Professional Documents
Culture Documents
930.85
(4-12)
YU ISSN
0350-7653
ACADEMIE SERBE DES SCIENCES ET DES ARTS INSTITUT DES ETUDES BALKANIQUES
BALCANICA
xxilI
i,
PL Raczkg
BELGRADE
1992
PlRACZKY
THE NEOLITHIC OF THE GREAT HUNGARIAN PLAIN AND THE VINA COMPLEX
NEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCES FOR THE RELATIONS
Abstract.
'
- The Great Hungarian Plain has always been closely connected to the prehistoric development of Southeast Europe because of its geographic-climatic haracteristics. These connections were especially well expressed during the Neolithic when several cultural phenomena of the territory display obvious Southern
origins. Th new archaeological finds of the Tisza region hint at the Partial contemporaneity of the Krs culture, the Alfld Linear Pottery and the Vina A. These results offer a possibility for the rethinking of the "Proto-Vinca" problem. Important evidences about the contacts extending into deeper spheres are the sacrificial pits from the Hungarian Plain (sites of Tiszaug-Vasutlloms and TiszaigarHomokbnya) in which traces of Vina cultural phenomena may be detectedThe diffusion of the Tisza and Herply culture tells and their geographical distribution, suggest essential cultural links with the relevant settlements in Transylvania and the Banat. The material results of the Tisza and the Vina exchange networks and the strong connections of the two cultural entities have been described by several authors. The Vina import wares from the site of csd-Kovsha|om enrich the earlier picture.
The Great Hungarian Plain has always been closely connected to the prehistoric development of Southeast Europe because of its geographicclimatic characteristics. These connections were especially well expressed during the Neolithic when several cultural phenomena of the territory display obvious Southern origins. At the same time, these very features often define the Northernmost zone of Balkan-Aegean cultural influence. For this reason, the Neolithic of the Great Hungarian Plain and its contacts have lain at the centre of interest of international archaeological research.
148
P. Raczkv
Pana 3. g. and Dvavnya_Atyaszeg.l3 This theory supposed an internal development within the Krs culture of the Tisza region, similar to the neighbouring Starevo complex, culminating in the Vina culture.1a This problem was later related to that of the Szatmr group located in the upper reaches of the Tisza.15 It has turned out that the Szatmr I group was related to the Transylvanian Krs_ Cris culture, especiallywith regard to the Mhtelek finds.1 On the other hand, the Szatmr II group is actually the earliest phase of the Alfld Linear Pottery, (ALP) as charaterized by idols with triangular faces culturally typical of the ALp, special face_pots with bow-like engraved decoration, Vina A-type bone soopns, and especially by incised and painted decoration.lT The same incised ceramic
Balkans, knowing the results of the excavations at Vina.lo These pioneering works drew attention, as early as the beginning of the century, to the definitive role of the Vina culture in the Neolithic of the Hungarian Plain' Another fact recognized early on was the relationship betrveen the material of the Krs culture and that of the site of Starevo.ll Parallel to these results emerged the problem of the interpretation of Vina forms in the artifact assemblages of the Kros culture, forwhich the publication of the excavation a the site of szentivn VIII provided the baiis.12 Later, J. Makkay and o. Trogmayer isolated the Proto_Vina phase or type group inside the Krs culture' deduced from analogies to finds from Maroslele-
Holste,5 J. Banner _ M. P rducz,6 Y . Miloji,7 F. Schachermeyr,8 and I. Kutzin,g who dealt firstwith the archaeological contacts between the Tisza region and the
5 Holste, 1939,6.
t a't* e, 1927, 79-81 ; chitde, t929, 26-35; chitde, 1930, z5s-262. 2 Tompa, Lg34-35,4u'7. 3 Bonn"., 1936,21;Banner, lg37, 32. a callus, 1938,525-530.
