Foreign relations of Algeria

Algeria has traditionally practiced an activist foreign policy. In the 1960s and 1970s, Algeria was noted for its great support of Third World policies and independence ove ents.

President Bouteflika[
!ince his inauguration in 1999, "resident #outefli$a has wor$ed to e%tend Algeria&s international influence, traveling e%tensively throughout the world. In 'uly (001, he )eca e the first Algerian "resident to visit the *! White +ouse in 16 years. +e has ade official visits, a ong others, to ,rance, -epu)lic of !outh Africa, Italy, !pain, .er any, the "eople&s -epu)lic of /hina, 'apan, and -ussia since his inauguration.

Africa
Algeria has friendly relations with its neigh)ors in the 0aghre), Tunisia and 1i)ya, and with its !u)2!aharan neigh)ors 0ali and 3iger. Algeria has ta$en the lead in wor$ing on issues related to the African /ontinent. +ost of the 4rganisation of African *nity /onference in (000, Algeria also was $ey in )ringing 5thiopia and 5ritrea to the peace ta)le in (000. It has wor$ed closely with its African neigh)ors to esta)lish the 3ew African "artnership. Algeria has ta$en a lead in reviving the *nion of the Ara) 0aghre) with its regional neigh)ors. 0ain article6 5gypt7Algeria World /up dispute (009 5gypt withdrew its a )assador to Algeria in 3ove )er (009 after attac$s )y the Algerian national foot)all tea on the 5gyptian foot)all fans in the after ath of a 8ualification playoff in /airo, 5gypt for the (010 ,I,A World /up although the )us of the players of Algeria was attac$ed and players were wounded )y 5gypt supporters. ,ifa ruled against 5gypt.

Libya[edit]
Algeria71i)ya relations have generally )een a ica)le.91: 1i)yan support for the "olisario in the Western !ahara facilitated early post independence Algerian relations with 1i)ya.91: 1i)yan inclinations for full2scale political union, however, have o)structed for al political colla)oration )ecause Algeria has consistently )ac$ed away fro such cooperation with its unpredicta)le neigh)our.91: ;A vote )y the //39disambiguation needed: on 'une <0, 19=7, actually supported union )etween 1i)ya and Algeria, )ut the proposal was later retracted )y the ,13 /entral /o ittee after the heads of state failed to agree.91:> The Treaty of 4u?da )etween 1i)ya and 0orocco, which represented a response to Algeria&s Treaty of ,raternity and /oncord with Tunisia, te porarily aggravated Algerian21i)yan relations )y esta)lishing a political divide in the region22 1i)ya and 0orocco on one side@ Algeria, Tunisia, and 0auritania on the other.91: ,inally, in 19== 1i)ya was invited to participate in the inter20aghri) co ission that was responsi)le for developing the 3orth African union.91: The esta)lish ent of the *0A in ,e)ruary 19=9 ar$ed the first for al political or econo ic colla)oration )etween the two neigh)ours.91:

Morocco
Algeria70orocco relations have )een do inated )y the issue of self2deter ination for the Western !ahara since their independence. The national integrity of this for er colonial territory has caused a deep2seated antagonis and general istrust )etween the two nations that has per eated all aspects of 0oroccan2Algerian relations. Algeria&s interest in the region dates )ac$ to the 1960s and 1970s when it ?oined 0orocco, 0auritania A 1i)ya in efforts to re ove the !panish fro the territory. After !pain announced its intention to a)andon the province, then $nown as !panish !ahara, in 197B, the united front presented )y the 0aghre) nations 8uic$ly disintegrated, as a result of 0orocco, and su)se8uently 0auritania, sta$ing clai s to the territory. Algeria, although not asserting any territorial a )itions of its own, was averse to the a)sorption of the territory )y any of its neigh)ors and called for self2deter ination for the !aharawi people. #efore the !panish evacuation, !pain, 0orocco, and 0auritania agreed to divide the territory and transfer the a?or part to 0orocco and the re aining southern portion to 0auritania. This agree ent violated a *nited 3ations ;*3> resolution that declared all historical clai s on the part of 0auritania or 0orocco to )e insufficient to ?ustify territorial a)sorption and drew heavy Algerian criticis .

AlgeriaMorocco relations
AlgeriaMorocco relations have )een do inated )y several issues since their independence, particularly the 196< !and War, the Western !ahara War of 197B21991, the closing of the Algeria20orocco )order in 199C, and the status of Western !ahara.

