(CE:1284b-1285a)

ILYAS BUQTUR (1784-1821), learned Copt associated with

Napoleon Bonaparte's French Expedition to Egypt, who produced the first Arabic-French dictionary. Ilyas Buqtur, known in French sources as Ellious Bochtor, was born into a highly respected family in Asyut on 12 April 1784. His parents noticed his intellectual tendencies and provided a good early education. In 1801 he followed General YAQUB, his uncle, to the city of Bani Suef and ultimately to Cairo, where the French Expedition had arrived. He studied French language and literature to prepare himself for service in the French army, first as interpreter and later as Bonaparte's private secretary. When the French departed from Egypt, Ilyas left with them in the company of General Yaqub. After landing at Marseilles, he lived on the pittance he earned as interpreter for the Egyptian refugees. Afterward he moved to Paris, where he had an introduction to the councillor of state and director of public instruction for a position in the National Library as translator of Arabic manuscripts. His life in Paris, however, was intolerable, and he decided to return to Marseilles. Apparently this is where he started compiling an Arabic-French dictionary, which became famous as the first of its kind. In 1812 he was recruited by the Ministry of War to translate important military documents from Egypt that were extremely difficult to decipher. While performing this task, he became acquainted with Edme Franois Jomard, Napoleon's engineer-geographer in Egypt and member of the Institut d'Egypte founded during the French occupation. Jomard was commissioned to supervise the publication of the extensive Description de l'Egypte. In 1818, his collaboration with Jomard offered him a stipend, which enabled him to continue compilation of his dictionary. In 1819 he was named professor at the Ecole Royale des Langues Orientales, where he developed advanced courses in Arabic, notably the spoken Arabic of Egypt. He became acquainted with some of the leaders of French literary circles, such as Chateaubriand, and he wrote articles for French literary publications. He was elected a member of the Institut d'Egypte.

During this time, Ilyas concentrated on the compilation of his Arabic-French dictionary and collected a stipend of 2,000 francs to encourage completion of that work. He finished it in 1821. In September of the same year, he died, at the age of forty-seven, before his work was published. The Marquis Amde de Clermont-Tonnerre, who took an interest in Oriental studies, decided that such an important work as Ilyas' dictionary must be published. He commissioned a professor of colloquial Arabic at the Ecole Royale, A. Caussin de Perceval, who had learned Arabic in Syria, to undertake the editing of the dictionary. De Perceval's edition (with some additions it was more than 800 pages) was reproduced several times. It must be remembered, however, that the dictionary specialized mainly in colloquial rather than literary Arabic. It is still in use. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bochtor, E. Discours prononc l'ouverture du cours d'arabe vulgaire l'Ecole royale et speciale des langues orientales vivantes prs de la Bibliothque du roi, le 8 decembre 1819. Paris, 1820. ______. Dictionnaire franais-arabe, 3rd ed., rev. and enl. by A. Caussin de Perceval. Paris, 1864. ______. Dictionnaire franais-arabe, rev. and enl. by E. Gallab, 3 vols. in 2. Cairo, 1887. Vol. 3 contains the supplement of E. Gallab. Brockelmann, C. Geschichte der arabischen Literatur, Vol. 2, p. 479. Weimar, 1902. Jomard, E. F. "Ouverture du cours d'arabe vulgaire." Revue encyclopdique 5 (January 1820):33-45. ______. "Notice sur Ellious Bocthor." Revue encyclopdique 5 (October 1821). Louca, A. "Ellious Bocthor, sa vie et son oeuvre." Cahiers d'histoire gyptienne, 5th ser., fascs. 5-6 (December 1953):309-320. Louca, A., and P. Santoni. "Histoire de l'enseignement de la langue arabe Marseille." In L'orient des provenaux dans l'histoire, pp. 113-23. Marseilles, 1982. Ramzi Tadrus. Al Aqbat fi al-Qarn al-Ishrin, 3 vols. Cairo, 1911.

Riyad Suryal. Al-Mujtama al-Qibti fi al-Qarn al-Tasi Ashar. Cairo, 1984. ANWAR LOUCA