Mlo;rie,
49, 7
9-8I,
Banner, 1936,27I;
1964,67-86.
la
Banner-Prd rcz, 7946-1948, 23-30, 354l;Bognr-Kutzi n, 1966, 263-264. Makkay, 1965, 10; Makkay, 798?,26-3I and nore 28. with further literature; Trogmayer,
Srejovi, 1963, 7; Brukne r,1968,93. ls Kalicz-Makkay,1972,77-92;Kalicz-Makkay,1917, 1983, 108-109; Makkay, 1982, 42-54.
16
L8-29;Kalicz,1980,97-L03;Katicz,
note 91.
Kalicz-Makkay,
1974;
Kalicz-Makkay,
197
Complex
decorations can be found on Several Krs sites, earlier assigned to the ProtoVina period' on the Southern part of the Hungarian Plain (e. g. csd-Kirito).18 This iJthe very moment when the connection between Szatmr group and the early Vina comlex can be established. Since the Szatmr II, i. e. the earliest ALP runs paralelly with the Ciumesti-Piscolt-Vina A, the Krs find complexes of the Central and Southern part of the Alfld, earlier called Proto-Vina, may be considered contemporary to Vina A. The next logical step is that the end phase of the KrS is parallel with the beginning of the Vina A which means that the name ''Proto-Vina'' becomes anachronistic.lg This relative chronological system explains why the Transdanubian Linear Pottery (TLP) displays typological affinity towards both the earliest Alfld Linear Pottery -ALP) and the latest Krs.20 The supposed partial contemporaneity of the Krs culture, the ALP and the Vina A in the Tisza region corresponds to G. Lazarovici's theory concerning the Banat.21 Divergencies may occur in the different territories as far as
the longevity of the coexistence of the various cultural groups is concerned. The
problems of Proto-Vina and the different views of it have been discussed several times in detail by N. Kalicz, J. Makkay and J. Chapman.22 Contact between the Alfld Linear Pottery and the Vina culturewas eStablished, curiously enough, through the marshy area of the Krs rivers, the Maros, the Aranka and the Temes. It is also important to note that there are more imported ALP fragments on Banat sites than vice versa.23 It may perhaps hint at the specal direction and content of cultural relations. The early contacts are convincingly described by G. Lazarovci, based on the sites of Gornea and Fratelia, among others' which belong to the Vina A period.2a The other endpoint of the connections is illustrated by the Vadna grave, belongng to the sphere of influence of classical ALP, where one of the grave goods was a solid pedestal, red painted Vina bow1.25 To judge from scattered examples, the contacts reconstructed during the classical phase of the ALP and the Vina A could not have been very intensive. With the disappearance of the Krs culture, a new
economy and.settlement type forms, better adapted to the circumstances of the Tisza region, was manifested by ALP occupation of the whole Hungarian Plain. In this development, the main dynamic related to inner forces within the context of an adaptational process. (As a result of this change a new form of animal hust8
le
Raczky, ].988, 28, figs.2_9.; Raczky, 1989,234_235,ig.7. Raczky, 1983, 187-190; Raczky, \988, 27 -29 ; Raczky, L989, 234-?35.
Makkay, 1990,L13-I221'
B Kalicz-Makk ay, 1977,94; Lazatovici, 1916,ZIL; Lazaroici, L979, L42; Sznszky,1983, 244-246;'r o1maver, 7982, 279-283; Makkay' 1982, 3G-3 1 and notes 36-37. u Lazarcvici,l983, 135-141 and fig. 1: 14,fig.2: L-11. 5 Korek,
1957, 1.5,24, pl.
l: 2.