Western Sahara
The national integrity of the for er colony of Western !ahara territory has caused a deep2 seated antagonis and general istrust )etween the two nations that has per eated all aspects of 0oroccan2Algerian relations. After !pain announced its intention to a)andon the territory in 197B, causing the disintegration of relations )etween 0orocco and Algeria, which had previously presented a united front.9citation needed: Algeria, although not asserting any territorial clai s of its own, was averse to the a)sorption of the territory )y any of its neigh)ors and supported the "olisario ,ront&s wish to found an independent nation in the territory. #efore the !panish evacuation, the !panish govern ent had agreed to divide the territory, transferring the a?ority of the land to 0orocco and the re ainder to 0auritania. This agree ent violated a *nited 3ations ;*3> resolution that declared all historical clai s )y 0auritania or 0orocco to )e insufficient to ?ustify territorial a)sorption and drew heavy criticis fro Algeria.91: .uerrilla ove ents inside the !aharan territory, particularly the "olisario ,ront ;,rente Popular para la Li)eraciDn de Saguia el +a ra y R o de 4ro>, having fought for !aharan independence since 197<, i ediately proclai ed the !ahrawi Ara) Ee ocratic -epu)lic ;!AE->. Algeria recogniFed this new self2proclai ed state in 1976, and has since pursued a deter ined diplo atic effort for international recognition of the territory@ it has also supplied food, atGriel, and training to the guerrillas9citation needed:. In 1979, after any years of e%tensive and fierce guerrilla warfare, 0auritania a)andoned its territorial clai s and withdrew. 0orocco 8uic$ly clai ed the territory relin8uished )y

0auritania. 4nce the !AE- gained diplo atic recognition fro the 4rganiFation of African *nity ;4A*> and any other independent states, 0orocco ca e under international pressure. As a result, the 0oroccan govern ent finally proposed a national referendu to deter ine the !aharan territory&s sovereignty in 19=1. The referendu was to )e overseen )y the 4A*, )ut the proposal was 8uic$ly retracted )y the Hing of 0orocco when the 4A* could not reach agree ent over referendu procedures. In 19=7 the 0oroccan govern ent again agreed to recogniFe the "olisario and to eet to Idiscuss their grievances.I Algeria stipulated a solitary precondition for restoration of diplo atic relationsJrecognition of the "olisario and tal$s toward a definitive solution to the Western !aharan 8uag ire. Without a fir co it ent fro the Hing of 0orocco, Algeria conceded and resu ed diplo atic relations with 0orocco in 19==.91:

!he borders"
Euring the Algerian civil war, Algiers accused -a)at of hosting and supporting the Ar ed Isla ic .roup of Algeria, an Algerian Isla ist terrorist group. The charge was rapidly denied )y 0oroccan authorities, )ut the 8uarrel led to the )order closure in 199C, after 0orocco accused the Algerian .IA along with the Algerian !ervices of the 0arra$ech )o )ing of 199C, where two !paniards were $illed.9(: The )orders are still closed, costing K( )illions yearly to the 0oroccan econo y.9<: In 1999, the newly elected president A)delaFiF #outefli$a, attended +assan II&s funeral, and declared < days of official ourning in Algeria for his brother's death. The sa e year the Algerian president accused 0orocco of hosting .IA )ases, fro which so e attac$s on Algerians were planned and directed. A few days later he again accused 0orocco of e%porting drugs into Algeria.9<: In 'uly (00C, the $ing a)olished visa re8uire ents for Algerians entering 0orocco@ in April (006, Algerian "resident reciprocated the gesture.9C: In (01( Algerian pri e inister Ah ed 4uyahia said )order reopening was not a priority for his govern ent. 4ther official declarations i ply that this issue is not to )e solved soon.

!unisia
! aller and in a ore precarious position vis2L2vis 1i)ya, Tunisia has consistently ade efforts to align with Algeria.91: In the 1970s, Tunisia reversed its position on the Western !ahara so as not to antagoniFe Algerian authorities.91: Tunisia was the first nation to sign the Treaty of ,raternity and /oncord with Algeria, in 19=<.91: Throughout Algeria&s independent history, it has ?oined in a nu )er of econo ic ventures with Tunisia, including the transnational pipeline running fro Algeria through Tunisia to Italy.91: In 19=7 the departure fro power in Tunisia of "resident +a)i) #ourgui)a and his replace ent )y the ore diplo atic Mine el A)idine #en Ali )rought the two nations closer again.91:

Western Sahara
!ince 1976, Algeria has supported the "olisario ,ront, a group clai ing to represent the population of Western !ahara, which is )ased a ong the 90,000 !ahrawi refugees who reside in refugee ca ps in Algeria. /ontending that the !ahrawis have a right to self2 deter ination under the *3 /harter, Algeria has provided the "olisario with aterial,

financial, and political support and sanctuary in southwestern Algeria&s Tindouf "rovince. *3 involve ent in the Western !ahara includes 0I3*-!4, a peace$eeping force, and *3+/-, for refugee assistance and resettle ent. Active diplo atic efforts to resolve the dispute under the auspices of the !pecial -epresentative of the !ecretary .eneral are on2 going. Although the land )order )etween 0orocco and Algeria was closed in the wa$e of a terrorist attac$, the two have wor$ed at i proving relations. AlgeriaSahra#i Arab $e%ocratic Re&ublic relations AlgeriaSahra#i Re&ublic relations refers to the current and historical relations )etween the "eopleNs Ee ocratic -epu)lic of Algeria and the !ahrawi Ara) Ee ocratic -epu)lic ;!AE->. Algeria was the <rd state of the World on recogniFing the !AE-, on 0arch 6, 197691: and for al diplo atic relations were esta)lished soon after. A !ahrawi e )assy was opened in Algiers that year,9(: during the +ouari #ou edienne govern ent

Bulgaria
,or al relations started in 196C Algeria has an e )assy in !ofia9(: #ulgaria has an e )assy in Algiers9<: #oth are e )ers of the *nion for the 0editerranean Algerian 0inistry of ,oreign Affairs a)out relations with #ulgaria ;in ,rench only>

'y&rus
/yprus and Algeria have concluded various agree ents. ,or e%a ple, in 3ove )er 1997, Algeria and /yprus agreed on a fra ewor$ for ariti e e%changes )etween the two countries, lifting o)stacles on the free ove ent of ships and offering preferential treat ent at the ports in )oth countries.9C: In Eece )er 1999 Algeria and /yprus signed an air transport agree ent to introduce a legal fra ewor$ governing air routes )etween Algeria and /yprus.9B: In 'uly (000, Algerian news agency A"! signed a cooperation agree ent with the /ypriot news agency96: that covers e%change of 5nglish news ite s and photographs.97: In Eece )er (001, the Algerian fir !onatrach and /yprus oil co pany 0ede% "etroleu signed an e%ploration deal covering the north of #ord? 4 ar Idriss in the IlliFi )asin in south2eastern Algeria.9=: /yprus is considering Algeria as a potential partner to assist with e%tracting untapped oil and gas fro the island&s e%clusive econo ic Fone. 4ther partners )eing considered are 1i)ya, -ussian and Algeria 7 full details of the negotiations have not yet )een released to the pu)lic do ain.99:

Algeria'y&rus relations
Algeria'y&rus relations refer to the )ilateral relations )etween Algeria and /yprus.

Algeria is represented in /yprus through its e )assy in #eirut, 1e)anon. /yprus is represented in Algeria through its e )assy in "aris, ,rance. #oth countries are full e )ers of the *nion for the 0editerranean.

(fficial %eetings
When presenting his credentials to /yprus "resident Tassos "apadopoulos in 'anuary (00B, Algeria&s #eirut2)ased A )assador to /yprus I)rahi #enaouda +aci said that Algeria&s "resident A)delaFiF #outefli$a confir ed his willingness to strengthen the relations )etween Algeria and /yprus.91: In 4cto)er (006, the A )assador of /yprus, 0inas +ad?i ichael presented his credentials to the "resident of Algeria 0r A)delaFiF #outefli$a, than$ed hi for Algeria&s support to /yprus in the fra ewor$ of the *nited 3ations and the 3on2Aligned 0ove ent, and discussed ways to enhance )ilateral ties. The "resident of Algeria said he was satisfied with the friendly relations )etween the two countries, )ut stressed that his country favored reunification of the /yprus -epu)lic. +e also e%pressed his wish for enhancing )ilateral cooperation. Algeria has consistently supported reunification of /yprus )ased on *3 resolutions.9(: In an April (00B eeting with Tur$ish ,oreign 0inister A)dullah .ul in Algeria, "resident #outefli$a said he supports Tur$ey on the /yprus pro)le , and considers that Tur$ey has done everything they could )e e%pected to do to solve the /yprus pro)le .9<: In 3ove )er 199= the Algerian foreign 9C:9B:96: inister et his .ree$ /ypriot counterpart.

