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STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY
Module # 05 Lecture 1
Course Format: Web

Instructor: Dr. Arunasis Chakraborty Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

1. Lecture 01: Response Surface Method

In the previous two modules, we have discussed different methods for reliability estimation. Of all these methods, simulation based technique are more general and can cover wide range of problems. However, they are computationally exhaustive and time consuming. In this context, FORM or SORM are very efficient and give sufficient accurate results that are suitable for all practical design. However, these gradients based methods demand complete description of limit surface i.e. explicit. Let, no consider the limit state is given in Eq. 3.1.1 for serviceability of a cantilever beam subjected to a point load at free end. The limit state is completely defined by the design random variables namely , , . Therefore, it is simple to transform the limit state into standard normal space and evaluate the derivative with respect to the transformed random variable. This forms the pre-requisite for Hasofer-Lind evaluation. However, in most of the practical examples of structural analysis, the structures are modelled using popular finite element formulation. In this numerical solution of the structural response, the limit states are not generally defined by the designed random variables in the explicit form as in Eq. 3.3.1. However the limit state is evaluated from the output of finite element analysis hence implicit. As the limit state are not defined in terms of basic random variable it is difficult to evaluate the slope of the limit state (i.e. first derivative) which is required in Rackwitz algorithm. This is bypassed by fitting a meta model often know n as response surface which is given in Eq. 5.1.1.

= +
=1

+
=1

5.1.1

The Figure 5.1.1 shows the original limit state which is implicitly defined in this case. The original limit state is replaced by response surface () as shown in Figure. From Eq. 5.1.1, one can notice that the number of unknown in response surface () is equal to (2 + 1). That means for two random variables there are five unknowns. To evaluate this (2 + 1) unknown one needs to (2 + 1) simultaneous equation. As shown in Figure 5.1.1, mean ( ) is considered as the initial point and 2 points are generated around the mean point using the combination . The implicit limit state is evaluated as this (2 + 1) points and the coefficient in Eq. 5.1.1 are solved. As this limit state are numerically fit to replace the actual limit state the actual limit sate () does not fall over () as shown in Figure 5.1.1. However once the coefficient of response surface are evaluated the reliability evaluation using Hasofer-Lind model can be carried out on (). For this purpose either Rackwitz or Rackwitz-Fiesseler algorithm, as discussed in Module 3 can be adopted. Let the optimal point identified be as shown in Figure 5.1.1. Since the response surface () does not fall over the original limit state (), does not fall over the original limit state (). To evaluate the design point a linear interpolation Course Instructor: Dr. Arunasis Chakraborty 1

Lecture 01: Response Surface Method scheme is generally adopted which is given by Eq. 5.1.2. Once is evaluated the entire process is repeated until the convergence is achieved. = + 5.1.2

x2
(1, 2+k2)

XD XN

(1-k1, 2)

(1, 2)

(1+k1, 2)

Unsafe
(1, 2-k2)

x1 Safe
(X) = 0 Figure 5.1.1 Response surface R(X) = 0

Following are the steps adopted for the response surface. 1. ( + ) simultaneous equation are generated from response surface equation to obtain the coefficients ( is number of variables) 2. Approximation started from mean value () of variables. Around mean points are generated considering a value with combination 3. By this ( + ) points, coefficient of response surface is obtained. Now, response surface can be constructed by the coefficients. 4. can be evaluated by Rackwitz or Rackwitz-Fiesseler algorithm. Value of () is evaluated at . If it satisfy, then reliability at is evaluated and if not, then need to be modified. 5. By linear interpolation new centre point is evaluated, as given in Eq. 5.1.2. Around this centre ( + ) points are generated and response surface is modified by evaluating new Course Instructor: Dr. Arunasis Chakraborty 2

Lecture 01: Response Surface Method coefficients. Again step 4 is performed. By satisfying it, design point can be obtained and unsatisfying it the process will be repeated again. In general the factor is considered numerical integers (i.e. 1,2,3 etc). From Eq. 5.1.1, one may notice the algebraic polynomial used for fitting the response surface meta model is quadratic in nature having no cross-terms. It has been observed that the performance of response surface is significantly enhanced for some problem when the cross terms are introduced as given by Eq. 5.1.3. However in general quadratic response surface provided satisfactory results and hence is wide used.

= +
=1

+
=1

2 +

5.1.3

Consider a reliability problem with two parameters and as given in Eq. 5.1.4 = 1140 5.1.4

where, mean and standard deviation of is 38.0 ksi and 3.8 ksi respectively. Mean and standard deviation of is 54.0 in3 and 2.7 in3. For = 3, the evaluation points are given below in Table 5.1.1 and this is shown in Figure 5.1.2 Table 5.2.4 Evaluation points

Iteration

38.0000 54.0000 49.4000 54.0000 38.0000 62.1000 26.6000 54.0000 38.0000 45.9000 24.4889 49.2000 35.8889 49.2000 24.4889 57.3000 13.0889 49.2000 24.4889 41.1000 22.6957 50.1543 34.0957 50.1543 22.6957 58.2543 11.2957 50.1543 22.6957 42.0543

Course Instructor: Dr. Arunasis Chakraborty 3

Lecture 01: Response Surface Method

Figure 5.1.2

Evaluation points

Course Instructor: Dr. Arunasis Chakraborty 4

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