bandry with the leading elements of cattle and pig emerged in this territory).26 That is, the direct effect of the Vina culture cannot be observed on the developed economic strategy of the ALP. Contrary to the previous period, the intensification of Vina contacts may ' be observed during the later phase of the ALP, together with the appearance of the Bkk, Szilmeg, Esztr, and Szaklht culturalgroups.27 This crnge can be demonstrated by the quantitative growth of prestige import goods. The most illustrative example, however, is the Southern spread of Bkk and Szaklht pottery.$ One of the most important manifestatircns of cultural interrelationriript
Lazarovici's research, occupied the territory betweerthe Maros and the Temes
n_ot
be found together with ornamental styles from the Vina. All these ohere in a new cultural s1mthesis approxmately from the beginning of Vina B 1, according to the majority of specialist. The proofs of Szaklht-Tsza_Vina contacts were
spheres are the sacrificial pits from the Hungarian Plain in which tiaces of Vina cultural phenomena may be detected. At the site of Tiszaug-Vastlloms, the neck fragment from a big face-pot togetherwith the charateristic engraved M motive of the Szaklht group (Fig. 1: 1) was found in a small cylindiical pit.31 The rest of the pot was missing, so itseems that the face was intentionally 'buriedt in the pit. The same assemblage contained a small bowl with incised ornament (Fig' 1, 2). This ornament in itself is alien to the Szaklht group' which is also underlined by another special feature: there is, for example, a gioup of incised symbols on its base.32 It is a well-known fact that similar symbols can be found in the Vina-Tordos period in the Balkans, although they rarely occur on the Hungarian Plain.33 This fact means that an alien cultural element, a bowl with incised marks on the base, appears in the Szaklht cultural context as part of a sacred practise. It is a strikingly fresh contextual element in Szaklht_Vina cul-
th
tural relationships. Pottery fragments from the Vina culture were found in
b Bokonyi, L969, 226-227 ;Bknyi,
28
I97 5, 4-9;Bknyi,
Ka\icz, 1911,105-155; Lichardus, 1974, 101-108; Kalicz-Makkay, Lgl?, 45,101-104, 84.5, 106-110;I-azarovici,1979,1,65;I_azarovici,1983, 158; Sherraft, IgB2^:30l..
29
3l
1981, 11-40.
The Neo|ithic of the Great Hungarian Plain and the Vina Compl
another early SzakIht assemblage from the same site' where the ALP decorative traditions are still characteristic. Both the material and the decoration of these import goods fundamentally differ from the local AlP-Szaklhtwares.3a on thes fragments dots or stabs can be seen between incised double lines. The most probable dating of the Tiszaug phenomena seems to be the very beginning of Vina B 1'J5
Homokbnya; a hearth and traces of burning were found on the bottom of the
pit, emphasizing its special function. The fragment of an Esztr type face-pot was ound in it (Fig. 2: 1), dispIaying thevaulted decoration of the relevant face-pots from the Tiszadob-Bkk group'36 or rather its black-on-red painted variety' The
nearest parallels from Esztr assemblages were published from the site of and this new painting technic (painting before Berettyszentmrton-Morotva37 firing) in the younger ALP contexts of the Beretty region has had the closest
connection with the wares of the Lumea-Nou complex in Transylvania.38 An astonishing find beside the face-pot in Tiszaigar was the 15 x L3 cm clay tablet (Fig. 2:2). Geometric motifs in three parallel outlined vertical fields were incised on it. The main ornament was completed by 3 single and 2 double engravings outside the field frames. The first approachwould suppose a highly stylized human figure, which is best seen in the pentagonalface in the upper part of the central vertical field and the hexagonal body under it. Other interpretations may, ofcourse, also arise, however the syrnbolic representations ofstanding (dancing ?) human figures have become very common in the local Late Neolithic and these have always connected with special objects of the Tisza_Herply-Csoszhalom
cultural entities.3e
The Tiszaigar clay tablet, nevertheless, remains unique in the Middle Neolithic of the Hungarian Plain. The only phenomenon which may be related to it is, perhaps, a small decorated clay disc from Battonya-Vidpart, from an
early Szaklht milieu.4o The assemblage associated with the Tiszaigar find includes pottery fragments from the younger ALP,Esztt and early Szaklht periods. Accordingly, it can be related, with great certainty' to the end of Vina A or the beginning of Vina 81. The Tiszaigar clay tablet certainly belongs to the complex problem-circle of Tordos-Tartariawhich has recently been treated in detail by J. Makkay'41 S
3a
3sRaczlcy, 1982,226. s Kalicz-Makk ay,L972a,13-15; Kalicz-M akkay,1977,61-64; Makkay, 199L,321'. 37 Mth, 1979,p|.1, fig. 1, fig. 3 (the latter is turned upside down). 38 Kalicz-Makkay, 1977,52, 105-106; Comsa, 1974, 7-8; Paul f98L,2tJ6; I:zarovici, 1991, 100_114; The best parallel for the Hungarian face-pots is from the site of Piscolt: lazarovici-Nmeti,
Raczll,
'n"'
o';ff.