In ,e)ruary (001 the Algerian ,oreign 0inister visited /yprus.97:9=:99: In 3ove )er (001 the "resident of the -epu)lic of /yprus, .lafcos /lerides received the credentials of the new A )assador of Algeria 0r Ah ed #oudehri.910: In !epte )er (00< the /ypriot president and the heads of Algeria, !enegal, Huwait to discuss regional issues.911: et

Agree%ents) trade and in*est%ent

/yprus and Algeria have concluded various agree ents. ,or e%a ple, in 3ove )er 1997, Algeria and /yprus agreed on a fra ewor$ for ariti e e%changes )etween the two countries, lifting o)stacles on the free ove ent of ships and offering preferential treat ent at the ports in )oth countries.91(: In Eece )er 1999 Algeria and /yprus signed an air transport agree ent to introduce a legal fra ewor$ governing air routes )etween Algeria and /yprus.91<: In 'uly (000, Algerian news agency A"! signed a cooperation agree ent with the /ypriot news agency91C: that covers e%change of 5nglish news ite s and photographs.91B: In Eece )er (001, the Algerian fir !onatrach and /yprus oil co pany 0ede% "etroleu signed an e%ploration deal covering the north of #ord? 4 ar Idriss in the IlliFi )asin in south2eastern Algeria.916: /yprus is considering Algeria as a potential partner to assist with e%tracting untapped oil and gas fro the island&s e%clusive econo ic Fone. 4ther partners )eing considered are 1i)ya, -ussian and Algeria 7 full details of the negotiations have not yet )een released to the pu)lic do ain

$en%ark
Een ar$ has an e )assy in Algiers 910: Algeria has an e )assy in /openhagen 911:

France
In the early 1990s, nearly (0 percent of all Algerian e%ports and i ports were destined for or originated fro ,rance. 0ore than 1 illion Algerians resided in ,rance and there were nu erous francophones in Algeria, creating a tre endous cultural overlap. ,rench re ained the language of instruction in ost schools and the language used in ore than two2thirds of all newspapers and periodicals and on nu erous television progra s. Algeria and ,rance share a cultural )ac$ground that transcends diplo atic aneuvers and has persisted throughout periods of Idisenchant entI and strained relations. 4ver ti e, however, the ara)iFation of Algeria and the increasing polariFation of society )etween the francophone elite and the Ara) asses have o)iliFed anti2,rench senti ent. !upport for the ara)iFation of Algerian societyJincluding the eli ination of ,rench as the second national language and e phasis on an ara)iFed education curriculu Jand the recent success of the ,I! indicate a growing fervor in Algeria for asserting an independent national identity. !uch an identity e phasiFes its Ara) and Isla ic cultural tradition rather than its ,rench colonial past. +owever, ,rance&s support for the ilitary regi e that assu ed power in early 199( indicates that the cooperative relations )etween the two countries re ain strong.91: -elations )etween Algeria and ,rance span ore than five centuries. This assive a ount of ti e has led to any changes within the nation of Algeria@ su)se8uently, affecting the relations enor ously. Through this ti e period, Algeria has gone through )eing part of the 4tto an 5 pire, )eing con8uered and coloniFed )y ,rance, playing an i portant role in )oth world wars, and finally )eing its own nation. 4verti e, relations )etween the nations have suffered, as tension )etween Algerians and the ,rench en has increased. This )eing said, however, despite its history, )oth Algeria and ,rance share a long and historically rich relationship. The first contact that was had )etween the two nations )egan in 1B(6, when Algeria was part of the 4tto an 5 pire. ,rancis I of ,rance and the 4tto an 5 peror !ulei an the 0agnificent had ?ust agreed upon the ,ranco24tto an alliance, which initiated contact )etween ,rance and the #ar)ary !tates of 3orthern Africa. These states were considered vassals for the 4tto an e pire@ thus, were drawn into relations with ,rance as a result of this alliance. Algerian2,rench relations started considera)ly later, several hundred years after first contact was had )etween the 4tto an 5 pire and the ,rench. In short, the relations )etween ,rance and Algeria are essentially one of coloniFation. The coloniFation of Algeria )y ,rance )egan after a rather peculiar event, in April 1=(7, when the Eey of Algiers angrily struc$ the ,rench consul with a fly whis$.91: Three years following this event, ,rance )egan the invasion of Algeria. #etween these three years, ,rance unsuccessfully tried a variety of tactics in order to esta)lish control in the region. All of

the proved futile@ therefore, leading to a decision in 1=<0 to invade the country. The Algerians were 8uic$ to surrender following the landing of the ,rench ar y on 'uly B, 1=<0. The last dey of Algiers, +usayn, was forced into e%ile as part of the agree ent. This )eing said, however, one i portant 4tto an Algerian leader held onto power for several ore years, )ut in general was 8uic$ to succu ) to the ,rench presence in the region.91: Eue to the fact that /onstantine was a considera)le distance away fro Algiers, ,rance easily stopped 4tto an influence in the region, and instead, asserted their own power.

