FINAL EXAMINATION SEMESTER II SESSION 2011/2012

COURSE NAME : MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Q1 rise

(a)

Discuss on the importance of Mechanical and Electrical System for high building. Give at least three (3) main reasons. (6 marks)

Answer:
1. High-speed building vertical transportation helps to conveys peoples/building occupants from one level to the other levels faster than using stairs in high rise buildings. (2m) 2. High pressure water system is needed to supply water for drinking and cleaning purposes and also as protection against fire at the higher levels. (2m) 3. HVAC system helps to keep the building occupants stays at a comfort level because as the building height increase, it is impossible for the building occupants to rely on natural ventilation due to high wind pressure at the external environment. (2m)

(b)

Explain the process of heat transfer through conduction, convection and radiation in terms of definition, medium and transfer method. Conduction Medium Method Definition material molecular agitation as below Convection liquid/gas fluid movement as below Radiation vacuum/fluid/gas by photon as below

(9 marks)

(c)

A certain un-insulated cavity wall has a U-value of 0.85W/mK. If insulation board is added to the construction, where the thickness of this board is 0.40mm, calculate the percentage reduce for the U-value. Given that the thermal conductivity of the insulation board is 0.025W/mK. Step Thickness of material, d Thermal conductivity of insulation board, k @ k-value of proposed insulating material is k=0.025 Use formula involving thickness of material d, so the value of Rib Given R1=1/U1 Calculate R1 Calculate R2 Calculation 0.04m 0.025 Rib = d/k so, Rib=0.04/0.025 Rib=1.6 R1=1/0.85 so, R1=1.176 Rib=R2-R1 so, R2= Rib+ R1 R2=1.6+1.176 R2=2.776 U2 = 1/2.776 U2 = 0.36 57.65% (10 marks)

U-Value U2=1/R2 Calculate proposed U2 Percentage reduce (U1-U2)/U1x100

Q2

(a) There are three main types of fan used for ventilation systems. Discuss the uses of these three (3) fans specifically on their efficiency and appropriate location.

i. The free intake and discharge condition of ventilation fans situated in wall openings giving direct in/out and out/in movement are eminently suited to this type of fan, which under these conditions can move large volumes of air economically and with very low installation costs. Efficiency 60-65% ii. Centrifugal fans can generate high-pressure rises in the gas stream 760Pa. Accordingly, they are well-suited for industrial processes and air pollution control systems. Efficiency 80%, high cost, silence, big size and need more space. iii. This type of fan is becoming popular. Use in the ductwork system. Efficiency is high to 75%, simple installation and appearance neat, particularly in a line of ducting. (b) There are four basic types of whole-house mechanical ventilation system. One of them is exhaust system that is suitable to be used in the kitchen. Sketch and explain briefly the other three (3) basic types of mechanical ventilation systems. (15marks)

Supply System

or

(2m)

A supply system slightly pressurizes the house by drawing outdoor air into the house. This pressurization pushes indoor air out through small openings in the building, which helps to prevent outside moisture and pollutants from getting in through these passages. Positive indoor pressure also protects against back drafting.

When the air supply is controlled mechanically and the air exhaust takes place on a natural way by ventilation openings, windows or shafts there will be an overpressure in the building. To prevent draught, the air supply in the room has to be placed as high as possible and the air inlet grid must have a possibility to be regulated. By preheating the incoming air draught problems can also be decreased. An air filter can be used to clean the incoming air. A ventilator controls the air supply and the outdoor air is transported into the building by ducts. Because of the mechanically produced over pressure in the building, the system is less dependent on the weather conditions than a fully natural ventilation system. By controlling the ventilator it is possible to control the ventilation capacity of the system. In a supply system, a fan pulls outside air into the house, creating positive pressure. Ductwork brings the air into the living spaces that need it most typically the bedrooms and living room.

Balance system

Or

A balanced central system uses two fans and creates a neutral or balanced pressure. One fan exhausts air out of the house, while the other brings the same amount of outside air into the house.

