of state wea"nesses .ut in the a#sence of well-defined policy for NGOs, there is no moral considerations practiced #y the people who have monopolized this vital sector On one hand they serve as an employment e%change for "ith and "in of the privileged and on other hand they are a sym#ol of prestige for the selected few that "now the art of preparing proposals and report written in the #ureaucratic le%icon NGOS IN "AKISTAN NGOs claim that there only tas" is to create social awareness #ut when people fell that NGOs are not helping them concretely, they lose interest and merely social awareness is of no use to them $ome of the clever participants turn this opportunity to their own favors #y manipulating different NGOs to get funds in the name of social wor" !hey "now that pro/ects are foreign funded and there is no commitment and sincerity #ehind it @ost NGOs have more or less #ecome family #usiness ma"ing #ig profit if you are a good pretender you can generate huge funds As it is discussed a#ove that NGOs receive funds from #road #ut no#ody "nows where and how these funds are utilized $o, people don0t trust NGOs foe help as they consider them as fraud NGO6s $ORKING "RESENT!% IN "AKISTAN 1n )a"istan NGOs are functioning in different sectors li"e health, education, women welfare, child welfare ,rug a#use, women development etc many international NGOs are wor"ing at national level in )a"istan )ANDS BFA5!B AN, N&!+1!1ON ,FCF5O)@FN! $OF1!E esta#lished in 4<;< wor"s on health, provision of proper nutrition, formal education BA)BUD

Fsta#lished in 4<9; is concerned with health, education )E!" Fsta#lished in 4<8< is the health, education and literacy pro/ect "$A 1s the patient welfare association and was esta#lished in 4<;< "NC" AND NCD )AG1$!AN NO+?A!1?$ ?ON!+O5 .O+, AN, NO+?O!1?$ ?ON!+O5 ,1C1$1ON is two main agencies wor"ing to control drug a#use !hey aimed at policing crop su#stitution and law enforcement

.esides these there are so many NGOs wor"ing in different areas .asically their aim is to wor" for the welfare of people

NGOS IN RURA! DE E!O"#ENT

!he areas of service which may #e entrusted to the NGOs to achieve sustaina#le development in rural areas are

Agriculture and related land development 1rrigation system Agricultural e%tension education Fmployment generation HI s"ill development through training Bealth and family welfareI family planning propaganda, motivation, research and training, rural health centers, dispensaries etc

References $ingh Gumar +avi, +ole of NGOs in ,eveloping ?ountries, '((J,,eep and ,eep pu#lishers New ,ehli, 1ndia Fdward @ichael and flower *1ntroduction3 ?hanging challenges for NG,Os management- !he earthscan readerson NGOs @anagement, '((',edited #y @ichael Fdward and Alan 6lower, 5ondon

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