CHEE2940 Mid-Semester Quiz 2012 - Solutions

CHEE2940 Particle Processing Mid-Semester Quiz 2012 - Answers
1
STUDENT NAME: __________________________

STUDENT NUMBER: ________________________

CHEE2940 PARTICLE PROCESSING

MID-SEMESTER QUIZ

Tuesday 15
th
May, 2012

Quiz Duration: 1 hour
Reading Time: 10 minutes

The Quiz has 10 pages (inclusive of front cover).
The Quiz has 5 Questions

Hand-held non-programmable calculators are allowed

Special Instructions:
Answer all questions in the space provided
The questions are not of equal value
Show all working

2
Question 1: (10 Marks)

a) List three important parameters in particle technology. (3 marks)

Any three of:
Physical parameters size, shape, density, viscosity, temperature, humidity
Surface parameters charge, Hamaker constant, wettability, surface roughness,
adsorption of other materials
Additives salt, surfactants, polymers

b) What are the three primary types of particles? (3 marks)

Solid particles (also bulk solids & granular solids)
Liquid drops
Air bubbles

c) What is the difference between body forces and surface forces? Over
what size ranges (approximately) are these forces dominant? (2 marks)

Body forces are essentially gravity dominate when size > 10 m
Surface forces are electric double layer interactions, van der Waals interactions,
steric repulsion etc. dominate when size < 10 m

d) Two identical silica particles of diameter 500nm interact in pure water.
Name the phenomenon that will lead to an attractive interaction, and what
does the magnitude of the interaction depend on? (2 marks)

Two identical silica particles will attract each other because of van der Waals
interaction. This is dependent on the magnitude of the Hamaker constant, how
far apart they are, and the particle size. From Lecture 8:

H
AR
V
A
12
=
3

a) Give two reasons why characterising particle size and shape is important.
(2 marks)

Any two of: quality of final products, performance of processing, optimum size for
separation, size rang off losses, impacts dispersion stability

b) Why do we often use equivalent diameters when referring to particle
size? (2 marks)

Particles are irregular in shape
Particles are often too small to see visually, so we need to use something like
light scattering which assumes a particle is regular in size

c) Explain, with equations, what is meant by the terms:

i. equivalent surface diameter. (2 marks)

The diameter of a sphere with the same surface area as the particle of interest

A
d
surface
=

ii. equivalent volume diameter. (2 marks)

The diameter of a sphere with the same volume as the particle of interest

3
6
V
d
volume
=

iii. Sauter (surface-volume) diameter. (2 marks)

The diameter of a sphere with the same surface area to volume ratio as the
particle of interest

32 2
3
6
d
d
d
A
V
d
surface
volume
Sauter
= = =
4

a) What is a surfactant? (2 marks)

A surfactant is a molecule with a hydrophilic head group and a hydrophobic tail
group

b) What are the similarities and differences between a non-ionic surfactant
(e.g. the pluronics), an anionic surfactant (e.g. SDS), and a cationic
surfactant (e.g. CTAB)? (3 marks)

Non-ionic hydrophobic tail group, uncharged head group
Anionic hydrophobic tail group, negatively charged head group
Cationic hydrophobic tail group, positively charged head group

c) Calculate the surface tension of pure water at 20 C given that the water
rises 14.8 cm up a capillary tube of internal diameter 0.20 mm. Assume
the water perfectly wets the inside of the capillary. The density of water at
this temperature is 998.2 kg.m
-3
. (g = 9.8 m.s
-2
) (4 marks)

( ) ( )
1
3 2
. 0724 . 0
2
10 10 . 0 10 8 . 14 8 . 9 2 . 998
2

=

= = m N
ghr

Therefore, the surface tension is = 72.4 mN.m
-1

d) Would you expect an aqueous solution of 10 mM CTAB to rise higher or
lower up the capillary (assuming the solution perfectly wets the capillary)?
State your reason. (2 marks)

The addition of surfactant will lower the surface tension of the water. From the
equation given in Q3.c) above, you would expect the water to rise lower up the
capillary, since all other parameters remain the same.

5
e) Shown below is data for the surface tension of aqueous solutions of SDS
as a function of concentration. Explain, with the aid of schematics, what is
occurring in solutions of SDS concentrations greater than the dashed
vertical line (i.e. in region B). (4 marks)

conc (mmol.L
-1
)

(
m
N
.
m
-
1
)

A B

As surfactant is added to the water the surface tension decreases, in region A,
due to the adsorption of surfactant at the air/water interface. At the dashed line
the surface tension remains essentially constant as more SDS is added, region
B. This means that the amount the surface excess concentration of SDS is not
changing, and the added SDS is forming micelles in the bulk solution.

Micelles are aggregates of surfactant in which the tail groups associate in the
centre of the micelle, thereby reducing unfavourable interactions between the
hydrophobic tails and the water. The hydrophilic head groups point out into
solution. Typical micelle schematic:

6

Given below is data for zeta-potential as a function of pH for silica particles in
aqueous suspension at 20 C. Data is given for pure water and for suspensions
with added polymer.