French settling of Algeria

,rench rule of Algeria was esta)lished during the years of 1=<02C7, in which a groundwor$ was created in how the nation would )e controlled. In general, the area was tension2filled, with fre8uent clashes )etween the ,rench and the Algerian people. As ,rench occupation continued, ,rench settlers )egan to coloniFe the region, and de anded for privileges of ruling the land on )ehalf of the ,rench govern ent.91: This type of syste continued, and Algeria )eca e ?uridically part of ,rance. !ettler&s finally secured their power in the region in 1=70 after the rise of the Third -epu)lic of ,rance. #efore this, Algeria was ad inistered through a ilitary ad inistration@ however, afterwards, a governor2general to the region was appointed. Although a$ing up only ten percent of the population, the ,rench settlers had any privileges.

World War ++[edit]

Euring World War II 3orth Africa was the )attle ground for uch of the 5uropean )ased war. With the invasion of ,rance )y .er any in 19C(, the Allied forces were 8uic$ to ta$e control of the colonies once controlled )y the ,rench. The Anglo2A erican occupation of 3orth Africa )egan the start of odern day Algeria. Euring this ti e, the occupational forces ;)oth the Allied and the A%is powers> )egan delivering essages and pro ises of a Inew world for for erly su)?ect9ed: peoplesI. "ro ises of e ancipation e%cited the Algerian people, as they would finally )e a)le to for a sovereign nation. In Eece )er 19C(, ,erhat A))as drafted an Algerian 0anifesto, and presented it to )oth the Allied and ,rench authorities.91: This anifesto wanted recognition of an Algeria that was sovereign, and free of coloniFation. As a response, in 19C<, ,rench citiFenship was given as an option to any 3orth Africans. This, however, led to outrage as it was not enough to satisfy Algerians, and an uprising soon followed4n = 0ay 19CB, during cele)rations to ar$ the end of the World war, an unorganiFed rising occurred in !etif where =C 5uropean settlers were $illed. The ,rench replied with )rute forcesuppressing the Algerian population, $illing thousands upon thousands of Algerians. 4pposition continued against the ,rench, and the )rute force used )y the ,rench as well continued. In total, esti ates of the deaths range fro 1,000 to CB,000 deaths, with any ore wounded. ,ollowing the events of the past as the !etif 0assacre, ,rench rule was introduced again.

Algerian War[edit]
0ain articles6 Algerian War and 5vian Agree ents ,or ore than a century ,rance aintained colonial rule in Algerian territory. This

allowed e%ceptions to repu)lican law, including !haria laws applied )y Isla ic custo ary courts to 0usli wo en which gave wo en certain rights to property and inheritance which they did not have under ,rench law.9(: Eiscontent a ong the 0usli Algerians grew after the World Wars, in which the Algerians sustained any casualties. 9(: Algerian nationalists )egan efforts ai ed at furthering e8uality )y listing co plaints in the Manifesto of the Algerian People, which re8uested e8ual representation under the state and access to citiFenship, )ut no e8uality for all citiFens to preserve Isla ic precepts. The ,rench response was to grant citiFenship to 60,000 I eritoriousI 0usli s. 9<: Euring a refor effort in 19C7, the ,rench created a )ica eral legislaturewith one house for the ,rench citiFens and another for the 0usli s )ut ade a 5uropean&s vote e8ual seven ti es a 0usli &s vote. "ara ilitary groups such as the ,ront de 1i)Gration nationale ;,13> appeared, clai ing an Ara)o2Isla ic )rotherhood and state.9(: This led to the out)rea$ of a war for independence, the Algerian War, in 19BC. ,ro first ar ed operations of 3ove )er 19BC, &"ieds23oirs& civilians have always )een targets for ,13, either )y assassination, )o )ing )ars and cine as and ass assacres, torture and rapes in far s.9C: At the onset of the war, the Pieds-noirs )elieved the ,rench ilitary would )e a)le to overco e opposition. In 0ay 19B= a de onstration for ,rench Algeria, led )y "ieds23oirs )ut including any 0usli s, occupied an Algerian govern ent )uilding. .eneral 0assu controlled the riot )y for ing a /o ittee of "u)lic !afety de anding that his ac8uaintance /harles de .aulle )e na ed president of the ,rench ,ourth -epu)lic, to prevent the Ia)andon ent of AlgeriaI. This eventually led to the fall of the -epu)lic. In response, the ,rench "arlia ent voted <(9 to ((C to place de .aulle in power. 4nce de .aulle assu ed leadership, he atte pted peace )y visiting Algeria within three days of his appoint ent clai ing I,rench AlgeriaOI )ut in !epte )er 19B9 he planned a referendu for Algerian self2deter ination that passed overwhel ingly. 0any ,rench political and ilitary leaders in Algeria viewed this as )etrayal and for ed the 4rganisation de l&ar Ge secrPte ;4A!> that had uch support a ong &"ieds23oirs&. This para ilitary group )egan attac$ing officials representing de .aulle&s authority, 0usli s, and de .aulle hi self. The 4A! was also accused of urders and )o )ings nullifying reconciliation opportunities )etween the co unities,9B: while &"ieds23oirs& the selves never )elieved such reconciliation possi)le as their co unity was targeted fro the start.9C: The opposition cul inated in 1961 during the Algiers putsch of 1961, led )y retired generals. After this failure, on 1= 0arch 196(, de .aulle and the ,13 signed a cease2fire agree ent, the Qvian accords, and held a referendu . In 'uly, Algerians voted B,97B,B=1 to 16,B<C to )eco e independent fro ,rance. This was an occasion for a assacre of &"ieds23oirs& in 4ran )y a su)ur)an 0usli population. 5uropean people were shot, olested and )rought to "etit21ac slaughterhouse where they were tortured and e%ecuted.96:

Modern ti%es[edit]
!ee also6 ,oreign relations of ,ranceRAlgeria Eespite a )iguous senti ent in Algeria concerning its for er colonial power, ,rance has aintained a historically favored position in Algerian foreign relations. Algeria

e%perienced a high level of dependency on ,rance in the first years after the revolution and a conflicting desire to )e free of that dependency. The already esta)lished trade lin$s, the lac$ of e%perienced Algerian govern ent officials, and the ilitary presence provided for in the 5vian Accords ending the War of Independence ensured the continuance of ,rench influence. ,rance supplied uch2needed financial assistance, a steady supply of essential i ports, and technical personnel.97: This )enevolent relationship was altered in the early #ou ediPne years when the Algerian govern ent assu ed control of ,rench2owned petroleu e%traction and pipeline interests and nationaliFed industrial and energy enterprises. ,rench ilitary units were al ost i ediately pulled out. ,rance, although apparently willing to aintain cooperative relations, was overloo$ed as Algeria, eager to e%ploit its new independence, loo$ed to other trade partners. !hortly afterward, Algerian interest in resu ing ,rench2 Algerian relations resurfaced. Tal$s )etween #ou ediPne and the ,rench govern ent confir ed )oth countries& interest in restoring diplo atic relations. In 197C, Algeria&s "resident #ou ediPne stated I-elation )etween ,rance and Algeria ay )e good or )ad, )ut in no way can they )e trivial.I, depicting this relationship. ,rance wanted to preserve its privileged position in the strategically and econo ically i portant Algerian nation, and Algeria hoped to receive needed technical and financial assistance. ,rench intervention in the Western !ahara against the "olisario and its lac$ of Algerian oil purchases, leading to a trade i )alance in the late 1970s strained relations and defeated efforts toward )ilateral rapproche ent. In 19=< #en?edid was the first Algerian leader to )e invited to ,rance on an official tour, )ut relations did not greatly i prove.97: Eespite strained political relations, econo ic ties with ,rance, particularly those related to oil and gas, have persisted throughout independent Algerian history. 3ationaliFed Algerian gas co panies, in atte pting to e8ualiFe natural gas e%port prices with those of its neigh)ors, alienated ,rench )uyers in the late 1970s and early 19=0s, however. 1ater gas agree ents resulted in a vast growth of )ilateral trade into the )illions of dollars. ,urther disputes over natural gas pricing in the late 19=0s led to a drastic drop in ,rench2 Algerian i ports and e%ports. The for er fell ore than 10 )illion ,rench francs, the latter 1( )illion ,rench francs )etween 19=B and 19=7. A new price accord in 19=9 resurrected cooperative ties. The new agree ent provided su)stantial ,rench financial assistance to correct trade i )alances and guaranteed ,rench purchasing co it ents and Algerian oil and gas prices. ,rench support for #en?edid&s govern ent throughout the difficult period in 19== when the govern ent appeared especially precarious and su)se8uent support for econo ic and political li)eraliFation in Algeria e%pedited i proved ,rench2Algerian relations. ,inally, rapproche ent with 0orocco, a nu )er of ?oint econo ic ventures )etween ,rance and Algeria, and the esta)lish ent of the *0A rela%ed so e of the re aining tensions.97: 4ne source of steady agitation has )een the issue of Algerian e igration to ,rance. ,rench policies toward Algerian i igrants have )een inconsistent, and ,rench popular senti ent has generally )een unfavora)le toward its Ara) population. The ,rench govern ent has vacillated )etween sweeping co it ents to Icodevelop ent,I involving e%tensive social networ$s for e igrant Algerian la)orers, and support of strict regulations concerning wor$ and study per its, rando searches for legal papers, and e%peditious deportation without appeal in the event of irregularities. 3orth African