a)
l: Raczlry (ed) L987,Szegvr tigs.4,22_?4,csd figs. 19-20. Sznszky, 1919, 75, fig.2; some critical remarks: Makkay, I990a,73. a1 Mokkay, L9 69, 949 ; Makkay, Ig'7 4-'7 5, 13-3 1; Makkay, I 990a, 28, 40-8
1.
1,52
p. Raczky
sphere. A good example of the reciprocal effect is provided by the Szaklht type face-pot in the Bukovat groupa7 and from Vina itself.a8 Behind the standardized anthropomorphic representations lies a similarity of transcendent ideas, i. e. a relationship on the ideological background may be hypothesized. All these provide perhaps strong enough evidence to demonstrate the closer connection between the Tisza region and the territory of Banat-Transylvania beginning from the end of Vina A and developing through Vina 81. A dynamic Settlement concentration started at the end of the Vina 81 period on the territory of the Szaklht group, especially in the Southern part of the Plain.4e This process of nucleation consequently appears on a certain level of the Neolithic development throughout Europe too.so Accordingly this re-organization, also touching econornic and social spheres, resulted from a local development on the Plain in just the same way as elsewhere. The emergence of the tell settlements South of the Krs rivers and the beginning of the Tisza culture has been considered the result ofextended Southern influence from the end of Vina 81 and the beginning of Vina 82.51 Earlier views, according to which settlement nucleation and tell settlements were the manifestations of a single event, inhibited research for a long time.52 The best argument against this view is the existence of the greatTisza settlements North of the Krs rivers, which are not tell-like settlements and attest to the phenomena of a different type of settlement nucleation.s3 The early diffusion of the TiszaandHerply culture tells and their geographical dstribution, suggest essential cultural links with the relevant settlements in Transylvania and the Banat.sa It is further underlined on
a2winn, 1981, 19-184.
43
there is no need to discuss it here. It must, however, be emphasized that the phenomena observed in Tiszaug and in Tiszaigar are highly similar. The Vina type elements appear in both sites within the sphere of sacred belief. It means that during this period the cultural contacts between the Hungarian plain and the Balkans became stronger, also excercising influence on the 'ideological'
Kalicz-Makkay, L97 2a, 9-I3. 49 Makkay, 1982, l23_I27; Makkay, I99I,319_323; Sherratt, 1982, L7-20;Kalcz,1986,
127 -I32;
50
4 Vasi,
I-azarovici, 1983, fig. 8: L7, fig. L5: 3, 7, 9. 1932-1936, (193) pls. 108-109 and on page 32, fig. 69; Kalicz, 197l,15G-153;
sl
s2 53
Makkay, LIBZ, 104-163. Y'alie, 1986, 127-L3l;Kahcz-Riczky, 1987, 15-19; Raczky, 1987, 69-70; Makkay, 79II,3ZZ. 5a Kalicz, 1985, 128-130; Raczky, 1981, 7 O;Makkay, 7ggl, 3ZZ.