They may be two wall-mounted fans of equal capacity--one for supply and one for exhaust--in two different rooms. Alternatively, they may be ducted to supply air to the common living areas, such as living rooms and bedrooms, and to exhaust air from the rooms where pollution is high, such as the kitchen and bathroom. In a balanced system, air is supplied to some rooms and exhausted from others. An optional heat- or energy-recovery unit transfers heat or humidity from one air stream to the other. Spot exhaust is included where necessary; here it is in the laundry room

Plenum System

Or

Plenum is the space that can facilitate air circulation for heating and air conditioning systems, by providing pathways for either heated/ conditioned or return airflows. Space between the structural ceiling and the dropped ceiling or under a raised floor is typically considered plenum. 5

Air pressure in plenum is higher than outside. For buildings, plenum is an enclosed space that is not for human occupancy, but it is often used for heating, ventilating and/or air conditioning equipment and airflow, and also for equipment such as cables, piping, and luminaries.

(c) your

Which types of the systems above are suitable for hospital and justify statement. (4 marks)

Supply system because it helps to prevent outside moisture and pollutants from getting in the room and positive indoor pressure also protects against back drafting. An air filter can be used to clean the incoming air. A ventilator controls the air supply and the outdoor air is transported into the building by ducts.

Q3 (a) electric

State four (4) differences between hydraulic elevators compared to traction elevator. (4 marks)

Differences: 1. Eliminating rooftop structure (power pack at low level) 2. Small machine room & can be located at some distance from the shaft 3. Load imposed on the shaft is far more less ----offering structural cost economies 4. No brake or gear necessary 5. No pulleys of driving sheave 6. No counterweight and a larger lift car can sometime be used for a given well size 7. Extremely accurate floor leveling can be achieved 8. Acceleration and travel is very smooth 9. Simplification of shafts structural design 10. Suitable for medium or low building 11. The speed is slower than electric traction lift. 12. Using hydraulic oil to push the ram or telescopic plunges. (b) A 20 storey office block has a net floor area above ground level of 9500m.Assuming starting times and a population density of one person per 10m of net floor area calculate the flow rate and from tables, find lift speed, minimum number and capacity of lift. Then check the quality of service of the designed elevator. Use:

Population percentage at 5 min peak demand period = 17% Floor height = 3.3 metres (6 marks) 1. Flow rate allowing 17% of population 950017 =161.5 persons during 5 min peak demand period 10100 (2 Marks) 2. Travel & speed Assuming floor height of 3.3m, the lift travel = 19 3.3=62.7 From table, the nearest travel for offices is 60m which requires speed of 3.5m/s. (Ground floor is not included)

(2 Marks)

3. Number and capacity of lift From table, for 20-passenger cars may be installed having a handling capacity of 165 and interval of 29s (1 Marks)

. 4. Quality of service From table interval 29s ---satisfactory waiting time of 25-35 s (excellent) 5 lift / 20 storeys ---satifactory Or more than 5 lift. (2 Marks) (c) Define the following: (i) Passive fire system (ii) Active fire system Then, list down three (3) of the fire hazard categories with example of suitable fire fighting agents each. (7 marks) c) Definition: 1) Passive fire systems Passive fire protection ( pfp ) is defines as protection through ignition delays, reduced rate of burning and fire spread. Or Protections through human indirect approach which more focusing on building designs or architectural works with the purpose to delay the spreading of fire and fire exit. 2) Active fire systems Active fire protection (AFP) is AFP is characterized by items or systems, which require a certain amount of motion and response in order to work, contrary to passive fire protection. 4 Fire Hazard categories

Class Type of Fire Fires that involve flammable solids such as wood, cloth, A rubber, paper, and some types of plastics Fires that involve flammable liquids or liquifiable solids such as petrol/gasoline, oil, paint, some waxes & B plastics, but not cooking fats or oils AND Fires that involve flammable gases, such as natural gas, hydrogen, propane, butane Fires that involve any of the materials found in Class A and B fires, but with the introduction of an electrical appliances, wiring, or other electrically energized C objects in the vicinity of the fire, with a resultant electrical shock risk if a conductive agent is used to control the fire Fires that involve combustible metals, such as sodium, D magnesium, and potassium