co unities in ,rance re ain relatively isolated, and chronic pro)le s persist for Algerians trying to o)tain housing, education, and e ploy ent. A nu )er of racially otivated incidents occur each year )etween 3orth African e igrants and ,rench police and citiFens.97: 58ually pro)le atic has )een Algeria&s handling of the e igrant issue. The govern ent has provided su)stantial educational, econo ic, and cultural assistance to the e igrant co unity )ut has )een less consistent in defending e igrant wor$ers& rights in ,rance, fre8uently su)ordinating its own wor$ers& interests to strategic diplo atic concerns in aintaining favora)le relations with ,rance. The rise of Isla is in Algeria and the su)se8uent crac$down on the Isla ists )y the govern ent have had serious i plications for )oth countries6 record nu )ers of Algerian Isla ists have fled to ,rance, where their cultural dissi ilarity as Ara) Isla ists is alien to the country.97: In the early 1990s, nearly (0 percent of all Algerian e%ports and i ports were destined for or originated fro ,rance. 0ore than 1 illion Algerians resided in ,rance and there were nu erous francophones in Algeria, creating a tre endous cultural overlap. ,rench re ained the language of instruction in ost schools and the language used in ore than two2thirds of all newspapers and periodicals and on nu erous television progra s. Algeria and ,rance share a cultural )ac$ground that transcends diplo atic aneuvers and has persisted throughout periods of Idisenchant entI and strained relations. 4ver ti e, however, the ara)iFation of Algeria and the increasing polariFation of society )etween the francophone elite and the Ara) asses have o)iliFed anti2,rench senti ent. !upport for the ara)iFation of Algerian societyJincluding the eli ination of ,rench as the second national language and e phasis on an ara)iFed education curriculu Jand the recent success of the ,I! indicate a growing fervor in Algeria for asserting an independent national identity. !uch an identity e phasiFes its Ara) and Isla ic cultural tradition rather than its ,rench colonial past. +owever, ,rance&s support for the ilitary regi e that assu ed power in early 199( indicates that the cooperative relations )etween the two countries re ain strong.9

,reece
-elations )etween the two countries have )een traditionally friendly since Algeria&s first years of independence. .reece aintains an e )assy in Algiers, and Algeria is represented in .reece )y its e )assy in Athens. #oth countries are e )ers of the *nion for the 0editerranean. .reece was a ong the first countries to esta)lish diplo atic relations with Algeria after its independence in 196(, )y upgrading the then .ree$ /onsulate .eneral in Algiers to an 5 )assy in 196<.91(: As of (009, the two countries had in place three )ilateral agree ents6 Agree ent on 5cono ic, !cientific and Technical /ooperation ;19=(>. Agree ent on 5ducational /ooperation ;19==>. Agree ent on 0utual "rotection and "ro otion of Invest ents ;(000>.91(:

The Algerian 0inister of ,oreign Affairs visited .reece in ,e)ruary (001, returning a

previous visit paid )y the ,oreign 0inister of .reece to Algeria.91(:91<: In (00<, .ree$ 93ational: Eefence 0inister Ioannos "apandoniou visited Algeria to discuss ways to consolidate ilitary cooperation )etween Algeria and .reece.91C: !ince (000, Algeria has supplied .reece with natural gas )y virtue of a long2ter Agree ent )etween the two countries. The li8uefied natural gas is transported )y special vessels )efore eventually reaching the appropriate plant located in 0egara, Attica.91B: The e%ports of Algerian products to .reece a ounted to K=9 illion in (001, including ainly oil and oil derivatives, natural gas, inorganic che icals, iron and steel. In the sa e year, .ree$ e%ports to Algeria a ounted to KB0.7= illion, consisting ainly of cereals and related derivatives, to)acco products, phar aceuticals, edical and non2 ferrous inerals.91(: In (007, Algeria was ran$ed 6th a ong .reece&s Ara) trade partners.916: .ree$ ,oreign Affairs 0inistry a)out relations with Algeria

-oly See
There have )een tensions in the relationship in recent years due to criticis of the Algerian govern ent )y the Satican917: and increasing restrictions i posed on Algerian /atholics.91=:

Ro%ania
Algeria has an e )assy in #ucharest919: -o ania has an e )assy in Algiers9(0: #oth are e )ers of the *nion for the 0editerranean Algerian 0inistry of ,oreign Affairs6 infor ation a)out relations with -o ania ;in ,rench only>

Russia
0ain article6 Algeria7-ussia relations -ussia has an 5 )assy in Algiers and a consulate in Anna)a. Algeria has an 5 )assy in 0oscow.