Complex
153
the Plain by the great wattle-and-daub houses with raised floors, with split trunk reinforcing constructions and sometimes having a foundation trench structure.ss It seems probable that the tell settlement type associated with a settled way of life came to the Hungarian Plain from the above mentioned direction. The cul-
in consequence of these effects were soon accepted as indicated in several studies by A. Sherratt,56 R. Tringham,5T T. Kaiser - B. Voytek,s8 B. Bruknerse and J. Chapman.60 Thus at the turn of Vina 81 and 82 a new economic form appears
tural changes in the Tisza region must have felt the Northern diffusion of the developed intensive production economy ofthe Balkans. The changes appearng
resents an even more intensive phase of cultural contacts. At the same time, the network of these contacts also spread, e. g. the relationship between Transylvania-Banat and the Plain became more significant.62
by the neighbouring Southeastern cultural area, namely the Vina culture. It rep-
on the Plain which indicates the beginning of the Late Neolithic in the Tisza region.61 This northwards extension of the tell-economy was greatly influenced
very strong connections of the two cultural entities have been described by several authors.3 The best example seems to be the Cska (oka)-Kremenyk
settlement,where somethng like a symbiosis of the two cultural constituents may be observed.il The other import goods only enrich the picture, compared to this site' Thus it was no wonder tht pottery fragments with channelling (Fig. 3: L4,
The material results of the Tisza and the Vina exchange networks and the
(Fig. 3: 5) solid pedestals (Fig.5: 3,5-7),red slip (Fig. 5: 1',2,4) andcharacterstic incised decoration (Fig' 4:1), allcertainly Vina
Bat-
and lately, in csd-Kovshalom.67 There are also some new examples for the special pottery signs of Vina type in the TiSZa culture (Fig. 3:
The application of bitumen for the decoration of Tisza pottery presents the clearest proof of the exchange contacts with Transylvania.ff Accumulation of
55
s6
se d)
1 2 3
Brukner, 1986-87,
3Hz.
Chop.an,
1989, 33-58.
.
il
6s
Sherratt, 1,982,19_23; Raczky, 198, 106; Kalicz, 1989, 105-10. Chapman, 1981, 106_108. Kalicz, 1970,14-18; Kalicz,1971,75TI56;Kalicz,1989,104-106; Banner, 1960, 1-56; Bognr-Kutzin, Lg66,z63-265.
ffi
67
Raczky, 1986, fig.6: Z,ig.I0l 14, 15, 18,20; Raczky, et al. 1985, pl.25: 7-8; Raczlry, 1987' Raczky, 1986,
104;
23.
ff
Kalicz-Raczky,1g8'l,ZZ.
154
P.
Raczky
prestige raw materials (Spondylus and copper) has been observed in the latest excavations on the Late Neolithic sites of the Tisza region.g An obvious trace of active contacts is the large amount of lithic raw material from distant sources.To The finds suggest that the complex rites, connected to domestic shrines, were established as the result of Balkan influence, especially in the Tisza culture. Parallel phenomena at Vszto, Gorzsa and Parta should be considered.71 Earlier, J. Makkay pointed out similar connections concerning the male figures seated on thrones, however his argumentation has had some problematic points.72 An
increasing number of analogues to the bucrania of the Vina culture' Summaized by J. Chapman,73 have been found on the Plain (Gorzsa,Herply).1a Similarly, the altar or shrine depiction from csd decoratedwith double}nmal heads, hints at Balkan origins.Ts The above data show that contacts between the Neolithic cultures of the Hungarian Plain and the Vina culture were fully developed in the period be_ tween Vina B2 and Vina D1, when the development of the two cultural territories was most strongly related. Later, with the disappearance of the tell settlements in the Tisza region, the intensity of the contacts decreased.7
HEOJII4T BEJII4KE MABAPCKE PABHI4UE H BAHqAHCKI4 KOMNJIEKC (Hoau apxeo;rolllKt .qoKa3l,l o rl'r.oronr,ru' nesaua)
Pegrue
paBHr4ua ynex
BHH.llHcKe KyJrry'pe 3a HeoJI}'T trla$apcxe paBHLqe.' PaHo je orxpr'rneua il lloBe3axocr n:uefiy rrrarepr-tjarra Krs xyrrrype u uarepHjaaa Haberror Ha HuIa3HuIry Ctapveno.'' Vnope.qo c
3axla:ryjyha cnojurr.r reorpascxo-xlauarcrl,rM KapaKTepI{cTLKaMa' nemaxa uafupcxa je 6rna reoro rroBe3aHa ca upazcropujcruu patrojeu jyroucrorne Erpone. ore cy ae:e 6ule noce6go l,BpaxeHe ToKoM HeoJITa' KaIa MHore KyIrypHe nojale y oloj o6racra noce jacna o6enexja jyxu,avxor nopeK;ra. Joru noqeTxol\.l oBor BeKa IluoHHpcKI4 paP?,l4 cy cxpeHynu naxH,y Ha xrryvuu srraraj
"'
npo6levou rpyne Szatmr, xoja ce pacnpocTupaJla y o6lacru rop*er toxa Tnce.r}rh HcnocTaBa'o ce aa je rpyna Szatmr I 6urIa nosesaHa ca TpaHc}lJlBaHcKoM KyJITypoM Krs-Cris,
6e 70 71
oBrlM pe3y']Trafl,rua nojaruo ce npo6leu,r,rrrrepnperauuje BlmqancKllx o6luxa y 3aTBopeHM HaJIa3I{Ma npeMeTa Krs ryrrrype."-" oso je nnratr,e xacunje .qoBe.qeHo-y--Be3y ca
27
1,
566-569.