Fire Fighting Agent Water, Dry Chemical Powder, Foam

CO2, Dry Chemical Powder, Foam, Halon

CO2, Dry Chemical Powder, Halon

Dry Chemical Powder

(d)

In the fire hydrants system, it consists of using hose reel and riser and generally the type of riser can be either wet, dry or foam riser. With the help of sketches, explain how the wet and dry riser works. (8 marks)

d)

Dry riser system

Wet riser system ( 1 marks for each sketches)

Dry riser system. The riser system is maintained in dry condition during non-fire condition. The riser must always be inspecting to prevent the case of corrosion. It use direct supply approach where the source of water is from water main pipe outside the building or hydrants.

 The riser must be connecting to the outdoor hydrants to get the water. Usually the system will be activate/ assembled by fire brigade. This system is slower than wet riser system in providing water. Wet riser system It uses indirect supply approach which the source of water is from the storage tank. The riser is always filled with water and can be used immediately during fire occurrence. Maintenance must be done to check for the leaking pipe. This system using pump to distribute the water. The source of water depends on the storage tank capacity.

Q4

(a) (i)

Explain briefly the following electrical terms: Current (I)

An electric current is the flow of electric charges. Conventionally this is the flow of positive charge. In a simple circuit such as that illustrated, the current in the wire is composed of electrons that flow from the negative pole of the battery (the cathode at the bottom of the battery) and return to the positive pole (the anode at the top of the battery, marked by a +). Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes (A). Mathematically, the relationship between current i, charge q, and time t, is Where current is measured in amperes (A), and 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second (ii) Voltage (V)

Some work or energy transfer is required to move the electron in a conductor in a particular direction. This work is performed by an external electromotive force (emf), typically represented by the battery. The emf is also known as voltage or potential difference. Electric potential is the energy required to move a unit of electric charge to a particular place in a static electric field. Voltage can be measured by a voltmeter. The unit of measurement is the volt. (iii) Resistance (R)

Is an internal property of matter that resists the flow of electric current. A material with low resistance to electrical flow is called a conductor. A material with a high resistance to electrical flow is called an insulator: paper rubber. Electrical conductors are pure metals; aluminum, copper, silver, gold and platinum. (6 marks)

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(b)

Compare the difference between power and energy in electricity

Power Energy Power is a measure of how fast Energy is the fundamental ability to energy is being used. (power is the do work and produce action. rate of consuming energy) Energy exists in many forms, such Power is a certain amount of energy as mechanical, sound, light, used in a certain length of time electrical, nuclear and chemical. P = energy/time = W/t Energy cannot be created or Power is the time rate of expending destroyed. It can be converted from or absorbing energy, measured in one form to another. watts (W). Energy is measured in joules, but in Power is the rate of consuming many fields other units, such as energy. kilowatt-hours and kilocalories, are customary. Electrical energy is the most convenient form of energy that is readily to be convert to other forms. For examples; to mechanical energy through a motor, to lighting energy through a lamp, and to heating energy through a resistance heater.

(4 marks) (c) Suppose that two 100 watts lamp and two 200 watts lamp are plugged into a 240 volt circuit. The two lamps are connected in parallel. Calculate the current flow through each lamp, the total current in the circuit, the total resistance of the circuit, the total energy consumed in a year, and the cost of electrical energy for the year (based on RM1.10 per kWh). Assuming that the lamps are used 8 hours per day and 250 days per year. All calculation steps shall be included in your answer. (15 marks) Current flow through each lamp (4 marks) P=IxE, I=P/E I1=100w/240v=0.416A I2=100w/240v=0.416A I3=200w/240v=0.833A I3=200w/240v=0.833A Total current through the circuit (2 marks) IT=0.416 x 2 + 0.833 x 2 = 2.498 A/2.5A Total resistance of the circuit (5 marks) R=E/I *resistance of lamps 11

R1=240/0.416=576.9/577ohms R2=240/0.416=576.9/577ohms R3=240/0.833=288.1/288ohms R4=240/0.833=288.1/288ohms Total resistance of the circuit 1/RT=1/577+1/577+1/288+1/288 1/RT=0.0017+0.0017+0.0035+0.0035 = 0.0104 RT=1/0/0104=96.15ohms Total energy consumed in a year (2 marks) W=Pxt = (200+200) x 8 x 250 = 800,000Wh=800kWh. Cost of electrical energy for the year (2 marks) Cost=energy used x energy rate=600kWh x RM1.10/kWh=RM660,000 per year.