Serbia
0ain article6 Algeria2!er)ia relations ,or al relations started on 196( Algeria has an e )assy in #elgrade.9(1: !er)ia has an e )assy in Algiers since 196(.9((: !er)ian 0inistry of ,oreign Affairs a)out )ilateral relations with Algeria

.kraine
0ain article6 Algeria2*$raine relations Algeria recogniFed *$raine&s independence in 199(. Eiplo atic relations )etween )oth

countries were esta)lished in 199<. Algeria has an e )assy in Hiev. *$raine has an e )assy in Algiers ;opened in 1999>.9(<:

!urkey
Algeria has an e )assy in An$ara, and a general consulate in Istan)ul9(C: Tur$ey has an e )assy in Algiers Tur$ish 0inistry of ,oreign Affairs a)out relations with Algeria The travel visa )etween Algeria and Tur$ey has recently )een re oved

Rest of the #orld

Argentina
,or al relations started on < 0arch 197< Algeria have an e )assy in #uenos Aires Argentina have an e )assy in Algiers #oth are e )ers of .roup of 77 and of the .roup of (C eeting )etween )oth presidents Algerian 0inistry of ,oreign Affairs a)out the in 3ove )er (00= ;in ,rench only>

Argentine 0inistry of ,oreign -elations6 list of )ilateral treaties with Algeria ;in !panish only>

4n 3ove )er 1=, (00=, the "resident of Argentina /ristina ,ernTndeF de Hirchner ade an official visit to Algiers and et her counterpart, the "resident of Algeria, A)delaFiF #outefli$a.

+srael
Algeria has never had official diplo atic relations with Israel. In the id 90s, while Israel and north African states slowly started diplo atic relations, Algeria re ained one of the last countries to consider such a ove. It was only when Israeli pri e inister 5hud #ara$ et Algerian "resident A)dalFiF #outefli$a at the funeral of 0oroccan Hing +assan ll on 'uly (B, 1999 that co ents a)out rapproch ent were ade.9(B:

Malaysia
Algeria has an e )assy in Huala 1u pur,9(6: and 0alaysia has an e )assy in Algiers. 9(7:

Pakistan
Algeria en?oys friendly relations with "a$istan, which offered support during Algeria&s struggle for independence. "a$istan was a ong the first nations to recogniFe the I"rovisional .overn ent of the -epu)lic of AlgeriaI in e%ile on 19 !epte )er 19B=, and facilitating the opening of an official ission in Harachi ;"a$istan>.

Palestine
Algeria has )een a strong proponent of the rights of the "alestinian people, calling

pu)licly for an end to violence in the 4ccupied "alestinian Territories.

.nited States[edit]
In 'uly (001, "resident A)delaFiF #outefli$a )eca e the first Algerian "resident to visit the White +ouse since 19=B. This visit, followed )y a second eeting in 3ove )er (001, a eeting in 3ew Uor$ in !epte )er (00<, and "resident #outefli$a&s participation at the 'une (00C .= !ea Island !u it, is indicative of the growing relationship )etween the *nited !tates and Algeria. !ince the !epte )er 11, (001 attac$s in the *nited !tates, contacts in $ey areas of utual concern, including law enforce ent and counter2terroris cooperation, have intensified. Algeria pu)licly conde ned the terrorist attac$s on the *nited !tates and has )een strongly supportive of the international war against terroris . The *nited !tates and Algeria consult closely on $ey international and regional issues. The pace and scope of senior2level visits has accelerated. In April (006, then2,oreign 0inister #ed?aoui et with !ecretary of !tate /ondoleeFFa -ice.

$i&lo%atic %issions
Algeria has diplo atic relations with ore than 100 foreign countries, and over 90 countries aintain diplo atic representation in Algiers. +nternational dis&utes66 part of Algeria&s south2eastern region is also clai ed )y 1i)ya. Algeria supports the e%iled "olisario ,ront of the Western !ahara@ it re?ects the 0oroccan ad inistration of the Western !ahara.