Hegeds-Makkay, 1987, 92-103; Horvth, Ig87, 44 |-azarovici, 1985,7-:7t; Lazarowci, 1986, 1212; Lazaroci, 1989, 149-1'1 4. 72 Makkay, 1964,344; Makkay, 79'18, 16+183.
73 7a
45; Kalicz-Raczky, 1984, 135; Kalicz-Raczky, Lg87 , Iz1'. Raczky, 1986, 104-105, ig.7:2;Raczlry, |981,ig.28. 7 Bognr-Kutzin, L972,183-18; Makkay, 1982, 158-159; Kalicz-Raczky, L984, 133;
75
Horvth, L987,
The Neolithic of the Great Hungarian Plain and the Vina Complex
155
[.ITo Hapoqrro BlxI{ 3a I{aJIa3e I,I3 Mhteleka. C apyre cTpaHe' rpyna Szatmr II sanpano upegcranrra rrajpaur,rjy {asy .nrarreaprre Alfld reparr'rnxe, xojy xapaxrePuury uIonlr Tpoyrnac_ Bunqa TOn JII4a, JIOHqlr C rIpTe)KOM JILrqa Ca JryqHoM 4eXOpaUuioru, Ko[ITaHe KaUIHKe nana
A u,
npe csera,.uerpaquja yperunau,eM n cJII{KaIreM." 4cta BpcTa.EeKopaunJe Moxe ce rrahu rra HeKoJIlIKo HaIa3uIIITa Krs ryrrrype ua jyry uattapcxe paBHHue' KoJa cy paHI'IJe y ToM nepuoy npEIIIlcI{BaHa npoTo_BHHrIaHcKoM IIepEoAy _rpyn (Ha nprrr'lep ocsd-Kirit)."'Ynpano Szutmar u parror BHHqaHcKol KoMIIJIeKca' Byayhz ce Moxe ycTaHoBIlTll resa u:ue$y IIoKaJIaIIaJIa a ce Ky,lTypa Szatmrll, rj. rrajparruja nl4HeapHa KepaMI{Ka AjtQory' BpeMeHcKI'l. ro'os rr'.rnr'eica y jyxHn o6.nacrr'rua A-rr$orr5, parmje ca Ciumesti-Piscolt-Burrqa ":r'u'" Mory ce cMarparl{ caBpeMeHI{M y o{Y99-y- ua Bunvy A' no3r{arlr no.[ Ha3r,rBoM uporo-BuHra, JII4HeapHe Alfld xepauuxe n flperuocrauxa o AelnuirqHou npeK-Jla[a*y Krs
Blnne A y llorlrcjy
3a parnrnxy o npeTxo,qHor nepaoa' javarre rorraraTa ca BaHqoM BI,I,uJLHBo le y Kac_ rrujoj Qarugr.r".p". rota *eparrn"ie, rao n nojana KyJITyPHID( rypua Bkk,Szilmeg.,Esztr u lzak|htzl. 3rrarajua cBe,uoqaHcTBa o 4y6;rav Ao.qplrMa npecTaBJBaJy xpTBeHe JaMe ca rualapcxe paBHl,rqe' xoje nora:yjy rpaio"e suHqaHcrl KyJrrypHffi nojana (Tiszaug-
o.uroBapa orryaunjn
"Ky'Type, y EaHary".