Q5 (a)

As an consultant engineer, you are asked to design water storage tank, suction tank, and supply pipe for discharge of 1.25litres/sec, based on gravity supply for Tun Syed Nasir hostel. The hostel are consists of three (3) blocks of building, each building have 100 rooms and in each room maximum 4 students can be accommodated. Also determine the total water requirement for DTI hostel. Assume head loss is negligible, and length of pipe is 30m allow 20% for bends and other unforeseen. Assume 91 litres per person of cold water to cover 24 hours interruption of supply, and disruption of supply 12 hours. (20 marks)

Answer (a) Data: 3 building blocks TDI hostel 100 rooms in 1 block of building 4 persons can be accommodated in 1 room 91 lit/day per person per day consumption Disruption of supply for 12 hours Effective Length of pipe = 30 m Discharge of supply pipe = 1.25litres/sec Head loss = 20% of effective length of pipe

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Calculate Total water requirement = ?? Size of storage tank for 24 hours + 12 hour disruption = ?? Size of suction tank for 24 hours + 12 hour disruption = ?? Size of supply pipe for discharge = ??

Solution No of blocks = 3 No of rooms per block = 100 No persons accommodated in 1 room = 4 Total persons = 3 x 4 x 100 = 1200 Water consumption per person per day = 91 lit/day o Amount of water required for 24 hours = 91 x 1200 = 109200 lit Further amount of water required for 12 hours disruption = 91 x 1200 x (12/24) = 54600 lit Total amount of water requirement = 109200 + 54600 = 163800 lit = 163800 lit / 1000 = 163.8 m3 = 164 m3 o Volume of storage tank = 2/3 x total water requirement = 2/3 x 164 m3 = 109.33 m3 Size and number of the tank is depend upon the choice of student as per practical design circular, rectangle, square, however it volume of tank must be greater than the required water volume for storage.

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For practical design assume 4 storage tanks for 1 block of building, therefore each building block will have to install 3 storage tanks. Water required to store in 1 tank = 109.33/12 = 9.12 m3 Size of tank is depend upon the choice of student either circular, rectangle, square, however it volume of tank must be greater than the required water volume for storage. Assume square tank of = 2.1 m x 2.1 m x 3 m (with free board of 0.7m) o Volume of suction tank = 1/3 x total water requirement = 1/3 x 164 m3 = 54.66 m3 For practical design assume 3 suction tanks = 54.66/3 = 18.50 m3 Size of tank is depend upon the choice of student either circular, rectangle, square, however it volume of tank must be greater than the required water volume for storage. Assume square tank of = 3 m x 3 m x 2.3 m (with free board of 0.3m) o Diameter of supply pipe can be calculated by Thomas box formula:

d 5

q 2 x 25 xLx105 H

d 5

(1.25) 2 x 25 x(30 20%) x105 6

d 29.78mm 30mm

(b) the

Differentiate between water efficiency and water conservation? Enlist names of water efficiency approach? (5 marks)

Water efficiency means using improved technologies and practices th at deliver equal or better service with less water. For example, the use of low-flow faucet (A regulator for controlling the flow of a liquid) aerators can be more powerful than no aerators for washing hands. Water conservation has been associated with curtailment of water use and doing less with less water, typically during a water shortage, such as a drought; for example, minimizing lawn watering and automobile washing in order to conserve water. Water conservation also includes day-to-day demand management to better manage how and when water is used, so it is common to hear the words water conservation used synonymously with water efficiency.

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Water Efficiency Approach Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) Water Recycling Water Efficient Irrigation Water Efficient Fittings Metering and Leak Detection System

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