-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH
Z
e
t
a
-
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l

(
m
V
)
Silica
Silica + polymer added

a) What is the iso-electric point of the silica suspension prior to the addition
of polymer? What is the iso-electric point after polymer addition? (2 marks)

The iep before polymer addition is ~ pH 3.5.
The iep after polymer addition is ~ pH 9.

b) Briefly, what has occurred when the polymer was added. In your answer,
comment on the relative stability of the two solutions at pH 10. (2 marks)

When the polymer was added it has adsorbed to the surface of the silica
particles, as evidenced by the change in the zeta-potential as a function of pH. At
low pH it has caused charge reversal, i.e. the negatively charge silica is now
positively charged. The iep after polymer addition is ~ pH 9. At pH 10 the bare
silica is stable (high negative zeta-potential) but the polymer coated silica will be
unstable (low zeta-potential).
7
c) Calculate the Debye thickness for silica particles in aqueous suspension
at 20 C with the following added electrolytes. Show all working. (3 marks)

N
A
= 6.02210
23
mol
-1
k
B
= 1.38110
-23
J.K
-1

e = 1.602110
-19
C
0
= 8.854210
-12
C
2
.J
-1
.m
-1

= 80

i. 0.5M NaCl

( ) ( )
5 . 0
2
5 . 0 5 . 0
2
5 . 0 1 5 . 0 1
2
2 2
2
=
+
=
+
= =
i
c z
I
i

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
5 . 0
293 10 381 . 1 10 8542 . 8 80
10 6021 . 1 10 022 . 6 2000 2000
2
1
23 12
2
19 23
2
1
0
2
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

I
T k
e N
B
A

( )
1 9 9
2
1
30
11
10 322 . 2 707 . 0 10 284 . 3 707 . 0
10 866 . 2
10 091 . 3

= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
= m

m
10
9
1
10 306 . 4
10 322 . 2
1 1

=
= =

Therefore, the Debye thickness is
-1
= 4.310
-10
m = 0.43 nm

OR

( ) ( )
1 9 9 9 9
10 321 . 2 707 . 0 10 283 . 3 5 . 0 10 283 . 3 10 255 . 3

= = = = m I

m
10
9
1
10 308 . 4
10 321 . 2
1 1

=
= =

-1
= 4.310
-10
m = 0.43 nm

8
ii. 0.1M KBr + 0.1M CaSO
4
(3 marks)

( ) ( )( ) ( )
5 . 0
2
4 . 0 4 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0
2
1 . 0 2 1 . 0 2 1 . 0 1 1 . 0 1
2
2 2 2 2
2
=
+ + +
=
+ +
= =
i
c z
I
i

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
5 . 0
293 10 381 . 1 10 8542 . 8 80
10 6021 . 1 10 022 . 6 2000 2000
2
1
23 12
2
19 23
2
1
0
2
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

I
T k
e N
B
A

( )
1 9 9
2
1
30
11
10 322 . 2 707 . 0 10 284 . 3 707 . 0
10 866 . 2
10 091 . 3

= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
= m

m
10
9
1
10 306 . 4
10 322 . 2
1 1

=
= =

-1
= 4.310
-10
m = 0.43 nm

OR

( ) ( )
1 9 9 9 9
10 321 . 2 707 . 0 10 283 . 3 5 . 0 10 283 . 3 10 255 . 3

= = = = m I

m
10
9
1
10 308 . 4
10 321 . 2
1 1

=
= =

-1
= 4.310
-10
m = 0.43 nm
9

Rittingers Theory on size reduction may be expressed in the form:

2
1
x
C
dx
dE
R
=

a) Briefly explain Rittingers theory as it relates to the energy required to
reduce the size of particles. (2 marks)

From Lecture 9:

the required energy for particle size reduction is directly proportional to the
surface area, S

b) The energy required to reduce the size of an ore from 35 mm to 18 mm is
30 kJ.kg
-1
. According to Rittingers Theory, what is the energy required to
further reduce the ore particle size from 18 mm to 10 mm? (5 marks)

(
(
=
i f
R
x x
C E
1 1

From the given data:

( )
1 2
. . 76 . 1111 10 70 . 2
35
1
18
1
0 3

= =
(
= kg kJ mm C C C
R R R

And so the energy required for the further reduction is:

1
. 41 . 49
18
1
10
1
76 . 1111
1 1

=
(
=
(
(
= kg kJ
x x
C E
i f
R

Therefore, the energy required is E = 49.41 kJ.kg
-1

10
c) What is commonly thought of as the difference between crushing and
grinding? (2 marks)

Crushing usually has large feed size, i.e. 1m 1mm.
Grinding has smaller feed size, i.e. <1mm

d) Name and describe the operation of a machine used for crushing. (2
marks)

Any of: jaw crusher, gyratory crusher, cone crusher, roll crusher

e) Name and describe the operation of a machine used for grinding. (2
marks)

Any of: rod mill, bill mill, semi-autogenous (SAG) mill

f) What is the difference between an open milling circuit and a close milling
circuit? (2 marks)

An open milling circuit is one-pass, i.e. the material only passes through the mill
once, and so size is determined only be residence time.
In a closed circuit a size screen is employed, so material which is not small
enough is passed back into the mill. In this way you can ensure a maximum top
size.

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CHEE2940 Particle Processing Mid-Semester Quiz 2012 - Answers

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