Vasutlloms n Tiszaigar-Homokbnya, C. l-2). Pacnpoorparrerrocr ,uelona xojn npunaaajy norucxoj u Herply KyJrryprr ! }LlD(oB reorpalcKl.l pacnope.u HaBoe Ha 3aKJByqaK o cyruTI'rHcK}IM KyJrrypHrrM Be3aMa ca omoaapajyh'{ili rrac:rraua y TpaHcLIBaEnju u Bauaty. Marepujarrrre noc'egl,lqe pa3Mege ntuebv norncre fi Br,rHqar.rcKe KyJrype u cHaxHe nese r,I3u.eby r5m( onI4cHBaJIO je nuue
(c.n. 3-5). Hase,qeulr no4aqn uoxalyjy Aa cy goAapu usuely "u."arra paBH}Iqe I' Bt4HqaHcKe KyJITyp9 6raln y rrynoj-uepa pa:rajenu "ol*"** Kylrypa ualapcxe y nepgoy u:eby'Br.rure b2 u'B"rrq" 2,xal,je pasnoj ,unejy ryrrryprrw< o6nacrn AocTI'Irao iIajnnu cqnalr none:arrocra. Kacnuje' c HecTaHKoM TeJIoBa y floracjy' III{TeH3IITeT KoI{TaKaTa
uyropo3.
cy Halua ocagatrI*a
Hosu uaIaglr
o6orarula
Je oIIaAao
ABBREVIATIONS
Banner J.,
1930 . 1935
AkMnydotnbi neolithkai
1930,49-158.
tetep _ Die
neolithischeAnsiedlungvon KMnydomb,Do|g6,
sats
hdmezvsrhelyi
Hdmezvsdrhely,
Koracparton
Rgszetikutatsok Szegeden
z4z-285.
- Archtiologische Forschungen in
Dolg 13'
1937
,3249.
The neolithic settkrnent on lhe Kremenyk Hilt at Cska (Coka), ActaArchHung 12' 1960'
Banner J.-Prducz M., Lg46-Lg48 Jabb adatok Dl-Mag,aronzg jabb-kkarhoz - Cotltibutions nouvelles nolithique en Hongrie, ArchErt 7-9' l94u8, 194L. Br IC T.'
d l'histoire
du
1988
Distibution of Lithic Raw Mateials on Prehistoic Sites, ActaArchHung 40, 7988,25L274. Das Neolithikutn in ungarn, ArchA 40, 1966' 249-280The Earty Copper Age Tiszapolgr Culture in the Carpathian Bcslll, ArchHung 48' Budapest 1972.
Bognr-Kutzin I.'
1966
1972
156
Bknyi
p.Raczkv
S.,
1969
L975 1984
Brukner B.,
Archaeological prolkms aryd methods of recognizirtg animal dotnesrication, In: p. J. Ucko_G. W. Dimbleby (Eds.): The domestiiatio and exploitation of plants and animals, Londo n 1,969, 219 -229. Effects of Envirotnrcntal and Cultura'I Changes on Preltistoic Fauna ssemblages,In:M.L Gastronomy' The anthropolo51' of food and food habts, The TIague-Paris 11t-ot1 Qa.): 1975,3-I2.
Die Herkunft bzw. Hemt:bihdung der Haustierfauna Stlosteuropas und ihre Verbindungen mit Sdwestasien, In: H. Schwabedissen (Ed.): Die Anfnge des Neolithikums vom orient bis Nordeuropa IX, Kln-Wiel 1984,2443.
1968
The
Neolithic Peiod
irt
Vojvodina,Disserrationes
5,
Beograd-Novi
1986-87 A
Chapman J.,
Contibutiort to the Inves.tigation of Connections and Relationships Among the populations of Southeast Pannonia, the Central Part of ttrc Nor'th Balkani and the rea Nnh of the Black Sea Between 4000 and 3000 B. C., RAD 30,t986_19g7,3341,.
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settlement of the Tisza culture. Impons of Wna type: 1-3.
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